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224 CHAPTER 10 1950 Guide Braatz (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 36, 1930, p. 99). No. 868--Air Infiltration Through Various Types of Wood Frame Construction, by G. L. Larson, D. W. Nelson and C. Braatz (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 36, 1930, p. 397). * A.S.H.V.E. Research Reports No. 686--Air Leakage, by F. C. Houghten and C. C. Schrader (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 30, 1924, p. 105). No. 704--Air Leakage Around Window Openings, by C. C. Schrader (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 30, 1924, p. 313). No. 803--Air Leakage on Metal Windows in a Modern Office Building, by F. C. Houghten and M. E. O'Connell (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 34, 1928, p. 321). No. 815--Air Leakage Through a Pivoted Metal Window, by F. C. Houghten and M. E. O'Connell (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 34, 1928, p. 519). No. 817--Effect of Frame Calking and Storm Sash on Infiltration Around and Through Windows, by W. M. Richtmann and C. Braatz (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 34,1928, p. 547). No. 909--Air ,Infiltration Through Double-Hung Wood Win dows, by G. L. Larson, D. W. Nelson andjR. W. Kubasta (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 37,1931, p. 571). The Weathertightness of Rolled Section Steel Windows, by J. E. Emswiler and W. C. Randall (A.S.H.V-.E. Transactions, Vol. 34, 1928, p. 527). Pressure Differences Across Windows in Relation to Wind Velocity, by J. E. Emswiler and W. C. Randall (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 36,1930, p. 83). Air Infiltration Through Steel Framed Windows, by D. O. Rusk, V. H. Cherry and L. Boelter (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 39,1933, p. 169). * Fuel Saving Resulting from the Use bf ;Storm Windows and Doors, by A. P. Kratz and S. Konzo (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 42,1936, p. 87). 4 The Infiltration Problem of Multiple Entrances, by A. M. Simpson and K. B. Atkinson (A.S.H.V.E. Journal Section, Healing, Piping and Air Conditioning, June, 1936, p. 345). Infiltration Characteristics of Entrance Doors, by A. Ml Simp son (Refrigerating Engineering, June, 1936). * Indices of Air Change and Air Distribution, by F. C. Houghten and J. L. Blackshaw (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 39, 1933, p. 261). 4 A.S.H.V.E. Research Reports No. 994--Wind Velocities Near a Building and Their Effect on Heat Loss, by F. C. Houghten, J. L. Blackshaw and Carl Gutberlet (A.SH.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 40,1934, p. 387). No. 1069--Heating Requirements of an Office Building as Influenced by the Stack Effect, by F. C. Houghten and Carl Gutberlet (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 43, 1937, p. 437). Flue Action in High Buildings, by H. L. Alt (A.S.H.V.E. Journal Section, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, May, 1932, p. 376). Influence of Stack Effect on the Heat Loss in Tall Buildings, by Axel Marin (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 40,1934, p. 377). 1 Neutral Zone in Ventilation, by J. E. Emswiler (A.S.H.V.E: Transactions, Vol. 32,1926, p. 59). * Predetermining Airation of Industrial Buildings, by W. C. Randall and E. W. Conover (A.S.H.VJ3. Transactions, Vol. 37,1931, p. 605). Dairy Barn Ventilation, by F. L. Fairbanks (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 34, 1928, p. 181). Cow Barn Ventilation, by Alfred J. Offner (A.S.H.V.E. Trans actions, Vol. 39, 1933, p. 149). For additional information on this subject refer to Technical Bulletin, U. S. Department of Agriculture (1930), by M. A. R. Kelley. Also see Air Conditioning of Farm Buildings, by F. L. Fairbanks (Agricultural Engineer ing, November, 1937, p. 485), Dairy Stable Ventilation (Revision of 1949) by F. L. Fairbanks and A. M. Goodman (Cornell University, Cornell Extension Bulletin No. 151) and The Ventilation of Poultry Laying Houses (Revision of 1950) by F. L. Fairbanks and A. M. Goodman (Cornell University, Cornell Extension Bulletin No. 315). 10 Code of Minimum Requirements for Heating and Ventilating Garages (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 41,1935, p. 30). Airation Study of Garages, by W. C. Randall and L. W. Leonhard (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 36,1930, p. 233). A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 874--Carbon Monoxide Concentration' in Garages, by A. S. Langsdorf and R. R. Tucker. (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 36, 1930, p. 511). A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 935--Carbon Monoxide'Distribu tion in Relation to the Ventilation of an Underground Ramp Garage, by F. C. Houghten and Paul McDermott (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 38,1932, p. 439); A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 934--Carbon Monoxide Distribution in Relation to the Ventilation of a One-Floor Garage, by F. C. Houghten and Paul McDermott (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 38, 1932, p. 424). A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 967--Carbon Monoxide Distribution in Relation to the Heating and Ventilation of a One-Floor Garage, by F. C. Houghten and Paul McDermott (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 39, 1933, p. 395). Carbon Monoxide Surveys of Two Garages, by A. H. Sluss, E. K. Campbell and Louis M. Farber (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 40, 1934, p. 263). CHAPTER 11 HEATING LOAD General Procedure, Design Outdoor Weather Conditions, Inside Temperatures, Attic Temperatures, Temperatures in Unheated Spaces, Ground Tempera tures, Basement Temperatures and Heat Loss, Floor Heat Loss in Base mentless Houses, Transmission Heat Loss, Infiltration Loss, Selection of Wind Velocities, Auxiliary Heat Sources, Intermittently Heated Buildings, Residence Heat Loss Problems PRIOR to designing a heating system, an estimate must be made of the maximum probable beat loss of each room or space to be heated, based on maintaining a selected inside air temperature during periods of design outdoor weather conditions. The beat losses may be divided into two groups, namely (1) the transmission losses or heat transmitted through the confining walls, floor, ceiling, glass or other surfaces and (2) the infiltration losses or heat required to warm outside air which leaks in through cracks and crevices, around doors and windows, opening of doors and windows, or heat required to warm outside air used for ventilation. GENERAL PROCEDURE The general procedure for calculating heat losses of a structure is: 1. Select the design outdoor weather conditions: temperature, wind direction and wind velocity. The data on climatic conditions given in Table .1 and the isotherms of average design temperature in Fig. 1 will be helpful, but should be used with judg ment as suggested in the section Design Outdoor Weather Conditions. 2. Select the inside air temperature, which is to be maintained in each room during the coldest weather. (See Table 2). 3. Estimate temperatures in adjacent unheated spaces and the attic. The attic temperature need not be estimated if the combined roof and ceiling coefficient is used. 4. Select or compute the heat transmission coefficients for outside walls and glass; also for inside walls, floors, or top-floor ceilings, if these are next to unheated space; include roof if next to heated space. (See Chapter 9). 5. Measure net area of outside wall, glass and roof next to heated spaces, as well as any cold walls, floors or ceilings next to unheated space. Such measurements are made from building plans, or from the actual building, using inside dimensions. 6. Compute the heat transmission losses for each kind of wall, glass, floor, ceiling and roof in the building by multiplying the heat transmission coefficient in each case by the area of the surface in square feet, and the temperature difference between the inside and outside air. (See Items 1, 2, and 3). 7. Select unit values and compute the heat equivalent of the infiltration of cold air taking place around outside doors and windows. These unit values depend bn the kind or width of crack, wind velocity, and the temperature difference between the inside and outside air; the result expresses the heat required to warm up the cold air leaking into the building per hour. (See Chapter 10). 8. When positive ventilation using outdoor air is provided by an air heating or an air conditioning unit, the heat required to warm the outside air to room temperature must be provided by the unit; if mechanical exhaust from the room is provided, in amount equal to the outside air drawn in by the unit, the natural infiltration losses must also be provided for by the unit. If no mechanical exhaust is used, and the outdoor air supply equals or exceeds the amount of natural infiltration which would occur without ventilation, the natural infiltration may be neglected. 9. The sum of the heat losses by transmission (Item 6) through the outside walls and glass, as well as through any cold floors, ceilings or roof, plus the heat equivalent 225