Document g201n6rdDBJ4VLx1nkGX2MZge

FILE NAME Kohler KOH DATE 1935 DOC KOH010 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Metals Section - American Ceramic Society CS TST S TAP LTT NOIR ECO IST! be ale ae Bele teed) hea ws eas pias Drak Ed IEEE RETON Rn TED Pe r Tyee NT, OAM, a bh ON OPE 7 TST A om MP NUTR DERE RNS Sw ue cay _ Metals Section . Se Officers 1935-36 . . GeneralChairman W. DARR Bethlehem Steel Co. Johnstown Pa Chicago Ind * Chairman BERQUIST The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. East _ Chairman M. ALLEN The American Rolling Mill Co. Middletown OhioDiv Chairman In Charge of R. C. ENGEL CorriganCorriganMcKinney Div Health -DR Republic Steel Corp. Cleveland Ohio Secr^taryand News Letter EEdditiortor A. Chaffin Continental Steel Corp. KokomoInd. States Alabama - Contest Committee Supply Co. Louisville Ky L. SCHMITT Louisville Car Wheel and Railway " Engineering CommitteeChairmanJE CULLINEY Bethlehem Steel Co. Bethlehem Pa . Foundry CPoammittee Chairman A. BRINKMAN Mackintosh Hemphill Co. Pitts- . Membership Committee Chairman E. TRAMMELL Gulf Steel Co. CityAla . Steel Poster Committee Chairman H. FERGUSON Republic Corp. Cleveland - Ohio ' Program Committee Chairman M. CROGHAN Inland Steel Co. East Chicago Ind Publicity Committee Chairman W. HANKOPittsburgh Steel Co. Monessen Pa Lo Railway Standard Car Builders Committee Chairman J. BRAND Pullman = facturing Pullman Chicago Ill ' Car Mariu: Carnegie SlPidietstsabnudrgShafPeaty Kinks Committee Chairman A. OARTEL Steel Corp ; . Committee Chairman IRELAND Co. Statistics J. Kohler Wis rool Kohler Members Large- at Ohio Steel Columbus F. G. BENNETT The Castings Co. Buckeye Columbus Corp. Ohio Jones E. F. BLANK & Laughlin Steel Pit sburgh Pa . Pittsburgh Johnstown J. A. COLTRIN National Radiator Corp. Pa : G. Carnegie Steel Corp. Chicago Ill ee e DAVIS A. M. DUNDORE Iron Works Co.BBeleoitloit -~ Wis JOHN P.FILMER Co. The W. T. Carnegie Steel Corp. JolieIfll Youngstown Sheet and Tube Ohio no eT . FILMER Youngstown A. ChalfanChaltfant Co. Inc. Pittsburgh Pa Chalfant AmeriAcmaenrican O.O. F. HARVEY York S.E. HAWKES Car and Foundry Co. MacWhyte Co. Kenosha Wis New N. Y. H. HENRY Steel Co. Cleveland Ohio . H. Otis G. HENSEL The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. ; H.G. I. Chicago A. JARVIS The Chase Companies Waterbury Conn . . . . a wee t T. V. RALSWTOhN eeling Youngstown SSttruPcorturrutalsPcmooturtuhtrsamlouth Pittsburgh Decatur eSnEsT Corp. Cleveland LAUERMAN McKENNEY RCehicpagoublic Steel Ill Corp. South Chicago Ill as. V. MEDALIE InterlakCehicagIo ron Corp.ChicagoIll Ae JJOOHNHN C. E. O'ROURK RALSTON Bethlehem Steel Plate CGola.ssSparrowPisttsbuPrgoh int Md : FRANK ROWE PittsburghSteel Co. Pa . . HERMAN SPOERERThe Youngstown Youngstown Sheet TubOehioCo. Evanston Ill . MississippMiississippi Valley . K. Stafford : A. Voss Republic Steel Steel Co. Ill , ' * Deceased C an 0 Fen . . . , , a . * - e . \ * it a . oO . T . / , , e . . : 2 . be | ' . , v - Q os & . / * OB 1. O 8. a Oy, .G , * d L | PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT tables _ - PLAINTIFF'S talbies" EXHIBIT : DEE DIS I ee Ee ee se Eee ease eran i Sa EEE aA ANY EE 7. > < Cy . 300 = . Twenty National Safety Congress me Officers Elected for 1936-37 AmericanAmerican Rolling CHAFFIN Continental General ChairmanM. ALLEN The Continental Chairman A. TRAMMELL Continental States Secretary Alaand News Letter Alabama Mill Co. Middletown O. Corp. Kokomo Ind Gulf Steel Co. SCHMITT Chairman L. Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Contest CommitteeLouisville Ky C Chairman H. FERGUSON Republic Steel Corp.HemphilCleveland EngineringEngine ring Committee FEnoginueerningdry Committee Chairman A. BRINKMAN - Mackintosh Co. Pitts- Committee Health Comite Chairman R. C. ENGEL Republic Steel Corp. , Cleveland O. Committee Laughlin MembershiPpa Chairman J. GRIFFITH Jones & Steel Corp. Pitts: Cleveland Committee Chairman H. HENRY Otis Steel Co. Pittsburgh Chairman Glass Poster Pittsburgh Program Committee W. HANKO Pitsburgh Steel Monessen Pa Publicity Chairman E. RALSTON Pittsburgh Plate Glass Pa Committee Manu- Chairman J. Brand Pullman Car Pit sburgh Safety Pulman CoCmommimtitteteeeChairman Railway Car facturing BuildKeirnsks Standard Slidesand facturing Corp. Chairman A. OARTEL Carnegie Steel Co. StatisticsCommittee Chairman -Youngstown Ohio T. FILMER The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. +. 4 Members at Large- - BuLcakuegyhelin CastinAgmsbridge Co. Corp. F. G. BENNETT The Steel R. A. BEYER Central Tube Co. Ambridg C. A. BIANCHI H. H. Robertson Co. Columbus O. Pa . E. F. BLANK Jones & Laughlin Steel Pittsburgh COLTRIN National Corp. Johnstown Radiator J. A. Pa S. CRAIGMILE Belden Manufacturing Co.Chicago Chicago C. M. CROGHAN Steel Co. East Chicago Pa . a- Bethlehem J..E Bethlehem CULLINEY W. Bethlehem Steel Co. Pa DARR Bethlehem Steel Co. JohnstowPna . Wis M. W. Works DUNDORE Beloit Iron Beloit . i Warren B. T. DYE Republic Steel Corp. Warren mules Corp. Joliet JOHN P.EIB Steel Ill ELLIEISB Carnegie Illinois enn Wheeling Steel Wheeling W. Va la terpac-o Corp. E. A.P. Great Lakes SteelStel Corp. Ecorse Mich . morte GATHERUM ARI C. GIBSON Spang Chalfant Inc. Pittsburgh Pa and Car New HAWKES 1 Oe F. HARVEY American and Foundry Co. York N. Y. E. Macwhyte Kenosha Youngstown YoungstownCompany TubeCo. HENSEL The Sheet and Chicago Ill HAWKESJARVIS Chase Brass & Copper Co. Waterbury Conn . Steel Corp. LAUERMAN Republic Corp. Chicago Ill Carnegie Chicago H. MCKENNEYretired Illinois Co. Steel V. MEDALIE Interlake Iron Corp. ChicagoIll Ill JOHJNOHN Sparrows Ill Point O'ROURK Bethlehem Steel Co. Md S. PHILLIPS Revere Copper & Inc. Rome Y. . Brass Steel Corp. FrankFrank Frank Rowe Frank Wheeling Milwaukee C. SCHULTZBucyrusCo. , Portsmouth O. So. Wis Ill . 2, , Ind J. SPOERER The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. East Chicago FrankJ. STERNER Bethlehem Steel Co Pa . H. ClevBeeltahnldehem A.A. Voss Republic Steel Corp. O. . a t . "y MONDAYAFTERNOON SESSION - October 5 1936 The opening session was called to or- Bethlehem Steel Co. Johnstown Pa * sere. General der by Chairman W. Darr who presided Chairman Darr welcomed cn. Cl a Serra Pree ons shea een Eo ree aory ies TS TS es Pore ea . . EO apt AB wee. RELot SAKAI lead aeaey wet aft 2 Oe 4 . . wos Metals Metals Section . . 301 * : 1 . So RB delegates excellent the pointed to the year and commended the various progress made by the Section during the mittees ontheir mot work S > com- 4 . a . . voy - ei) . - < . .- 2 , oy oe 3 . : . : | bs o Industrial Relationsand Accident ' Prevention * ; an ~" Director of Industrial fi By J. A. VOSS Relations Republic Steel Corporation Cleveland Ohio : a | of accident Industrial relations the right kind to keep safety and pre- : presents - engenders . are essential to the success of business Vention constantly before the worker Men are no longer regarded as commodi- Safety deserves a place of importance in ties to be purchased at the lowest pos- the industrial relations program because . sible rate dischargedwhen no longer of the good will it among needed Employees must be contented workers & | constructive well designed as ambitious men can be deserving ones Through a opportunities must have for advancement accident preventionprogram the manage- conditions working wages hours and must ment can get closer to the men and a favorable them must be There must be anthe same bring more real good medium carnestsincere effort to work with men than through any other single medium as to appreciate their needsand far as Such a program has one great advantage possible to meet them 0 - Whether it's the president of the com- As intelligent labor relations are essen- pany or the newest laborer on the pay- tial to modern industrial managemensstoo roll thereis a unanimity about of opinion intelligent safety work is essential to a , the value of safety program worth while industrial relations program A sound safety also provides 'The Employee Representation Plan _ through proper organization a logical which has proved so successful during system of liaisonbetween management , past years is an excellent medium for and men The safety man who should. carrying out both programs be and frequently is an integral part of This plan with its representatives. the industrial relations program meets | workers employees elected directly by the men from among with the superintendents on The superin- : their gives and tendents in turn pass on the informa- - management every opportunity to meet tion gained to the foremen have together anddiscuss all phases of indus- Finally the foremen meetingsthem di- trial relations which should include a dis- rectly with the men working under them c conditions - cussion of unsafe practices and - This completesa chain that can as needneeneededee along By holding regular meetings these prob- manifests itself be used to pass . lems are promptly settled before serious other information with equal effectiveness misunderstandings develop and accidents - Such relationship is invaluable It occur The safety hasan outstand should be fostered and fostered developed for in frequently ing opportunity to carry on his work in this relationship will lie the cooperation with a safetycomite methods which will place a committee from restraining among the representatives . on trouble and discord : hand depart That safety and welfare represeannt " our corporation the safety ment Important part of the discussions between ment is a part of the industrial relations men and management under this planis departmenTTtheheoffice of the safety man- - . indicated by the fact that during 1935 _ ager adjoins my office andis familiar more than per cent of all the cases with the questions and problems which .. our handled by the representatives in ,,_ confront us in carrying out the broad corporation dealt withthese subjectsour program of industrial relations sales No safety prograimsreally effective if Safety us is distinctly a sales job industrial policy spirit - | it fails to use thtehe many opportunities that an enlightened relations judiciously mixed with a bit of crusading * ie ce .o 8 seme telah g fe ee sa i aeraFeb owe a be : re noe a UE Se be See TS 19 ? RONDE oy vers So amen PS hernia are ae aT shaman TEREST UOE SLR TERS W EY Set IEEE DS Aa Ta ae n A a Se 302 7 Nao Twenty National Safety Congress ) om job There can be no laying down on the job hoping that the lesson has soaked mass trouble and tribulations The industrial relations or safety man who is through permanently New men are be too indolent to mingle with his men to . ing hired must be taught and being learn to know at hand isgoing human older men too frequently get to fail at his job .. careless forget So we use a lot of As you get to know the men better selling backed up with advertising and combined with a dash of sales promotion . It in connection with constant know so they in turn get to you better A mutual respect and regard is developed which is helpful on both sides when prob- selling job that the employee Representa- lems of mutual interest are being distion Plan is most effective Among the cussed You will both be more honest representatives are men from every de- with each other There will be less beat- partment The very fact that they are ing around bush and mo eplain facts representatives is proof that they are leaders that the men listen to and respect If demands are being made that are unreasonable it has been my experience that them and their judgment If therefore = the best method to use is frankness all is we can sell the representatives on the Tell the representatives there to company's financial value of safety we have a number of know about the co,, - influential proponents who unofficial dition its sales problems its costs of op- safety representatives and whose efforts eration and market conditions Discuss supplement the instruction which has with them the accident record If you are been passed down through the superin- honest and they will know whether you *~ tendents and foremen These representatives whose duty it is to interested in everything that affects the welfare of their constituents will without making the formal inspections that are the duty of the safety depart- are or not you will find that they are not only reasonable but sympathetic with the company's problemssympatheic . . . This kind of frankness will also act as abarrier to the disturber from the out- side who is attempting to create friction ment bring to attention unsafe practices by promising the impossible The men that might for a time at least elude the will know that the disturber's promises : eye of the most vigilant safety inspector are false and impossible of fulfillment ' We encourage our representatives to re- port practices and when they are reported we make haste to correct them Gradually a feeling of partnership will be generated the old idea that men and management must of necessity be enemies Sometimes these practices are reported will be broken down and swept away to the representatives by workmen who This new ind^"strialrelations policy will cannot help but be impressed with the . do more than anything else to make the prompt attention given their complaints _ safety man's job more effective if he will or suggestions when they are passed on _ to the management by the representative We should know intimately what the men want what they are thinking about We should have a living picture of their Pra < key his work with that of the industrial relations manager Working together they . the will not only do a real job for men | but also for the company and it must be a good job for both 4 o 0 -~ a ~ - Developments in Hoisting Chain Practice c By W. J. BLOOM | - Metallurgist Steel Company Cleveland O. The selection of a suitable quality chain of the best material and workmanship the market affords is of utmost importance Material which is ductile and suf- ficiently elastic to recover from the strains produced shocks should always we 0 0 CY be used Though a high tensile strength may be obtained with hard material of low ductility such material has been found unsuitable since it is liable to frac- ture ' when subjected to sudden loads The links of a chain should be designed te CIS x ah > - Metals v . Section Section . | Metals . 10 > od & et yo. v 303 on 303 . 4 tos . greater be - as small as is practical since the . this working stress should based on safety ; the number of links in given length the an ample margin of safety We have es- . more flexible is the chain the smaller t^blishedthe practice of purchasing slings <v the transverse dimensions of the link the less bending action atthe ends chains ; made up completely by the manufacturer In this way we are assured of attach- _ Ordinary short link or close link chains have links with an approximate . overall of half times sling largely length four and a and a and ments that are correct in material - sign The kind of used depends shocks with 7 breadth of thr^'eand a quarter times the diameter of the bar For chains designed to stand severe links slightly on the nature and shape of the articles to lifted The size of the chain is deter- mined by the weight of the article and -. oval sides insteadinstead of straight sides af also by the between the legs of the be :, adopted as they give the chain greater sling or the position in which it must cj) elasticity - familiar * x used . where . Every user of chains is familiar with In steel foundriesfoundries where large cast- the recommended safe loads for short . ings have to be raised from a mold it link wrought iron chains of the Chain often happens that the whole of the sand -. Institute and the National Safety is not removed from the sides of the cast- Coun- load eil but it may well to recall that the . ing and the actual safe working load for a long chain gear augmented by upon the lifting - the the pressure exceed thirds of , should not of that for . sand or the suction molders the sand as it _.~ gear a short chain of the same diameter is termed by the molders . Lifting of as Now to chain attachments A ring should of ample dimensions is therefore always o should be made of material equal to or used Again in the case of our steel * * better than the material of which the chain made A ring must be suffi ' ciently strong to carry safely a load equal to the sum of the safe loads of all the attached chains and moreover must be works the removal of skulls slag con- taining metal from furnaces or casting ' pits entails unknown loads the crane and sling chains and sp^'cial precautions are taken . Coot ; capable of standing the total proof loads important connection between the these chains without deformation - actual tension in the leg of sling and never There is little variation in the general its angle of inclination should be - ordinary hooks outline of both the in- overlooked It is often assumed and st . side curved surface and the outside times with disastrous results that a mulcurved surface are usually circular in legged sling will safely lift a load shape though not necessarily conc^'ntric - equal to the safe load of one leg mul- opening or gap of hook must be sufficiently wide to admit the largest ring which has to be placed on it a oe tiplied by number only strictly true are a vertical position legs whereas when the legs ~ . direct material When a hook is loaded the in the shank is subjected a ten- . sile stress this should not exceed three Chains and other lifting gear are often exposed to abnormal temperatures in foundries and steel works and those in sections in tons per square inch The material in the open subject to variations at- + those sections not in direct line of appli- mospheric temperature including frost - cation of the load is subjected to stresses The strengtohf iron and steel is nat se- caused by bending action addition to . riously impaired at ordinary temperatures _ the direct tensile stress caused by the but above 600 degrees F. the strength di- load These bending stresses increase with minishes increase of tem- rapidly with the distance the section from the line perature Possibly with the exception of of loading and are tensile at inside and ifting appliances attached to ladies for . ; compressive at the outside of the hook moltefn ew if any are exposed to exceeding The stress at inside is the greater temperature 600 degrees F. and a hook therefore _ should designed | There been consensus of opinion -so that the maximum stress produced by among chain users that chains exposed to become brittle . working load does not exceed the - frost and liable to warning working stress usually allowed for the fracture without Recent re^arch material of the hook as hooks are supports this view and shows that al- subjected to varying loads and shocks though good quality chain iron does not |. ' : Twenty National Safety Congress develop : brittleness in absence of repair was considered necessary chains at is use with notches low temperature there very . were found be in links s^ck- .- brittle failure grave danger of failure even at eted half their normal diameter ordinary frost temperatures in chains der our present where chains _containing defective welds or links which :. tise have are subject become notched or damaged in serv- continuous 2: aminer must eventually . ice wa s- . ". wear is sufficient the chain . render It is therefore necessary to avoid ex- safe for its normal working This . is left to the posure chains and other lifting gear decision usually experience . to extremes of temperatures these these and judgmenotf theexaminer If chain worn links tend aggravate the effects of slight containing becomes distorted . as does -- cracks Haws bad welds or similar de general chlaiyn is removed and worn links are fects from service the re- annealing Although or normalizing placed . In some cases a chain ap- chains and other appliances will cure pliance must used for its maxi- skin hardness which arises in servicecure mum working load if the wear - per neither of these heat treatments will pre- any part exceeds cent other to vent subsequent development of this reduction cases wear is reductreiduo ctinon ; in hardness when chain or appliance is diameter of iron inch for and inch Periodical'anneal Periodical'anneal put into service again chains up to 1 inch 1/16 for the gen- ing is necessary 9 = | chains over inch cases taken The period which should be allowed eral condition of the chain is also - between consecutive annealings will des into account The wear of achain is pend on the nature and amount of use of often local and the life of chain may the chain or applianWe cWe believe it is the " be extended by changing ends thus sub- general practice of most large users jecting __ different links to wear the of chains specify definite periods for It is now practice Otis Steel annealing different classes of chains D Company to identify every chain in use As a matter of chains in or- but dinary use which are of wrought in their various departments New chains are marked by the manufacturer at - and mild steel are annealed once least chains which have been in used some in every twelve months These chains time have an identifying letter for the or when subjected to frequent severe use department and a number for the chain metal marker '. or where employeidn carrying molten. stamped upon a which is are annealedare annealed metal at least once every bolted to the end links We have devel- six months Chains subjected to spe- oped a system of records which tie in cially sever~ ; use such as those on cranes with chain identifications These records or are by the ' grabs used to unload coal ore scrap which maintained inspec- |. . etc. are annealed once every three annealed tor contain such information . months advantage . 1. Brief description with important di- One great advantage of periodic an- -mensions 2. Purpose for which used * nealing is the opportunity offered for 3. _ Reference number on the maker's test careful examination of the chain since certificate 4. Maximum permissible work- . with removal of all grease and dirt by ing load 5. Date when issued for use firing the surface of the metal is exposed The 6. Dates of annealing examination re- examinations are practical made competent pairs 7. Nature and extent of repairs "6 men conversant with of flaws and the kind cards afford very conveniernect- defects likely to be found and able to make allowance for any ords where large numbers of lifting ap- wear or distortion when considering * the pliances are used or A receo achr chd ain hook shackle ~~ safety of chain Though detection of ments is entered sling with its attach an ** minute cracks in the metal is often diffi- on separate card cult a fire test^fifacilitatestheir discovery the cards are filed according depart- ments periods and applied in case of doubt Different our may indicated for annealing Previous to the inauguration of our colors 0 by cards different -. . are also - present definite plan of controthle wear _ each department there - of chains was often allowed to reach spectors whose duties and responsibilities rious proportions before replacement are to inspect all chains and chain assem- 0 e . Feed See Tat aceoet alea nt l gag a o Section moog o . deterioration an as ; =) blies observe just and to 1. how the chains ava deterioration service found the hammering of inthe scarfs produced " Inspectors are authorized decidedecide depressions which scale dirt when chain shall removed from serv- when the be were imprisoned outer edges of :. for repairs treatment weld were properly orreplacement * Thus non- All are referred materials adhesive areas were formed : within the metallresponibltesuderpargtmienct wahilch the ~ weld which . sometimes - extended to the then assumes assumes ' responsibilities for surfacoef the metal were visible only * replacing chains asovery cracks conditioning replacing and later - *. returning them department storeroom to _ If a weld is made at a low temperature day for future meting On a specified each the edges of the weld properly 5 week a meeting of department closeads these partscool first This de- - committee is held and the inspector :to-s fect byhammering is sometimes unin- gether with a representative the representative metal- ' tentionally ' concealed Perfectly .: good Jurgical department incluidncelduded Copies . * of welds have times rough edges which inspector's reports are presented and may mislead even expert chain exam- the uses and abuses chain equipment iner We a * wo about care`dicussedcare`dicussed the chain program finding We immediately set about finding a the outseotf the chain program program at to problems The welds of solution theOtis Steel Company we course ' the & chains were giving us the most trou- ~ >: with educating were primarily Concerned ble so we decided that in preliminary the employee.In employee.In the proper use of the . investigations we ' should consider all + chain available - equipment already in use in the various types of chain ~ Westressed all the points Of the several samples of chain sub J departments first previously discussed selected inspectors mitted for our tests we found that established central stations posted there was only one that showed ; marked advantage safe load . charts conspicuously about the over the others ten- .. plants insisted upon good keeping sile strength ductility and strength of chain several in caring for chains in fact we every- welds This check tests .. thing possible to make lifting equip in ., performed exactly " as it had in the first ment safe We found the course of experiments not only exceeded in our inspections chain failures *, - nearest competitor ~ but tensile strength had remarkable degree in no case did it break in the weld Mi- been reduced ' we were still having them anidt was ap- _ croscopic examination of transverse seg . parent that there was still work to be * tions of . broken links through ; the Examination done :Examination of chains after the - welds revealed the fusion metal that failures instances indicated there were still" at the weld been perfect that it but vulged that the thweere being determine exactly tive instances loading that far too was very difficult to many failures caused by in where mawd as me ade chains - +. - herently defective chains and we - were : Chemical analysis of the chains di- . . buying best dredge : chains on the they were made of a mate- market Tabulation of the data gathered during rial that- entirely new to the chain chain . investigations refined offailures re -y industry an alloy conformed to the - vealed refined wrought . specificationEngiers of Societoyf Automo iron dredge chain which several genera- Engineers for 4615 0 0 + | of of _ tions chain makers perfected did - chain chas ins were immediately not entirely our problems - . " purchased and placed service de- in We faitlhau t fraileurses due solely to partment where would be r^'ductionby wear were less constant use here they examined : common that next greatest difficulties misuse our least every month for about year | tered being . encoun- and halfworkSince no flaws evidence failures These failures - ingeneral were weld due to the fol- wear or hardewan s ai ppanreg nt the end of time lowing causes 7 betweendue that metallurgical d^'partmentalong with the department surfaces 1. Scale and dirt between the joining superintendent recommended that the al- - surfaces of the weld ; temperature 2. Welding chain be purchased for future ' re- Overheating causing 3. placements outset ae, and brittle metal Progressive burnt - 4 At very outset of the service test . . . "} >>" , , iy a- - .* a te ? Ye . * bad | ian . fans Sart ae Rel e ll atch, Reb hee dola cuerer lttioe. a . ime . laatt Woe oh a0 3 ac a . . 2 . , . SEBO ia ae Paes HaS b welt Coes Mbaba cbtnte ie SSE * ' ory - SE peers a, ry TwentyNational Safety CongressCongress ~ 7 alloy the using the new chains were received with chain standard safety fa~ - enthusiasm particularly by the crane fol- tor of 4 in each instance lowers The chains hung free from Size the crane hook that is they didn't kink Dredge Chains Alloy Lbs 14400 Lbs or twist which saved considerable time 1/2 oo. ..2. 4500 * in making lifts This kinking feature 9/16 .....,.... 5580 1 18000 10140 = is in itself an innovation in the field of 5/8 cece... 6930 " 20600 chain manufacture It is simple but then 3/4 * so many time and labor saving devices . 7/8 10140 cov vcees 14000 42000 6 . oe are simple _^' A built up section at one side and at the center of each link at the weld pre- vents any link from slipping past the center link of the link preceding it- 1-1 .21150 " 1-1 .28c8 e .0 288000 eee 1-1 1-3 34500 which results in a practically kinkless ' In comparing the figures have chain . quoted please note that the safe working Alloy chains are now recognized as load of 1/2 inch alloy chain is 14400 lbs standard for all Otis plants They notice also that the safe load of 7/8 inch used in all sizes in which they are avail- you that able from 9/32 inches to 7/8 inches and dredge chain is 14000 lbs It is apparent therefore that those of have they have been in general use almost been using large bulky chains that year and a half without a single instance hard to handle can minimize this are diffi- or of failure due to defective material culty by reducing the size of the chain workmanship As comparison cite the following still maintain the desirable factor of safety However we recommend that are safe figures which loads for double- . take advantage of the additional you | refined wrought iron dredge chain and the of safety of the alloy chains margin ; e r Co. described floor storage A motion - picture Foundry . Dust & Tube a platform which Control produced by the Liberty Mu- may be located slightly above the es cary tual Insurance Co. Boston concluded the and below the hooks on which the chains - Monday session The discussion which - are hung for followed the addresses was based on the As workmen re- move or replace chains they stand with following points 2 oe . their feet partly under this platform so that 1. What is a good method for mark- falling chains may not chains cause serious ing for identification and record injury Safety shoes may of be purposes markers be used also course a be Stenciled metal markers can be fast- may holding 4. How may the difficulty of holding ened to all chains an- safety meetings for men employed on 2. How often is it necessary to an- different shifts be overcome Many day neal alloy chains ' . v industries are holding safety Mr. Bloom stated that alloy chains in meetings various shifts either day or use at the Otis Steel Co. as long as three night years had not yet indicated any need for under the foreman in charge of the annealing It is probable that the com- pany will return the chains to the manu- facturer from whom they were purchased when annealing or repair is found necessary 2 3. _ How may foot injuries be avoided when handling chains Mr. Filmer of the Youngstown Sheet . 5. What is the proper protection for - hands when handling rough coated materials ee - Mr. Ralston explained that a waxed glove is available which in some in- stances has been found quite satisfactory Another suggestion was the use of hand holds made from burlap . -- + aga CERNE GETS IT OLE OT LR t i MIS Se enn OE . UAT Os AEE ER OGTR Toa RE IRR TRS RONEN VS te ee Stee A a Qe 8 FT coe oy 3 p - i %, 1 o tae tee AR+. ASaaONoae.d fi Section ~. Metals & . = e - a ~~ G 307 aa concerns aplicants- required while 6. How may the use of protective many the 7. How many concerns require the clothing be made mandatory *. |. -use of abdominal belts as protection " Mr. Ralston suggested that applicants- against hernia . for employment made to agree by They are many in many instances placing their signatures on appropriate . where examinations examinations show employees to cards to use equipment whenever be susceptible * There is no C it may be required Without that com- unanimity opinion among doctors pliance men should not be permitted to " recommending the use of such belts work =. es others advise . otherwise . a I e : xt , a . , ' e ~ s 8 - oa oy 7 4 ; OE . 4 .7 MORNING MORNING oy * WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION * "+4 October 7 1936 | . ) s Superintendent Superintendent ' Safe Practices in Welding ~ By @2. DAVISON o> | Ohio _ Superintendent Pipe Manufacturing American Rolling Mill Co. Middletown Ohio welders If our are not instructed prop- cost erly in how to do their we may cause accidents to individuals have put their confidence in ability Each day thousands stake their lives on weld- ing a great many of whom do not know welding may what welding is Check the welding jobs ' knowledge a ity good service of his job and good good will The welder can control . the first three these combined with the - fourth make the fifth - 8 approach an ideal safety set up . safety in welding and safety from welding - look | complicated but I - under your jurisdiction and visualize problem what might happen the users if your welders do not do a sound job will A welder can make a job which will look perfect on the surface but under- neath will additional welders have lack of fusion slag in" clusions or burnt material which may cause breakage unless there is a great shall outline how we approached our | approached a the Late in 1934 our business increased the point where it was necessary for us * take on which we .< could not find our territory Thus wC were forced to make welders as weld- ing many industries had not train~ d - ssaotlloeustmiaonn this problem to not education safpreodtiuycnytesars in grade margionf safety in the design The X- many apprentices during the depression ' - ray can detect condition but unfor- We selected as a training instructor tunately are but rays.com- rays.com- 1 ofour best welders who had a one _ . pared with the amount of welding done knowledge of our products daily thorough and proced o One to is for the jures and developed a course not only to help our older of training welding supervisor to get his welders j to develop new ones welders but minded The welder depends on ' Each job was broken ad down into Po its the salesman for his work the salesman component parts the plant and depends on the welder's quality to get this work He must have a job to sell safety of our product in the field We selected as an experimental 35 that he knows will prove satisfactory group men a few whomwhom had had welding ex- We try educate our weldekr nosw perience These men had varied typ~ s that a has only tools qual- of 3 from three varied typ~ s in . * . Me * r < an . 2, . , 2 : t . 4 yey 2 Sn H , . . . Pz wey . moe J & s - b BF St Plow OPENS SUE PPR Ld SE TES OT Te Se! EPL a a ca aL ECR reo bar REIN GALT PANEPS TAA pee, oe - Twenty National Safety Congress training likely.to which school to some college We were cause a flash is likely.to burn by- very much surprised to learn how little standers Care should be taken in plac- hy some of men whom we considered ing leads around the floor as someone - good welders knew about their equip- might trip injuring * himself as well as ~ ment how to use it safely - =~ breaking a connection which might cause One of the first things we studied was - flash the switch which controls the cur- We have had ; flashes from weld- Almsaojotrthihataytt ing hoods some whichpromcbhaplianephimparinno-gf any reason with eink rent going to the welding generator due to their shape misuse and How many of your welders know leaks around the glasses Our training this switch should be disconnected when has largely eliminated this condition we . making repairs to equipment have shown the operators what rough this switch should be pulled out with usage will do and the trained will the left hand while standing at one side not work a hood which has holes so that if there is a flash when the cir" that permit light rays enter We sup- cuit is broken the workman will not be ply each welder with a slag hammer and burned about the face since the brush to clean his weld and have tried to of these switches are set from four to have each welder wear a light five feet off floor This seem goggles under his hood to cut out light like a minor detail but through one man's rays and also to prevent flying objects knowledge of this point we avoided quite from entering his eyes while a serious accident when a switch was slag This has been quite a being pulled on a 440 line and the flame as has been.very hard to find a safety lens shot out several feet Our workmen goggle light enough for this purpose were also instructed always to open the Winstruct our` welders and their safety switch before opening the cover helpers in the proper methods of of the starter for dling the materials with . they work . why pipe often They were shown they should principally quite - of irregular near ee never place metallic objects the shape : welding set Under Reactance we We try get the welders to put the of have a paragraph which reads Never ends their electrodes in boxes on the _ ae e > aneaati With all ey as eee ee banks + place metallic objects where they can floor they present a falling ha...ard contact coil of reactor while the .. The gases given off from an electrode * unit is running This may result in dam- are not dangerous in the open but when age to the equipment or severe burn to the welding in confined space the worker workman - > > sO should be instructed to make provision We do some welding with resistance for fresh air the work we banks these The operator is instructed to have done along this line we do find how these resistance function he our welders working in confined spaces with- is also told before any attempt made out proper air This point should be to repair ^ resistance batik to be sure . stressed as a welder might become ape . that the safety switch feeding the bank gassed when working alone and not be get relief is open Otherwise he might be burned able to ; until it is too late part coy Welding leads one of our . An arc screen is not used enough in a equipment which get terrible abuse as great many plants The welder if prop- they are often dragged across sharp erly clothed is safe flashes corners of steel plates concrete or brick burns but without screens he often saunb-d floors such treatment tends to cut off the insulation Often a welder not un- jects other workers to hazards The best type of screen is a light portable derstanding his job thoroughly will select one made from pipe and fittings to which a lead too small to carry the necessary current which may burn off the insula- is attached piece of awning It should if entirely surround the job tion ot electrode necessary The Lo It is often for a welder to ' electrode tool holder is another great- do his own cutting and sometimes this abused tool which when not properly done by men unfamiliar with the taken care of will cause excessive heat- burn ing and may a worker If the proper handling of oxygen cutting gases and cutting equipment Sometimes the holder is thrown down carelessly it may workers around a plant will foolishly turn , "4 iQ 3 * Ls Re BRITS aie . Ee eosRSENS aya - oo Comte te BORN Oe beye ete rey TS . VEE SAMIR? See Nice Re wa Sb 20 . o Metals Section | .309 the on the valves and play with the adjusting foreman or service man in order that hy screws on the regulators Each man repairs may be made Defective ^'quip- cut before he starts to should check the * often results in ment defective workman- valves and regulators to see that they ship and in many cases makes the job have not been tampered with . Oil or dangerous J 7. protected grease should placed on an oxygen : * Hoses should be protected from hot will They connection because these materials . sparks and metal should A) be not mix with oxygen except as an ex- never run over and excessive tension should plosive Regulators : + not be placed on them Oxygen and gas - Regulators on gas and oxygen con- should tainers hose have right hand con- ' are connected to the valve by from threaded connections Such connections nections * respectively Excessive pres- sures which might burst the hose should - be from should protected bumps or cross avoided threading or they will become useless Bottles whether full or empty should be torches Torches are made to be used only as torches and should be used - stored their proper places never as Oxygen bottles are charged with very hammers or pry bars Such treatment - high pressure and should be given spe- would result in distortion or breakage cial safety attention Should a valve be making the unit useless Leaks in con- ; broken the pressure would " nections exhaust valves tips or blow pipes | ^ re reported . such force that the heavy bottle would dangerous and should be to the turn into rocket should i foreman or maintenance manreported It is very * The safety cap should never essential that tips be kept clean and in . from the valve until the bottle is taken placed good condition always M : in position for use and made secure Oil under pressure is highly explosive and should plabecple acd ed on threads or connection of oxygen bottles When not to be used for some time the valves on both oxygen and gas bottles should - Goggles are purely a safety device They should have shattering lenses of special colored optical glass and should always be worn over the eyes while and cutting for protection against glare and flying particles of metal or be turned off securely to avoid waste slag The outer clear glass should be an ' changed for new lenses when it becomes - .- pressure Too much should not be ex- spattered to the extent that vision is a ert^d upon the hand screw of the regu- obstructed ~, a . mechanical 3lator mechanical mechanism inside- 3lator or the may be . Friction lighters small mechanical always injured The hand screw should lighting devices composed of a . run out when the valve on the tank is wire handle a and flint When the is closed to protect the low pressure gage handle squeezed the flint passes over when the valve is reopened 0 the file thereby causing sparks to fly " . Gas connections always made with This provides much safer method of hand threads while oxygen connec- _ lighting a torch than matches wrenches : tions are made with hand threads Good fitting should be This is done to reduce hazards and f used when changing any connections on should be checked carefully before mak- equipment Alnuts made of ing connections _ ; " brass and would easily be chewed up or not not Defective not gages regulators should the corners rounded off by the use of be used but should be reported to poor renchespliers or pipe wrenches ~. q Handling Material By Hand . : Tg, 1. By C. RALSTON Pittsburgh c Safety Director Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company Pittsburgh Penn a. . * When we realize over 25 per cent to hand handling and manipulation of of all compensable injuries are chargeable m materials may well wonder whether 3 a v_ v, 7 Gog a. * . rs ty ve Twenty National Safety Congress . Ley " been we have not overlooking a funda- other items enter this picture and cause mental question Have we not been dis- much grief .. must posed to overlook hand labor because it The physical examination program must is generally termed common labor .>- therefore take first place in a proper selec- ol, which any man could do and were we tion and placement plan _ me oe not inclined to feel that no special train- " Important items to be given considera- an Ne ing was necessary Records for New tion by the examining physician are e York State show a total of 5,000,000 paid arthritis or rheumatism tubercu e rb0k in compensation for injuries chargeable fo losis syphilis and bone abscesses infec- . i) we thisOcflaalslsiifnidcuasttiroinal injuries rerepported orted 33 tsiilosns inffreocmtedabssicneussseesd ettece.th diseased ton- per cent are to hands and fingers and * When two men are carrying a load and wt ns en etoe wl iweeeee. Oe coe ry ar Sreinadbsloe acd mee se' Osome he deciding ify of handling Ar account for 18 per cent of the compensa- one slips it is not always this man who tion paid 24 per cent are to legs and suffers an injury Frequently the sudden feet with 20 per cent of the compensa- shifting of the load to the other causes tion and 11 per cent are arms with him to be injured If two men can barely ~ 13 per cent of the compensation costs handle the load three should be used Falling objects while being handled 'This is not waste of labor - good - are chargeable with 5 per cent of all in time planning The waste comes from having . d^...strial cases with per cent of the time > a man on the disabled list productive - lost and 6 per cent of the compensation but an overhead expense and this may be Handling objects are chargeable with the factor between profit and 29 per cent of all industrial cases and 17 loss on a given job i . thickset per cent of the compensation * . laborer Care must be taken to see that the . Another phase of this problem is that laborer is fitted for work The short - of infected cases The estimated total type man must be given the cost of compensation paid for such in- heavy lifting and jobs while the juries is 20,000,000 per year Of this lighter work goes to the slightly built tall amount 72 per cent is chargeable hand men While there is no definite rule I. and finger cases 17 per cent to legs and believe that loads of not to exceed 100 arms . rd Beef ran Le i> ) ! . 0 . . feet and 7 per cent arms . - pounds should limit be considered the efficient Object the A distribution of Handling Object , load limit for the average man man Fatigue ' Cases by industries would indicate or weakness will often be found as the . - following . " . . i _ cause of dropped loads It is certainly | _ Glass Products ... Foundries Products ...... Foundries Steel Works .....:. Chemicals Construction 40 per cent 3362 per cent cent 26 cent 26 per cent = mm | inefficient for workers to lift to their ca- pacity | ne 7 Conveying Lifting Improper Method Improper of Lifting cannot recalling and : - Construction ....... 26 cent help naturally observaticoonnsnectionrewctiahltelhiirnrgeagpuplaarreonpterating ~ divides the many personal prop- An analysis of general * problem and in - it into the following conditions The outstanding fact has divisions i been the lack of definite instructions by _ Poor Physical Condition - . Condition the supervisors and inabil- While we find much opposition to phyi- ity or incompetence to give such instructions This includes cal examination programs we must recognize the fact that under existing laws. their failure to erly recognize the mental capacity of the whether he be laborer no employer can legally operate without a foreigner or an American them laws made to protect the with little education On one a wosrakfeerplraecqeuifroerthhiem etmopwlooyrekr tTohifsurcnainsh. constructiontjoob the faoremanplaacneIatanld- bring laborer barrel to certain be the bring back a barrel of salt The know donecondition employer does the order man was clearly given and not not know the conditioofnthe man and his turned with a " saw shoul- possible susceptibility to shoul- Bucki many certain kinds der = - a saw over hihiss shoul- and types of exposure Strains hernias Training of labor supervisors , laborers required supervisors much constipation falls vision colds and as of is os "O 2. DB 4 Metals Section . 311 , . . ~ than other of labor effort to more than in other lines . effort + sense security bound result false sense of security - An inadequate force is not only ineffi . and the responsibility of the employer is cient but dangerous The distribution of increased protective ; force the protective the to loaids handling of impor In consideration addition to equipment handling consideration . equipment tance whether handling boxes crates consideration should also be givengiven to pro rails barrels timbers pipes or other viding special hand tongs or grips for bulky well asalengthy materials .. materials D conditions vs . Team work is very essential and only - When the working conditions indicate for obtained through careful and systematic need protective equipment its use | of training slow thinking or acting =. should be a requirement employment wreck man can and will gang They no protection job - to . aortehearsmenunalceess nottheoinrlysupertvhiesmosrelivsesconbu-t -. "a" Unsafe Practices cy recognizing their weaknesses and Under this we can con- sider classification places them accordingly denote too heavy bulky - loads or inade- inablity Failure to obey orders 4 may denote quate force 1 recall many time stone ; . either mental or physical inability and masons and their handling of stones too - ' ".should a warning flag to the super- heavy for one man to properly handle- - visor some cases this can be attri hernias were common among the men- a buted to stubbornness or independent . they never been taught how to lift were thinking although we generally find only - such methods not thought necessary and bone - muscle in common labor groups nor given any consideration dan- gerous Walking backward loads is dan- _ Inadequate Hand and Foot Protection gerous practice and this is particularly so . This is mainly the problem of the em- in restricted areas Vision very impor- - worked ployer out through the super- - tant as there is only the stumbling | visor Too often the employer fails . hazard to be considered but also that of recognize that in hiring labor he has bruised hands and arms against project- hired only the man and fails to properly ing piles of materials or parts materials of perma- consider the hazards to which the mannent mannent mannent structures - oe | will exposed Protection against bod- , room hazards are present in prac- handling mate- ily injury as well as protective clothing - tically all plants 9 as should receive very careful consideration rials with rough surfaces as well 17 those All exposures should analyzed in jus- which offer no hand hold man was - tice to the laborer and adequate protec- moving a large paper carton turning it tive equipment should be provided In over and over along the ground instead . some cases this may only involve the of hand truck or securing another using hands arms feet and while in others man help him Some jagged pieces of * the body will be included such as in glass become imbedded in the carton and handling iron or other rough as well as heavy materials Hot substances and acids call for special consideration and treatment in such cases find the face head and eyes involved ' the Proper protective equipment for the his hand was severely cut by the sharp edCgaerse should be exercised exercised in piling and blocking materials so that they will not that they roll or slide and will nish proper hand when necessary to hands will include gloves of various types ."b * e rehandled be as well as wrist protectors and hand laps Bulky materials should be carefully Leggings and special foot tipped a balance and secure holds protectors whether the latter be safety shoes metal obtained before any attempt made to - or leather guards will be clearly indicated lift move : materials should . ' from an analysis of the exposure I fear ( Piled always be raised before that often protective equipment is ' from the pile any movement purchased entirely on a price Basis and in order to prevent dragging which as a result many preventable preventable injuries causecause the balance of the pile to fall occur never would occurred Inadequate Regard for Inspection given proper consideration been the im- portance of the problem Where inade- This condition can several beigancocroaunncteed inabilty for quate equipment is furnished there is namely inability inability e V @ = ees ee kesmer a ee TOBY e te Ee= ee petos amenea og Ee ee enn te apatraven Oe CE vy 2 eaeat 2 f me. ie ae PROP Ts 9 oy oa e * es we * . . ee- n TEST eee ae : ae an ~ Fat 312 Twenty National Safety Congress . , . to - draw to losses to think inability draw a personal les- accident The larger employer as - son from the experience of others over- well cannot affortdo overlook the situa through waste confidence and a desire to make good on tion losses of time and the job These can only be overcome by money materials will seriously _. on careful and systematic handling the his profits and hold his companuyp to part of the supervisor His is the respon- the public as a very inefficient organiza- sibility of putting over to the worker the tion The ever increasing cost of com- value and advantages resulting from a pensation insurance will undoubtedly be a ~ tion's ,. close observance of rigid safety inspec- factor in forcing more consideration for . . . , _ well organized safety work Personally ,. Systematic Organized Safety Effort should be little need to make a plea for more concerted action along this line As safety men we know how cas- ily small employer could be put out of business as the result even a few 7 I emphasize the side of humanity above the dollar and am satisfied from long ex- perience that where humanity rules the profits will be satisfactory Where a real safety program is followed without doubt * highest efficiency and economy of the or- der will also prevail ' 4 :S Ju + The Present Status Control of Dust and Fumes in Industry - Managing Director Air Hygiene Foundation of America Inc Head Air Pollution Investigation Mellon Institute of Industrial Research Pittsburgh Pa naturally into problem The divides itself ay Classification Dusts . __ of medical preventive engineering and legis- There are available different published lative phases and includes considerationconsideration classifications of dusts Included in such of the responsibilities of employer and classifications are dusts the exposure to employee to each other and to the public inhalation of which - It is axiomatic that in case of physical be occupational ' Thaorsee otrhaatrearleikeilnyhetr-o - toxic disorder impairment of function or dis- ently when inhaled or otherwise ab- ability the more thoroughly the cause and _ of action sorbed and which cause systemic poison- course arsenic mercury are known the more ing include lead man- certainly can possible remedies be applied ga^-ese Examples of dusts which have or preventive measures taken 0 In the diseases or affections under con- i the ability to penetrate the deep lung tis- i sideration there are facts which pre- sues and to be retained there are quartz flint chert asbestos .. ventive methods are based and upon slate and other tale coal iron clay ,. which further studies now in course or types of rock dust ; contemplated are least in part predi- thiAsttleansttion here will be centered upon . cated Ne . group and upon pneumoconiosis . . the general term used to designate lung During the development of the present . conditions caused by dust S^>licosis which state of knowledge of the influence of is caused by the inhalation of some air contaminants on health naturally many theories were advanced that free silica has been prominent recently in the public press sometimes in way that made mis- , later scientific work has modified or dis- understanding possible if not probable . placed However not always has the Aside from silica many of the insoluble correction been as widely and thoroughly dissentinated mineral dusts may bring about slight as was the original theory changes in the lung tissues which may be this condition perhaps has led some 7, demonstrated on the roentgenogram if- in the many confusion in the minds of who have there is silica dust that is inhaled not followed too closely the evolution of As far ~ known today most of them relatively knowledge in this field * are relatively relatively or entirely harmless , _ ~ oy . . . ny. ~ ah . - . . ia aeS ira eer NF sey 7 , . ven oe pie Win are ANUS : . Me e Nae : f ed . * 3 vs, : : 4 7 4 a on . o Section ; ; Metals Section & o 313 . , " Ability of Dusttso Cause Injury of the silicotic process toward the stage dSaimlaigcecamaasoasecyTichnuebdrurssetartihale disiemapssotierlolticuabannetgtisnhe less Dr. ionfflLueanbcoeratory a 2 identical athe exact asbestos has been established that poten- tialitoyf silicious dusts to cause lung of disablement except through limiting or preventing further exposure to silica dust is with few exceptions depend- Nor has medical science found tuberculosis way to imposed from being super- ie ent upon their content of free silica prevent tuberculosis from being super- SiO .: development of silicosis de imposed upon silicosis except through pends therefore upon the concentration : control contact The course of silico- - ' . of dust containing free the air tuberculosis is chronic and is very diffi- breathed In other words the total cult to phthisiologists phthisiologists by treatment according - amount of free silica breathed and re- to phthisiologists - treatment basis . ros tained seems to be the primary factor Medical Control As a basis intelli- ' the length of time necessary for a suffi- gent determination of the physical fitness ' cient accumulation is but of man for job in a dusty trade so than total load chemical physical examination with stereoscopic combina- also chemical combina- roentgenograms of the chest is necessary tion in silicates Some of these com- Along with this study goes naturally the pounds have been proved relatively preparation of an occupational history . harmless to health some are still in the with detail as to nature of previ- . realm of doubt and asbestos " ous work and of exposure to - industrial cause the called asbes dust a valueless recording of occu- tosis which is the result of lung damage pations laborer machinist etc. te. similar to but not with nor as Sayers of the U. Public Health serious that produced by free silica Service has developed a method of secur- Importance of Particle Size The size ing information for a proper occupa- dust particles in the air which an ; tional history indi-of Saranac among others Cummings vidual is important Not out a useful has worked a often are particles larger than 10 or 12 history blank >: microns found in the deep except Standards have been developed for the - _ ^finthe of dust where fibers diagnosis of silicosis There is also a 200 microns as long as have worked their suitable technic for taking roentgeno- way down lengthwise . Es grams the chest in order to bring out Uncomplicated Silicosis Silicosis un- the characteristic lung changes complicated by an infection is more of an From the considerable amount work impairment than a disability reaches It not that has been done it is possible fore- seriously disabling until it reaches reaches an ad- cast with a reasonable degree of accu -- - vanced stage and does not of itself racy the silicosis potentiality of various shortetn he life of a silicotic 2 o Tuberculosis . When a silicotic Periodic physical examinations includ ing dies the immediate cause of death is usu- roentgenograms are essential if em- ployers ally some type of intervening lung infec- are to be enabled accurately to - tion It is not known just why the pres- learn the effect of individual exposure ' ence of silica the lungs increases sus- : and intelligently transfer affected work- . ceptibilittyo tuberculosis but when an men lower dust concentrations before adult with silicosis is exposed to fuber serious injury been done or to work culosis an active infection may occur re- _ out system of rotation where indicated gardless of the previous state of health as desirable in order that exposure may type healed to It is thought probable that silica dust can be intermittent Such examinations are reactivate healed tuberculous lung lesions helpful also in showing the efficiency of of the adult long after such engineering control methods lesions have healed the reactivation sili- is The ability place responsibility in possible is certain Exposure of sili- case claim for injury is no small part cotics individuals to tuberculosis or of tuberculous of the value of such initial and periodic 4 individuals to silica dust is serious and examinations Clinical should be avoided estab- ' Asbestosis - Clinical experience has After silicosis has become well estab- shown that the inhalation of a sufficient lished in the lungs medical science has amount of asbestos dust ' F not found a way arrest serious progress _type of fibrosis which is not accompanied __ 2 . 4 a oe . 7 co go . . o . i * ot ek 9 Re On a tn pw aera EK hl eet pry Tae et Re ee ECR PSO i * @ re ae oe eh . wr ee Gu Twenty National Safety Congress a by an unduly high incidence of tubercu- losis nn . 0 . Other dusts and silicate compounds so progressive reaction a far studied produce at most only mild - in the lungs provided there is no significant amount of free silica in theircompositWihoilne not serious clinically such conditions may are tions in air recorded gravimetrically as milligrams per cubic meter - Others U as silica where size is a factor in de may termining dangerous particles are giyen by count Neither method gives the whole story but in both cases it be neces- possible secure the information sary for the purpose : 7 : give rise to considerable litigation Adequate statistics on morbidity and mortality from occupational disease to serve as a basis for effectively focussing the efforts to study and control dust dis eases of the lungs are existent folow- In concluding this section the following quotation from a court decision in In one of the reports referred to earlier there occurs this statement There is no doubt in the mind of anyone familiar with the present sampling and dustestimating methods that they will be amended and changed from time to time At the present writinwge would advise the use of the simplest possible procedures . Wisconsin is pertinent Schaefer .v In- February dustrial Commission . 265 * N. W. 390 Supreme Court 1936 ** carefully It will be necessary to distin- carefully between medical or patho- logical disability and actual physical in capacity to work The medical experts apparently ignore this distinction and so increase the difficulty of arriving at a just result under the law " od a Preventive Engineering = It woulbde needless repetittoidoisn- cusisn a technical way the engineering phases of dust control _ All interested are in question where dust control alone is If one wishes to obtain values which be compared with published data it is generally necessary to copy with considerable care the technic used in the origi- nal case . This is another way of admit- ting the annoying fact that results by one method are usually not comparable toto those obtained by another method another place the report says It is very doubtful if any useful purpose is served by determining accurately ~ ex- tremely dense dust concentrations only excuse for such data is to show the skeptic that the workplace is much dustier |. referred to Industrial Dust by Drinker and Hatch which deals comprehensively with the subject U. S. Bureau of Mines Information Circulars 6840 and 6848 by Harrington and Davenport a review of literature on Prevention Dust Dis- Dalla eases U. Public Health Service Bul- letin 217 by Bloomfield and on The Determination and Control of Industrial Dust Report 29 of the Amer- ican Standards Association . and to the U. S. Bureau of Mines for a list of ap- proved protective devices in it than should be . 8 . It is probable that any sampling pro- cedure which fixes concentrations in groups 100 per cent apart is sufficient and that the results of any attempts to come closer to the concentration at the moment of sampling are simply misleading Thus ranges such as 0-5 5-10 10-20 20-40 etc. suffice for dust control : lungs As dust particles in the the order of 1 micron with are of rarely a particle over 10 microns control for hygienic reasons should aimed at p^rti- dust It may be said that in general the engineering can and will devise the necessary equipment to meet the conditions specified to him But the setting of limits of permissible concentra- tion is not his but the physician's respon- screen cles in the size range found to have been breathed " and retained Again quoting ~ + if one could avoid use of the dusts of 1 micron or less or exclude them from the dust which passes ^ mesh nearly all dust diseases would be elimi . . sibility The engineer is concerned with > nated ; ; keeping dustiness to or below the limits at present considered satisfactorysatisfactory . Methods of Determining Dust Some dusts as lead are determined by chemical methods and the concentra- Dust Elimination ; Obviously it is better when possible to purchase ^quipment already supplied with exhaust hood rather than to have hooded to worry to fit one to equipment not de- signed to be Thus responsi- ~ ~ ny  . wo. fn e &-E a an >! e feo - a & . mony * yo t a a Section Metals Section . <a, 7 O 315 bility for patential efficiency is upon the Some mining companies have manufacturer _ comparatively _ There is available little gone further setting the maximum of permissible dustinesast 5 million particles information upon which to base the scien- - per cubic foot dustiness of Certainly there tific designEngineering hoods The Preventive | air is degree of air clean- . is the . Engineering Committee of Air Hygiene liness that safe from standpoint of ' Foundation includes in its recent report concentration of harmful But the engineer a table of minimum air velocitiesvelocities to cap- may find himself the position certain industrial ture dusts for use in of practically being forced to control any if granite cutting grain elevators paint dust harmful or otherwise he would spraying sand sand pulverizing and electric protect his employers against suits at welding 7. electric For protective equipment such as dust air supplied masks sand blast common law and the possibility of award of damages to men who have breathed dust containing little free silica A respirators helmets and goggles very complete in- dusty workplace is or no to defend in difficult formation is available because of the work of the U. court ~~ Neither courts nor compensation Bureau of Mines Bu- boards and certainly not juries have a reau of Standards and the American seemed to be greatly impressed with preparing Standards Association in and low silica dust count in an (i. issuing otherwise specifications to be met if the dusty atmosphere equipment is to used under conditions Quoting from one of the , where approval is necessary -- ferred to Each state is urneiptorstosverre-- . accomplished Of course agree that where possi eign it handles its problems its own ble dust should be controlled at the own way Uniformity is lacking although - source and protective equipment used of course the statutes of many states are : where this action cannot be similar The courts of the various states mee follow such precedents appeal to them - : ' Permissible _ * consequently onany important question | Dustinens There are various figures that have been itonheraemolnigkelythteo bceouartdsiveargnedncoeftoefnoptihne- courts and are being used guidetso permissi- . fall into two or more groups cach - ble dustiness where respect free smialniyca should be noted that is present of the data group following a different to the same legal problem - were not determined as the medical re- but * quirement as being attainable in 2 Workmen's Compensation Acts fe good practice and apparently . satisfactory from a safety standpoint figure milli- In South Africa the figure is 1 gram per cubic meter or 300 particles , per cubic centimeter or approximately 8.5 millionper cubic approximately o . states Dr. Lanza found in 1917 in the Joplin Workmen's compensation acts have been passed 46 states all * except Arkansas and Mississippi and the Dis- trict of Columbia These acts are con- pulsory as to private employers in 15 states elective 31 Insur- cover the Mo. district that with good engineering * ance to risk is compulsory in 100 ?se practice a figure of 1 milligram per seven states of Q liters of air could be attained c: . A state fund out of which compensa- is The U. S. Public Health Service in its tion is paid maintained in 18 states study in the anthracite region Pennsyl- in two of these the employer may by vania found that 50 million particles per financial responsibility carry his ; . risk with to the cubic with 5. per cent quartz in the own limited contribution coarse dust and million particles per state fund for the expense of administra- cubic in quartz tion foot with per cent satisfactory were more this group of states apparently satisfactory and often were attained . 10-20 . " The figure of 10-20 million particles per cubic foot for granite dust with 35 per cent quartz contenits often quoted from the Vermont granite studies of the U. S. Public Health Service - ie. . . wae of the employer is not required to avail himself the privileges the state fund . fund and may provide compensation otherwise ~ In states there is no provision for a state compensation .-- . act Administration of the compensation act is vested in a commission board or single a) . L" , wT ving <n % Nee a _ ~ Twenty National Safety Congress _commissioner the acts are courts in states in administered by six states the local . . diseases which call for diagnosis by skilled specialists experienced in that field oO Again from the report The guiding principle in the early acts was the award- 7 Examination Before Employment ing of compensation for accidental injury 1. Under Compensation Acts The : meaning thereby traumatic . injury New Mexico Act contains a provision re- Traumatic means of or pertaining to a of wound quiring workman at the time his or wounds In those years the importance of employment or thereafter at the request tional disease disability due occupa- ' of the employer to submit himself to an - was not generally recog- examination , injury be anpipzaerdentItthhatowever becmiagmhet incrseausfifngelrye\d silicosis The New York Act of 1936 covering . silicosis and other dust gradually and that the result of such diseases provides gradual breaking down of the strength in the opening paragraph | - and resistance of the employee was more ., It is hereby declared to be the policy of this state serious in many instances than traum^tic of the legislature in enact- injury Courts therefore in some states wrestled with the problem of construing to injury so as to include disease and bring disease within compensation acts ing this article to prohibit through every lawful means available any requirement as prerequisite employment which compels an applicant for employment_in examination 7 . In one state a diseased condition is any occupation coming within the pur- ; compensable under the act if caused by - view of this article to undergo a medical the negligence of the employer Occupa- ; . tional disease is compensable to some The North Carolina Act effective mn extent in 16 states and the District of March 26 1935 contains provision re- Columbia in five of these states silicosis examination both prior to employ- is not included among the compensable ment and from time to time during em- diseases in one state silicosis is the only ployment . occupational disease made compensable In the compensation acts of no other .. There is a legal obligation on the part ~ of the employer to provide safe place to states were found provisions with respect to examination the time to work and usually the matter of ventila- ployment prior -* of em- tion is featured The mining laws ap- ; proach uniformity as to air quantity and to 2. Under Other Statutes Five states - Louisiana Maine New equipment for mechanical ventila- Jersey New . equipment astion mechanical . York and Pennsylvania have statutes Lo for The right at common law to requiring recover physical examination before an for occupational disease due to negligence employee is permitted to work under of the employer important In three conipressed air or in caissons * states it has been held by the courts that the right never did exist in three states Examination During Employment- the right is extremely doubtful in 12 . The states mentioned in the pre- states it probably exists although there is ceding paragraph require periodic exam- some doubt in 12 other states the right inations during course of employment seems well settled but is limited in eight under compressed air or in caissons of this group in the remaining states and Missouri statutes provide examina- the District of Columbia no court decisions can be found which decide the tion as often as once a month by a.com- petent licensed and reputable physician question as whether or not such com- all who come into be of employees direct mon law right exists It should contact with certain poisonous agencies noted that occupational disease is com- poisonous or injurious processes With pensable in three states in this last group . the adoption of . Three states New Jersey Ohio and Occupational Disease medical Pennsylvania require employers to cause and more problems arise to be examined at least once a month adequate provision for is required employees engaged in any work or proc- medical examination and treatment to This is ess exposing them lead dust lead especially true with respect to dust fumes or lead . solutions | - oo o R o, OREO IRE ET . 7? TEE . : oO so. . NRTEEWCNC LE SEER ar ot To NA CORNET eee Rae . EPR Phy TEEN TS OEY : . ~ . . 3 a me} ov . in: - Metals Section a a 317 Examination After Claim for . Disability studied separately for details but in each silicosis No two state acts contain identical - oociupationalscccuopamtpieonnsalabldeisease including silicosis?| pro- . roentgenograms but in all including the District any The importance of roentgenograms in | visions ark roentgenograms of Columbia that have compensation compensation any thorough examination for acts there is for physical ex- pneumoconiosis is well known This im- provisionfor amination after claim disability arises portance is recognized in the Acts of OT _' In five states Kentucky Massachu- New Jersey New York North Carolina setts New York North Carolina and and West Virginia North , West Virginia definite recognition has been given to the importance of some 9 Medical Tirneclautdmienngt Maryland sort of medical board composed of spe- states In the 17 states including MMaryalandryland cially qualified physicians and surgeons in which occupational disease is to and charged with the duty of diagnosing some extent compensable the acts usually eri- occupational disease and of advising the title the claimant to a limited amount of administrative board or commission with medical and hospital meas- surgical respect thereto The laws of these five states are quite different and should be . cuorveedreidn bmyontereyatcmoesntt or- length time fal oe 4 8 oO a sOF c wv. advisable limit These points were raised the dis- cussion following the addresses 2. Is it to of students per teacher the number com1.pleHtionwg amutcrahintiingmecouisrsreeqtuhiered for sage Ten students per instructor is a good = traing Which Mr. Davison said that the training rational training the greatest in course their plant ordinarily covered a harzards gases present harzards welding " period of one and half years but that Silicon are . the most Oe some students completed it sooner time required depends upon the The individ- individ- gases most harmful | The risk however has largely been over- a come by manufacturers welding sup- ual we . plies 3 . . > ; 4 . o> . a . .. t 7 - . ' iw . . ; ; ee . -7 ' THURSDAY MORNING SESSION - o oS October 8 1936- - ; a ze , a Metals Section Safety Contest & . ects Two hundred and two units were reg- certificates istered in the 1936 Contest of were awarded in the Contest ... the Metals Section During the Contest period The plaques were presented by John B. 267,792 employees worked Gibson Publicity Director Hawthorne 561,788,579 hours with an decrease average - works Western Electric Company Chifrequency of 8.030 a decrease of 4 cent cago and Vice President for Community rate per _ Safety Councils National Safety from 1935 rate of 8,354 , Council Ninety units completed the Contest :with fre- | a_-sStfeoellloMwislls Council 7 Division Group Conti- rate quency below the average and 8 nental Steel Corporation Kokomo Divi- per cent of the units finished with .. per- sion Indiana 4,141,806 man- Kokomo fect records . Nineteen plaques and eight hours 12 injuries ! 4 : _ a . oa . . . > , & \ Xe A v E ......... oats a a nLirameupenvt ; i ] ante } tote Q. + t 4 % 8 e $ SENS ads RIES 4+ 5 Ine Mage 6s TD yi LOMAS, ROLE ' Sie rag : 7 oy rah tee . . ~ ~~ Dai aDal SSS TET RT ar VERSE one TRAE hae Ero ae preremisaret sao oe wv 318 Twenty National Safety Congress | 286Rolling Finishing injuries Steel Mills Division Group B and C- Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company South Chicago Works Chicago Illinois 1,198,735 hours 1 injury Finishing & Fabricating Divi- sion Group The Chase Brass and Copper Company Cleveland Ohio 2,245 port Penn 669,449 hours no in- juries Haynes Stellite Kokomo _ Ind 481,481 hours no injuries American Rolling Mill Co. Sixth Street Foundry Ashland Ky 142,948 man- hours no injuries Shops . 4 . Heavy Machine Shops Division Group Divi- Lycoming Manufacturing Company . Rolling Finishing & Fabricating Divi- sion Group Six tied for first Plant No. 1 Williamsport Penn 1,842 place- Revere Copper and Brass Inc. Baltimore 474 hours no injuries ~ . on Division Baltimore Md 1,042,599 man- Heavy Machine Shops Division Group Three tied for first _ hours no injuries Central Tube Com- & place Hager pany Ambridge Penn - 1,037,084 man- Sons Hinge Manufacturing Company St. Louis Mo. 805,007 hours no no hpooruartsionno iCnhjaurpimeasnConPtriinceental Steel Cor- injuries D & B.Pump and Supply Com- Division In- dianapolis Indiana 833,146 hours pany Los Angeles California 208,253 . hours no injuries Noera Manufac no injuries Republic Steel Corporation turing Co. Waterbury Conn 214,792 Grand Crossing Plant Chicago Illinois 603,234 hours no injuries.- : hours no injuries Union Drawn ** Light Machine Shop DivisiThorene _ Penn Steel Company Beaver Falls 443,363 hours no injuries | tied for first Western Clock Company La Salle Ill 5,309,320 hours Lehigh Structural Steel Co. Allentown no injuries Ilg Electric Ventilating Com- Penn 319,353 hours no injuries pany Chicago 370,222 hours no Foundries Division tied . for injuries Flex Metal Hose Company first place - PlantLs ycoming Manufacturing Newark New Jersey 146,536 hours Company Plants Nos 2 and 3 Williams- no injuries . . we New Developments in Safeguarding ce By JOHN OARTEL . | Safety Director Carnegie Steel Corp. Pittsburgh Pa a on oo Safety kinks assembled by Mr. Oartel opments in safeguarding and ways of moting safety pro- during the past year were presented as It included 13 views taken film strips 56 views being shown in the Ohio and Chicago District plants The first strip dealt with prevention of Distrc falling of material with housekeep- of the Carnegie CorpoCorrapotraitoionn and 13 photos received from other com- ing piling~andstorage keeping loose ma- panies including the Ashland and Butler- terial from crane runways and other cle- Divisions of the American Rolling Mill vated places and similar safe practices Company the Duluth Works of the the It included 30 views reproduced from _. American Steel & Wire Company . photographs which originally appeared in ' Republic the National Steel Corporation the Ford | past year Safety News during the Motor Company the National Tube Com. devel- pany and the Pittsburgh Limestone . illustrated Company. The second strip new devel- Company Company cy was The Thursday session closed with a Corp. in the absence of T. H. McKen- round discussion Your Hour led ney past general chairman of the by H. J. Griffith Jones & Laughlin Steel tion who unable to attend sec- at . . ADJOURNMENT ~