Document evBd0odd64w7QwGR4eG8qDLre

FILE NAME Armco ARM DATE 1936 DOC ARM007 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Transactions of the National Safety Council Set . .bcompelete Styroad rans Reine: ts y ; 3 : evi ayy eRe Ae Bs, wet es Nae VirEen ON e s cand inlay tas \ : ; - AP 66s .Dye So Jr oe Ss A; fed elie 2 4 on en (i we, res never eer raney TRANSACTIONS t 1 25th > National Safety 7 Congress Council Transactions NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL INC ATLANTIC CITY NEW JERSEY OCTOBER 5 to OCTOBER 9 1936 Ambassador Chelsea Carlton tnt ~~ THE fifth Sections Transactions of the Twenty National Safety Congress 1936 are published by the National Safety Council in two volumes This the first conmins the general the special subject and the Industial Section sessions The second volume contains the sions of the Child Education Home sesses ses e Safety Street and and Highway Traffic and Vehicle Fleet All industrial members of the Council receive Volume I. Volume II is automatically sent to members be lieved to be interested chiefly in the sessions it Other Council members however obtain covers it request may upon Many members have found it worth while to distribute copies of the Transactions to supervisors foreinen ind others in an administrative or supervisory position who may make practical use of them for reference The following quantity prices are quoted pounrpe ox sr ez s copies 1 to 10 copies of the large volume 1.50 each coral 11 copies or more 1.25 each copies of the smaller volume 50 cents each Transactions are published as a condensed reser~ THEof the proceedings at the National Congress TheThe papers of each session or division of the Congress ve ve ve carefully been edited eliminate to extraneous matter ind ind matter to abbreviate the less essential portions because of space space a limitations Thus the material herein presented is not reeer verbatim report of all the speeches presented atnot the the Congress but rather an abridged version made as cim- pact as possible yet without injury to the technical rey aspects of any address The original manuscripts are on file in the Council's Bureau of Information where st e are available for additional reference ey Where illusza- tions were sent by the speakers to the Council these Eso are on file The National Safety Council at its Congresses seeks eliminate from discussion to matters which are not peri- nent to the aim of the Congress or which are contry to Council policies It cannot the views expressed either in tahcecept responsibility for in the discussions based upon the ppaappeerrss presented -- NATIONAL SAFETY 20 North Wacker Drive Chicago 1227900 33182 N215 Council Officers and Directors... Council Officers and Pte, 4 Directors Council Purposes and Policies Annual Meeting Members 0 ve eeeeeeeee 11 9 TI Annual Banquet ee. 31 Subject SessionsOe Exhaust Systems eee, 37 Ten core The Lave ang The Cave and race and ota the om- nical 20n they on Prevention Fire 53 Industrial Health AmericaAnssociation of Industrial Physicians Surgeons teens eee eee ey, . 63 Industrial Nursing ... ee Peete eeee eee, teeeeee 69 Industrial Safety Lectures . 79 Injured Safety Worker The .. , tee eee Maintaining eee, tek. Interest Pre 99 109 Occupational Occupational eee 117 Safety BeltsDiseases teense 127 Equipment Safety Equipment . 141 Safety Exchange Fundamentals Beginners Peter, 151 Safety Fundamentals ........, Beginners 159 Safety Training Te 171 Section Aeronautical Aeronautical Aeronautical 181 A. E. Engineering Shop 191 Automotive Section 197 Machine Cement Section Hee 205 Peel, veers Section Chemical Construction eee, . FoodSection Meat Marine Industries Meat Section Pee eeeeeee Tanning Tanning Packing Leather veers tence eee, ey, Peewee, Section _. 223 241 253 269 287 tra- also Metals Mining Section .. ue re o mo w4t i ~4 -, bao fa) 4-4 Paper Section Section Petroleum Power Press Public Public Utilities Quarry Section Refrigeration Section Rubber Section Safety Safety Equipment Steam Steam Meeting Meeting Textile Section Section Transit 07, eeeaee Wood Wood Products . Index ere ae i . OE paca NY oe ten one Eo NmBSR ONS ae 18, TRUETAILSetnali, THE THE } \ crore ene marae cree ener we NationalNationalNationalSafety Council Inc. Inc.2 HONORARY MEMBERS HONORARY of Tron STEEL ELECTRICAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS Association Association IRON ROBERT CAMPBELL - ARTHUR ARTHUR WILLIAMS aes moe OFFICERS . 7, u, preys RY FSWT al OFFICERS 1936-1937 . DLFEPHR Membership OFFICERS C. H. WATSON President Dr. C. FENNELL President Public D. HART E. FISHER Public Relations DR HART FISHER President Health Health GIBSON President President for JOHN HAROLD G. HOFFMAN Community Safety Safety ALBERT S. REGULA President President Public Public Safety . ALBERT RONWEDER for Engineering R. T. SULENSTEN, PVicerPeressiiddeenntt fforoIndrustrial Industrial Safety PEP ALBERT W. WHITNEY Vice President 1 W. E. WORTH Vice Finance Treasurer i W. H. CAMERON CAMERON President Secretary for Managing Director Director Secretary and Managing Director : EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1936-1937 GEORGE GEORGE ADAMS Paper Section C. C. ALLEN Metals President C. C. AUEL Past President Pulp Section J. BANASH Past President Cc. C. BERGQUIST BUTTENHEIM The HAROLD HAROLD BUTTENHEIM National Safety W. W. CAMERON CAMPBELL Council President Council Inc. ROBERT ROBERT CATLIN CATLIN Aetna CasualPtryesident Inc. ROBERT ROBERT DEBLOIS DEBLOIS LEWIS LEWIS DEMPSEY Food President President Sur ety Company Cc. C. , Section MARCUS DowDow President MARCUS MARCUS Fennell Consulting Consulting D. D. HART FISHER Dr. DR FORTUIN FISHER Chicago R. R. FORTUIN Lehigh Valley Safety Council Cc. GIBSON JOHN Mining section Electric Company Council B. Grusos , Western HARRY HARRY GUILDERT GUILDERT HON HAROLD G. G. HOFFMAN Hox. Harotp G. H Governor OFFMAN, Governor M NELS FREE L. JOHN ERNES ERNES DAVID CLIFF CLIFF CLIFF Davin Currrr ane BUTE SOR aN OE AR ; RO parMeS ee : ot = o ES he ee by Troon * ro Say te F res x ard Lt Tg Sac 6 Ateespow < tk ~ ey: ats py 5 ss Vent rit . pet hue a fi, oe > OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS Continued wy Councils rer .fety POE -- ... ... --- eee. me ce me ee ee eer TN E. C. HOLDEN JR Marine Section HARRY J. KELLEY Wood Products Section WALTER G. KING Past President WM C. KNOELK Milwaukee Safety Commission JOHN E. LONG Past President THOS H. MACDONALD United States Department of E. J. MEHREN Portland Cement Agriculture Association W. J. Melville Chippewa County Safety Council W. MILLARD Industrial Gloves Corporation HAROLD L. MINER E. I. du Pont de Nemours & E. J. O'BRIEN JR Louisvilic Safety Council Company LEW R. PALMER Past President C. E. PETTIBONE Past President ALBERT S. REGULA Industrial Relations Counselors Inc. Lt. Col. Henry A. Reninger Past President V. RouwedER Duluth Missabe & Northern D. L. ROYER Railway Company Engineering Section GEORGE E. SANFORD General Electric Company CHARLES B. Scort Past President CARL L. SMITH Cleveland Safety Council C. W. Smith Standard Oil Company Indiana Walter Dent SMITH Delaware Safety Council R. T. SOLENSTEN Elliott Service Company C. P. Tolman Past President GEORGE G. TRAVER Chicago Safety Council ROBERT R. WALLACE Worcester Safety Council Dr. C. H. Watson American Telephone & W. WHITNEY National Bureau of Telegraph Company W. E. Worth International Casualty Harvester & Surety Underwriters ARTHUR H. YOUNG Past Company President DIRECTORS 1936-1937 Insu GEORGE J. ADAMS Paper & Pulp Section C. M. ALLEN Metals Section NELSON R. ANDERSON Seattle Traffic & FREDERICK ARCHER Child Education Safety Council A. L. ARMSTRONG Chemical Section Section J. I. BANASH Consulting Engineer JOHN J. BARada Public Utilities Section ERNEST W. BECK United States Rubber C. W. BERGQUIST Western Electric Products Inc. Co. DAVID S. BEYER Liberty Mutual CLIFFORD M. BIsHor Brooklyn Insu Council 7, Sh Chea oT Petes Sood at Po OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS Continued OFFICERS AND [ E. F. Blank Jones & Laughlin Steel C. F. BORKENHAGEN Kenosha Corp. ers Safety Council S. D. BOYD York County Safety Council 13 A. W. BREELAND Petroleum Section ~ eee or F. S. BROWN Standard Accident Insurance Co. Fl HS.ARWO.LDBUS.RCHIEL Automobile Club of Rhode Island EEE BUTTENHEIM The American City Magazine ath Preston D. CALLUM Baltimore Safety Council Deda W. H. CAMERON National Safety Council Robert I. Catlin Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. Ad M. A. Clark Automotive and Machine as H. HERBERT CORSON Safety Shop Section Department Nashville merce Chamber of Com Sd FRANK EMERY Cox Berkeley Traffic Safety Commission ROBERT W. CROWTHER Springfield Massachusetts Lol oo J. E. CULLINEY Dethlehem Steel Co. Safety Council Sole SET LEWIS A. DEBtors Consulting Engineer ae JAY E. DECKER Mason Mason City Safety Council Ae C. W. DEMPESY Food Section JAMES B. DOUGLAS Philadelphia Philadelphia Gas Works Co. Dr. Louis I. Dunlin Metropolitan Life Insurance Pane D. D. FENNELL Consulting Engineer Co. to" DONALD A. FINKBEINER FINKBEINER Toledo Safety Council DR HART E. FISHER Chicago Rapid Transit HOWARD B. FONDA Buroughs Co. WILLIAM FORSYTH Burroughs Superior Wellcome & Co. U. A. Inc. Superior Wisconsin Safety Council R. B. Fortuin Lehigh Valley Safety Council ALEXANDER FOSTER JR Quarry Section C. W. Gibbs Mining Section JOHN B. Ginson Western Electric Co. HARRY GUILBERT The Pullman Co. Isatan Hale The Atchison Topeka & Santa MAJOR BOLLING H. HANDY Richmond Fe Railway D. T. Harrington U. S. Bureau of MinSeasfety Council R. HAVEN Vehicle Fleet Section G. T. Hellmuth Chicago North Shore & CHAS E. HILL New York Central Milwaukee R. Lines HON HAROLD G. Hoffman Governor of New E. C. HOLDEN JR Marine Marine Section Jersey Co. R. Co. Council FREDERICK B. HUNT Cement Section P. G. HUNTER Power Power Press Section MORRIS E. HURLEY Eastbay Safety Council Major Norman A. Imate Columbus Safety Edwin A. Kayser St. Louis Safety Safety Council THOMAS P. KEARNS Industrial Concussion of Ohio / HARRY J. Txos L. J. M. KE WM C. C. L. LAI A. H. LA J. E. Los W. R. L. T. Mc THOS H. MILLER M T. H. Mc F. W. M. JAMES R. E. J. M W. ME W. M E. M. Mr. JAMES K. HAROLD L. R. B. Mo ERNEST M E. J. O'E GEORGE C Geo Opp Lew R. United WILSON I tion A. E. Pa David A. MRS G. N ~ CHARLES merce C. E. PET GEN GEOF ARTHUR F ALBERT S. LT COL + V. Rot D. L. Roy G. E. SAN HENRY C. KARL G. : cE 000001 000001 RT oe : seed Sa tpe . re TANS eS eet . oe Tn ee OFFICERS OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS Continued ore erey 8 tone and .gazine ction e Chamber of Com mmission 5 Safety Council : Co. U.S. A. Inc. ouncil Railway Co. ; uncil , aukee R. R. Co. Tsey 6 tem * K. T. KELLER Detroit Industrial Safety Council HARRY J. KELLEY Wood Products Section Tuos L. KELLEY Paterson Safety Council J. M. KERRIGAN Rubber Section ; WM C. KNOELK Street & Highway Traffic Section C. L. LAFONTAINE Great Northern Railway Co. A. H. LAUER Madison County Safety Council J. E. LONG The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corporation W. R. LOYD Safety Div Birmingham Chamber of Commerce L. T. MCARTHUR Peoria Illinois Safety Council Thos H. MACDONALD United States Department of Agriculture MILLER MCCLINTOCK Traffic Audit Bureau T. H. MCKENNEY Retired F. W. MATSON Minnesota Safety Council JAMES R. MAYS Elizabeth Safety Council F. J. MEHREN Portland Cement Association W. J. MELVILLE Chippewa County Safety Council I. W. MILLARD Industrial Gloves Corporation E. M. MILLER Employees Publication Section JAMES K. MILLER Grand Rapids Safety Council HAROLD L. MINER E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co. R. B. MORLEY Industrial Accident Prevention Association ERNEST MURPHY Albany Safety Council E. J. O'BRIEN JR Louisville Safety Council GEORGE C. A. Opp The Detroit Elison Co. GEO OPPENHEIMER Kansas City Safety Council LEW R. PALMER The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States WILSON PALMER Meat Packing Tanning tion Tanning & Leather Industries Sec- A. E. PARKER Transit Section David A. PaTTON Newark Safety Council Mas G. M. PELTON Evanston Safety Council CHARLES W. PENDOCK Safety Division Milwaukee Assn of Com- merce C. E. PETTIBONE American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. GEN GEORGE B. PILLSBURY United States Engineer Office ARTHUR POTTERTON Hudson County Safety Council ALBERT S. REGULA Industrial Relations Counselors Inc. LT COL HENRy A. Rexinger Lehigh Portland Cement Co. A. V. ROHWEDER Duluth Missahe & Northern Railway Co. D. L. ROVER Engineering Section G. E. SANFORD General Electric Co. HENRY C. SCHAFFNER Eric Safety Council KARL G. SCHOEFFLER Rahway Safety Council ye Ni wt AD et ofa ) eo f Py amasLyet) KY f 2 te 9 7 Ki Ees9 \ is '* s 2 at 8 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS Continued ay Council SEs IEE. HARRY A. SCHULTZ United States Steel Corp. EARL S. SHARTZER Utica Safety Council GEN JOHN H. SHERBURNE Massachusetts Safety DR L. A. SHOUDY Bethlehem Steel Co. . ERNEST L. SIMonds New Haven Safety Council CARL L. SMITH Cleveland Safety Council C. W. SMITH Standard Oil Co. Ind Council THAIS UT 96 The The Jonal fundamental purp Safety Council EDWIN C. SMITH Blackstone Valley Safety Council WALTER DENT SMITH Delaware Safety Council W. A Snow Construction Section R. T. SOLENSTEN Elliott Service Co. Contra County P. EARL SPITZER Contra Costa County E. C. SPRING Lansdale Pa Safety Safety Council Council GEORGE R. STEPHENS Safety Bureau Buffalo Chamber of Arthur M. Tode Consulting Marine Engineer HAROLD M. TOOMBS Refrigeration Section uman life It seeks thi- ontinuous campaign of on that is nationwide on all types of hazardous Ectly or indirectly ren Itizenry It is a non sectarian and free is Commercdiations Since its orga has won respect as an istitution Geo G. Traver Chicago Safety Council W. W. TRENCH Schenectady Safety Council W. D. TURBEVILLE San Antonio Safety Council Inseparable from accide be Council's work in in onditions and preventing ROBERT R. WALLACE Worcester Safety Council ases in American industi Dr. C. H. Watson American Telephone & Telegraph Co. HARRY M. WEBBER Retired Today there are 4.000 : enting every state in enting of E. T. WHITER Western Pennsylvania Safety Council S. E. Whiting Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. any of the Canadian pr je 400 foreign & members W. Whitney National Bureau of Casualty Surety Underwriters T. A. Willson , Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers includes industrin public fins individuals tion T. A. WILSON Textile Section rganizations concerns WINANs Union Carbide WINANs W. H. Union Carbide E. W. Wirti Rochester Safety & Carbon Council Corporation Corporation HARRY WISE SR Chattanooga Safety Council J. M. WOLTZ Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. W. W. Wood Steam Railroad Section W. E. Wortit International Harvester Co. gambers of commerce About 70 concerns includin ompanies the oil com te railroads in the Un atomotive industry and inding importance in ou ial field , E. J. Earl G. Zauft Safety Bureau Duluth Chamber of Commerce Origin and Gr W. ZimmerMAN Safety Div Syracuse Chamber of Commerce Zwick St. Joseph Safety Council The history of the Cou g story is too long to 1 i brief the First Co ongress was held under ssociation of Iron and ngineers in Milwaukee result the National Saf a ganized in New York with fourteen st year the membersh : U eo 7 me uper Occupational Diseases e FRIDAY MORNING SESSION we ane Mae October 9 1936 0 mins: the ks The session was called to order by mairmmaiarnman Dr. Hart E. Fisher Presi- tent Safety weSiek for Health National Safety Council and Chief Surgeon Chicago Rapid Transit Co. Chicago who presided introducing the speakers eRe \Npameiloehe Cee pleadre The Lesser Known Facts About Common Occupational Diseases By DR ROBERT B. HUNT Pn ee Medical Advisor American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. Boston ae Probably the leader in the parade of All cases of dermatitis cannot be cured an Estrial diseases is an acute or chronic by eliminating offending foods but fur- ammation of the skin which we call ther investigation along these lines titis This disease may present it- give us a clue with which may mim any type of shop factory or foun- loss of time from to lessen the a work and the discom- &7.- Any paste powder gas or liquid fort now produced by industrial derma- en which comes in contact with the em- titis zflzyee's skin even the water supplied by sor ...etown in which he lives or works may Metals PRs be the potential cause of such a skin Lead ~ Erbance rr The distribution of lead The wide diversity of causes together quite extensive poisoning is . at BE YRCeR with the varying susceptibility of differ- en individuals makes the problem of col dificult Mach investigation is under determine why one person may . way to be sus- ble to a certain substance while an- ter is not It has been proved many es that a poisonous substance formed WSia the body has been able to prolong the action started by some external infu- dermatitis A printer developed a marked dermatitis from ink which persisted for 5 years Finally food tests were made and showed that he was susceptible to symptoms eace which when removed from his Ce cleared the skin He returned to his stal occupation without a return of symptoms ; The The poisoning of allergic substances is Escally an accumulative process It takes =:to produce a manifestation of dis- The skin of the body is a protective covering and as long as it remains in- tact it does a good job except in the case of tetraethyl lead which is used in blend- ing gasoline and which is readily absorbed through the skin having a tendency to create changes in the nervous system The effect of other forms of lead through that avenue of entrance is practically nil which explains the extremely low poisoning rate in typesetters painters and others who continually come in contact with metallic lead Lead in any form introduced through the mouth acts rather slowly when com- pared with the inhalation of lead dust or fumes However no matter what the portal of entry may be lead is acted upon by the body fluids and so converted that it may eventually be deposited with- in the bones : ease but let any other substance cause e disease and the irritating food may of sufficient strength to magnify its action the employee Those bony safe deposit vaults may retain their ilf ead coenxptoesnurtes for days or for years and if the is exposure is removed - may also free of all signs 117 po h ' abe. e fy m 118 Twenty National Safety Congress and symptoms of lead poisoning But imagine the surprise of that supposedly cured person when years later perhaps following some type of infectious disease or the excessive use of alcoholic bever- ages he awakes to find that he suffers the aches and pains and paralyses of an acute lead poisoning As the body fluids alter lead that it may be deposited so may those fluids attempt to lead the body and too rapid absorption may produce the original disease with all its dis- comforts One can readily see then that in some cases investigation of previous occupations is quite necessary to determine the . original contact with lead Heating of molten lead causes a black scum of lead suboxide to form on its surface and the heat from the metal disburses the fine powder into the air Hence in the process of smelting ores such as zinc copper and silver mixed with lead we find a rather high lead poisoning rate Those engaged in the manufacture of lead wire and cables batteries glass pottery and rubber industries plumbers and users of dry colors offer their share of lead poisoning Probably the greatest source of lead poisoning may be found among those who sandpaper scrape chip or burn lead paint for the dust and fumes caused by those activities are rather rapid in their action Such workers may become in- capacitated in a few days because the inhalation of lead dust causes the maxi- mum amount of absorption into the blood stream in the minimum space of time Chromium Chromium is a metal widely used as a foundation for colors and dusts from its various salts may produce lesions of the skin and mucous membranes of the nose Chromium plating by electrolysis may cause fumes which are similarly irritating Although chromium poisoning does not usually cause death the number of days of absence from work on account of incapacity which it causes is gradually increasing Other Metals The most efficient portals of entry of foreign substances into the body are the nose and mouth The smaller the dust the size of smoke particles for example the greater the speed of absorption by carry the blood Fumes from hot metals not only poisons but numerous minute dust particles This explains the inca- pacities occurring among those engaged in acetylene and electric cutting and welding When men are so employed over a prolonged period of constant inhalation of fumes time the and dust might produce symptoms of the metal upon which they work In the ship building trade particularly in the con- struction of metal ships we find occa sional cases of metal fever Brass chills and spelter shakes from zine are names applied by the lay people to such diseases The terrific heat applied to some of our common metals and alloys by acetylene torches produces suf- ficient fumes to cause a temporary inca pacity in 24 hours Permanent disability from such causes is rare however Diseases Due to Dust Twenty per cent of all workers exposed to high concentrations of inor- ganic dust are expected changes within their lungs to due develop to that agency We are at a loss to explain why the other seventy per cent are not so affected Mining quarrying foundry work grinding sandblasting abrasive soap manufacturing asbestos work the mak- ing of emery and carborundum products and many other occupations offer op portunities for employees to inhale mic roscopic dust particles and create a foun- dation for possible future incapacity We are interested particularly in those men who work with sandstone quartz flint granite and sand because they ex- pose themselves to silica and the chem ical changes between that dust and the body fluids in the presence of tubercy- losis may and usually do lead to a fatal ending It is safe to say in light of our present knowledge that the action of other in- organic dusts is much less virulent and incapacitating That however does not allow us towes the vigilant methods to improve bbeucstause ployees control and protect em- all dusty occupations are poten ial trouble makers - Pi. Althou . differ w asbestos and gri ofers a cause fa > The * wowil stamies dess t caucse ause i er air mud b 4 Xte oe i 7 oo eee aya fee oe cen present her- = at and es Eit 10 3 it em - Tatto or Occupational Discoses 119 Although the actions of various dusts differ within the body the exposure to asbestos fibres present in the weaving and grinding of dry asbestos material offers another type of dust which may cause fatalities among workers The organic dusts from cotton silk wool tobacco flour and similar sub- stances are practically harmless Such dusts rarely reach the lungs but may cause irritation of the windpipe and larg- er air tubes and result at the most in a mild bronchitis The factor which should be borne in mind particularly when dealing with silicosis and asbestosis relates to the progression of such disease When changes occur within the lungs as a result of the presence of such dusts nature forms scar tissue to heal such lesions but may fail to stop when the job is finished As result the continuation of that heal- ing process may lead to such structural changes within the lungs that partial or total incapacimtayy follow months or years after the employee has been re- moved from his dusty occupation Benzene Benzol is a distillate of coal tar used extensively in industry It is an essential ingredient in the manufacture of explosives It is an excellent solvent for grease oils and cements and because of that property it is important in many phases of the rubber and cleaning industries In the manufacture of shoes ben- zol may be an ingredient of the dressing applied to the leather and of the cement which fastens the heels and soles Not only in the shoe trade but in other branches of industry where employees work with gummy sticky material the workers soon learn of the solvent and cleansing action of this liquid and use it freely for that purpose upon themselves The subsequent break of skin af- fictions may be the first indication of such unauthorized use . Benzol is extremely poisonous enter- ing ing either through the nose or mouth or absorbed through the skin Its action within the body is varied and may pro- duce a multitude of signs and symptoms The bone marrow becomes affected which in turn alters the character of the blood hemorrhages are common it may cause death The fumes from benzol are heavier than air and lie near the floor which is an im portant point in the engineering prob- lem of ventilation The members of the benzene group are absorbed through the skin and more cases of poisoning are found when men perspire than when their bodies are cool Probably the answer to that is that the fumes may solidify as they cool and the powder may settle on the skin The sweat on the body may dissolve this dust so that it is more readily absorbed through the increased surface blood supply Chlorinated Hydrocarbons This group of petroleum derivatives has been known to science for years but during the past decade its advance into the industrial field has been widely distributed and most important Led by carbon tetrachloride and its chemically associated members it has furnished in- dustry with refrigerants for ice chests excellent solvents for rubber wax oil and grease thinners for lacquers and a very fine household necessity for the removal of spots from clothes Hospitals have been using it more and more for the removal of adhesive plaster Due to the flammability bon tetrachloride it is used in of carfire ex- tinguishers The rapid evaporation pro- duces fumes which may smother a small blaze but we must not forget that excessive heat of the actual fire may bring about combustion sufficient to produce such biproducts as hydrochloric acid and phosgene gas Like its associated mem- ber chloroform it may produce sleep when inhaled by an individual and only 1/350 of an ounce in a quart of air is necessary to produce such action That thought must be remembered when a large quantity of those liquid products is spilled on the floor perhaps accidentally Action should be started at once before the liquid gasi^-ies and employees should be notified to keep their heads up to avoid the low ceiling of gas Chemists have developed and intro- duced to industry many new products the basis of which is the chlorinated hy- drocarbons These derivatives of petro- mt. aaes ste ow Wer ee tie ToL tyr gsi: dee lati cu: isnas re Sr he J 120 twenty-fifth National Congress Congress 120 distillation are Twenty combined lWeiumth distillation are frequently frequently combined combined others distillation frequently valua- from combinations They of danger danger Even of the poisonous that the poisonous done the damage actually gas physical damage market unable to determine determine their physiological physiological effect upon that physiological known that of health these chemicals chemicals capable capable creating changes changes the in the liver creating creating city Massachusetts tremely recently these Massachusetts Massachusetts one of newer products caused caused death death employees employees and retain Carbon . Monoxide You Carbon the You is adage Where remember the fire adage Where there there smoke there fire fire We might add Where there is Infection skin is protective protective body covering covering against infection a efficient efficient and E- is Reass but allow to long it remains remains pute- ins be broken broken or pute- great introduce introduce woorki and between between offensive agencies barry agencies infection the defensive the & powers The winning winning such absenscetruabgsencegle of the determine determine presence of ct incapacity presence absence commen Infections industry types ptahrrtoiucgulhaorulty pprroommiinennetnt infinefectiocn tion infection resa altr - a ere carbon monoxide This poisonous from anthrax among among anthrax infection among f may odorless but This odorless This poisonous poisonous poisonous gas packers fishermen covered Many wool occur occur industry any home but Many our fur hair anthrax the poorer ventilation ventilation the better the anianmimaallss contract disease germs The F ordinary ordinary incapacity physical chance producing the : incapacity that disease defy disease ordinary methods methods F chance of advent werid Since the pipe physical of the may motor car forth sterilization sterilization sterilization bristles hairs may linger linger hides long r periods periods time time whose whose exhaust exhaust carbon pour as sorters sorters and or high to exposed particularly monoxide carbon are Tanners introduce introduce anthrax anthrax bristle time spore exposed cities gas particularly in The bweonrekaetrhs their and undergo underspgoreo health ordinary crowded crowded about two passenger physical suffering and sometimes death much ther cubic feet liberates are frequently among 25 minute the minute one can readily estimate Infections packers found among if and damage that may be done in physical physical motor damage allowed to meat deep sea engaged engaged fishing Although Although such a run within the occurs occurs hands loss of poorly ventilated and fingers hands doors garage or Fortunately serious cases Punctured septic wounds are the abrasions poisoning of such abrasions poisoning not common among Punctured wounds wounds and scratches potential abrasions those employed employed public avenues employed garages but complain entrance entrance bacteria potential employees of are likely to complain seem be waiting bacteria everywhere all headache faintness complain headache at the times for such everywhere everywhere Early weather day's work weather weather medical medical break often later al! ; especially remain windows | when doors doors closed windows remain surgical treatment treatment might often often mention the # used = In In the interference discomfort incapacity industry accompanying discomfort as as where the blast fur- incapacity and heating agency agency used to provide perhaps an essential essential body essential an naces naces must must Within to part the and part proper ventilation mines Within enough loss Summary Summary essential body workers time workers warned warned allow following blasts blasts for escape this ! : demand gas. escape of this employer employer must must ! Being Being two questions questions when colorless answers ; less less gas quick action within the the answers your product product an affect product man man body manifestation manifestation the very How will your i manifestation late to business business will your first workman from partial partial total save health product affect the workman workman death sufers Cr perhaps Because or tutal total incapacity incapacity health That employer answers is entitled honest honest Because from motor answers sed upon : answers rst unable help paralysis himself may questionale questiopnhaylseiological physiological examinations manufacturer unable unable to himself even even warn product That manufacturer . Cf eten to wapn 000067 000067 the Produet, 000067 000067 shuoul pecod: egnles: na) p. barre +Litette upoon TThe ness grveat! weerk! We Cessio serases health theer 00 tle: er: a3 oc esicder SC amerio betes plenes temads throug Creuse Ethy i Occupational Diseases 121 held responsible for the ills dustry has been made proof by the 1 by the use of his product and substitution of toxic preparations for gies de can guarantee its safety it has gies those now found to be harmful and when in industry Too many lives each employee is imbued with the idea ... lost or jeopardized by too that constant thoughtfulness and care are fde inowledge of a product's zon those who handle it The incidence of lost time due action to ill- most necessary for the maintenance of health and happiness then and not until that idealistic stage has been reached md injury in industry has been may vigilance and perseverance to main- e lessened by the many agencies tain and preserve health limb and life working along lines of safety When in- be lessened we e gre Employment Examination as an Aid to the Control of erm eres Industrial Diseases 0 Oe By DR W. C. TEMPLER I Medical Director Coming Glass Works Corning N. Y. 15 may well ask whether or not phy- scal mamination is of any value to the verid at large rather than limit the dis- Ession to the control of industrial di- mses In the conservation of life and smith much progress has been made in se dication or control of such diseases soner soner in epidemic form as well as ~+t ate ate of disease which is not truly zidemic but occurs in such frequency mant Hat general health programs are neces- . Much has been done to control ch^...sabling ch^...sabling illnesses as heart disease sclerosis kidney disease and dia- rnidatohs!4 ieres and something has been accom- + FPA, s^...sherin the control of morbidity which zodsto zodsto at least make people happier ~ ircu agood health even though an in- si span of life is not gained Psical examination has played a large Zien Zien accomplishing these things be- Edset was through physical examination Ed prysical observations that investiga- 1svare svare led to exert themselves to find medy for the cause of such condi- Ets Ets Small is no longer prevalent =et such observations which led to = control by vaccination Malaria and relow fever have been brought largely de control and knowledge is now raaie in the control of venereal diseases if the proper physical examination and laboratory methods are used to arrive 2 2 Cagnosis We are all familiar with esults esults obtained in decreasing the death rate due to tuberculosis In fact in the treatment of all epidemic diseases that have so far been eradicated the examination of patients to determine the severity of symptoms and the improvement has been of foremost value Knowing that the average span of life has been increased eight years in the last quarter century and assuming that the above mentioned factors have had sonie bearing on of physical population it could we decry the value examinations for the general If we know that examinations made by insurance companies and their associating examining institutions the clinics run by the United States Public Health Service and the great mass of physicians who all carefully examine their clientele have been of value in the control of disease may we not assume that examinations in industry will help control the incidence and extent of industrial disease particularly when the life expectancy of in- dustrial workers is less than that of the general population In fact on April 14 1936 at the Na- tional Conference on Silicosis and Similar Dust Diseases called by the Secretary of Labor Dr. R. R. Sayers of the United States Public Health Service said Pre- liminary and psical roentgenological examination should be made of all employees engaged in industrial processes where there is a potential if 000068 ate ei 7 Wn Twenty National Safety Congress not actual exposure to excessive concen- trations of silica in the atmosphere Naturally in the early work of industry only basic materials were used ingredients had not arrived at a state of development and complexity when intricate chemical compounds and other toxic materials were even known of much less used At the must be correlated as to time spent the hazard although a period of one =. is perhaps proper for persons who fe in good health and have no complaint or who are not working in toxic stances or with other materials whiwchhich hweoaulltdh uanndderusseofmulenecsosnditions impair ther ve = Ligh < 4 present time over 500 materials are listed The objectives of employment which can under certain conditions cause industrial disease and the list is by no employment examinations are same that is means complete inasmuch the establishment of employe as experimental physical standard in which the employe work is being done by the personnel of can pursue his trade practically every plant or industry to im- or labor having to discomfort or ill effect due to industrial prove or enlarge its manufactured products exposure to harmful . by taking advantage of the great amount products and products Soci of knowledge science has given us materials are as we have mentioned of Industrial examinations are of two Attempts great number and variety have been made to classy kinds First the employment ex- workmen as to age sex color and classy amination which consists of a very care- ful history not only of the family but tionality Whether or not any of these classifications are of value it still also of the previous occupations with remains ' that the primary effort is to have 4 9 length of service in each previous health workmen and the benent is of healby Naturally and illnesses and present habits value to the workman as grax the such a history is of no value unless truth- as to The benefits of individual and industry . community fully given and a reasonable amount of obvious time must be taken to acquire details industry which are often vague in a workman's mind or considered by him to be unim- portant The physical examination of course varies with the type of industry and should be given with the knowledge of what the man's exact occupation is to be and by a physician familiar with the industrial processes in which he is to be employed In this way selected employ- good health are numerous and and the benefits of good health to are equally important The employee w' be more productive receive higher az^s and be happier The labor over ra J because of poor health will be lowered as will the costs of insurance The working =; personnel will be more efficient and cam- , tented and will dislike to be exposed the overt acts of people who are epileptic insane or who disregard communicabie ment can be obtained for men who have some basic disquali^-cation for one job but which does not impair their ability for useful employment and the conserving of health in another disease and will use their endeavers work safely among hazards they have been taught to respect The harmful exposure to each hazard is of course different ranging from a few fernce or The physical examination must be days as for example an acute poisoning thorough It should include all methods from toxic gases to that of 15 or 23 of determining a latent disability or one years in some of the less toxic dussi that is already present Many examina- therefore the period before examina tion forms are available from insurance for each class of employee will be c companies or other health services which ferent However individuals di^-er also . have been designed entirely for industrial and it is hard to state a de^-nite peri fl work It has been the experience of men which may be satisfactory for each ex- interested in this work that all the special ployee in a single class of hazard Supt senses of the body must be tested as well visors can often be of great value in sen~ - as the measurement of motion in all joints ing employees out for physical examin The vascular system is of great tion whenever there is a change in ef- importance as is the respiratory and or work ability wirewor intestinal tract examination and periodical checks because of particular industrial hazards l^grippecough sore throat or gitation Such observations should 000009 Occupational Diseases 123 ed ed where there is not a ed y orm and they are of the time greatest Tait om the early determination of a secertibility to or the beginning of an soa. disease are fortunate in having had a large research work done on in- c eovrcis from acetaldehyde to zinc are 4 sei, together with the processes in = with hey are used and the symptoms which they cause and an estimate of the x of exposure in nearly every case gewesicy to produce symptoms It is reg^yzot too much of a problem for an ed physician to accumulate a sup- pp such knowledge particularly when pe ues the processes involved during the manufacturing procedure of his in- y . It thus becomes relatively a . amine matter of observation together < xamination for specific signs or : . symptoms at the time of the periodical fo emmination to obtain some degree of e e tom of the hazard We cannot discuss the benefits of pre- ye icment examination and periodic retion without mentioning some of me ak ejections to it If a man has a dis- PLY abry he naturally is anxious to keep it oS wmself and in some cases we find Sase workman is disinterested to a ene pom that he would rather not know of ability even though he has CerAno t= cial groups regard each man as msi to employment whether he is I Made parsially fit or not on the assumption ORE ta: dustry hires labor not health and tat Rejection because of physical dis- vt ay causes a class of artisans to become FON d against and become charity Doar es It also alleged that the quality that Exdical service in industry is such YPN thatthe results of examinations are mis- wat> 22=zand of no value Another objec- claimed <3 voiced by labor unions it being AG claimed that employment examina- are used to discriminate against tion laber union workers or members Many arteis labor Dyment leaders realize however that pre- Oay examination and periodical he are the only means of prevent- check ee sability from certain industrial MMr.r. Pl service Competent and honest medical service renders all these objections quite impotent for an endeavor is made to properly place employees such a small percentage is finally rejected and that percentage is so obviously unfit to work that no minded person can fail to see the justice of it These objections however are being noticed by legislative bodies and in one State a law is in force which says It is hereby declared to be the policy of the legislature of this State in enacting this article to prohibit through every lawful means available any requirement as a requisite to employment which compels an applicant for employment in any occupation coming within the purview of this article to undergo a medical examination This statement is in a paragraph labeled Prevention of Silicosis and Other Dust Diseases and the logic of it is entirely understandable even though at the present time there is no lawful means available to enforce the stated policy If physical examinations are of benent to the population at large they certainly must be to the industrial workers who may he exposed to special hazards periodical check examinations are necessary in any hazardous work or trade in order to protect the workers as well as the industry and the benents to the workers of proper and minded ex- aminations in all ordinary cases outweigh the objections I have purposely omitted any reference to the economics of employment and periodic examination which apply either to the individual or the industry - However one of the great public health problems of today is the question of the cost of medical care If industry assumes some of this cost by periodical examina- tion in connection with the prevention of industrial disease it relieves the individual of this responsibility and allows more room in his budget for the care of his family The benefits to industry of course are those of a better personnel and a lower rate of insurance This rate due to industrial disease hazards is in many States very high and the logical conclu- sion is that the real remedy lies in the prevention of Industrial disease method one which I believe is pre- employmnet periodical examinations Twenty National SafetySafety Congress What Can the Engineer Do to Eliminate the Hazards of Occupational Diseases ~~ By REUEL C. STRATTON Supervising Chemical Engineer The Travelers Insurance Co. Hartford Com If I were asked ^ anthe engineer vent the majority of occupational pre- disease While the problem confronting confronting cases my answer would be yes Ob- vidual safety engineers varies according according viously with the exception of those diseases brought about to the industry there are certain mentals common to all such funda or accidental through a sudden which provide a problem material contact with a poisonous which an workable basis rem or a virulent producing program occupational disease prevemin . organism if the exposure were controlled by may be developed fundamentals Once the engineering technique then would be no occupational disease there safe working eanrevisreotnminenmtotion towari a contiaman ^ The engineer much the same whether the medical must director to rely upon the engaged with a large organizatieonngineer is place individuals capable of working in hazardous occupa- a small one The fundamentals or with follow sequence this tions and to assist him in controlling iarmoury these individuals through periodic physical 1 An occupational disease is required examinations when the men are exposed to occupational 2 A plan for disease hazards but the inventory engineer alone is responsible for correction of the exe posures shown by the generation of harmful substances raendducifnogr development 3 A requires the control of employees contact with concentrated attack upon e processes using harmful materials major until exposures first following throug The ascribing of many and new tional diseases to industrial occupa- all are corrected or eliminated An inventory of all materials has produced environment plant will used a problem for him The astound the average esoctesn. engineer generally works with materials He will find many items about which be which he can see but the study of in- may have little or no knowledge Es dustrial disease control may require the may be confronted with items he had 27 handling of invisible materials It a recognized previously even though he has common fault to focus attention been associated with the plant object to such upon one an extent that others of many years When this inventory pis ecarge equal importance may thereby be rele- plete he should card index it placing gated to obscurity Today safety en- against the name of the material the bea gineers and industrial hygienists are con- hazard associated with it both from a centrating their attention upon diseases material and a process viewpoint Sai caused by the inhalation of dust but I a card index should contain the exe do not believe the safety engineer is warranted in confining himself ponent parts or pounds constituency of c tion of diseases to the preven- Process caused by dust alone His exposures should be studied = consideration should extend to include all conjunction with hazardous materia's materials produced in any manner that Assistance in compiling such data be may they may cause an effect The upon a worker obtained in the bulletin Occupati question of whether a material exists Hazards and Diagnostic Signs prepared as a gas a vapor or a dust is but one of by Dublin and Vane of the Metropo chemical particle size and make Life Insurance Company and in a Heal - He must not forget that cation of the United States Public Heal diseases are produced produced by many such Service Public Health Bulletin No. 21 vapors and gases as well exposure to The Potential Problems of Inces that the control of these indaussttroialdust and HygieneHygiene in a Typical Industrial Area * United Typical Industrial may be brought about diseases the of certain by the application should fundamental principles common to all addition the engineer should ~ 25: all available information PS upon the me er terials he is required to study Nov e ci ci Occupational Diseases chemicals solutions dusts degreasing the open air does not always eliminate agents condensation products paints lac- the danger in fact it may increase the quers dyes abrasives and other products too numerous to mention are being placed upon the market daily and the average engineer's knowledge of their possible effects upon health is slight Academic research determining the effect of these new materials upon humans is progressing slowly and serious injuries may be sustained in industrial application long before the toxicologist is able to determine the properties of the material and the maxi- mum permissible amount to which a worker may be exposed In seeking this information it is essential to determine in so far as possible the maximum permissible amount of contaminants which may exist in a work place without causing ar occupational discase Armed with this information the engineer is in a position locate properly in his own plant the process and the operation in which the exposure may exist The engineer should study together with the plant physician the length of employment of exposed individuals and they should jointly determine the normal ex- pectancy or average length of employment for the specific exposure From employnt such data may be developed a factor of safety and the maximum allowable period of employment in certain areas may be assigned Naturally this study should be focused upon the more hazardous locations first and when these are corrected attention turned toward minor conditions Housing One of the most important considerations in attempting to control oc- number of workers affected Process Revision To reduce transportation of materials and exposure to harmful substances it is desirable to have all processes mechanically continuous and if possible enclosed When this cannot be accomplished suitable physical divisions should be provided The engineer should consider the substitution of wet processes for dry processes providing at the same time for the disposal of the moist collected material in a safe place He should consider the substitution of automatic operations for hazardous hand work or machine work A change of abrasive material will often reduce the quantity of dust produced I can thought cite can an example of how a little cure a hazardous machine operation with little or no expense A plant producing a finely pulverized material created large amounts of dust in bagging the material using porous sacks This high concentration of dust not neces- sarily toxic inconvenienced the workers The cost of ventilating the department would have been prohibitive By careful study the engineer determined that the fail of the material into the sacks forced the air out through the interstices of the material carrying with it a quantity of the pulverized product His problem thus was to provide a means whereby this air could be harmlessly expelled from the sack prior to filling Study led him to suggest and apply the use of a collapsed paper bag which contained little or ---- ae e | Cgeay rhe er WN ee ee en + wee imoetePeri e oe ame, Be cupational disease is housing Whenever practical any hazardous manufacturing free air The problem was solved Dust generation was practically eliminated by BALERS tam process should isolated every arrest harmful be separately housed and effort should be made to substances vapors this simple change Many hazardous processes in ordinary manufacturing opera- tions may be cured in like manner if the BARI Ame or gases their source of generation Buildings should be so constructed that accumulations of dust may be avoided engineer exercises his ingenuity Ventilation Proper ventilation is of paramount importance in the control of aM anaes eams depart- _ When physical separation of any occupational exposure Most of the ely ments is required such physical divisions chief occupational diseases other than pei should be dust or vapor tight Floors dermatitis arise through the inhalation or should be tight to prevent transfer of the ingestion of foreign material If ven- ne materials to floors or departments below tilating equipment can reduce the concen- The engineer should give study to the tration of contaminating materials to a od complete enclosure of machinery or safe limit the problem is solved The en- process units as individual units and if gineer should study each ventilate OE so required vent each one separately arately and process_sep- each separately It cs ee) The transfer of hazardous operations into is seldom wis to rely upon general ven- Twenty National Safety Congress tilation Instead high velocity ventilating apparatus should be installed functioning as closely to the point of generation of the harmful substance as is possible Individual machines should be So equipped if possible Baffles may be in- troduced to prevent air stream disturb- ances or to increase the intake efficiency at the nozzle Down systems should be preferred for the collection of dust or gases of high specific gravity Even after the installation of exhaust ever the engineer interested in 25CE- taining not only exposure but 25CE- also 25CE- ciency of control should realize contrai wh cannot be fully effective nor the efficien of any protective device determined out scientific tests Assumption gest work unscientific procedure or apparat progra have no place in an engineering The engineer must test each has been step unless + previously proved carefully a culating in advance to avoid false tion prote- filtering systems the engineer must type of maintenance study the He must be familiar with dust required to keep them operating at peak emciency Noz- air sampling and chemical analysciosunttiencgh zles should not be permitted to become nique having such determinations made covered nor moved out of by established and proper methods tion proper posiExhaust piping must be such tests are beyond the scope of tight Blower emciencies kept dust ability or equipment and if the must be con- considers such enginez stantly checked to insure that intake- ve- then his tests absolutely essential locities are proper The best executives should permit him b system is a false protection if ivt endtoielsatniontg function properly or if it is obtain experts qualified to make such veys as his problem sur- may require The maintained that it falls below itsso poorly need for an accurate engineering approac rating designed The engineer must exercise ex- to any control measure cannot be ore emphasized treme care to provide a clean source of replacement air for the work place He may find it necessary to install Conclusion Every engineer control of any industrial realizes and heating devices The engineer must study the proper disposal of the disease exp0 sure is divided part of such control f ing within the or collected jurisdiction of the indus- expelled material to be positive it will trial physician and part within his not drift back into the work place ow engineering province Medical knowledge Employee Protection While the pri is invaluable in the detection of earit mary engineering means of protection symptoms and in the administration c^ against possible occupational diseases suitable preventive treatment The ex should be mechanical correction the gineer should gladly obtain the services en- gineer will find instances where even the of an industrial physician to make a best systems must be supplemented by individual protection He study of the plant to assist in the classi fication of the hazardous must carefully operations and study such exposures to provide the high- working locations By such coordination est efficiency of protection yet he will speed control of the exposure device easy for the operator to weoabr taicnon-a Each individual occupational disease tinuously When the engineer has been successful in exposure must be studied analyzed and obtaining such a device he must educate workers to use it controlled individually data may be available While genez upon common ex- Sanitation Clean washing facilities and posures the solution can be found onT toilets should be provided Lunch in individual treatment Such should lighted be not only clean and attractive and rooms but also well should be exposar cannot be compared to ordinary szity engineering efforts A circular der the supervision of the plant physiciuann- saw is circular saw wherever it may be opera Scientific Tests Up to this ing but industrial disease exposure vanes engineer has deduced that point the within plants and certainly varies between exists and from an exposure accumulated different manufacturing establishments devised his means of preventiondata has even though they may produce How- product article ADJOURNMENT me pe. + Safety Equipment A Respiratory Safety 145 Protective Equipment Equipment for Use Against Equipment Use Dusts Fumes Gases PHILIP DRINKER tts ane: 25 122 ! 122 asd letter feo: : There appears between dusts as the distinction dusts fumes vapors ting result that respiratory gases the equipment pro- rd espiro atoryeeqsuipw mea ntnt same such dif- dij. for respiratory occasionally occasionally is respiratory substances substances yet two often often against Or wrongly applied The respirator respirator manu- asks protect against against facturers facturers many examples of blamed fumes fume happens misunderstandings misunderstandings misunderstandings Lead Lead fume happens happens be very difficult difficult for errors which result solely from con- filter out catches ordinary ordinary respir- by Dusts nomenclature include nomenclature be dry earthy which against particles particles acid be eight Sions particles small types of about inadequate fume fume , containing acid acig f 2 particles ordiennaroyugh to be suspen- suspen- fumes both and fumes containing filter filter liquid drop- cess: sions may be .currents the result gas require gas absorbacantchtthe drop- the comminuting constituent dling sions grinding blastgeinnergated lets comminuting pro- gaseous catch usu- the happens Therefore a they may from the han- that the manufac usy. dling of finely materials divided materials ally in self respirator as turer protection cus- ens, mixing mixing sweeping sweeping the to use an advises line line blowing processes about wood plant plant poi- duse lens wood dust There common is respirator because shuepplied be ade- quately protected will fume is of limitation implied implied by term solid particles whether a like liquid and of gas mixture If lead customer a stated the ex- consisted consisted or _. == ee Fy = ay ae Thus Used tg uw ^' vv mo 3 2i [oyuusseedd to to toA describe one fume the describe describedescribe which the the visible evolvesevolves evolves dark fromfrom Qa, arising grey concentrations concentrations great lead organic common common Many such sub- havfueming not scuosnpteanisenimoenrgency monest USt, with When smaller in some lead th Such dust such mixture the gaseous Point When point mixture cooled breathed cartridge cartridge activated the ilone where it contaminant contaminant then be breathed pf articles or absorbing absorbinv g faopror such benzol benzol contaminant without then lead with absorbing absorbing carbon acid ' alone wordwithout gaseous With such carbon dioxide 2a Because comparatively mes the scribe mixture " fume gas and mist de- small cartridges absorbant comparatively comparatively lim- mes for come may come mixture come of gas nitric which very their They the for example from bath the material acid ited should low used of the suspension . None all in suspension is dry liquid droplets material should work not form A mist for emergency emergency rescue true of true it droplets as consists consists suspension suspension gas ONfi yet may may thick brownish brownish col- quid gas lin or , One from chemical sulfuric house the droplets droplets atmospheric liqu'1 from chemical supply house monest example is atmospheric atmospheric fog Supply house example &as from Monest CNample condensed, The com. js atmospheric fog, ~ > TT : ip . ee - 2. . a. AY a <4 Bt 4 ? , 4 es oy & a Prs e 3 d s 14 4 : 1 . : Twenty National Safety Congress Droplets of mist are necessarily microscopic in size or they would not remain in suspension As soon as several droplets collide and form a large drop the liquid settles out Therefore it is possible to dispel a true mist very readily by simply stirring up the ventilation or dilution is unnecessary Mist droplets can be filtered out by or- dinary dust respirators is the visi- ble portion of a fog is easily removed by filtration the gaseous constituent may pass through the filter If the mist happens to be corrosive to fabrics the re- sultant effect upon a bad Paint spraying and a certain amount dust respirator is generates a mist of vapor Protec- tion usually consists of an line res- pirator but it is not at all uncommon to use cartridge respirators containing activated charcoal and a filter A gas contains no solid or liquid particles under ordinary atmospheric conditions The filter units of any of the common makes of respirators are ineffective against gases Respiratory pro- tective equipment which catches gases al ways consists in some chemical agent which either absorbs the gas or converts it into some other substance which can be absorbed Because one can rarely be sure of the gas concentration to be encountered it is common practice in ex ploring man holes for instance to use devices supplied with air or oxygen in order that the wearer may be safe re gardless of the conditions he finds The gas mask however and its outgrowth the chemical cartridge respirator have a definite place in industry and are in wide use today The U. S. Bureau of Mines has helped in the manufacture and use of respiratory protective equipment greatly by its issu- ance of specifications for permissible equipment Their present schedules do not include the supplied respirators such as those used in paint spraying or sand blasting but both the Burcau and the American Standards Association will issue such specifications presently Discussion following the address was based on these points 1. What protection is provided against a dangerous accumulation of air pressure in the ordinary fresh air hose mask The helmet is not rigid Air will leak out long before a dangerous pressure accumulates or a safety link provided in some types of hose mask will blow out 2. Would a protective mask approved for lead dusts filter out zinc oxide Yes However almost any type of mask will filter out zinc oxide since these particles are easily trapped 3. Will the simple face mask filter out ordinary smoke or will it absorb it It is impossible to answer such a ques- tion There are as many types of ordinary masks as there are ordinary dusts A mask must be purchased to fit a specific need This is not difficult however since all types are available curs several hour the red e^- layed On outstandi tha m Sir Wm proter the eves statistical data conclusion that t infred prooduc eye This was imporance of fount that iron the setro Ala he foun ' wher addec to absomer of the discoveries wer facture of .000 theum full adv mediately bec - OU the radiations Re eccter bow These ezamined -30 ert. sea Glass Used for the Protection of the Eyes Against Injurious Radiation By E. D. TILLYER Southbridge Mass The eye is much effect of excess visible light on immediately felt If there is anyone except the sun gaz.s the too im mediately turns away closes the eyes or seeks some kind of relief There is a tendency to use too dark glasses in welding inherited from the days when even the blackest glasses gave practically no protection from the insidious invisible radiations A proper rule is use a shade number which gives good immediately comfortable vision and insist that this glass give protection against the invisible radiations The effects of the violet and the infra radiations noticed as the visite not as quickly We cannot s as we said for the wisible get good im- mediately comfortable vision because the { first noticed effect the violet oc- s i! - a ~ oO? 5 bound to be se in handling int to more thas - be added to the Safety Exchange General Round Table portance fit the y among difer foot should be THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION the proper size October 8 1936 curate and simple can be obtained er who sells the er feet have disir new shoes Al as a large assor rs hammers and sing shoes Th shoes other thas asionally hurt the hardly to be e : a number of Engineers an . Safety Exchange Round Table sponsored by the American Society of Safety The Engineering Section National Safety Council was designed to provide all Congress delegates to ask questions concerning their accident opportunity for information of interest and value to others in the audience problems and to present Association American ( Panel participants included included Cyril Cyril Ainsworth Ainsworth American Standards Association goege ad Panel participants New I. Banash Consulting Engineer Chicago N. H. N. Blakeslee New York City J. H. J. Grifith Jones & Laughlin Steel American Petroleum Institute New York City Corp. Pittsburgh C. B. Boulet Wisconsin Public Service Corp. Milwaukee Roy Godwin Philadelphia Electric Co. Philadelphia Wesley Wesley M. Graff National Bureau M.sagt Casualty and Surety Underwriters Underwriters New York City Dan Harrington U. S. Bureau Wisconsin Mines Washington D. C R. McA McA Keown Industrial Commission of SP ring an occasional fit the shoe from k Make sure that omes in the proper hich is the wides le starts to narrow - Madison EST E. Lightfoot Koppers Coal Co. Pittsburgh Dr. E. G. Meiter Employers Casualty and Surety Co. Hartford Conn MuEt.ualRsalMstiolnwaPuiktetsebuWr.gh S.PlaPtaeinGelasAsetCnoa. Pittsburgh D. L. Royer Ocean Accident C and Guarantee Corp. New York City G. E. Sanford General Electric Co. Schenec- udy N. .; Reuel C. Stratton Travelers Insurance Co. Hartford Conn R. F. Thalner Buick Motor Co. Flint Mich and S. E. Whiting Liberty Mutual Insurance ure that will are eliminat fitted the pe of shoe for ander which Clyde o Boston Clyde W. Smith general chairman of the sponsoring group and also director of , safety department Standard Oil Co. Indiana Chicago presided , oO "1 composition hen worn in an soitt ; Oak leather soitt sily when they quick quick All leather erspiration in which abused eaveyavy work in or less abused UF a heavy rough fitted pr the #3 Des Des now on wever be acid and water she Will any safety kul with with a safe,,>,, 10e Chairman Smith We will try to an- ver all the questions we can in the time have One One One question question submitted is lanAgsesrouumsing card . life Meries that the voltage is the same C. circuit circuits is a D. more langerous than an A. C. circuit from the view Ferris Bell Telephone Labora- Helephone About give investigation Department University The a University was elopmentmightbeter fom that ten years ago the Bell System entered into a coopera- investigation of electrical shock with Physiology of Columbia to citain object of this investiga- citain fundamental informa- of basis serve as a better protective for de- measures ^'practices. practices Last summer before the meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engi- neers we gave the results of that investi- gation in a paper by Doctors Williams and King of Columbia Mr. Spence and myself of the Laboratory insofar I am glad to repeat these insofar as they apply to this question In our study we were primarily con- cerned with the effects of electrical currents on the heart I say current because - we found that the current is much more Y intensity significant in its effects than the of the voltage As we raise the value current be- and ginning at a in steps we low value come to a increasing it point where its effect on the heart is very dangerous 8 cme Sees tes re en reed ieSammy te Nas Sunet FO z and oeFt ae Carpeee Obe Oo twet oresa de te af * ste he Safety Exchange 157 working con get quite a 2 much favor entlemen that the most im ss have considered all the facts orders to you are that there and my not be shall < any more when fa* accidents and I mean the management takes that point of view every employee understands It then be- comes = a duty of the plant organization ^'' A fellow working on this platform accidently fell backward and hit a piece of iron He broke his neck and died within ten or fifteen minutes That is why I would say all scaffolds should have guard rails The of you face CF the hen we think y mechanism sville conver Ba id there Ce The foreman is the man who is closest to men and who should direct them in- or telligently He is the man who explains everything to the men Why should the men have to go to the bulletin board to Chairman Ainsworth When should brakemen ride or when should they not ride on switch engines used in yards to move cars eae tall plant will 3 and a book overn the en- Pittsburgh operty You and you hare Personal getting some special End out what they should do -T -T E. disregard Lightfoot Koppers Coal Co. : I don't think that you can any of these various means of information to the men contact of course is the most Mr. Hanko No. as far as the yard crew is concerned they don't have any right in the engines That is why we have foot boards on the wings Only the firemen and the engineers are permitted in the cabs erator fellow important ference Decial instruc and whether you have the gift of an Chairman Ainsworth Is there ership of your 5. of the big or the gift for button holing a and telling him what you know it efficient way to safeguard a any guillotine paper cutter a can put th^ ' =A P doesn't seem to make a another ference You You can't can't great ditch ditch one deal of dif- in of in place of Mr. Royer I have had this problem a number of times and I don't know lars but this the re is always Fn yp Some men have answer to it Practical printers and paper re has influence the informationto be button holed " to cutters will assure you that if you have a A 6 aay put toe e someone in belvred et) be a nt but this # the i mation to eadership and ei with yo etings a tea do a real job ffferent stion similar ay and some Our ad table here He said the,, wherewhere apply by word # Chairman ey would ^'s induCshatirryman that a mat Milwauke background orator industry lans figates very seldom Hammermill ople by at we That regarpdlelssant forgotten electrically hrouch across and others are ed by oratory if you wish to call it that 2 means 7 ffferent Father At same time bulletin boards and a meabns roofad that type have their place It and subject and it is a deep subthe you have to tackle it according type of men you have to deal with ffMfearnenyt in this audience have entirely types of men to deal with but I Father Our they up one thought method against the is use them all- 4 Ainsworth What should 2 safety engiennegerineer do to control dust iin n F Milwaukee Milwaukee safety 1 : keeping ess G. Meiter Milwaukee Employers Mutuals One of the first things that industry einsginteoer can do to prevent dust institute a good house- program and a the program of order- not requires requires be a continued program and carried out at fever heat for and then rails Ainsworth Should all regardless of their use have reliable repeat clutch so that the knife will not descend when the workman's hand is under it and then if you pull down your holding bar or a similar mechanism with your foot you can't have amputation The high speed jobs where the bar and the knife descend under power are protected by handed devices and I should say that they are reasonably safe The guillotine paper cutter that causes me to worry is the old timer The clutches may repeat and they are not equipped with handed devices and I certainly wouldn't like to put my hands under the knife I was hoping that some practical paper cutter or printer in the audience might say say what he thought about it Walter A. Gieason Co Erie Pa That depends on it is a mechanical device or is Paper whether operated Of course we know that with the old mechanicism there was an additional device that had to be released with one hand On the electrical or the more modern devices these are buttons and acessen Hanko Pittsburgh Steel Co would The experience that I would had make me say yes Some we some a platform used as two feet from the ground points connected in series so that the 11:17 ampulate two diferent operator Mower have Mower Is it true that you cannot an injury when the holding bar is down in the stock The printers that st say possible Do you know whether Congress American Society of Safety prestige of sufficient zardous flying in his his to dis Engineers Enginers Engineering Section i] section 2. Cone of the Bureau ' discussing Washington D. Bureau Ar discussing beli on finder expressed the Itimate solution would finder 1 of the radio direction a ound and the radio compas zed the need of pub General obtaining in supporting the establish litional aids ;. establish Officers 1935-36 Chairman W. SMITH Standard Oil Co. Ind Chicago !. Chairmen Wis 1. Lederer of the Aero Insur- writers New York Aero City Secretary t Barker's contentionCity sup regard Members ety of air transportation and that even the traveling nefited by the more rapid ex ideas goods and people He air transportation accelerates of wealth for everybody --, W on unanimously approved Col F. BOEHNER aggestion that a resolution be d submitted to the Executive of the National Safety Counci we C. B. BOULET Wisconsin Public Service Corp. Milwaukee Wis Y. D. L. ROVER Ocean Accident and Guaranty Corp. New York N. DEAN KEEPER National Safety Council Chicago Ill at Large S* Association Y. - at CYRIL AINSWORTE American Standards Association New York N. C. B. AUFL Westinghouse_Electric Westinghouse_Electric and Manufacturing Co. East Pittsburgh Pa J. I. BANASH Consulting Engineer Chicago Ill New York Y. E. W. BECK United States Rubber Products Inc. New York N. H. BIXLER Union Carbide and Carbon Corp. New York Y. Metropolitan ; Chapter , ** 4 fe J. B. Stetson Co Philadelphia Pa Philadelphia Chapter W. BULLARD E. D. Bullard Co. San Francisco Calif San Francisco Chapter RE DONOVAN Standard Oil Company of California San Francisco Calif Roy M. GODWIN Philadelphia Electric Company Philadelphia Pa Philadelphia Pad al approval with the sugges ae7-Chapter M. gee |pies be sent to the incoming : t W. GRAFF National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters New York Y. of the Senate and House R. MCA Krows Industrial Commission of Wisconsin Madison Wis New S32 .ves Mr. Lederer Mr. Ald- EVERETT F. KING Lever Brothers Co. Cambridge Mass Boston Chapter r Ainsworth were authorized EJ EJ KREM Philadelphia Co. Pittsburgh Pa Western Pennsylvania Safety Chapter the resolution ollows peeet:. which wasTHOMAS E. LIGHTFOOT Koppers Coal Co. Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pa M. G. LLOYD National Bureau of Standards Washington D. C. Council W. S. PAINE Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co. Hartford Conn Calif GEO F. PRUSSING Union Oil Company of California Los Angeles Calif eCx.C. i^-dence in air transport and E. RALSTON Pittsburgh Plate Giass Co. Pittsburgh Pa A. S. REGULA Industrial Relations Counselors Inc. New York Y. JORN RUSSELL JR Public Service Electric & Gas Co. Newark N. J. Northern New he several States can by the in of an adequate airport protion guarantee safety to the . - Jersey Chapter .G E. SANFORD General Electric Co. Schenectady N. Y. S. SMITH Union Carbide and Carbon Corp. New York N. Y. .R C. STRATTON The Travelers Insurance Co Hartford Conn WILLIAM WILLIAM it be urged to materially in are R. F. TRALNER Buick Motor Company Flint Mich augurate an airport progr S. E. WHITING Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. Boston Mass ; ments and That the United P. YANT U. S. Bureau of Mines Pittsburgh Pa ' and provide necessary trant @ae n be rendered together with ward simplification of flight >4 a, San - States be urged to promote J projects state planning . aeronautical ation concerning aeronautical + eau Washington D. C. ection of omcers the meeting meeting : ad Officers Elected for 1936-37 S meral Chairman L. ROVER Ocean Accident and Guarantee York N. Alwaukee -Chairman B. BOULET Wisconsin Public Service Corp. Alwaukee Wis -Chairman E. DONGVAN Standard Oil Company of California San Francisco Calif ecretary W DEAN FEFER National Safety Council Chicago 1B? ; wry me a: 191 BG yeh ears Wye a Te Ba tte Rbdteos means a2 ry fm. 192 Twenty National Safety Congress sf America Members at Large , CYRIL AINSWORTH American Standards Association New co C. B. AUEL Westinghouse Electric and York N. - J. I. BANASII Consulting Engineer Manufacturing Chicago Ill Co. East Pittsburgh Pa ss] E. W. BECK United States Rubber Products Inc. New H. BIXLER Union Carbide and Carbon Corp. York New Y. Pa Chapter York N. Y. Metropolitan Late Developr Late Their V _ for E. W. BULLARD E. D. Bullard Co. San Francisco Calif a: H. F. GILBERT American Cyanamid Co. Linden N. J. San Francisco Chapter New i Chapter ) WRo.yMM..GODWINNatiPohnialladelphia Electric Co. Philadelphia Pa PhiJleardseeylphia H. J. GRAFF GRIFFITH Jones Bureau of Casualty & Laughlin Steel & Surety Underwriters Underwriters New Chapter Y York 4 Safety Council Chapter Corp. Pittsburgh Pa Western N. Pittsburgh - | Member Pennsylvania R. M MCACA KEOWN Industrial Commission of J. M. KERRIGAN United States RubbReur bber Wisconsin Reclaiming Madison Wis ) Frontier Chapter Reclaiming Co. Inc. Buffalo N. Y. EVERETT F. Niagari Erst photograph Th THOMAS KING Lever Brothers Co. Cambridge Mass Boston E. LIGHTFOOT The Koppers Coal Co. PittsburgPh ittsburgh Pa Chapter M. G. LLOYD National Bureau of Standards Washington D. C. H. L. MINER E. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Wilmington Del W. GEO GEO S. Paine Aetna Casualty Casualty & Insurance Co. Hartford Conn Es GEO F. PRUSSING Union Oil Company of California Los C. E. RALSTON Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. Pittsburgh P Angeles Calif A. stem G. S. E. Regula Industrial Relations Commselors Inc. New York Y. SANFORD C. W. W. General Electric Co Schenectady Y. C. SMITH Standard Oil Co. Ind Chicago Ill H. R. S. SMITII Union Carbide and Carbon Corp. New York N. C. STRATTON The Travelers Insurance Co. Hartford Conn R. R. F. THALNER Buick Motor Company Flint Mich S. S. E. WHITING Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. Boston Mass WILLIAM P. YANT Mine Safety AApliapnces pliances Co. Pittsburgh Pa ( Niagari Dr. Lucas used jad violet m four . cf a group of four sl st ab magnification Th iba pb cq ken The next p his would be rega af 4 39 4000 with th den resolved to rag ume specimen bu = of N. A. . 4 structure minute f.meters in size we Dr.>Lucas sho indy of fatigue cr ray : * Cracks in metal phenomena as the *L at this possible co de far wrong I particularly with 2]. data and the out 4 pearance of fatig ))very briefly som -}. monly held on i 1 gists and engi memory It ma WEDNESDAY NOON SESSION anderstanding of . ternal stress rai October 7 1936 on the propagat cracks The annual meeting of the ASSE- Engineering Section of the National Safety Council followed luncheon and convened with C. W. Smith Standard Oil Co. Ind Chicago general chair- man presiding All reports had been mimeographed and copies were distrib- uted at the luncheon Dr. Francis F. Lucas Member Tech- nical Staff Bell Telephone Laboratories New York City and international au- thority on microscopy and photomicrography spoke on Late Developments in High Power and Ultra Violet Microscopy It is asserted t The report of the nominating commit- tee was presented by A. Regula chair- isp man Other members of the committee were E. Whiting R. F. Thalner C. .. ..-f Auel and Dr. M. G. Lloyd The com mittee's list of oicers as elected will be that high a very : ures occurring in denoted as fati Roving mechani either intermitter stress may devel found elsewhere in this sectional record Other sessions sponsored by the ASSE hair Engineering Section included those ooff Safety Belts Safety Training Round have haust Systems Safety Exchange Round Round eupational thought of these sessions will be < engineer in the Transactions 3 day Literally thous . day use from a hair spring of a subject to fatigu The advent o thought been resf on the under ref engineer prevail ess which takes the lead nunity safety will in be favorably in the public public me an even greater asset es The maintenance and ch cordial relations be and industry is an the success of the in that the plans for the m will be developed and interest grows to course will be able orm of program is be S. The Association wi ng the program and wil house through which the inge ideas and discuss ing the program oyees families to school to the public at large wever is strictly of an - and if further care is is referred to his fam ehigh Portland Cement Pa said that his or ses upon the men the safety news to their mployees who drive to en driving carelessly in ids caution signs were en an employee violates ations he is called into matter is discussed with Officers 1935-36 General Chairman L. ARMSTRONG Eastman Kodak Co. Rochester N. Y. Chairman in Charge of Program L. MINER E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co. .. Wilmington Del Chairman in Charge of Engineering L. ROGERS JR Tennessee Eastman Corp. Kingsport Tenn . Secretary O. KEEPER Aluminum Company of America Pittsburgh Pa News Letter Editor L. Roor Celluloid Corporation Newark N. J. Membership and Publicity Committee Chairman D. KIRKPATRICK Chemical and Metal- lurgical Engineering New York N. Occupational Disease Committee Chairman +Department of Labor New York N. Y. * Statistics Committee Chairman C. StratTON Conn LEONARD GREENBURG New York State The Travelers Insurance Co. Hartford Members at Large -: . J z. i*.. a. ; :" ~ * E. Clancy JR Mathieson Alkali Works Inc. Niagara Falls N. W. DENNIS Hooker Electrochemical Co Niagara Falls N. Y. IRA V. KEPNER Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co. Menominee Mich E. KING Lever Brothers Co Cambridge Mass H. Lewis E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co. Wilmington Del JOHN ROACH Deputy Commissioner of Labor Trenton N. J. E. SERENS Merrimac Chemical Co. Inc. Boston Mass Jons S. SHAW Hercules Powder Co. Wilmington Del PLUMMER WHEELER American Cyanamid Co. Linden N. J S. E. WHITING Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. Boston Mass Officers Elected for 1936-37 General * Chairman L. MINER E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co. Wilmington Del ViceChairman in Charge of Program L. ROGERS JR Tennessee Eastman Corp Kingsport Tenn ParlinParlinChNai.rmJa.n in Charge of Engineering J. B. Fuzenwider Hercules Powder Co. . Secretary RALPH i O. Keefer Aluminum Company of America Pittsburgh._Pa Pittsburgh._Pa Membership Membership Editor W. DENNIS Hooker Electrochemical Co. Niagara Falls Y. Oc upational Boston Occupational Publicity Committee Chairmen E. SEVRENS Merrimac Chemical Co. and oe Occupational Boston Mass . : Occupational Department Disease Committee Chairman LEONARD GREENBURG New York Paster Department of Labor New York Y. . Statistics Committee Chairman L. Root Celluloid Corporation Newark N. J. Statistics Committee Chairman C. STRATTON The Travelers State ilereased ilereased ilereased 223 223 Twenty National Safety Congress chemical workers handed down from the age when chemical leaks and drips were frequent 6. The chemical operator should realize that the control features on all chemical equipment are there not only for operating purposes but in most cases for safety and in the event that any pressure or vacuum gage thermometer or what not indicates abnormal change or a bad condition he should take steps immediately to rectify the condition as specified by his superior usually by reporting the condition promptly However there are emergencies when he must safeguard the situation before reporting It is taken for granted that these emergency conditions are provided for in his training It is impossible to do more than generalize on this without the danger of misunderstand- ing 7. While a little knowledge is a dangerous thing the more the worker knows about the reasons for following prescribed methods the better worker he is He should acquaint himself with the reasons and if possible be familiar with the simple chemistry and physics of his job and not be afraid to ask questions but he should never experiment without the advice of proper authority Chemical control should not be treated lightly Any changes to be made in the chemical process should take place only after the careful consideration and direc- tion of those competent to make such changes 8. When leaving his work or outlining his duties to another at the termina- tion of his shift the chemical worker should fully familiarize his successor with the condition of the equipment and the status of the chemicals in process This - should be in writing in a log book of op- erations By no means should he leave any questionable condition whereby his fellow worker may meet with a mishap It is his full responsibility to live up to this and to consider it as sacred as anything in life The slightest deviation from ~ this practice whether deliberate or other- wise has meant disaster to workers and monetary loss owners 9. The chemical plant is no chemical> to plant ky place for monkey business or horseplay It must : be remembered that the practical jokert jokert in chemical work may be a potential | killer deliber- I have known chemical workers deliber- ately to plug condensers in order to . see if their fellow workers could quickly dis- cover and locate the trouble Such meth ods should not be resorted to even with only water in the equipment ee 10. The chemical worker should ~ thor- oughly appreciate the fact that safety is sacred that the safest method is generally - the best method and that the best method : always embraces the safest way diseases arising + of certain desi processes From was amended m or processes con number of disea law stood at the statement to say to medical science traceable to or arise out of pro included in the V Act with the e imilar dust disa tases The annual v tases under that the state was being added to one per cent pet roll and in b hazard was gry not in excess et of payroll The State of New 1 cent of the total A few years M in this country | ested in the can death of emplos tions having a s larly granite 3109 A serious many industries that another vp" called inclu bill was actually | and took effect Under this la were Would th ease be consti WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 7 1936 clude any diseas ing the employ~- an occupational clude the com Employers Added Liability Under Laws in New New Occupational York , let fever or an Disease , How How would the srta ~~ pret the law ~ preted to includ By J. W. NEWTON Compensation and Claims Departments Eastman Kodak Co. Rochester N. Y. = only diseases ras nature of an =4-- which the hazar accidentalaacccciiddeenntatlal cel The New York State Workmen's Com- Occupational diseases are not . ally exist then of occupational pensation Law adopted in 1914 covered me included only accidental injuries arising out injuries and were therefore not in +e not increase by ane frags and in the course of employment the coverage of the Workmen's the the coverage coverage . ~_ ven . law to any cor a Pensation Law diseases or infections as might n^In 1920 mo amended present cost ex Legislature amended oe and unavoidably result therefrom the include specified amended occupatio. nal lar dust disease specified oe law to include 23 occupational occupational On May 21 8 ; oe 000081 ae .1 Chemical Section 227 4 pake such of outli tec fermingI worker cessor with and the bon This k of 14 he leave mishap ht up to yed as any sation from ur uthterhemical to plan place for i It must mal joker ; potential As deliber piler to see dis yukly yukly yukyukly lyuklyy yukly dis dis tuck tuck aneth- Even with muld thor 1 safety is - Generally at inethod / i} Disease HI Y. Marcidental Marcidental at included : 180 Com- . uded the . copational copational Pet processes arising ddiiseasess easesdiseases designated of certain certain of out designated of designated From time and in the course employments or time to time the law increasing a processes was amended amended was the increasing occupations increasing processes covered and increasing the number of diseases covered to 27 as the vte law stood at the end of 1934 disease It is a fair Statement Statement to say that every disease known to medical science which could be directly to or was known to tarriasceeable definitely out of a process of employment was in included Workmen's inthe Compensation included exception silicosis Act with the exception of silicosis and similar dust diseases The annual cost for occupational dis- te . eases under that law to the employers of the state was comparatively small there 8 being added to premiums in most cases dollars one per cent per hundred me roll and in a few industries of pay- the where i hazard was greater a cost varying but i not in excess of 1.00 per hundred dollars me of payroll The total average cost in the State of New York was not over 1 per fe cent of the total premium A few years ago the medical profession in this country became particularly inter- ested in the causes of the disability and death of employees engaged in occupa- tions having a silica dust hazard particu- larly granite and foundry workers A serious problem was presented to many industries in the state by the fact that another piece of legislation the so- called inclusive occupational disease bill was actually put on the statute books and took effect September 1 1935 mae Under this law some of the problems dis- were Would the term occupational ease be construed by the courts to in- re clude any disease which might arise during the employee's employment Would an occupational disease under the law in- i .clude the common cold pneumonia scar: let fever or any communicable disease tr How would the courts of this state inter- pret the law If the law were inter- eee - preted to include as occupational diseases only diseases peculiar and incident to the . nature of an occupation or process in which the hazards of such diseases actu- ally exist then it was thought the cost of Ce occupational disease coverage should tpt not me increase by virtue of this inclusive law to any considerable extent over the me present cost except for silicosis and simi- lar dust diseases On May 21 1935. Industrial Commis- sioner Andrews issued a statement rela- tive to the probable effect and cost of the inclusive occupational disease bill which became effective September 1 1935 In this statement the Commissioner said that the experience in New York State and in states having an inclusive occu- pational disease law indicated that the new amendment would add less than 2 per cent and perhaps less than 1 per cent to the insurance cost of workmen's com- pensation insurance in New York State It is my understanding however that the Commissioner did not mean to in- clude in this estimate 2 per cent the cost of dust diseases but that of 1 per cent and silicosis and other the Commissioner referred to diseases brought under the act other than dust diseases But whatever he meant the amendment has not been in operation long enough for an accurate accounting to be made as to the actual increase in cost of occu- pational disease compensation When employers examined this amend- ment making all occupational diseases compensatable the first feeling was one of alarm and the insurance companies apprehensive almost to the point of panic added to this alarm by cancelling cover- age on certain plants and notifying others that their premiums would be drastically increased When however the new silicosis and dust disease law moment which will be described in a was enacted after a great number of con- ferences among employers insurance companies the Department of Labor and employees the general alarm greatly subsided Another important cause of the subsidence of this alarm was the pronouncement of the Industrial Commissioner that it was not proposed to bring under the occupational disease classification every illness or disease suffered by an employee To be compensatable he said in effect a disease must be shown to be a real occupational disease of a type peculiar to and caused by the occupation in which the worker was engaged If the Com- missioner's interpretation is sustained by the courts there may be some justification ment for this occupational disease amend- since an occupational disease so de- fined is generally the imposed on him result of conditions employer coddi- . $ no controly ee oy 228 Twenty National Safety Congress Congress from which he cannot escape except by leaving his job The employer therefore it may be agreed should be solely re- sponsible for most of such occupational _ diseases and in all justice should accept the responsibility for injuries sustained The more one studies this occupational disease amendment in the light of the Commissioner's pronouncement the more difficult it becomes to find any real occu- pational disease that has been added to compensatability under the Workmen's Compensation Law other and other dust diseases than silicosis Before this amendment there were in the statute 27 named diseases coupled with descriptions of processes and it seems probable that the only real occupational diseases added by the amendment are silicosis and other dust diseases Undoubtedly in time be- cause of newly discovered processes and hazards in industry there will be addi- tional occupational diseases discovered that are not represented in the twentyseven scheduled diseases and these new diseases will automatically be brought under the law by the amendment covering all occupational diseases Following the adoption of this all- inclusive amendment a new silicosis and dust disease bill was introduced in the State Legislature in 1936 and was finally enacted June 6 1936. This bill was in- troduced primarily at the behest of the pels an applicant for employment in any occupation coming within the preview of this article to undergo a medical nation exami This measure was included over the strong objections of many employers ~ in the state who felt that any such vision was a step backward in the pro- medical science in industry and use of if fol- lowed out would be in the long run detriment to employee and a alike employer The declaration remained in the bill in spite of these objections The Act itself provides that no compen- A disability sation is payable for partial due to silicosis or other dust diseases For dis- temporary or permanent total dis- ability or for death from silicosis or other 2 dust disease if disablement or death occur fi2: during the first calendar month in which [FE 2] this act became effective 500 is payable if disablement or death occur in the sec- es, ond month 550 and for each month "ae thereafter the payment shall increase at the rate of 50 per month but in no .> eventi shall payment exceed an aggregate of within five yea disability The employer employee was la- for compensatio of compensation employees Now am su in regard to the laws on the che take a look at ti fore the inclu effective and we cal industry is wi occupational disc poisoning and ot sulting from con cury phosphoru benzol and its d phide nickel mitrate and any carbonyl and aceta preparations ch mineral oil para these substances Medical treatment and care are vided for a period of 90 days from pro- pa date of disablement and may be extended for . an additional period of 90 es order of the Board The liability prescribed is days upon of in lieu of = any other liability whatever s phuric hydro acids petroleumi j dermatitis from and oils Out of 18 belong in the In my opinion practically every | ease in the chemic employers of the State because they feit strongly that the inclusion of silicosis and other dust diseases in the inclusive amendment placed an undue burden upon industries particularly subjected to the If death occurs and there are depend- =x x=. ents the benefits will be the diference between what has been paid and 3,000 mo be but never more than 3,000 If there no dependents payments cease nothing Gas Detect Defici dust hazard The reasoning was that the dificulties attendant upon the correct diagnosis of these dust diseases would to be paid into special case of accidental death pensatable causes funds as in the from other com- *. is open the way for claims unless some numerous doubtful extra requirements were placed upon physical examinations * and special limitations put upon the amount of compensation payable for the various stages of these discases The bill as finally enacted is known as Article 4a of the Workmen's Compensation Law and section 222a of the Labor Law The first paragraph of the Act is a declaration of policy and reads as follows It is hereby declared to be the policy of the legislature of this state in this article to prohibit through eveernyacltaiwn-g ful means available any requirement as a prerequisite to employment which coni- If for example total disability com we, menced in August 1936 that is three = months after the law became affective " a payment of 650 would be made and - then compensation at thirds of wages Z j . as long as the disability lasts but not in excess of 3,000 whe Where the last exposure was between September 1 1935 and the date this law unless became effective a claim is barred filed within 180 days from the day this com- law became effective An emple shall be liable for com- pensation one year case of results within den disability results the last exposure liable if death results Chie Director Interest in pubi from explosions a and diseases from demanded the de tectors indicators ment that are sui of the : industirnidinuadsuslttriiaal l gases and vapors laboratory procedt some some delicate opc trained technici able time for m ie Chemical Section 229 employment in any thin the preview ci a medical exami 2 was included over of many employers that any such preward in the use of dustry and if foi- in the long run a .ce and employer in remained in the bjections ies that no compen- partial disability er dust diseases ermanent total dis in silicosis or other ment or death occu lar month in which ve 500 is payable occur in the sec- : for each month shall increase at nth but in no event ] an aggregate of and care are pro- 90 days from date say be extended for of 90 days upon ribed is in lieu c^> atever 1 there are depend be the diference en paid and 3,000 3.000 If there be ents cease nothing ial funds as in the th from other com- otal disability com 1936 that is three became afectivea ould be made and thirds of wages ity lasts but not in osure d the aim is ' from between was this law unles date this barred unles this the day this be liable for cwiothinm bility results within within ast exposure Die if death results following continuous thin five years Cubility Cubility Cubility Cubility Cubility in : The employer in liable ployee was last whose employment employment thethe exposed shall be There is no splitting br compensation between two or more - compensation loyees loyees am supposed to say something jo regard to the effect of these two new industry jaws on the chemical Let us as it stood be- Luke a look at the statute lore the inclusive amendment became Deffective and we will find that the chemi- of el industry is well taken care In the included setupational disease section are guasoning and other deleterious effects re- siting from contact with lead zinc mer- alcohol tury phosphorus arsenic wood Jenzol and its derivatives carbon bisul- phide and any sulphide nitrous fumes nickel carbonyl solvents for cellulose nitrate and acetate formaldehyde and its preparations chromic acid tar pitch mineral oil parafin or any compound of these substances methyl chloride sul- phuric chloric and fluoric acids petroleum products and their fumes 2 dermatitis from handling acids alkalies and oils Out of 27 processes described -18 belong in the chemical industry practically la my opinion based upon the fact that ease practically every known occupational disin the chemical field was speci^-cally covered in the New York law prior to the adoption of the two amendment which I have described and assuming that Commissier Andrews definition occupational disease under the all inclusive amendment is sustained by tho courts there will not be any great in crease in compensation costs to chemical on account of these two manufacturers other than in those indu amendments tries which are definitely subject to a dust hazard heoretically I think this . true but ow closing I want to point out that there is no assurance whatever that the referees who conduct the hearings o uniformly strictly the courts courts will strictly and unifsinceormly ap conception ply Mr. Andrews ' conception since there is no definition of occupational disease Judging in the statute statute by tendencies in the past there will be a strong and sur tained effort made to have the phrase in terpreted more liberally in the interest of the elastants and if that succeeds thu inclusive amendment may open the door to all sorts of claims which have no true relation to the legitimate burden industry In such event the industries may be forced into the role of health insurers i-7 their employees and the fears of the employers of New York State as to the tremendous expense to be placed upon industries industries chemical by this statute would be and otherwise realized Gas Detectors for Determination of Flammability Oxygen Deficiency and Toxicity in Rooms and Vessels By W. GILLILANI Chief Chemist Mine Safety Appliances Co. Pittsburgh Pa WILLIAM P. YANT Director Director rast : of Research Mine Safety Appliances Co. Pittsburgh Pa Interest Interest Explosions . in public and industrial safety and occupational injuries Se Explosions dHiatesrseases Haters Haters diseases from vapors gases and has the development of gas de- indicators indicators and analyzing equip- the suitable for use at the site industrial es situations in which the industrial occur The ordinary atory vapors mr are usually cumber- delicate procedures mined technicians operable only in the hands mined time technicans technicians and require consid- timetime for making making determinations oo A suitable device for most field situa tions most be readily portable ruggest easily maintained maintained in condition for use ro liable rable by the personnel at hand to give results and the desired inform~ tion with the accuracy and sensitivity re quired for the situation under investiga tion por many uses it is required that resulta . obtained quin order t | avoid de ays that would prolong hazar ous war and increase and to detect . rapil c kes in atmo secontamina secontamina secontamina * owe wwe wo Pear 0 of dp Vion, Phy pieshay eal yr SANT^A gern LE^N lee ata * ay ar a a a oe 0 s ent equivalent equivalent Although recently has found application ere there is a hydro- hydro- A New Detector Ind Eng . Nordlander . . Eng est of the M.S.A. Com Lab Report Factory Mutual Report No. 13564 July adits adits Relation to Navy Medical Cory No. 2 licators for Aircraft S H. Peterson Instry 1936 M j.s: Oct.Recorder and Alarm ynolds H. W. Frevert Bureau of Mines TP ar Carbon Monoxide Ind W. Francis 11. Vol 6 p 236 1934 natur M. Continurus natur Factory Mutual ty Report No. 9789 W. Paul iin inn Bureau of .. C Mines umps Suitable for De or A, B. Hooker 1. Zellers Bureau of 1 Mine Birds for Detecting Mine Fires and ExBureau of Mines TP Carbon urrell Tureau Monoxide -- F. M. Seibert of Mines TP se Waltzing Mice and xide and to Atmos W. Yant F. A. L. B. Berger Bu Survey of Unity Jones and 6. St. J. > RI- 1931 : Officers 1935-36 ;. General bh.General General Chairman A. SNOW Associated General Contractors of America Inc. 1329 Street N. W. Washington D. C. Railroad t. . Chairman for Heavy Construction and Contractors J. REIGELUTH C. WI re - Blakeslee & Sons 58 Waverly St. New Haven Conn I Chairman for Highway Construction L. ROWE W. L. Johnson Construction Co. i Hicksville Ohio VANDEVANTER of s:. Chairman for U. S. Engineer Department ELLIOTT VANDEVANTER C. of E. 1 > : Office of the Chief of Engineers Washington D. C. & Chairman for Building Construction : Niagara Falls N. W. Wright Wright & Kremers Inc. ; Secretary MCKINLEY General Accident Fire & Life Assurance Corp. Detroit Mich News Letter Editor O. GRIFFIN Dravo Corp. Neville Island Pittsburgh Pa Engineering Committee Chairman N. GoldSTINE San Francisco Calif Membership Committee Chairman BENTLEY The A. Bentley & Sons Co. Toledo ~ Ohio : Poster Committee Chairman A. Ssow Carolina Power & Light Co. Raleigh N. Frogram Committee Chairman P. AHEARN National Sand & Gravel Assn Munsey Bldg Washington D. C. . Publicity Committee Chairman P. CONN Editor The Constructor Washington D. StaMtaisstsics Committee Chairman H. BLACK Stone & Webster Engineering Corp. Boston Past General Chairmen- F. W. AUSTIN Detroit Mich Calif E. N. GOLDSTINE San Francisco Calif JOHN RUSSELL JR Public Service Electric - & Gas Co. Newark N. J. woe : Officers Elected for 1936-37 - General Chairman A. Snow Associated General Contractors of America Inc. Wash- ington D. C. . Chairman for Haven Conn Vice Chairman for Hicksville Ohio Heavy Construction } Highway Construction HIISUTH HIISUTH C. W. Blakeslee & Sons New I. ROWE W. L. Johnson Construction Co. for U. Engineer Department Chairman CHYsten Office of the Chief of Engineers Washington Vice Chairman for Building Construction CHYsten Secretary Niagara Falls N. D. Secretary Mich MCKINLEY General Accident Elliott VANDEVANTER C. of E. IT, Wrigin Kremers Inc 74 . . "og Sie, Assurance Corp. Detroit Neg 3 . 241 000095 oe . me me wt e me . ot IPS a ES a : ' Pind FEN, RACE Bova-elee envolte MOY, dey par RTPATER bce SBA ae 244 Twenty National Safety.CongressSafety.Congress terially improve accident records in the construction industry is that which other industries have been using for so long Briefly a program~- based on adequate accident records consistent inspection maintenance of plant a complete and medical program and the principle of supervisory responsibility cannot help but succeed Dust Diseases As They Affect the Construction Industry By A. J. LANZA M. D. at ~ Assistant Medical Director Metropolitan Life Insurance Company New York City With a possible single exception there is but one dust disease and one dust causing that disease with which the con- struction industry is concerned The disease is silicosis and the dust causing it is dust containing free silica SiO Dusts containing silica in combined form have not been shown to cause disability or disease with the exception of asbes- tos which is a silicate The outstanding facts with regard to silicosis have often been detailed and will be only briefly summarized here The dust must be in a fine state of subdivi- sion to reach the lungs The particles which do the damage are less than ten microns in diameter In this country the amount of dust in the air at any loca- tion is determined by the standard meth- We do not as yet have permissable or safe standards of dustiness There is such an extremely wide variation of industrial processes and environmental fac tors that any elaborate system of stand- ards would be impracticable but a simple workable standard is highly desirable There is a rough standard which is based Health largely on the work of the Public Service of ten million particles of dust per cubic foot This is a convenient tar- get to shoot at when dust control meas- ures are undertaken in an industrial plant That is not to say however that a threshold of ten million particles of a highly siliceous dust is safe This standard was based on exposure to granite dust containing about 35 per cent pure silica od elaborated by the United Bureau of Mines and the United States States Public Health Service using the im pinger the results being expressed in millions of particles per cubic foot In order to estimate the hazard we must know the number of particles and the percentage of silica because a dust con- taining 100 per cent pure silica would be more harmful than one containing 50 per cent silica " When we know the amount of dustin terms of averages amount of silica and the extent of exposure we are in a position to evaluate the seriousness of the hazard We know that silicosis is a chronic disease taking usually years to develop and as we see it in American industries causing little or no disability unless there is superimposed upon it an antection This infection is most often tuberculosis to which the individual with silica damaged lungs is very susceptible The more severe the silica damage the more apt tuberculosis is to develop The construction section of this Con- gress embraces many types of industry and a multitude of processes It is not practicable therefore to present a complete scheme of all the hazards in these industries We can however attain our object in a suficiently satisfactory man- ner by considering first materials and second the processes in which these inaterials are used The construction indus- try uses enormous amounts of certain well known materials Lime gypsum cement sand occur to everyone's mind when you mention construction Many of these substances are used in processes which involve considerable amounts of dust wherein lies the possibility of a health hazard - There is free silica 3 no silicosis without silica- So right off the manufac- turer or clear ness of concern trial company has the first ofof the harinful which may be causingi =" $s for his employees Does ably that in exces is well s ' an induce borg sam~-m consumed wit does not sinov his vrees - the mit Should CO cente smo the ar are We act fre aring 0 itrom mantle tiie, and y 0 silis We know = or ma the wy con: silir 2323 Tse e is generated 201 oli the comimet -120 the ing worndev put Olle OCC036 OCC036 Sems Arty gates om : Cisty Com- ony nutt 0151tesse 460 1311 and dusstain unni sind Construction Section 245 contain free silica in appreciable : lished industries ing constructed Where a tunnel is bein a highly silicious mounts apreciable What is an appreciable amount Prob- least in excess of 5 per cent At bly Eat is well on the conservative side silicious dusts may be a nuisance or annoyance to employees or to neigh- an communities but they are not boring with silicosis If the employer . concerned which oes not know whether a dust to silica Es employees are exposed contains that is the first thing for him to deterzine Should he find that the dust does contain free silica in a determined per- then the next step is to ascer- centage tain the amount of such dust present in the air where his employees work We are frequently asked whether dust arising marble from rock gypsum cement talc rock wool mineral lime wool and many other substances may cause silicosis We say to the inquirer You know with you the materials are working Do they contain free silica He may reply No. or Only a trace The conclusion then is obvious There is no silicosis hazard The type of process in which the dust is generated is of great practical importance If the process is conducted in a confined place with poor ventilation it is apparent that the hazard is much more dangerous than if it were in the open air because in the confined place the work- man gets a much bigger dose of Recently I saw some ray brick masons These masons silica films of handled only fire bricks from a highly silicious material - and they were em- ployed in lining kilns and furnaces Their films showed well developed sili- cosis Their job consisted in breaking up the worn lining in furnaces and building new ones They were continuously rock the dust hazard looms very large It is similar to hard rock mining and everything conspires to make the control of dust dimcult It is interesting to note that tunnel work in various parts of the world has been followed by similar experiences The report of the Director General of Public Health for New South Wales in Australia 1924 details an investigation concerning ventilation and sandstone dust present in the air of certain sewer tunnels in Sidney Apparently there was an ex- cessive amount of silicosis and tubercu- losis among these tunnel workers A report of the South African Institute for Medical Research April 1935 details a severe silicosis hazard among sewer tunnel workers in South Africa We are justi^-ed in concluding that tunnel work calls for extraordinary precau- tions for safety and health with a supervision of the health of tunnel workers comparable to that followed in other industries Grinding or pulverizing sand gravel and other highly silicious materi- als are processes that need very careful control and supervision The control of the dust hazard is an engineering problem and in the main de pends on an effort to entrap the dust at its point of origin by using water or suction exhaust systems or both Once the dust is in the air reliance is placed upon further use of water and or dilu- tion of the silica dust by increased ventilation and on protecting the individual by a suitable mask or respirator The United States Bureau of Mines now certi^-es respirators that are safe for silica dust The use of respirators should be restricted to exposures which are inter- exposed to a highly silicious very close confined place material could probably be other types of construction little or no hazard dust in a The same handled in work with The mention of close and confined mittent or temporary Where ventilation equipment designed to remove dust from the air is installed its efficiency should be checked from time to time by dust counts using the standard impinger method As with other brings to mind tunnels about places there has recently been much agi- which Without going into details con- cerning this subject the lesson to be learned learned is clear The digging of a tun- nel is not a permanent undertaking in any any locality but the work should be safe- protective devices there is always danger that this Sort of apparatus becomes greatly impaired or useless because of failure to maintain it properly I mentioned exception to the state- ment that only justi^a dust will pro- duce disease of exc",,p- guarded as in more permanently estab- tion is asbesto ae th ta dies ree tee ths Teet TOVEI PP CMA, 0 rt wie} poten) tore ok wen re Leow Te ge Ot somes ae tind bie Pe eT FDA a rth Ot 4 246 Twenty National Safety CongressCongress The inhalation of asbestos dust produces a condition of the lungs similar to sili- cosis The pathology is quite different and the appearance on ray films is distinct from silicosis Asbestosis ap- parently does not predispose to tubercu- losis and in this country has not been shown to cause much disability a few deaths have been recorded though In the manufacture of construction material a - bestos is usually combined with * substances which by reducing other the amount of asbestos in the dust tend to mitigate the hazard A matter of great concern to the employer is what disposition to make of cases of silicosis among his employees If active tuberculosis is present it is to the interest of the individual and his fellow workmen that he be removed from his occupation and given proper care If infection is not present there will be little or no disability and the employer should protect the individual from further ex- posure through methods suitable to the situation involved employer The important item to remember is the nature of the material and the process in which it is employed Consideration of these two items will enable the to ascertain whether a silica hazard is present and to act accordingly Again let me emphasize that where workmen are exposed to a highly silicious dust in confined places the situation is extremely serious and calls for energetic and comprehensive measures of control and continued medical supervision of the men Dust samples should be taken frequently and the men should be examined frequently so that serious disease will not occur Ou ose pro * amined 20 of : Three hierni One leakag Cze evider large tamiar c very n irritazon bac Oze demi it One high l Two with c Ose with d Ose with b Ose with F One with : 2 ble ad wris Ost partis One antzer Tw gener tally and ph * too One toro c fl -,, Anuthier headway in Physical Examinations of Construction Employees on Public Works Programs ef. Tintack By L. M. DEARDORF Superintendent of Construction W. L. Johnson Construction Company Hicksville O. If there ever was a time when em- ployees on Public Works projects should be given physical examinations before permitting their names on the payroll it is now Any contractor who secures a Public Works project with the Highways PWA the U. S. Engineers or any of the other department of the Federal Government is required as a part of the labor regulations to submit a requisition for his em- ployees Service Service to the National The National is dominated by Reemployment Reemployment the WPA or- ganization to the extent that all semi- skilled and common labor are furnished only from relief lists In the majority of cases those unfortunate individuals who are still on relief are there only by reason of a mental or physical deficiency They have done very little work during the past five or six years and are pretty thoroughly demoralized mentally physically they have permitted their bodies to be run down about like an old paver that has been standing alongside the road for a corresponding period of years Our procedure in carrying out physical examinations for our employees is as fol- lows The contract having been award- a ed and the superintendent assigned to the project one of his first important preliminary instructions is to talk to the doctors in the vicinity of the project and explain to them the problem which we face in securing competent physically able workmen If the M. D. shows any sympathy in our problems and troubles we negotiate for mass examination of the employees The price paid for the examination is from 1.00 to 2.50 Gi 0 the bordies Tome: The findings have been very interest- arious "rfi ing on the projects as the follow- testify ing facts v testify i testify (77 orders to await men's Committes 1 Conumittee with ne cases of severa severa in these intervals ing to be able to vo at at en applied to accident preven * _ Officers 1935-36 Chairmen General Chairman W. FISKE JR Vacuum Oil Co. Inc. New York Y. In Charge of Posters and -ROBERT F. HAND Standard Co. New York N. Y. Shipping Chairman New York In Charge Y. of -ARTHUR M. TODE Consulting Marine Engineer ice Chairman Terminal For the Pacific Island Calif Coast D. WOLL General Petroleum Corp. of Calif Secretary F. VANDER CLUTE Admiralty Attorney New York N. Y. News NNewsewSsan LFertatenrciH scoECaN lifRY BLACKSTONE United States P. & I. Agency Inc. 340 Pine St. Engineering Committee Chairman C. EDWARDS Consulting Engineer New York Y. ^t)' NMeembwersYhoirpkCoY mm. ittee Chairman C. HOLDEN JR United States P. & I. Agency Inc. ; Program Committee Chairman L. SEWARD Yale University New Haven Conn :t StaYtoisrtkicsYCo. mmittee BENJAMIN H. SELF Travelers Insurance Company New A Stevedoring Committee " Francisco Calif Chairman C. Gregory Waterfront Employers Association San 5 Members at Large iDe FRANK E. AMES Lykes Ripley Steamship Co New Orleans La vy W. Bicos Navy Department Safety Engineer Washington D. C. C. F. BLACKTON Erie Railroad Co. Jersey City N. J. : FRANK oo X. H. COGAN The Delaware Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co. . New York "* J. M. GRISER Alabama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Co. Mobile Ala WM GROUNDWAter Union Oil Co. of Calif Los Angeles Calif HENRY J. HEIDORN Standard Shipping Co. New York N. Y. JOHN WILLARD S. HUNTER The Alantic Refining Co. Philadelphia Pa s WILLARD F. JONES Gulf Refining Co. New York N. Y. T. K. KAVANAGH K. Grace Line Inc. New York Y. a KELLY Tide Water Oil Co. New York N. STEWART LEE JR New York Shipbuilding Corp Camden N. J. LUCKENBACH ca L American Bureau of Shipping New York N. DANIEL Lo MCEACHERN J. Standard Oil Co. of Calif San Francisco Calif Sys CARL DANIEL SP E MURPHY Murphy Cook & Co. Philadelphia Pa PETERSEN Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co. New BYRON PICKARD O. J. Pacific Coast Marine Associations San York J. Ronison Sinclair Francisco Calif W. J. SMITH Marine Navigation Office Co. New York N. W. of America New York N. Y. STEWARDSON Colombian Steamship Co. New York N. Y. ~~ E York TOMB Capt STORM USN Rtd New York State Merchant Marine Academy ELLIOTY TROSDAL TROSDAL JR South Atlantic S.S. Line Savannah Ga ELIOTY VANDEVANTER Major Office of the Chici of Engineers Munitions WashWiEnSgtToDnAHL Jonx Zen ~ Zen Dollar Steamship Lines San Francisco American Export Line New York Associated Oil Co. San Francisco Cal Calif N. New Bldg 269 $ of. Gtaps iers Cy f= ENtah Twenty National Safety Congress Officers Elected for 1936-37 General Chairman C. HOLDEN JR United States P. & I. Agency Inc. New York N.Y. Chairman In Charge of Posters and ROBERT F. HAND Standard Oil Co. of N. J. Marine Dept. New York N. Chairman In Charge New York N. Y. of Publicity -W E. STEWARDSON Colombian Steamship Co. ChLoasiArngmea lens CFaolirf the Pacific -ALDERT O. PEGG Union Oil Company of Calif Letter Secretary F. VANDER CLUTE Admiralty Attorney New York N. Y. News HENRY BLACKSTONE United States P. & I. Agency Inc. San Fran cisco Calif Engineering Committee Chairman C. Edwards Atlantic Gulf and West Indies Steam - " ship Co New York N. : ap MeYmoberrkshiY p .Committee Chairman W. FISKE JR Vacuum Oil Co. Inc. New a 27 Program Committee Chairman O. PICKARD Pacific Coast Coast Marine San Francisco Calif Associations Statistics Committee York N. Y. BENJAMIN H. SELF Travelers Insurance Company New . SteSvaendoFrrianngciCsocmomiCtatleife Chairman C. GREGORY Waterirant Employers Association f . Members at Large FRANK FRANK E. AMes Lykes Ripley Steamship Co. New Orleans La W. P. Biccs Navy Department Safety Engincer Washington D. C. C. F. BLACKTON Erie Railroad Co. Jersey City N. J. : H. COGAN The Delaware Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co. N. Y. New =e oa eo *. a York ph J. M. Griser Alabama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Co. Mobile Ala HENRY J. HEIDORN Standard Oil Co. of N. J. Marine Department New JOHN S. HUNTER The Atlantic Refining Co. Philadelphia Pa WILLARD F. Joxes Gulf Oil Corp. New York Y. York Y. T. F. Kavanagh Grace Line Inc. New York Y. Frank C. Laurie Lago Petroleum Corp. Maracaibo Venezuela STEWART LEE JR New York Shipbuilding Corp. Camden N. J. : J. L. LUCKENBACH American Bureau of Shipping New York N. JOHN MCGRATH John W. McGrath Corp. New York N. CARL E. PETER esNewport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co. New York N. H. W. Proom 1 Broadway New York Y. J. K. Rosison Sinclair Navigation Co. New York Y. J. A. RUMSEY Standard Oil Co. of Calif Richmond Calif S. A. SCHRAMM Black Diamond Steamship Co. Pier K Weehawken N. J. H. SEWARD Yale University New Haven Conn A. J. SMITH Marine Office of America New York N. ARTHUR M. TODE Consulting Marine Engineer New York G. E. TAYLOR Federal Barge Lines New Orleans . N. EL IOT H. Tomb New York State Merchant Marine Academy New York Y. ELLIOTT VANDEVANTER Office of the Chief of Engineers Munitions Bldg Washington Wf as 2 - we WESTDAHL L. H. Dollar Steamship Lines San France A. O. WOLL General Petroleum Corp. of Calif Termil JOHN WRIGHT American Export Lines New York N TUESDAY MORNING SESTON October 6 1936 The The opening opening session session by Arthur M. Tode was called to order consulting marine eee) i City 7 ey . engineer engineer New York a resided York City resided resided 2 in the absence of E. W. Fiske Jr. So- cony Vacuum Oi City the general c Mr. Tode read a Claims and Experience has that the primary claims and insu most effective me all description is the principle of e organized safety .To organize partment does n^ stitute for the c ing effort necess as set forth in t is dependent upc the most importa 1. It must h operation of ti and every depart 2 The progr that it does not does not permit 3. There mu- of loyalty for t that order e free from depar scrantble for c Neither the one individual - cess of such a agement and assume the ent viding safe con e living It then ship's officers to are properly n * practices at wi - Bearing in mi * chain is as str the officers ca from their men ~ conditions by ti company's saf *.Thus safety mi Dcarried on dow of the entire or gress vo weights Lighter wweeiigghhtt sfactory where there f tearing against the bone glove has been developed aring and is developed proving much y although some men f . Officers 1935-36 ncreased weight ob The use of ards guarded killing floors is largely tion Some of the old time ig that it is a regfulaerctdieodn to have to use a General Chairman W. DARR Bethlehem Steel Co. Johnstown Pa Chairman BERQUIST The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. East Chicago Ind ; Chairman M. ALLEN The American Rolling Mill Co. Middletown Ohio Chairman In Charge of Health R. C. ENGEL McKinney Div Republic Steel Corp. Cleveland Ohio Secretary and News Letter Editor A. CHAFFIN Continental Steel Corp. Kokomo Ind Aoors a Contest Committee Chairman L. SCHMITT Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co. Louisville Ky brick floors now being in- * locations are more slip- ld type An asphalt floor grit is about the least slip far developed Concrete ve been troweled to a can be roughened by oncentrated sulphuric acid | ng with water ; Engineering Committee Chairman E. CULLINEY Bethlehem Steel Co. Bethlehem Pa Foundry Committee Chairman A. BRINKMAN Mackintosh Hemphill Co. Pitts- burgh Pa Membership Committee Chairman E. TRAMMELL Gulf States Steel Co. Alabama City Ala Posier Committee Chairman H. Ferguson Republic Steel Corp Cleveland Ohio Program Committee Chairman M. Crotrax Inland Steel Co. East Chicago Ind Publicity Committee Chairman W. HANKO Pittsburgh Steel Co. Monessen Pa Railway Car Builders Committee Chairman J. BRAND Pullman Standard Car Manufacturing Corp. Pullman Chicago Ill Slides and Safety Kinks Committee Chairman Pittsburgh Pa A. OARTEL Carnegie Steel Corp. Statistics Committee Chairman J. IRELAand Kohler Co. Kohler Wis Members at Large F. G. BENNETT The Buckeye Steel Castings Co Columbus E. F. Blank Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. Pittsburgh Pa 1. A. COLTRIN National Radiator Corp. Johnstown Pa G. A. Davis Carnegie Steel Corp. Chicago Ill M. W. DuNDORE Beloit Iron Works Co. Beloit Wis Ohio Joux P. Ein Carnegie Steel Corp. Joliet Ill W. T. FILMER The Youngstown Sheet Sheet and Tube Co. Youngstown C. Ginson Spang Chalfant & Co. Inc. Pittsburgh Pa O. F. HARVEY American Car and Foundry Co. New York N. Y. Ohio E. HAWKES MacWhyte Co. Kenosha Wis H. G.H. HENRY Otis Steel Co Cleveland Ohio HENSEL The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. Chicago Ill A.A. JARVIS The Chase Companies Waterbury Conn D. V. LAUERMAN Republic Steel Corp. South Chicago Ill MCKENNEY Chicago Ill V. MEDALIE Interiake Iron Corp. Chicago Ill JOHN O'ROURK Bethlehem Steel Co. Sparrows Point Md C. C. E. RALSTON Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. Pittsburgh Pa FRANK ROWE Wheeling Steel Corp Portsmouth Ohio HERMAN SPOErer The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. Evanston Ill J. K. STAFFORD Mississippi Valley Structural Steel Co. Decatur Ill J. A. Voss Republic Steel Corp Cleveland Ohio __. * Deceased ory u AP 8 Mca, ae. STi tI So Tiere naire et B aero en Rous: = aaet a Twenty National SafetySafety Congress to think inability to draw a personal les- advantages son from the experience of others over- confidence and a desire to make good on the job These can only be overcome by careful and systematic handling on the part of the supervisor His is the sibility of putting over to the workreerspotnhe value and resulting from a close observance of rigid safety safety inspec- tions Systematic Organized Safety Effort There should be little need to make plea for more a line concerted action along this As safety men we know how ily the small eas- employer could be put out of business as the result of even a few accident losses The well cannot afford to tion losses will money and materials his profits and hold his : the public as a very company inefficient tion ever The increasing cost pensation insurance will Om factor in forcing undoubtedly more consideration well organized safety consideration consideration ? consideration I emphasize the side of humanity the dollar and humanity perience that where followed pronts will be satisfactory safety program is emciency and economy of the der will also prevail ~ Where 1 Ability of of Ability : been busty has sili is w apon th 5. The there dust cont Breathed I of i seems length n dat accum than the * Silica occ sili pounds have Larmless realm of i the i . The Present Status of Control of Dust and Fumes iin n Indust Indust By H. B. MELLER Managing Hygiene Research Dusts Director Air Hygiene Foundation of America Inc Head Air Polluta Investigation Mellon Institute Institute of Industrial The problem divides itself Pittsburgh Pa naturally into medical preventive engineering and legis- Clarsification of There are lative phases and includes consideration available diferent publishe of the responsibilities of employer and classifications of dusts Included in sud employee to each other and to the public classifications are dusts the exposure It is axiomatic that in case of inhalation of which are or physical disorder impairment of function or dis- be occupational are likely Those that are inher ability the more thoroughly the cause and ently toxic when inhaled or otherwise zo course of action are known the more sorbed and which cause systemic poison certainly can possible remedies be applied ing include lead arsenic mercury man or preventive measures taken ganese Examples of dusts which have In the diseases or affections under con- the ability to penetrate the deep lung tin sideration there are facts upon sues and to be retained there are which ventive methods are based and pre- quartis Aint chert asbestos talc coal iron clar which further studies now in upon course or slate and other types of rock dust contemplated are at least in part predi- Attention here will be this last cated group and upon , which Similar to serious as Importar Importar Fridual ma often are ee microns fo i] "in the cas si long as aS my down my > dies the iF ally som tion It ence of .s ceptibili During the development of the present state of knowledge of the influence of some air contaminants on health natu- rally many theories were advanced that later scientific work has modified or dis- placed However not always has the correction been as widely and thoroughly disseminated as was the original theory this condition perhaps has led confusion in the minds of to some many who have not followed too closely the evolution of knowledge in this field public the general term s- used to designate lung conditions caused by dust Silicosis which & is caused by the inhalation of free silica has been prominent recently in the - press sometimes in a way that made mis- on the spentgenogram understanding possible if not probable Aside from silica many of the insoluble say mineral dusts may bring about slight 3B changes in the lung tissues which may be RE:: Re d if silica in the dust that is inhaled is known today most of thear arctively or entirely harmless ee adult w culosis gardless It the reactiva of the lesions possibl cotics individ should Afte lished not fc Metals Section Ability of Dusts to Cause Injury of the silicotic process toward the stage It has been established that the poten- ality of silicious dusts to cause lung amage is with few exceptions dependent upon their content of free silica SiO The development of silicosis de- concentration pends therefore upon the of dust containing free silica in the air breathed In other words the total amount of free silica breathed and re- of disablement except through limiting or preventing further exposure to silica dust Nor has medical science found a way to prevent tuberculosis from being superimposed upon silicosis except through control of contact The course of silico- tuberculosis is chronic and is very dim- cult to influence by treatment according to phthisiologists * mined seems to be the primary factor Medical Control As a basis for intelli- the length of time necessary for a sumcient accumulation is important but less gent determination of the physical fitness of a man for a job in a dusty trade | so than the total load Silica occurs also in chemical combina- physical examination with stereoscopic roentgenograms of the chest is necessary tion in silicates Some of these com- pounds have been proved to be relatively harmless to health some are still in the realm of doubt and asbestos cause the industrial disease called asbes- tosis which is the result of lung damage similar to but not identical with nor as serious as that produced by free silica Importance of Particle Size The size of dust particlos in the air which an individual may breathe is important Not often are particles larger than 10 or 12 microns found in the deep lungs except in the case of asbestos dust where fibers Along with this study goes naturally the preparation of an occupational history with detail as to the exact nature of previ- ous work and of exposure to industrial dust a pations as Dr. Sayers valueless recording of occulaborer machinist etc. of the U. S. Public Health Service has developed a method of secur- ing information for 2 proper occupational history among others Cummings of Saranac Laboratory also has worked out a useful history blank Standards have been developed for the diagnosis of silicosis There is also a [aay as long as 200 microns have worked their suitable technic for taking roentgeno- 0 way down lengthwise . grams of the chest in order to bring out Atencio the characteristic lung changes Uncomplicated Silicosis Silicosis un- complicated by an infection is more of an From the considerable amount of work impairment than a disability It is not that has been done it is possible to fore- seriously disabling until it reaches an ad- cast with a reasonable degree of accu- & vanced stage and does not of itself racy the silicosis potentiality of various ahem, greatly shorten the life of a silicotic Tuberculosis When a silicotic 24 dies the immediate cause of death is usu- e e, ally some type of intervening lung infec- te tion It is not known just why the pres- dusts Periodic physical examinations including roentgenograms are essential if em- ployers are to be enabled accurately to learn the effect of individual exposure ence of silica in the lungs increases sus- and intelligently to transfer affected work- ceptibility to tuberculosis but when an men to lower dust concentrations before adult with silicosis is exposed to tuber- serious injury has been done or to work culosis an active infection may occur re- out a system of rotation where indicated gardless of the previous state of health It is thought probable that silica dust can as desirable in order that exposure may be intermittent Such examinations are reactivate healed tuberculous lung lesions of the adult type how long after such lesions have healed the reactivation is helpful also in showing the efficiency of engineering control methods The ability to place responsibility in possible is not certain Exposure of sili- w/t cotics to tuberculosis or individuals to silica dust should be avoided of tuberculous is serious and After lished silicosis has become well estab- a lished in the lungs medical science has whi not found a way to arrest the progress case of claim for injury is no small part of the value of such initial and periodic examinations Asbestosis Clinerie shown that the inhalf amount of asbestos type of fibrosis i44 * experiencey inhalf suddent Causes Tious not accompanied cay 000093 ty HE igtyes Sit. Twenty fife Netional Congress CongressCongress l3o1s4isa, n unduly Twenty incidence of tions in air are recorded air gravimetrically gravimetrically bility unduly unduly high incidence in are cubic gravimetrically meter manufacturer Others losis Other and silicate compounds as milligrams milligrams size a factor Other compounds compounds so ( most termining dangerous factor de in information are studied produce reaction only a mild termining dangerous particles given information reaction the non progressive progressive is reaction lungs count but both gives the the provided provided significant amount story secure both cases may be be FoundatiEonginnering information free serious clinicallytchlieniicralcolmpoysition composition While the information possible the purpose purpose serious conditions considerable litigation for of the reports referred Adequate statistics litigation there one this reports statement referred earlier earl ture morbidity occupational mortality mortality from from occupational morbidity no focussing doubt occurs the mind of statanyeonement familiar granite the present familiar spraying mortality mortality basis sampling for effectively effectively focussing focussing dust dust- serve e^-orts to study and estimating methods they will welding control eases lungs are non existent follow- eases concluding this amended changed changed time time respirators to advise time helmets quotation quotation section section follow- in if Wisconsin from decision In- In- pertinent Commission dustrial Schaefer Schaefer W. 390 one wishes wishes obtain valuesis dawthich awhich can reau February 1936 Supreme Supreme Supreme Court Court February compared compared published published it Standards generally Buish It benecessary to distin- necessary copy consid- it is issuing guish carefully between medical or patho- erable the technic technic in origi- origi- logical disability disability medical physical in- nal case This another way the admit . capacity work Thaectual medical experts ting annoying that results annoying that apparently apparently distinction and so one method comparable comparable by + increase ignore of arriving at a just to those usually another method method the difficulty difficulty obtained the report In another any useful It- -. is purpose purpose Preventive very doubtful determining determining accurately Engineering where concentrations dense ae . served repetition ex- is dis- cust would technical needless repetition enginering enginering rans concentrations cuss in technical control All skeptic and phases referred interested are It Industrial Dust by Drinker referred referred which deals tremely dense such only that workplace workplace show workplace -{ should be much much dustier the workplace is much dustier is probable that a concentrations : were Information comprehensively cedure which alw Information subjeDctaveBnuporret au 6848 hygienic simiamcpariprotnln cyoncentrations andusdtmso-ment engineering and Harrington a review of eases literature " U. Prevention of Dust Public Health Service DisValle oeansesoln etin 217 Bloomfield and Dalla Valle Industrial Determination and Control AmerDust Report Report 29 and Amer- ican Standards U. U. Bureau BureauAsMsionceisatfioonr and list ap- proved protective devices list list ap. It It may be specialist can will devise the specialist equipment to meet the micron dusts necessary equipment equipment from ditions specified specified permissible But the setting elimi- of of limits permissible dust concentra- tion tion permissible physician's respon- tion not sibility sibility his but physician's concerned orhhars dustiness to a keeping dustiness considered below limits at present considered satisfactory satisfactory . of groups results results of attempts attempts come closer to concentration concentration closer sampling concentration misleading moment Thos sampling of such as misleading 20-40 Thos 3 { 5-10 20-40 etc suffice for dust control a lungs are As dust particles million the order microns rc: particle micron dust control for particle over reasons should aimed parti- to reasons reasons should have cles size found Again quoting retained breathed breathed breathed and one could use of the . exclude them less micron * of micron less passes 325 mesh screen the the dust dust passes diseases would be elimi- nearly nearly dust diseases a would nated " dust Elimination Elimination be 7ated. ; of * ~ been a 2 i Bit t ' le oe - attained pos ible Agee manufacturer for pote manufacturer information is a design u: Engineering design Foundation ' mi i: certain certain of mr: cutti cutti sa cutti ) Sat protec respirators protec: and a: formation and U. 15 Standards A Sts spec A equipment spec appro is course . dust and this and s: this and Pe Pe a Pe dustines are should be peir quirement quirement be quirement practi d: SSouothuth South cubiccubic c math, per \ Lanz distric distric practice practice a The liters ai study th ai: foun foun cubic foot th coarse foot cubic apparently attained apparently The figu considered satisfactory it better : " cubic ea. ecoenciegnnted Thus the responsi PuqbulaicrtVerme hooded supplied 000094 Determining Methods Methods purchase - hood rather than have ga some by chemical are to exhaust one equipment not by chemical chemical methods and concent Public He responsi S <Mt methods and the concen ik igned to be one to equipmeit not ce the quart. to be ., Verme 000094 the respon s^' Public He - says It urpose is itely ex- ions show the th dustier ling protions in cient and to come moment Z. Thus -40 etc s are of arely a ntrol for at parti ve been quoting ne dusts m from screen : elimi- ossible upplied have not de- sponsi a Col Metals Section ee 315 dale for potential efficiency is upon the Eility ki anufacturer anufacturer There is #Sinformati#Sionfornmation #Sinformation available comparatively comparatively little little upon which to base the scien- tific : design of hoods The Preventive Committee of Air Hygiene FoEunngdinaeteiroinng includes in its recent report tare air :425 table of minimum velocities to cap- tare certain industrial dusts for use in cut ing Pranite . cutting grain elevators paint * Psrparnaiyteing spraying sand welding pulverizing equipment and electric welding protective equipment such as dust respirators 2 Z air supplied masks sand blast helmets and goggles very complete in- formation is available because of the work of the U. S. Bureau of Mines the Bureau of Standards and the American i Standards Association in preparing and issuing specifications to be met if the iz! equipment is to be used under conditions where approval is necessary ble Of course all agree that where possi- zt ble dust should be controlled at the + source and protective equipment used #w! here this action cannot be accomplished Permissible Dustiness There are various figures that have been and are being used as guides to permissi- " . present ble dustiness where free silica is It should be noted that many of the data were not determined as the medical re- quirement but as being attainable in good practice and apparently satisfactory from a safety standpoint In South Africa the figure is 1 milli- gram per cubic meter or 300 particles per cubic centimeter or approximately 8.5 million per cubic foot Dr. Lanza found in 1917 in the Joplin Mo. district that with good engineering practice a figure of 1 milligram per 100 liters of air could be attained The U. Public Health Service in its study in the anthracite region of Pennsyl- vania found that 50 million particles per cubic foot with 5 per cent quartz in the coarse dust and 10 million particles per cubic foot with 35 per cent quartz were apparently satisfactory and often were attained The figure of 10-20 million cubic foot for granite dust cent quartz content is often the Vermont granite studies Public Health Service particles per with 35 per quoted from of the U. S. Some mining companies have gone further setting the maximum of permissible dustiness at 5 million particles per cubic foot Certainly there is a degree of air clean- liness that is safe from the standpoint of concentration of harmful dust But the engineer may find himself in the position of practically being forced to control any dust harmful or otherwise if he would protect his employers against suits at common law and the possibility of award of damages to men who have breathed dust containing little or no free silica A dusty workplace is difficult to defend in court Neither courts nor compensation boards and certainly not juries have seemed to low silica be greatly impressed with a dust count in an otherwise dusty atmosphere ' Quoting from one of the reports re- ferred to Each state is a unit sover- eign it handles its problems in its own way Uniformity is lacking although of course the statutes of many states are similar The courts of the various states follow such precedents as appeal to them consequently on there is likely to ion among the any important question be a divergence of opin- courts and often the courts fall into two or more groups each group following a different theory with respect to the same legal problem Workmen's Compensation Acts Workmen's compensation acts have been passed in 46 states all except Arkansas and Mississippi and the Dis- trict of Columbia These acts are com- pulsory as to private employers in 15 states and elective in 31 states Insur- ance to cover the risk is compulsory in seven states A state fund out of which compensation is paid is maintained in 18 states in two of these the employer may by proving financial responsibility carry his own risk with limited contribution to the state fund for the expense of administra- tion in 11 more of this group of states the employer is not required to avail himself of the privileges of the state fund and may provide compensation otherwise In 28 states there no provision for a state compensation Baya = Seem 7 emma, = . Administration comiph Compensation act is vested in a comiph board oraingle Kg Ne ee Rte.woe ee a tal e r e)la pee ODLee oe a . Laie, tOel, BIT UM paren UTED OE TN ot ~, ower ean o wg Brn is < D) dare ig SCTE SRorelkdtir giver Sane 4 siamope 316 | Twenty National Safety Congress t { commissioner in 40 states in six states diseases which call for } diagnosis the acts are administered by the local skilled specialists by Examin courts experienced in that field that Again from the report The guiding No principle in the early acts was the award- Examination Before Employment ing of compensation for accidental injury 1. Under Compensation Acts The visions of Col meaning thereby traumatic injury Traumatic means of or pertaining to a New Mexico Act contains a provision re- acts t wound or wounds In those the quiring the workman at the time of his aminati years request importance of disability due to occupa- employment or thereafter at the of the employer to submit himself In f setts tional nized disease was not generally recogIt however became increasingly examination to an : West | apparent that injury might be suffered The New York Act of 1936 been ' covering gradually and that the result of such silicosis and other dust diseases provides > sort of gradual breaking down of the in the opening paragraph cially , and resistance of the employee strength It is hereby declared to be _ and ch was more $ serious in many instances than of the legislature of this the policy occupa enact- traumatic state in admin injury Courts therefore in some states ing this article to prohibit through every wrestled with the problem of construing lawful means available any requirement respec states injury so as to include disease and bring as a prerequisite to employment which disease within the compensation acts 3 compels an applicant for employment in In one state a diseased condition is any occupation coming within the pur- compensable under the act if caused by view of this article to undergo a medical ; the negligence of the employer Occupa- examination a] The el ny tional disease is compensable to some extent in 16 states and the District of The March North Carolina 26 1935 contains * effective Act effective efective @ a provision re cussio 1 ee - employ- won Columbia in five of these states silicosis is not included among the compensable quiring examination both prior to ment and from time to time comp Mr. diseases in one state silicosis is the only ployment during em = Be cours ele occupational disease made compensable In the compensation acts of no other perio eo, ote There is a legal obligation on the some respect Lote of the employer to provide a safe part states were found provisions with 5: time eOSS is work and usually the place to to examination prior to the time of m ual oe matter of ventila- ployment ry tion is featured The mining laws ap- states proach uniformity as to air quantity and 2. Under Other Statutes Five as to equipment for mechanical ventila- Louisiana Maine New Jersey News tion York and Pennsylvania have : Le ce, statutes The right at common law to recover requiring physical examination before an under for occupational disease due negligence employee is permitted to work of the employer is important In three compressed air or in caissons ay states it has been held by the courts that the right never did exist in three states Examination During Employment 3 the the right is extremely doubtful in 12 The five states mentioned in pre-2 states it probably exists although there is ceding paragraph require periodic exam some doubt in 12 other states the right inations during the course of employment seems well settled but is limited in eight under compressed air or in ay caissons of this group in the remaining states and - Missouri statutes provide for examina- the District of Columbia no court de- tion as often a com- cisions can be found which decide the petent as once a month by licensed and reputable ta < physician question as to whether or not such com- of all employees who come into direct mon law right exists It should again be contact with certain poisonous agencies noted that occupational disease is com- or injurious processes and pensable in three states in this last Ohio and With the adoption of group Three states New Jersey Ohio employers Occupational Disease Acts new medical problems arise Penns Rah require to cause mined and more adequate provision is at a least bitte inqui for medical required toload lead examination and treatment : engaged engaged in any work dust This is especially true with respect to dust had solutions pe Metals Section 317 agnosis in that oyment acts The The ovision re ime of his he request self to an . covering . provides , the policy - in enact- ugh every quirement ent which yment in the pura medical effective vision re- employ ring em no other h respect e of em- 5 Examination After Claim for Disability Examination Arises No two state acts contain identical pro- of r visions but in all including the District Columbia that have compensation there is provision for physical ex- facts , facts , Famination after claim for disability arises In five states Kentucky Massachu- setts F New York North Carolina and : West Virginia definite recognition has been sae? given to the importance of some sort of medical board composed of spe- .cially qualified physicians and surgeons and charged with the duty of diagnosing e occupational disease and of advising the administrative board or commission with a respect thereto " states are quite The laws of different and these five should be Vm he Te These points were raised in the discussion following the addresses 1. How much time is required for completing a training course Mr. Davison said that the training course in their plant ordinarily covered a period of one and half years but that some students completed it sooner The time required depends upon the individual studied separately for details but in each occupational disease including silicosis is compensable The importance of roentgenograms in any thorough physical examination for pneumoconiosis is well known This importance is recognized in the Acts of New Jersey New York North Carolina and West Virginia Medical Treatment In the 17 states including Maryland in which occupational disease is to some extent compensable the acts usually en- title the claimant to a limited amount of medical surgical and hospital care measured in money cost or length of time covered by treatment 2. Is it advisable to limit the number of students per teacher Ten students per instructor is a good ratio . 3. Which gases present the greatest harzards in welding Silicon gases are the most harmful The risk come by plies however has largely been overmanufacturers of welding sup- ve states 13 New statutes efore an kunder kunder ment the pre- c exam- loyment ons xamina- a com- ysician direct agencies io and o cause month r proc . t lead | THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 8 1936 Metals Section Safety Contest Two hundred and two units were reg- istered istered in the 1936 Contest of the Metals Section During the Contest period 267.792 employees worked 561.788.379 hours with an average frequency rate of 8.030 a decrease of 4 per cent from the 1935 rate of -8.354 Ninety units completed the Contest with a fre- quency rate below the average and 8 per cent of the units finished with perfect records Nineteen plaques and eight certificates were awarded in the Contest The plaques were presented by John B. Gibson Publicity Director Hawthorne works Western Electric Company Chicago and Vice President for Community Safety Councils National Safety Council as follows Steel Mills Division nental Steel Corporati sion Kokomo Group ContiKokomo Divi- hours 12 injuries as.aeie Per De BOety sreARNPprsweciatF*etmfe., tatee ee alt a5 OS, wadeante ongress 669,449 hours nois nois nes Stellite Co nois Kokoma il hours no injuries olling Mill Co. Sixth Street shland juries Ky ( 142,948 mar Mining Section chine Shops Division Group Manufacturing Company Williamsport Penn 1,842 rs no injuries 1,842 chine Shops Division Group ed for first place Hager ge Manufacturing Company Mo 805,007 hours no < B Pump and Supply Com Angeles California 208,23 o injuries Noera Manuiac Waterbury Conn 214,792 214,792 o injuries _ hine Shop DivisCloick Tohrnes Western Clock Com- c III 5.309.320 hours Ig Electric Ventilating Com 2. Ill 370,222 hours no Flex Metal Hose Company * Jersey 146,536 hours arding Pittsburgh Pa Officers 1935-36 General Chairman W. Alt Calumet & Hecla Consolidated Copper Co Calumet Mich | Chairman in Charge of Membership W. GIBBS Harwick Coal and Coke Co. i Pittsburgh Pa Chairman in Charge of Engineering J. DARRETT Oliver Iron Mining Co. Duluth Minn Vice Chairman in Charge of Health LONG Clinchfield Coal Corp. Dante Va Secretary HARRINGTON United States Bureau of Mines Washington D. C. Entertainment Committee Chairman G. METZGER Hudson Coal Co. Scranton Pa Program Committee Chairman N. HOSLER Coal Mine pensation Rating and Inspection Bureau Harrisburg Pa Section Pennsylvania Com ; Poster and Slide Committee Chairman J. FORBES United States Bureau of Mines Pittsburgh Pa Publicity Committee Chairman R. BUDD The Explosives Engineer Wilmington Del -Statistics Committee Chairman W. ADAMS United States Bureau of Mines Wash- * * ington D. - Members at Large M. ARTHUR American Zinc Co. of Tennessee Mascot Tenn JOHN L. Boardman Anaconda Copper Mining Co. Butte Mont ANGUS D. CAMPBELL McIntyre Porcupine Mines Ltd. Schumacher W. H. COMINS National Pigments and Chemical Co. Potosi Mo. Ont Canada THOMAS E. LIGHTFOOT Koppers Coal Co. Pittsburgh Pa GEORGE MARTINSON Pickands Mather & Co. Cleveland Ohio D. D. MOFFAT Utah Copper Co Salt Lake City Utah Wyn 1. O. MURRAY The Union Pacific Coal Co. Rock Springs Wyn R. B. PAUL New Jersey Zinc Co. New York N. Y. L. T. Sicra St. Joseph Lead Co. Bonne Terre Mo. feguarding and ways of proIt included 13 views taken and Chicago District plants Illinois Steel Corporation received from other com- ng the Ashland and Butler he American Rolling Mill Duluth Works of the fF: el & Wire Company the Corporation the Ford y the National Tube Com- , he Pittsburgh Limestone absence of T. H. McKenral chairman of the sec unable to attend |j j H } ae oo Officers Elected for 1936-37 General Chairman W. GIBBS Harwick Coal and Coke Co. Pittsburgh Pa Chairman in Charge of Engineering J. BARRETT U. S. Steel Corporation Sub- sidiaries Duluth Minn Chairman in Charge of Health Long Clinchfield Coal Corp. Dante Va Chairman in Charge of Membership D. CAMPBELL McIntyre Porcupine Mines Ltd. Schumacher Ont Canada Secretary and News Letter DANIEL Washington D. C. Poster and Slide Committee Chairman- J. burgh Pa HARRINGTON HARRINGTON United States Bureau of Mines Founes Un lates lates ofof ei Mines Bureau of Mines en S WSFeis on, Pitt Pitt Pitt le wane a 319 i 000098 nome TTS cee ese em ceri ime, SAND ome center ere tiene . ee ess temetg : ec RO 2 Sie Rs ch ey a eR oe WoopeT laighemlpane asta Safety Congress rt the contest had run 11 months + had time accident in the mills urred September 18 1934 NG SESSION 936 alling attention of supervisor to ex nce of unsafe practice analysis of un practice follow correction Tethods which should be employed to ntain safety among the personnel e outlined as follows struction group departimental and vidual inspection investigation comemployees to follow safety rules and Auctions compel them to use safety ces and guards stunts contests etc staining constant pressure on safety in operating problem acceptance by agement of responsibility toward ty maintaining and using cost rec : foreman training program first aid sing he consensus on the enforcement of plinary measures was ich measures should be enforced by supervisor first by a warning then 1 lay without pay then by demoand if all these fail by discharge only one safety activity were per- od which should be selected The : important activities were selected in following order dividual instruction to workmen by nen because a job done correctly is lly done safely education in a gen sense which could embrace a multi- of minor safety activities training xecutives and subordinates treating ent prevention as a manufacturing em placing it on a par with any - phase of operation INT Officers 1935-36 General . GVeinecreal : Great : . Great Oil Refining Chairman B. ROAPER Humble Oil and Refining Co. Houston Texas Chairman W. BREELAND Lone Star Gas Co. Dallas Division Texas Chairman ASHTON Vacuum Oil Co. Paulsboro Lakes Division Division Chairman BYERS Shell Petroleum Corp. St. Louis : N. N. J. Mo. Continent Division Chairman S. HUFFMAN Oklahoma Natural Gas Co. Tulsa Rocky Okla Rocky Mountain Division Chairman T. Eckwall Stanolind Oil and Gas Co. Mid- 7 west west Wyo Chairman EnHgNeieawnlsethDeirviiLseinotntgerDivision Houston Gulf Division Chairman L. MANES Sun Oil Co. Co. Dallas , Texas Calif Taft Oil Calif Chairman B. Hecox Standard Oil Co. of Editor B. MURPHY Atlantic Refining Co. Philadelphia Calif Calif Pa Texas Committee Chairman A. MILLER The Co. Texas Committed Chairman V. C. BAIRD Humble Oil and Refining Co. Houston Poster Poster Committee Committee Chairman J. MARTINSON Union Oil Co. of California Los Angeles Program Committee Chairman O. LockWOOD The Empire Companies Bartlesville . Okla . Mid Continent Publicity Corp. Committee Chairman H. Savage Continent Petroleum Tulsa Okla - Statistics Committee Chairman W. Myers Standard Oil Co. N.J. New York Y. : Past General Chairmen R. W. BLACK Y. R. S. R. F. DoNoVAN StSatnadnadradrOdil Houston J. New York R. BONSIB CURRIE N. N. Standard Oil Co. of N. J. Elizabeth N. Co. Y. Texas Co. Oil Houston Texas Co. of California San Francisco Francisco Calii Calii L. Hightower United Gas Co. Houston Texas - O. Lockwood The Empire OkOklla a Companies Bartlesville GEO F. PRUSSING Union Oil Co. of California Los Angeles E. J. SENNE Vacuum Oil Co. Inc. New York W. SMITH Standard Oil Co. Ind Chicago Ill D. J. WALLACE Sinclair Prairie Oil Co. Tulsa Okla Secretary N. BLAKESLEE American Petroleum Institute CaClailiff N. New New York York City Officers Elected for 1936-37 General lice lice Chairman W. Creeland Lone Star Gas Co. ; Chairman A J. MARTINSON Union Oil Co. of Ca Co News Letter Editor 11. 2kWN Tide Water Oil 361 =< Shon 45 od Sates : Bey" LEK 2 Fees E75 ; ; i. : xs a 4 39 : is 3 Trent yfifth National Congress Engineering Okla, CiTwenty Twenty Congress Congress Engineering National D. M Committee Engineering Chairman Continent Petroleum MURPHEY Okla Committee Vice Humble Corp. Un) Corp. aw Committee Chairman Chairman and Refining 4 Co. How in Committee Chairman BAIRD MARKEE Phillips Petroleum CoCo,, How. Me Program Committee Phillips Humble Bartlesville and Bartlesville on Hom Texas Committee Chairman GLENN Hom Refining Co. bisc zw Publicity Committee Chairman Statistics Chairman BYERS Shell BYERS Standard Petroleum Corp. York Committee Chairman MYERS Standard Co. N. Texas York York we . Spc Atlantic Division Chairman SIMPSON Great Lakes Chairman McLEAN Company Socony Oil Inc. Y. Be oe: Div Chairman HIATT Vacuum Coal Fort Division Chairman HIATT Texas Pacific Coal Wil Texas Chairman Continent Chairman Oil & Company Tulsa ' vest Shes een Continent Chairman BUTLER BEUTLEAR RILART The Company par! Pacific Division Union Oil Company Calif Los > Alte Rocky Mountain Division Chairman Ind Casper Casper ur Past General Division OSBORN Standard Standard s> char R. Chairmen Standard Oil Co (Tng.) meas W. R. BLACK Standard Co. of N. Bossin Co. Company Houston New York Re V. R. R. The DONOVAN Texas Company Houston Texas Standard Co. San Y. J, Francisco Calif . p-ialal C. HIGHTOWER G L. HIGHTOWER Lockwood O. System United Gas Calif The Companies Francisco Houston Texas Okla t art R. GEO PRUSSING ROAPER Empire Union and CalifBartlesville Calif Calif. Omni Houston EL R. SENNE Humble Oil Oil Refining Refining Co. Houston ' Y. ". pendi Cc. E. C. SENNE SMITH Socony Standard Oil Co. ( Chicago Ind Chicago Ill York N. Cajiz Texas. * gonst: in hs Secretary WALLACE Sinclair PAramireiericaPrnairie Co. Petroleum InOstkitluate . New York We H Blakeslee AmericaPentroleum Institute InstInisttituutte e ne vestig Petroleum Institute a Tet New York, Y, those fo use ee tons Zn of SESSION SESSION Workr . 1936 October October executi SESSION : October 6, 1936 : Genera! The General Chairman Chairman i& Refining RP Refining Houston Houston Texas who 3. ning Co., Houston Houston, Humble Texas, Who : . stant z Roaper the the Chairman ; Investigations Investidgatieons legates and reported Welcome! Investigations on the Investigations year, Investigations the Progress, 7 , Under To Feally on ' coniple Star Supervisor Gas Lone an investigation investigation our must foreman complete the system accident accident reported require quest quest injury the supervisor Cat reported. 1 we Fequire Supery} Cast ps + ' ac ident ot answer 3 few r a partial answered. investigatiog ots 000:cg mittees the lecteg, The . Mittees to recomni construc . guai mends to leaving or however , particula particula purchase respirato ing of ry how iv Particnty Perchasy Tespiras,, Council is could be reviewed reviewed i of the section warded to the and headquar E tal Safety headquar headquar andards or Association the national f committee Section known as ing Section of the Na unCcoimlmimtitgehet ijnoin with making I the use of this * in the cock ^ operation o vast amount of time has been expended is of the three editicas * roduced to date Sure ld be compensated ion of the recommes- - 2 to the accident sita 1 the various industr^ l4 Officers 1935-36 General Chairman M. GODWIN Philadelphia Electric Co. Philadelphia Pa phone Chairmaandn TfeolregTrealpehphCoon.e Naendw TYeolrekgraNp.h Y.Interests P. ELSTUN , American Tele- 1CM10h1Ma10irman for Gas Interests J. BARADA The Laclede Gas Light Co. St. Louis VY -Chairman for Electric Interests H. BROWN . apolis Minn BROWN Northern States Power Co. Minne- Engineering Secretary A. Prolemy Public Service Co. of Northern Illinois Chicago Ill Wews Letter Editor B. InmAN The Philadelphia Gas Committee Works Co. Philadelphia Pa Engineering Ontario Toronto Chairman Ont Canada H. MULLIGAN MULLIGAN Electric Power Commission to code =PuobbesltiisctiigtesybPerusbtliaisctiimetsy Havbestiees High Final the country Committee Chairman HART E. existence of this code FISHER Chicago Rapid Transit Co. Chicago Ill py in your files ; , Wisconsin Power & a with whatever tech Jon ogram Light Co. Madi- may be available Ari ry bodies considering Committee Chairman W.W. LUECK Commonwealth Edison Co. Chicago Ill Committee Chairman Chairman of regulations in this sr tric Co. San San Diego Calif A. Edwards San San Diego Consolidated Gas and Elec- not only to your bestistiesbesties are directly serving and Contest Committee Committee Chairman L. HighTOWER Texas ... HighTOWER United Gas Co. 1 body by drawing gt Houston New ( merican standard | -- Education Committee Chairman P. Duares York N. Duares Consolidated Gas Co. of New York tates which are using Special Safety Codes as the ~ secured4 Councilors Councilors basi lations is constant Appalachian Lincoln Electric Power Co. Weich Weich W. Va nal uniformity on 1 prevention so far 4 " Telephone Michigan Bell and Telegraph Co. Lincoln Lincoln Nebr D. HALL Atlantic Telephone Co. Detroit Mich E.E.I. will not be support is J gives2 = KLINGE Public City Service Electric Co. Atlantic City N. J. MCVAY Consolidated Co. of Colorado Denver Colo ty to the acceptanc Be P. NOYES Central Electric and Gas Maine Power Co. New York N. A.G.A. aX encies of these basi " P. HE SHEDD K. STILES Appalachian Electric Co. Augusta Power Co. Maine codes as the ee Compania -Apartado Cubana de Electricidad Electricidad Bluefield Maximo W. Va me 1715 , Habana Cuba Gomez Antes Monte No. 1 Z ESS E Corp. Corp. Alliance C eneral Ohis Alliance Electric - Ger Join O'Neil Ger 5 st Lynn Mass Producti roit Steel Producti S. BEAUMONT . BOULET The Peoples Wisconsin Gas Light & Coke Co. Chicago Ill A. DOELLER Public Service Corp. Milwaukee Wis EJ Kaza Philadelphia MACLACHLAN PhiladelphiaPoCwoe.r P&ittLsibguhrtghCoP.aDayton Ohio McCumSCH McCumSCH MACLACHLAN McCumSCH BuErleeacutroifcal Engineer Toronto Ont Canada GEORGE OPP The Detroit Safety Edison Chicago Ill Illinois Bell Co. Detroit Mich RUTLAND RUTLAND Texas Telephone Co. Power & Chicago III The Light Co. Dallas Texas WEDDER WWeesstt Penn CShyessatpeemakPeitatnsdburPgehtePmaic Telephone Co. Washington WEDDER Illinois Bell Telephone Co C. ot ee oo mee ee. cow ee. - = PoShore eke Saye ae 4 ret Fase RY National National Congress Congress e. ~ Officers tae te Elected 1936-37 1936-37 -37 5R, y General Officers J. The Laclede Chairman John EARADA EARADA Gas Light Co Louis Louis Mo. Tele Chairman Chairman Telephone Telephone and TelLegarapch lIenteresdts eInterests Interests Elstus American Tele phone Chairman Telegraph Co York DURFEE DURFEE Chairman for Gas Consolidated Consolidated Co. N. Y. Tele. York Y. Elvetr Interests Inc. T Chairman for Interests Northern States Power Co. Min- Phi by Minneapolis 4. PTOLEMY Public Service of Northern Northern Phi: Secretary H C,ONUNIt Committee- Chicago Ill [1]. Pa.. Letter Letter Committee- Chairman Philadelphia INMAN INMAN Chairman The Philadelphia Philadelphia Service Works Co. Philadelphia Philadelphia Pa. CHARLES S. BOWDEN Ohio Public Electric Alliance Atlantic Alliance I. JAMES HALL Atlantic Electric Light Power PoweArtlantic Louis Mu I. St. Louis Mu Mo, Engineering Comite-Committee- Committee- oa . eae aver Br Engineering Committee- Chairman MELLIxx Electric Power Commission Commission Ontario A. A. KLINGF KUHNPuPbleincn SCeernvtircael Co. Colorado Colorado Altoona Pa Ontario Gen E Ger PAUL R. McCann , New EnglanLdigPhotwPeowerr Power Boston Mass Pa. ; ; HIGHTOWER Jours McVay Consolidated Electric and Assn New N. Health Co. New York N. Transit Transit Health Committee Chairman Dr Haut Fisher Fisher . Chicago Transit Transit Co. Pisnel - . Pisnel Education . Com it e Chairman Committee ~ Chairman HIGHTOWER . ; United Gas D.ystent, Publicity Committee Chairman Chairman METACHR Committee- S. The The Toledo _. Edison . Co. Membership Committee- Committee- Toledo. E Mas hav hav jorjor tion : tiontion Gs . plac Nenas Sor: ton tion othe ve te a? . Me 7 a of, ao af, oe; BeEYdf ee Prom hr a c, . 4 ty erheag ata tien abd: saraster ate stajostlee,chelon ledmanptur4 ey ELEY Sentetrnls 4 Aaa i os tc Ce Um = ore Is RAS 8 Hs Lincoln H. HARRY Lueck Chairman Commonwealth BEAMAs BEAMAs Consolidated Gas and Co. Baltimore Md Hil. M. Casien Lincoln Telephone Telegraph Co Nebr M. E. Noyes Central Maine Co. Augusta Electric Eric Maine Maine Nebr. FL E. E. H. RUST Erie County Electric Power Pa Power Bluefield R. Shen Appalachian Electric Bluefield Oklahoma STEELE Okali Gas Cubana Company Electricidad Company Oklahoma City Okla P. Stiles Compania Cubana de Electricidad Habana . Co. DINSMORE Wisconsin Power Program Committee Chairman H. Wis DINSMORE Wisconsin Power & Co. Welch to T reco plac dang dang peg i ; s 5 vatie ie xt . \ . on dec ite: W. Special Representatives Representatives A. Special Va E. E. Chairman Prevention Committee Committee CHAAsRsLocEiSatiAsocioation n Gevert Chairman, Accident Prevention Committee, We American American J American Gas 3, : : . conc Councilers- 000102 0 0102 000102 E. BOULET Wisconsin Wisconsin Public C. G. C. DOELLER DOELLER The Dayton Service Electric Light Co. Dayton Ohio . Roy Gas Rov Roy Gas Philadelphia Philadelphia Electric PittsbC urgh o Philadelphia Pa . KREH P. elphia Company Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pa Canada E. WILLS WILLS MacLain MacLain Toronto Canada B. McCu Electrical Chicago Ill B. GEORGE BureaBu ureau GEORGE IN Edison Company Detroit Mich Canada. F. M. PEPPER Edison Telephone Co. Chicago C. RUTLANTA RUTLANTA is Telephone Company Company . Trs Trs Chesapeake and Potomac Texas J. Vasmania Vasmania The System 2 L. Wenn Chesapeake Pittsburgh LB H. H. F. West West System Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Penn System, Pittsburgh, Pa, D. ' 000102 000102 . ot ; . 3 | 4 ot 27 if iy Gare te da? Twenty National Safety Congress Congress free silica has been shown clinically and experimentally to be capable in itself of producing the nodular fibrosis character- istic of silicosis Our knowledge regarding the harm which may be expected from working in specific dust concentrations is rather limited The question of mixed dusts has provoked considerable discussion In field research and experimental studies to date however it has been found that the injury produced has closely paralleled the percentage of free silica present in the dust In a general way the greater the silica content the greater is the damage Obviously the inhalation of any dust in sufficient concentrations might exceed the ability of the lung to eliminate it Fifty million particles of dust per cubic foot of air seems to be a rather excessive concentra- 25,000 of an inch cannot gain to these smail divisions of the entrance those which be lung and may present in the air inhaled are arrested along the upper res- piratory tract and upon the mucous brane lining the trachea and mem- bronchi From these larger areas they are eliminated along with the mucous tion secre- However research studies have shown that about 60 per cent of indus- trial dust is made up of much smaller particles with an average diameter of be- tween 1 and 3 microns In fact about 7 per cent of industrial dust only par- ticles are of an average diameter greater than 3 microns Thus a large propor- tion of industrial dust is of a size which can penetrate to the finer divisions of the lung . time sign divic be : suffe Ear less mor thir app cart At oni the 010 " tion However workers in the anthra- cite mining operations who were exposed to air which contained concentrations up to that amount the silica content of which ranged up to 5 per cent experi- enced no more respiratory trouble than industrial workers generally Moreover these anthracite workers did not develop silicosis despite prolonged exposure to such concentrations In the haulageways of the anthracite mines where the silica The irritating and toxic effect of these fine silica particles retained in the lungs is first to produce an inflammation in the tissues where they accumulate Following this inflammatory reaction young fibrous tissue cells which harden as they ma- ture gradually replace the delicate lung tissue forming a scar This dense scar tissue is functionless as far as aiding in respiration is concerned and not only decreases the lungs ability to obtain div cha los qui qu de ---- for tin ha content amounted to about 13 per cent a corresponding safe limit for workers appeared to be between 10 and 15 million particles of dust per cubic foot For the rock workers in these mines where the silica in the dust ran as high as 35 to 43 per cent a relatively safe concentration of dust was judged to be about 10 mil- lion particles per cubic foot This latter finding compares with the 10 to 20 million particles per cubic foot which was shown to be a reasonable safe maximum concentration for workers in granite where silica constituted about 25 per cent of the dust inhaled Only the very fine dust particles can gain entrance to the alveoli of the small terminal air sacs but these ticles that do get into these tiny air lung par- sacs can be eliminated only by means of the tissue cells dust cells carrying them away via the lymphatic circulation Particles of silica longer than 10 microns in their longest dimension a micron is oxygen to pass into the blood but also what is more important lessens the na tural resistance of the lung tissue to infection The length of exposure to silica tvaeilnoipnmg ent silicosis atmoosfphere necessavreyryforindtehfeindiet-e silicosis silicosis is is al a indefinite indefinite es es 2-] It would vary with the concentrations of exposed ta silica to which an individual is Signs indicating the presence of silicosis mtea might appear more quickly if the worker has previously suffered from extensive pulmonary infection or if the pulmonary infection develops during the period of employment Where the exposure is excessive typical silicosis has occasionally developed in such brief periods as 1to nm 3 years However except where infec tion has hastened the process in the ma- jority of cases silicosis is seldom estab- a lished in less than 10 to 15 years and rt rarely develops to the point where meas- urable disabling effects are noted until after 15 to Public Health Bulletin No. 217. The determination and control %. . . Quarry Section 433 He is not in his sur the organiza- responsibility ing ntains a few at it is one ously considvaluable time it We have a half hour ng our plant are kept free - worn plates between the so that the run no risk shifting cars scows and erial and lines ed to prevent ore no other and rails are * prevent men The plant is night operaher walkway il water ice piled so that : displaced by ^ or Standards 10. for a long ed in an athey breathed " contained an excessive concentration of Frequently Frequently reports have appeared in the literature listing the chief occupations which are considered hazardous because of their silica exposure These no doubt true statements but they cannot are ^ all employed taken to mean that workers employed in these trades or industries are harm- . fully exposed In some cases few of the employees in the cited industries are at work with processes contributing to a silica hazard In other instances al- though all the processes are dusty and potentially dangerous effective control measures are in operation and no real hazard present Perhaps it would be more proper to state that the following most potentially occupations are the hazardous from the viewpoint of silica exposure Abrasive makers Abrasive makers Blasters sand Brickmakers Coal miners Core makers Foundry workers Glass makers Glass mixers Granite quarriers Hard miners Metal grinders Pottery makers Pneumatic rock drillers Polishers Sanders Stone finishers Slate quarriers Slate finishers Sand pulverizers Tunnelers . Vitreous enamelers In a survey carried out in a typical industrial area it was found that about 9 per cent of the workers were employed in occupations where a potential silicosis hazard is known to exist Lanza and Vane estimated in 1934 that about 500.- ee 000 men were then working under condi- tions which were harmful to their health from the viewpoint of silica inhalation but such a statement does not mean that this number of men are doomed to die from the effects of such exposure Many of these workers may in the near future be working under different conditions either because they sought employment elsewhere or because the existing hazards will have been controlled Occupational diseases are reportable by law in but a few states As result accurate information regarding the incidence of silicosis is not available Based upon data furnished by field studies and census reports various estimates have been made as to the number of workers potentially and actually exposed to a silica hazard Less than 25 per cent of the employees in the zinc and lead mines in the State Area and of the workers in the hard coal mines of Pennsylvania were found to have developed silicosis in any form In Massachusetts according to a report of a Special Commission less than 23 per cent of representative granite workers examined and less than 12 per cent of representative foundry workers had silicosis in any form Causes of Silicosis The mere contact with silica dust does not of course result in silicosis The development of silicosis in an individual is dependent upon the concentration of dust in the air he breathes the amount of free silica in the dust the size of the silica particles and the length of time the worker is exposed to the dusty atmosphere Some contributing forces are the presence of other irritating dusts and active pulmonary infection The lung with impaired lymphatic drainage resulting from previous infection can less readily eliminate the silica particles inhaled and thus predisposes to a more extensive accumulation of silica in the lung In the final analysis only dust containing * Public Health Bulletin No. 216. area in the United States The potential problems of industrial hygiene in a typical industrial Comme Lanza A. J. Vane Robert J. The prevalence of silt silt Tuberculosis the general upon the incidence of tuberculosis American V Review of Tuberculosis Jan. 1914 Savers R. Meriwether F. V Lanza A. J. Adams W. Silicost miners ci the State District of Oklahoma Kansas and Missouri U. Department of Commerce Technical Paper 345 1978 silicosis Public Health Bulletin No. 221. Anthraco among hard coal mis mis Report to the General Court of the Special Industrial Disease Comme Massachusetts House No. 1350 Feb. 1934 population and its effect Streau ae rou! Streau of Mines of the ae Commonwealth of 7 es jane tty Me ngress Quarry Section of tongs and wear a es and goggles The dge hammer does not does not wear gloves give him a better grip on mer handle and without goz the able to see more clearly struck operator uses an electrical mall piece of work it should st in a vise Under no should should small work be held -it should be either made fasolicity or clamped to a work rule applies while filing smaltistics at all times they should be Officers 1935-36 2 Peral Chairman ^ LEXANDER FOSTER JR Warner Co. Philadelphia Pa E Chairman RAREY The Marble Cliff Quarries Co. Columbus and News Letter Editor B. SIPE J. E. Baker Co. York Pa retary Chairman F. YOTTER The General Crushed Stone Co. faster Comite Committee National Crushed Stone Assn Committee Chairman R. Bovn fasolicityC. smDaltis.ticssmaltisC.tics Committee Chairman W. Adams U. S. S. Bureau of Mines D. Ohio Easton Pa Washington Washington at Large- Timbers a portable electric grinder ; [ V. P. AHEARN National Sand and Gravel Assn 1 be taken with the leads 9:. WILLM.IAGMraH.veBsakTeher JG.enEe.raBlakCerrusChoe.d YSotrokne PCao. Co. pping the man should alwan 10A.. L. WorthEx The Connecticut Quarries gles An accident occurred = Washington Easton Pa New Haven D. C. Conn employee used this type of properly He made it fast w d used it to sharpen a tool A I away the wheel exploded te entering his groin The d been placed on a board with 1 to the board This guard n as of aluminum and would n orded much protection eres were placed the opposite way tigation it was found that tester was not operating and that the the wheel was about two tima hould have been e. Officers Elected for 1936-37 Grace Grace AlexanDER FOSTER JR Warner Co. Philadelphia Pa RAREYRAREY The Marble Cliff Quarries Co. Columbus L ChaaindrNemwsaLn etter Editor B. Sipe J. E. Baker Co. York Pa Ohio SecretaryCommittee Chairman F. YottER The General Crushed Stone Co. Easton Pa tester Publicity Committee Chairman R. Boyd National National Crushed Stone Assn Washington atistics D. C. Committee Chairman W. Adams Adams U. S. Bureau of Mines Washington D. C. Members at Large- V. P. Ahearn National Sand and Gravel Assn Washington D. C. **WILLIAM H. Baker J. E. Baker Co. York Pa 0. M. GRAVES The General Crushed Stone Co. Easton Pa we S. WALTER STAUFFER National Lime Association Washington D. fiew " L. WORTHEN The New Haven Trap Rock Co. New Haven Conn ce i; . ma. eT, | oSywine Role WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION ae > October 7 1936 f c < act ye GeWnearranlerfirst Warner session Chairman Company was called to order by Alexander Foster Jr Philadelphia Pa who presided welcoming the delegates and outlining the activities ing the year the Section dur- the my Rene Taretee t 425 432 Twenty National Safety Congress Hazards in and about the plant are discussed and corrections recommended A he is out with his friends He is not only proud but interested in his Sur contained an free silica short study of first aid is covered at each meeting If time permits some interesting article from the National Safety roundings He is part of tion and that feeling of encourages operation the organiza responsibility , Frequently the literature which are c News is briefly covered or some new of their silic safety device is placed on display for Good Housekeeping are true sta consideration The personnel and safety department issues a monthly Foremen's Bulletin which is distributed to all plants Each issue contains an editorial a first aid instruction page a Voice of Safety experience page containing illustrated safety devices that foremen have sent in relat- ing to some accident problems and how they were solved This is followed by several pages showing competitive stand- Every safety program contains a few thoughts on this topic but it is one practice that is seldom seriously consid ered It is so hard to use valuable time to clean up yard and plant We have learned differently About a half hour each day is spent in keeping our plant shape Our walkways are kept free from sand and gravel lines worn plates and screens The spaces between the taken to me in these tra fully expose employees i work with silica hazar though all potentially measures a hazard pre more prop ing of foremen according to severity railroad tracks are cleaned so that the occupations rates The last few pages cover a sum- brakemien and firemen will run no risk hazardous mary of all time and reported accidents during the previous month of injury from falls while shifting cars The decks of our tugs scows and exposure Abra dredges are kept free of material and lines - Abro Employer Relations are properly coiled and placed to prevent Blas If an employee is happy with his work his comrades and general surroundings he is proud of his company He has been given a chance to help develop the safety program Perhaps the company's house organ has honored him for a note- worthy suggestion Maybe he was in a group picture of accident workers These are subjects of conversation when one from = stumbling Where no other protection can be given hand rails are placed on tugs and barges to prevent mien from falling overboard The plant is thoroughly illuminated for night opera- tion Floors steps and other walkway surfaces are kept free of oil water ice and snow Materials are piled so that they will not easily fall or be displaced by vibration Bric Coa Cor Fou Gla Gla Gra Har Mei Pot ewr Pr Cen Po Sar Ste wre Sic Sl THURSDAY MORNING SESSION Sa October 8 1936 T Vi Silicosis An Occupational Disease Hazard By ROY R. JONES M. D. Passed Assistant Surgeon U. S. Public Health Service Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor Silicosis is in the strict sense of the term an occupational disease It has not been reported as affecting any individu- als except period mospher In dustrial per cent in occup hazard Vane e Publ area int * Lan upon the Sayr * miners miners o Departme _ Passed Assistant Surgeon U. Public Health Service Rep Massach n entrance lung and in the air upper res cous mem nd large they are ous secre dies have of indus th smaller eter of be- fact only dust par ter greater ge propor size which ons of the at of these the lungs tion in the Following ing fibrous they ma licate lung dense sca aiding in not only to obtain ! but also as the na ssue to in- silica or the de- indefinite strations ci s exposed of siliccsis extensive pulmonary period of sure is ex- ccasionally 3 as 1 to here infecin the maSom estabyears and here meas noted unti Quarry Section 435 Clinical Signs and Diagnosis diagnosis of silicosis may some- besuffering times be most difficult There are no or symptoms symptoms exhibited by the in- sdiigvnisdual with with silicosis which may not also found upon upon examination of persons from other respiratory diseases suffering silicosis un- - in the Early development complicated by pul- less the condition there indivdcuoamlp'liscated individual's _ monary complicated little if any- infection there individual's affected individual's generagelneral the shortness appearance to suggest the disease The is of breath cardinal symptom At the beginning this may be apparent oAt nly following exercise but as fibbreath rosis oisf increases the lung increases shortness may become more marked and least manifest upon upon the least definitely established silicosis is definitely exertion exertion . established When in- the in- Considerable discussion has been cre- ated by the question of the manner in which silicosis contributes to disability and the methods used for determining the degree of disability Detailed studies made upon large representative groups of workers have shown that in a majority of cases a condition accurately diagnosed as silicosis may exist and yet there is no measurable decreased capacity for work Therefore it is important to remember that a diagnosis of silicosis does not al- ways mean that the individual is disabled Individuals with silicosis have been shown to be more susceptible to pulmonary infection and for that rea- son simple silicosis may be considered as contributing to disability which is primarily tthhee result of a pulmonary infec- tion dividual usually breathes whose lungs have Normally elasticity Normaly the time Normally Normally re- characteristic lostquired to inhale is longer than that refibrosis- qquiureid red to exhale ThThe e pulmonaryfibrosis fibrosis developed in the person with silicosis will not permit the lung to collapse as readily as the normal lung The ffoor rbreathibreathing ng out mmaayy be time two two required or three times greater than that required for in- halation In the advanced silicotic this phenomenon may be as marked as in th^' case of chronic asthma silicotic the silicotic iinndidviiduvail dual following Tcohme- Commonly more marked dry marked plains of a The the morning and following exercise sputum may sometimes be tinged The fact that ray findings are 50 important has led to the erroneous diagnosis con- diagnosis diagnosis positive cluclussioin on by by some that a positive may be made by examination of the films may by Careful avail alone Such is not the case Careful consideration of all the evidence able is essential before an authoritative mortem diagnosis may be lishlieshded A complete complete occupatiooccnupaatilonal A estabrecord record individual's should be The medical history are of and the individual's complaints limited but definite value in all cases The progress of the pulmonary changes serves to indicate the role played by infection Since silicosis predisposes to pulmonary infection particularly tubercu- losis every effort should be made to de- coughing especially following severe at- tacks Excessive coughing with the rais- termine if the infection is tuberculosis In many instances this will call for purulent usually ing of dicates infection sputum in- When the person with silicosis develops an extensive compulsiucaaltl-y will he ing pulmonary infection show constitutional evidence of the infec- tion Digestive ailments loss of weight and strength fever and severe chest pain are commonly experienced Particularly when these signs persist they may gen- erally be considered indicative of serious more than tion of the tion with simple microscopic examinasputum Guinea pig inoculathe formalin sputum will frequently show tubercle bacilli that are not readily demonstrated otherwise Some cases may require repeated exami- nation in order to rule out the more com- mon pulmonary ailments as causes of the pathological pathological changes observed complicating pulmonary infection The lung changes shown by means of the ray are the most specific findings of the disease but these too are similar to the film changes produced by other pulmonary lesions No diagnosis of silicosis should be considered established in the living individual without an ray study being made Prevention of Silicosis The responsibility for the control of the silicosis hazard in a plant rests di- rectly upon the employer sharply from the distribution This differs of respon- sibility in the field of indistrial indistrial accidents In the case must Share of accident some of thesponsibility the employee thesponsibility thesponsibility Es: Hank wLeis e , RECs YonaledeatserealAP ink ES =: aea) ' $e rors > a a. cited ad tip 4 Ks ete 17 1Far a ET 3g oe -- fa RSENS ohh Se Tae < "han. fae SO os 430 Treenty National Safety Congress Silicosis on the other hand does not de- velop from a temporary or single expo- sure and proper supervision offers the management ample to deal summarily with the of workers opportunity careless of- fender before serious damage can result Effective control may be stated primarily to depend upon the management's atti- tude toward a sound comprehensive program of prevention based upon our pres- ent knowledge of the disease The prevention of silicosis is dependent upon the application of cooperative medical and engineering methods Silicosis itself seldom advances to a degree which becomes disabling unless the con- cosis are particularly susceptible to pul- monary tuberculosis When management fails to take the necessary precautions to guard against the placing of men with tuberculosis in a dusty environment they increase the problem of controlling tuberculosis among the population as a whole Since any pulmonary infection may be such an important contributing factor in disabling silicosis the relationship of the medical personnel to the em- ployee should be such that he is assured immediate advice and early treatment if necessary for respiratory infections which may develop during the period of em- ployment annecess annecess sweeping before s sweeping lessens t taminatio In sor other we the dust zone of particula ing ope work source c ulating dition is complicated by pulmonary in- regular fection Adequate medical supervision requires that provision be made for 1. Medical staff with special training we, It is not enough that the physicians be basically quali^-ed in their profes- Physical examinations made at intervals afford an opportunity for early detection of any harmful effects due to working environment Where they are found plant conditions may be corrected before serious injury results The fre- strongly be don workin time to lowed with d most d a sion They must also be familiar with quency with which these examinations It is industry to such a degree that they know should be made will depend upon the certain what health hazards are commonly as- physical condition of the men and the worker WT sociated with specific industries More- nature of the process in which they are enviro over they must know the fundamentals engaged For this reason it is highly ona of engineering control applicable to these important that the medical personnel be pirator must e hazards so that they may cooperate ef- familiar with the condition of the men Se ment fectively with the engineering staff upon entering employment and with the du 2. An organized program including their later physical condition They must tration Ose detailed employment physical exam- also know the physical requirements of dividu hg inations careful periodic physical exam- the occupation the particular health haz- such PS inations and adequate control and study ards associated with it and the practical simple of respiratory illnesses affecting employ- means for rendering conditions of em- satisi Ee ees and an effective system of recording ployment safe in , eT and reporting industrial accidents and oc- There are many ways in which me- shoul cupational diseases chanical or engineering methods can be sure ee employment physicial examinations adapted to insure clean air in the work- M should be made for the purpose of placing room Where possible dusty operations used PAD workers in positions for which they are should be isolated from other plant ac- SED, physically fit to carry on with safety to themselves and their workers No tivities thereby exposing as few workers as possible to even a potential silicosis convincing evidence is available to show hazard Local exhausts removing dust at that a disabling silicosis affecting a its source and preventing its dissemina- worker will progress more rapidly if the tion into the workroom atmosphere are individual remains at work under condi practical for many operations To accom- tions reasonably controlled than if he is plish this in some instances may require given another type of work Therefore complete enclosing of the process When those without evidence of active pulmonary infection may be safely employed in any capacity provided the conditions under which they are working are reasonably controlled We have proof that individuals with active tuberculosis will have their condition aggravated by silica exposure and that individuals with sili- local exhaust or enclosed processes are not effective or practical air filtering IT con systems or simple general workroom t ventilation removing the dusty air and keep replaci : quarters keep Fr with clean air may serve 10 safe -- - quarters safe i} ; He should meth- ods be given to the thing the workrooms Much 3 legi cou CO jur ---- . < pul ment S to with they % tuas a ction ating ition- : em sured nt if which em gular early ut to y are rected e fre ations n the d the yare highly nel be ' men with * must nts of th haz ractical of em : me- can be work- erations ant ac workers silicosis dust at semina- ere are accom require . When ses are altering orkroom air and serve to ne meth- Much Section +37 Quarry unnecessary dust dust unnecessary procedures dust sweeping efficiently sweeping is created by careless wetting Either Either wetting down or the use of moist before methods or vacuum cleaning sweepingthis source of atmospheric be lessens con- tamination operations water sprays and In some operations to keep wetting down methods serve breathing otherdusty particles out of the breathing the These are worker methods zone of the and load- blasting adapted to particularly tunnel relying In mining and contain ing operations chief rare in- be the work where blasting may of atmospheric atmospheric contamination contamination reg- source time for doing doing such work is ulating the This work should strongly recommendsheifdts or after regular seldom be done betwen shifts either suficient suficient working hours In either case of al- for the air air to clear should be toxic time the use of drills lowed Wet drilling or practical in with dust traps attached are ceive they ef iciently periodic inspection to insure that are properly maintained and work That which is collected at its point of origin and dust removed from the general atmosphere of the work- should so disposed of that there room is no chance of its again heing circulated in the workroom Substitution Substitution of Product Frequently an effort has been made to to eliminate the silica hazard by upon substitute materials which relying no silica While this may in stances be both necessary and practical practical , in many it h^s proven a measmu earsuere of it little value furthermore , it can seldom considered be considered a complete solution but problem We have seen the similar attempts in the use of results solv- ents Aside from the fact that tthhe e sub- stitute may be less efficient often its operations most drilling equally It is sometimes impossible to operate and in such such way that the devel certain processes worker can avoid exposure to a dusty environment Under such conditions res of sil- piratory protection of an approved type must be provided The type of equip- measures ment to he furnished will depend upon whose the duration of exposure and the concen- tahree wweellll tration and type of dust to which the in- dividual is exposed For short periods of rely adop- such exposure or much less simple filter type for emergency use a of respirator may be that satisfactory For continuous employment that sinatisufnascatfoery atmospheres the employee should be equipped with a positive pres- proves for sure helmet or an airline respirator that All mechanical or engineering devices used as a means of prevention should re- is associated with a health hazard equally dimcult to control Effective equally tical control methods have been devel oped to insure the safe operation of processes requiring the handling iccous materials It is a far wiser to depend upon proper control measures and continue being a material of silmeasures qualities in controllable limits understood than it is to omit the tion of control measures and a product concerning which is known It must be remembered oc- cupational diseases develop slowly slowly often only after years of exposure and the fact that a substitute material a few years is no guarantee that it is altogether harmless What the Employer Should Know About By THEODORE C. WATERS Silicosis Mullikin Stockbridge & Waters Baltimore Md Prior to the adoption of the workmen's acts by our several state compensation legislatures an employee injured in the course cover juries of his employment could only from his employer for those which could be attributed to re- inthe Begligence While of his employer Hable for his own negligence negligence That the employer was not t for the dan gers of the employment , a ore assumed by the employee The matrib- was matrib- utory negligence vi the negligence of his were similarly availa... employer Therefore employee a The and : : oO antthse Hennig the : this industrial disputes 2 this te ee ey a] es ee oe e Be: Es OS Fee erae wer Wart Yon ELE S552 o et dn. RmaraeAh deb lB hNe eds. He PS +. Twenty National Safety Congress legal status employees resorted to actions at common law to obtain compensation for injuries based upon the alleged neg- ligence of the employer The main purpose of the authors of the workmen's our several the remedy remedy for during the These acts compensation acts enacted by state legislatures was to make granted thereby the exclusive injuries suffered by employees course of their employment stripped the employer of his common law defenses including 1. Failure to prove the employer's negligence 2. Assumption of risk by the employer 3. Contributory negligence of the employee and negligence of his fellow ser- vants In other words the compensation acts made the employers insurers of the safety of their employees against accidental in- juries On the other hand the compensation acts deprived the employee of his right of common law action for accidental injuries sustained by him in the course of his employment We must bear in mind however that the workmen's com- pensation acts did not purport to cover occupational disease injuries but solely accidental injuries that is those injuries which occurred at a specific place at a certain time and which could be ascer- tained and determined coincidentally with the infliction of the injury Forty states and the District of Co- lumbia have enacted workmen's com- pensation alone not ent time acts Arkansas and Mississippi having such acts at the presCompensation acts which ex- clude compensation for occupational dis- eases either expressly or by judicial in- terpretation have been enacted in thirtytwo states Fourteen states and the District of Columbia have a Workmen's compensation acts which include compensation for occupational diseases either expressly or by judicial interpretation or b specific occupational dis- ease acts With respect to those courts holding that the workmen's compensation acts do not provide an exclusive remedy to an employee whereby the employee retains his common law right of action for injuries sustained by him in the course of his employment such ruling is based substantially upon the reason that since compensation workmens signed primarily to acts were de compensate for traumatic injuries they replace the ployer's common law liability em- solely for those injuries sustained by accidental means justrial pla | with the a by the tim zen of the { against th Therefore impossible with respect to those per- sonal injuries sustained by other as for example silicosis since means it is not compensable under the compensation acts the employee still retains his com- mon law right of action therefor based | upon the negligence of his employer common With respect to those courts holding that the Workmen's Compensation acts do | provide exclusive remedy such ruling is based primarily upon the language of the act and the further ruling that an em- ployee had no common law right of action for occupational disease injury Need fo The ult | of compe found in will remo that work inated suc some legi inate suc ease inju The he compens Legal Basis for Recovery his c dustrial ; The usual form of declaration contains is engag allegations that the defendant manufacturer caused the plaintiff to work in an atmosphere where silica dust existed that to The con sires fered act the defendant knew or should have known that certain materials used by the defendant employer contained harmfuolr dangerous agencies of silica which were destructive to life and health in the human body that the defendant was guilty of negligence in failing to warn the plaintiff of the danger and in failing To at the subj preventi therefor than is certain subject attentio to provide the plaintiff with a safe place in which to work or safe appliances with which to work that thereby the silica became introduced into the plaintiff's lungs and body causing him permanent injury In th licity has ser ing pu cases The defense pleadings set up the de- fense of assumption of risk by the plaintiff the plaintiff's contributory negligence the negligence of the plaintiff's fellow control You ar that in ployees and ac servants and a general denial of the al- legations of negligence as charged by the plaintiff . us by In is one It is needless for me to emphasize the fort of seriousness of this type of litigation } certair Class is arrayed against class The local hazard press in those places where the causes are tried will carry sensational headlines are av elimin with respect the ap capita the trial describing Edisease and emphasizing each tion _ minst the manufacturer Suits will i bowingly but by the dozens possii care 5s ensation acts were de to compensate for . they replace the em law liability solely for ustained by accidental respect to those per tained by other means silicosis since it is not der the compensation te still retains his com i action therefor based ence of his employer hose courts holding that Compensation acts do remedy such ruling is pon the language of the her ruling that an emimmon law right of aconal disease injury sis for Recovery : of declaration contains the defendant manufacplaintiff work in an : silica dust existed that new or should have in materials used by the er contained harmful or es of silica which were ife and health in the hat the defendant was nce in failing to warn he danger and in failing aintiff with a safe place or safe appliances with that thereby the silica ed into the plaintiff's causing him permanent leadings set up the deion of risk by the plain- contributory negligence of the plaintiff's fellow general denial of the al- gence as charged by the for me to emphasize the this type of litigation against class The local places where the causes try sensational headlines the trial describing the ase and emphasizing each : the manufacturer Suits gly but by the dozens munity wherein the in- . Quarry Section 439 dustrial plant is located becomes aroused with the attendant industrial chaos and by the time trial day arrives every citizen of the community is so prejudiced against the defendant that it is almost impossible to procure an impartial trial Need for Compensation Legislation The ultimate solution of the problem of compensation for silicosis must be found in some type of legislation that will remove this dispute from the field of common law suits In the same way that workmen's compensation acts eliminated such actions for accidental injuries some legislation must be devised to eliminate such actions for occupational dis- ease injuries The honest employer desires to provide compensation for those injuries occurring to his employees as a result of the industrial processes in which the employee is engaged and which are peculiar there- to The honest employee similarly desires compensation only when he has suf- fered actual injury To attempt any detailed discussion of the subject of silicosis in industry and preventive and compensatory legislation therefor would consume far more time than is available However there are certain basic principles relating to the subject to which I desire to call your attention In the first place the nation publicity that has been given to this problem has served a fortunate purpose in molding public opinion to eliminate such diseases from industry so far as engineering control thereof is capable of doing so You and I as citizens recognize the fact that industry should provide for its employees a safe place in which to work and accept this obligation imposed upon us by law In the second place the problem itself is is one that calls for the cooperative effort of both capital and labor There are certain industrial processes wherein the hazard of silicosis exists and today there are available mechanical improvements to eliminate or control this hazard Upon capital rests the burden of the installation of such mechanical equipment as will musimize the hazard in so far as is possible An affirmative duty of constant care is imposed upon industry to perfect its mechanical improvements for control However for their part those who labor must be educated in the ways and means of protection to carry out the principles of good housekeeping that employers and responsible State agencies may suggest and utilize such protective appliances that may be offered for their protection If employers and employees alike recognize and discharge these duties effec- tive results should be obtained in mini- mizing the hazard and controlling diseases arising therefrom Again with respect to compensatory legislation occupational disease compensation should not be permitted to become health insurance and upon industry should be imposed only those costs which compensate injuries that are peculiar to the particular industries in which the employees are engaged Form of Silicosis Compensation Acts For many who have given but superficial thought to this problem it has been somewhat easy to say that compensation for silicosis injuries should take similar form to that for accidental injuries The vice of such thought is in our failure to recognize the essential differences between the two types of injuries to wit that accidents occur at a specific time at a specific place in a specific way under a specific employer while silicosis and other occupational disease injuries are the result of the accumulation of injurious substances over an extended period of time in different forms or types of employment and even under different employers Therefore the practical administration of the thought to compensate silicosis injuries in a manner similar to accidental injuries has not proved satisfactory and some other solution must be found We have seen that in considerng the national development of compensation acts their original design was to cover only accidental injuries in form and in methods of administration they were not designed to cover occupational diseases It may be true that certain occupational diseases have characteristics strikingly similar to traumatic such as an- thrax and lead ease develops im My p^: where dis- My after exposure and the developi 0 Twenty National Congress Congress Congress rapid and become disabling, fatal or rapid and become disabling fatal fatal cured that within limited limited period time On the certain certain hand are certain approval forms occupational occupational diseases for ample silicosis where alike injuries sus- hope tained represent accumulation accumulation accumulation the jurious jurious substances substances over extended follow riod time disablement disablement successive em- exposure hazards under ployers Therefore considering legis- Therefore considering must must lation occupational occupational occupational diseases problem with recognize recognize fact that the problem problem neces- which we propose deal accidental injury administration sity different from the administrative impos problem and that administrative must be pdreo-- visions such legislation legislation this particu signed especially have been it not unreasonable unreasonable intelligent intelligent unreasonable men laepgpirsolvatailon emsplioymerilarly meeoctcupwatiitohnalthmeedicexiastenlce approval employer employee Furthermore reasonable reasonable dustry that such legislation legislation eliminate The possibility possibility expensive eliminate that arise and serve litigation that missions parties parties the social needs of interested this problem medical problem formity sible achievement my not legislation legislation not distinctly distinctly . standpoi achievement distinctly greatly of are men are existence r dete 1 taken dete missions taken medical medical I wisk problem be th standpoi m their far m visable country Industrial lar problem the different different sections country tha heal | I problem 2 professional critic of Work- Compensation answer and what state the New to the prob heal tha men's Laws in effect in tirely the state and New York may en- en- ployers hea: e country Compensation one thing is certain tirely distinct from the an- en- pational a this country country but perfect Some of their separate problem California California Any pensation none them perhaps unjust either legislation legislation proposed proposed be adopted an. pensation fra legislation provisions provisions for the employee and ditions the employer employer administration of these to cer- particular particular working working suitable particular particular State Any con- suci H r tainly the human element therein pro- ditions applicable applicable applicable recognitiown hrecognitiion ch con. industria suci: visions visions to certain inequities may However contention give acts were the result of the of this contention fact will eliminate unnecessary with respect such recognition it unnecessary may B to need of transferring the disputes arising between legislation with proposed legislation respect to such pur- formation formation employer and employee to some State of to agency whereby they might be settled Again speak labor labor have your par other ooftheortherthanFrtohmat provided by our courts my own observation the cates of the called called cupational cupational disease acts inclusive advo- oc- ' judgment judgment th ployers of par silicosis litigation , believe that from the inclusive judgment oc ployers occupational occupational mation th standpoint standpoint of employee employer the employee and and public acts inevitably and enable occupational insurance Department with it Our some agency established established the Department Department charged com- compens thereof courts courts of should should employers for administration administration . bute pensation determine determine liability injuries sustained by pensation human that may ; compens occupational disease injuries sustained occur employees employees employees thecourse of their ji their employees by employment employment course of may te employment the Another T I problem problem of sili s: ties mentioned existed under compen- ties that existed the administration administration compensation compensation In Bt The 7 accrued most instances where where _, drought sation sation acts and However their believe to- liability exist employees employees of 4 day provisions day it is fair However repeal those that any attempt compensation compensation silicosis accumulated have acumulated the injurious substances substances ns that accumulated condition condition during term & to to effect the repeal with acts combined employment employment before proposed acts of employer and employee Ph sistance sistance interest would desire transalfiekre legislation legislation that liability Neither interest courts administering back back the administering common question respect to believe believe %, se inequitable industry industry saddle expense thereof JE some law, law employers legal question liability method one 1 and some 2. | accidental accidental injuries susemployers employers employees course be tained tained employment employees the their accrued =A method should be found apportioning apportioning liability liability . time element Another Another just employment course of their considered considered important important element of the ae istration of our compensation compensation satisfactory satisfactory compensation laws pensation Intilation pointment silicosis satisfactory certain interests they satisfactory to Certain ites intereste as they sion competent provi the pointment of competent 4 pensation pointment sion should be a competent 000112 the for . tapiton 000112 000112 000112 000112 000112 Quarry Section 441 hod, = ot unreasonable ccupational disease ly meet with the employer Se and is tion is reasonable tion may eliminate sive litigation that he social needs a this problem board Neither lawyers nor lay- the position to pass upon medical questions nor to determine the medical of occupational discases in in- existencenor the disabling effect thereof dustry determination determination of such injuries must The be taken from lay juries and from com- .missions incompetent to determine such medical questions I do not believe that modern society will countenance the continued failure of many industries to utilize such available methods of engineering control as will tend to minimize the hazard and I hope that in your industrial processes each of you here assembled will renew your interest and activities with respect to your own important departments of industrial hygiene g compensation for Necessity of Prevention Labor for its part must discharge its heretofore ave been wish to emphasize what to me.seems duties with full appreciation of the haz- ne states vary both provisions for their I to be the most important aspect of this From the ards that are present in the particular in- dustries wherein its members are en- is judgment uni problem namely prevention standpoint of those who labor they should gaged There must be no hearted is not only pos- interested in the maintenance use of protective appliances with which out distinctly inad itions vary greatly be far more of their health in their particular employ- labor may be supplied Similarly there be hearted enforcement of ment than in compensation for injuries to must no ns of the country health From the standpoint of em- factory rules and regulations with respect answer to the prob that the cost of prevention of occu- to the use of such appliances Again & York may be en- ployers disease injuries will be but a there must be a cooperative observance tinct from the an- in California Any pational small fraction of the ultimate cost of com- of rules and regulations that may be laid state officials ~es > be adopted mus pensation for such injuries With respect to silicosis through agen- down by safety engineers or with respect to health conditions in your cular working con ir State in which i cPiuebsliscucHheaalsthyoSuerrvo icwenantdheotUhneirtesdtatSetaatneds plaTnhtes problem of health must become a oryry frank recognition industrial organizations in which indus- major consideration by all interests in- ninate unnecessary I to such proposed try may have confidence there is availin- volved and I honestly believe that with full cooperation by employer and em- able to you as employers scientific formation as to methods of eliminating ployce alike industry may be well on its friends who pur- most of the silica hazard that exists in way to elimination of this hazard and or have been advo- your particular industries If for none may relegate the problem of compensa- inclusive oc- other than selfish reasons you as em- tion for such injuries to such statutory In my judgment ployers should make use of this infor- provisions as the state may see fit to cupational disease ination The initial cost may seem great adopt reasonable in their provisions but o health insurance but it will many times repay the cost of unnecessary to enforce because of the ment charged with reof to award com- compensation for silicosis injuries previous elimination of the hazard uman ills that may the course of their he problem of sili- gislation is that of The Thursday morning session was brought to a close with a general round table discussion on The Work of the Quarry Section ost instances where xist the employees injurious substances ion during the term efore such proposed me effective With ADJOURNMENT ity I believe it is the expense thercoi riven time and some nd for apportioning ce rtant element to be ting of silicosis com e should be a provi- ent of a competent we ee we Safety Equipment Equipment Equipment Section 485 thedis- iding attractiv~ nibitors with daily tes publicizing 1 Committee The talks at a series of ects had been pre- 1 at the National ecord of the Safety ill be found else else tings nted were those of ttee the Finance ies Committee and ittee Committee appoint- ater by the Execu- at members would ts by mail inue the positions and = assistant : basis American Mutual Liability Insurance Company Boston Mass Insurance Workmen's Compensation Property Damage and American Optical Company Southbridge Mass " Head and Eye Protection Products Arntzen * Inc. Chicago Illinois Auxiliary Emergency Stretcher and First Aid Equipment . General ~ Arroway Traffic Signal Corporation Kingsport Tenn . Tramic Control Signals ~ Associated Guard Manufacturers Chicago Ill Dust Control Units and Mechanical Safety Guards . se , Frank E. Barnes Company Chicago Illinois Electrician's Rubber Gloves Beacon Corporation Minneapolis Minnesota Direction and Danger Signals for Motor Transport Vehicles Bendix Products Corporation South Bend Indiana Automotive Equipment . Robert A. Bernhard Rochester New York First Aid Supplies Blatchford Corporation Chicago Illinois Tramic Signals and Markers Bradley Washfountain Company Milwaukee Wisconsin Group Washing Equipment Stewart R. Browne Manufacturing Company New York City Safety and Special Purpose Lights and Lamps Brown Shoe Company St. Louis Missouri Men's and Women's Safety Shoes R. H. Buhrke Company Chicago Illinois Safety Equipment for Construction and Maintenance E. D. Bullard Company San Francisco Calif Industrial and Mining Safety Equipment Burroughs Wellcome & Company U. A. Inc. New York City First Aid Kits and Medical Equipment Automobile oment ty Congress H. Childs & Company Inc. Pittsburgh Pa Safety Footwear Cities Service Company New York City Oils and Gasoline McKinnon Chain Corporation Alloy Steel Sling Chains H. S. Cover South Bend Indiana Tonawanda Respirators and Safety Goggles Crouse Company Syracuse New York Trame Signals and Flood Lights Y. Davis Emergency Equipment Company Inc. New York City First Aid and Safety Equipment C. H. Dockson Co. Detroit Mich Head and Eye Protection More Chair Company Elkhart Indiana ee Posture Chairs for Office and Factory meee Dual Parking Meter Company Oklahoma City Okla Parking Meter Equipment Donald S. Duncan Inc. Chicago III tel Parking Meter Equipment Eagle Signal Corporation Moline Ill Trame Signals : a ry tah er) wee - Safety Congress Equipment Section 487 2 and Safety Tablets Monarch Governor Company Detroit Mich Automobile Speed Control Devices and Dispensing Equipment Vis c National Casualty Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters New York City - Insurance S -National Carbon Company Inc. New York City . Equipment for Operated Devices National Safety Council Inc. Chicago Ill wo Poster Bureau of Information Research and Education Divisions Md Design Traffic Lenses Md Parkite Corporation Houston Tex }- Parking Meter Equipment Patent Scaffolding Company Chicago Ill Safety Ladders and Scaffolds Protectoseal Company Chicago Ill Safety application ion Devices for Hazardous Liquids .Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corporation Brooklyn N. Y. Respiratory Protection and General Safety Equipment Fire . Pyrene Manufacturing Company Newark N. J. Protection Equipment , Railway and Industrial Engineering Co. Greensburg Pa Interlocking Systems Reece Wooden Sole Shoe Company Inc. Columbus Neb Wooden Sole Safety Shoes Rose Manufacturing Company Denver Colo Ladder Shoes Window Cleaners Safety Belts Safeguard Philadelphia Pa extinguishers Lis rk City Occupational Skin a Safety Diseases ' Electric Company Inc. Brooklyn Y. Shockproof Portable Lamp Guards Safety Engineering Alfred M. Best Company Inc. New York City Safety Engineering Insurance Publications and Reports Safety Equipment Service Company Cleveland Ohio Goggles and All Types of Accident Prevention Equipment Safety First Shoe Company Holliston Mass Safety Shoes Safety Shoe Company New York City Safety Shoes W. H. Salisbury & Company Inc. Chicago Ill Linemen's Rubber Protective Devices . W. Sly Manufacturing Co. Cleveland Ohio Dust Control Equipment & Respiratory Protective Devices Turbine Company Hartford Conn Heavy Spencer Duty Vacuum Cleaners and Dust Collecting Equipment Safety Equipment Company Chicago Ill Dust Protective and Safety Equipment Stonehouse Signs Inc. Denver Colo Accident Prevention Signs and Tags Strauss Company Inc. Pittsburgh Pa Safety Belts Foot Guards Safety Hats Sugar Beet Products Company Saginaw Mich Industrial Soaps Surety Standard Rubber Company Carrollton Ohio Linemen's Safety Equipment and Synthetic S. Tilley Ladder Company Inc. Watervliet Safety Ladders and Scaffolding Traffic Toy Inc. Canton Ohio Traffic Warning Signs Rubber Industrial N. Y. Equipment Ba + ye ee John a ster iy 000116 000116 i ; . F FYatesVer ne tate oesi. GS pielake oe ate Sea. ae Toten = Textile Section aot mM eee t; apew Officers 1935-36 : md : ! ae : General Chairman W. HEISS Proximity Manufacturing Co. Greensboro N. C. j in Charge of Program U. Gaudet Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. : aN Chairman Roanoke Va hy . Chairman in Charge of Membership C. SHUFORD Cliffside Mills Cliffside C. Secretary Secretary H. H. WILLIS Dean Textile School The Clemson Agricultural College Clem- son College S. C. Editor News Letter T. TROLINGER Rayon Corp. Elizabethton Tenn American Bemberg Corp. and North American Statistics Committee Chairman H. SHUFORD North Carolina Department of Labor Raleigh N. C. Engineering Committee Chairman H. FORSMITH Jackson Mills Nashua Manu- facturing Co. Nashua N. H. Members at Large " H. R. CORY The Beacon Manufacturing Co. Swannanoa N. C. CHARLES H. EAMES Lowell Textile Institute Lowell Mass RUSSELL T. FISHER The National Association of Cotton Manufacturers Boston Mass J. E. GROCE Pacific Mills Lyman S. C. WALTER HUMPHREYS National Association of Wool Manufacturers Boston Mass W. H. NICHELS JR Virginia Industrial Commission Richmond Va R. W. PHILLIP Editor Cotton Atlanta Ga E. E. PLACE American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. Boston Mass T. A. WILSON North Carolina Industrial Commission Raleigh N. C. are owe rk ve8. 57 welaifF? O lew. ae x; wevem i WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION * October 7 1936 . ; The first session was called to order by T. A. Wilson member North Carolina Industrial Commission Raleigh N. C. who acted as chairman in placoef M. W. Heiss Proximity Manufacturing Co. - Greensboro N. C. general chairman of *the Section who was unable to be present Both the Wednesday morning and the Thursday morning sessions were held in -- the form of panel discussions on Safety > in the Textile Industry Since no formal addresses were presented and since no stenographic report W25 made of the m,eetings it is impossible to give a de- tailed account of the sessions here rp Topics sion sion * discussed in the Wednesday ses- sion included the following 1. What methods are recommeded to prevent or control fires in pickers and other textile machinery 2. How can the personnel department develop good will with relation to accident prevention work 3. What is the value of a safety com- mittee 4. Do guards slow down production 5. How can accident prevention work be developed so that interest is main- tained at all times 6. What effect does an accident have upon the other of plant 7. In affer direct ways do personal injuries affer affer operating costs Participants in the panel included J. W. Ate ale the . ; ( By es i ce I Bem' wee mae 3 th Mie i i]