Document ev1LB3LLVjxDN0xNBMGDRMMvg

Cyprus Industrial Minerals Co. Research Division Laboratory Report f::435: Millfor Ayfefi West: Los Angeies,::California To!fi'p il0:6::t*;f13 J4.78"04 Q-2 PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT CAM-306 Filir.gNo 81-0237 <ey Beaverhead ore particles DaleclHeacrt 2/22/83 Dale o>Work Reques: 'By 12/14/82 M. Kahn Hepo'ieriBy Approved By P, Colville/K. Harris P. Culville/C References: K. Harris report attached Copies Exploration R.S. Lamar T.R. Paul B. Boudress File Coirp] ete Samples of hand picked particles logged as talc at the rig and under binocular microscope were sent for examination. Objective Samples were studied by binocular microscope. Particles from hole 4054 (25!-30', 30'-351, 40*-451) are nearly identical, pearly light greenish-grey, rounded, easily scratched with the fingernail, greasy to the feel and obviously talc. Xray diffraction studies show 95-98% talc. It is not immediately obvious from the few particles hand selected why GEB values were so low (64-73). However, a nurber of the particles were coated with yellow dust. Particles from hole 4052 (130`-1351, 145'-1501, 155'-1601) are irregular white fragments that resemble caliche. They break fairly easily. Some can be broken with the fingernail. The powder is not pearly or greasy like talc. Xray diffraction studies show the hardest white material to be cristobalite. The presence of chlorite and vermiculite in the assemblage may result in a ground powder tnat looks and feels like talc. Not all of the white particles were pure cristobalite. Some of the softest ones were chalky mixtures of calcine, cristobalite, vermiculite and chlorite. There are sufficient differences so that the two minerals should be identifiable by the core logger's. I am adding some pages out of Dana's mineralogy that give a quick test for MgO. " The cri stobali te sampie was checked by S.E.H. to sec if it is an Opal C-T variety observed in the Tallahasse O e e k rocks. Hie attached report shows that it is not Opal C-T. The massive cristobalite occurs with 41 rather than -ig, and the photographs show some devslopment of a clay mineral. This ITA-Ratcliff-000001 Page 2 Beaverhead Ore was identified as vermi cui ite by Xray but may be a montmorilIonite (bei del 1ite}. Mg was not detected in the samples selected. P. Colville PC/nh ITA-Ratcliff-000002 BEAVERHEAD 1982 H o le tf 405 2 SAMPLE 125 GEB LOI TALC CHLORI1 E DOLOMITE < 20 ,-1 3 0 17K 140 ^145 < 20 A f OO < 10 < 20 <5 150 < 20 155 < 20 ' 160 < 20 ITA-Ratcliff-000003 165 < 20 170 < 5 < 5 ITA-Ratcliff-000004 BEAVERHEAD 1982 Hole #134054 SAMPLE 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 GEB LOI 56.8 64.4 67.1 69.0 73.3 69.5 55.7 58.6 67.0 61.0 69.0 7.42 5.30 5.02 5.30 5.65 6.73 1 ,06 7.37 7.80 8.22 11.46 54.1 69.4 10.03 17.64 56.0 8.45 TALC <5 CHLORITE > 50 DOLOMITE tr > 80 > 58 < 10 * > 98 > 95 > 97 tr > 96 tr < 2 > 89 <5 <5 > 78 < 20 tr > 78 20 tr > 74 - ----- > 73 .. > 78 < 20 < 20 <5 <5 <5 < 15 < 30 < 5 > 43 > 70 < 20 < 10 > 65 < 20 < 15 < 40 < 5 > 45 > /D < 20 <5 < 55 < 5 < 10 CALCITE <5 tr < 10 <5 MICA QUARTZ < 40 < 40 < 10 <2 <5 <2 tr tr tr tr tr < c <2 <2 FELDSPAR OTHER -- < 10 m a g n e s i t e <5 < 10 < 10 % 10 s e r p e n t i n e (continued) I I to redness and dipped to a bead; this opera t e use of soda the wire contact math the penven the heating process .era! required, and the ity and more added if in the oxidizing flame h case the color noted vilh fusion, if it takes t roasted (see p. 385) til! al has beeii aiMed and the be fiat tened o u t wtcli tlie and the rema incer d i;ute<i lame so triar the escapiog attaned, of inaierial preseai; they ffereni colored beacls tducing flarnes ( R . i'.), eolors a re due, C om ;Art. 518). ;e ilver, zinc, etc. in s-iiiali am ount), is h ETCX'a, CTlldj. 5-red -- {violet, but), f -- f sat united, cold -- [vi o'et, liete old). , ' , or biu-li green if highly ii, cold -- ('red, iwt). to colorless, cold -- but `eri. mount; paler on moline, Itili amount. -- (yclioiviah irat 1 -- fgreen, limit, cold.. ' ' r-liystiiie-red, cold:. e color. CHEMICAL EXAM INATION OF M IN E HALS 3(H) 617. Salt of Phosphorus. -- 1 his flux gives for the m ost pari react ion.' similar to those obi anod with borax. The only eases enum craied Iierc are those which are distinct, and hence ihose where the flux is a good test. W ith mlicaim this flux forms a glass in which lire buses of the silicate are dissolved, but 1he silica itself is iest insoluble. It; appears as a skeleton readily seen floating about in the nicked bead. * fire colon:; of the beads, and the metals to whose oxides these are due, are: Color "Red....................... T re t'll................... \ eltow ................. . V io le t.................. Substance CTrommin ir O.K., h o t -- (fine creen when cold's ortuan: in O.F, arai ILF., when coki - (ied in O .F.. Is a.) AbiinlyObe.Fu.r)u.im iu l i d i r t y. gr.een. , h.ot: line g. r.ee.n void -- '-ydiow -g.rpm Uranium in ILF., cold; yellow-green, hot. Vanadium, eltnmic-green in R.F., cold --(brow-ash red, hot). In O.F., dart: yehow, hoi, pn.vr on coolir.c. Moiyhde;::::;:, yellow:..". green in 0.1'., hot, paler r.r, nxlii.-g -- (in IL F ., dirty, green, hot; fine em ui, cold). '' U ranium in 0.1 h o t: yellowish green, cold -- (in It.I-'., .yelk:wfeli green, hot; green, cold). " Vanadium in O . r ,, dark yellow, lint, paler on cooling -- [in R.F., brownish red, h o t; chrome-green, erM'. T itan iu m ; liO :; in K.i-" vtNo.v, hot.. (A lsoinC FF., yellow, hot: color less., cold.) ' ' ' i C h a ra cter istic R ea ction s o f th k I m portan t E lem en ts an d o f S ome of T h eir C om pounds ' 618. I h e follow ing list co lum ns ihe m ost char::) eristic reactions, chiefly b efo re tlie bim vpipi! a n d in so m e eases also in th e w et w ay, of ih o d iffe re n t e le m e n ts a n d th e i r o x id e s . II is d e s ir a b le fo r e v e r y s t u d e n t to g a in f a m il ia r i ty w ith 1h e m b y tr i a l w ith a s m a n y m in e r a ls a s p o s s ib le . M a n y o f th e m h a v e a lr e a d y b e e n o riel by m e n tio n e d in th e p re c e d in g p a g e s. F o r a th o r o ii e h lv full , description of these and o th e r charnel en su e tests (blow pipe and otherw ise) rels-renee should be m ade to the volum e bv B rush an d Peutield referred to oa p. 301. ' I t is to b e rem em b ered (h at w hile th e reactio n of a single su b s ta n c e m a y be p o riectly d is tin c t if alone, th e p resence of e u ie r su b s un ices m ay m o re or less en tirely o b scu re th ese re a d ions: it is e o im u jn e n u y o b v io u s th a t in th e aet-uni cx an iin atio H of m i n o r: Is p re c a u tio n s h a v e to be ta k e n , a n d sp e c ia l m e th o d s h av e to la; d ev ised , to o v erco m e h ie d ilb r.ik y nrisii-g from th is e tu d e. T h e se will lie g a th e re d from th e " p y ro g iio stic e lv .n te le rs " (Pyre) g iv en in c o n n ectio n w ith th e uoscripi ion of each species in F a rt V o f th is w ork, Alunhum n. -- The |irs<-.<>nr<.* >if uuiiium in most eim ibL n u rvr ils, coiuaium y a .ik-rahio an icrsit, may be d d u rtr.; by the lilac ceF r wfir-i; g u y wr.en, ;.:w r Ieititg hf-ated, 1hey arc uan.-griml '.virli r . 1 1 se t,: lor; ni.k .War. j.ti:i;-j1 . r <r., ky.Uiitr, aruu.hisito, e tc .'. Very liurii riti.*u-rut.- (as Cnruuiiiun.i in;--"t be tir.-.l :im>i-a m b'cri/ril. The r-g p ill rondiLSiVR with fusible micorals sim-i- a glass rdn reil bine i>%- cobalt oxide may he formed. It is to be cel e:l !Ital the in fusible eu lure me i/.ioc s ilie ri.: :lg (, a.-rstimos a H ue uui*r when t [rr-i j 1 3 ii r-lih-ill b f r % r ? . J :.` 1..s- ,, l 111 ,.i!' :- .iT H ....... . ,.,i, ! -.! :, ! .. tl ....... I _ i > ITA-Ratcliff-000005 <370 em aile.iL mixsha ram acu.*' nStnC ^ (:i,i:,l'TM1,1*i- o -n tam in s anfim cny t!r-,K^J( wl>i(t: insaldale mirimiim0lic saA T eS h m i^ * ",c ,,IT ,fii:yw ! " M o,, rl.nrvmd, %'pl.iiile, cry's filiine" a l! li,'a ! n ^ t m . S % / .U\ ? Z \ ^ ^ ^ *; v 1SH* TM * dark b mvmmd wl.en h a and m i li- Z ' J ^ V ^ ' p and some nmetmlea yek a black to am v err or of -ramili,: cue f t 1" ,,. .sj a r a In; p r n d e S m L ^ 'wth d ' t ^ r ' f lor / ' r 1, f d '^ F ^ a ndxfrrr,' of tir" the lient; an k alin ttttm fe V tsu V u iv o U a i l f e sal,s' " " >* Ifi p L ,l, !lt:`v-y (taSO J or r i r l mvl bvr s S i m ' i t ' f " cs F ^ W 'hanic 1eristic sona), d m , when fmitr-d 7 o 'V ` ,t., d , `JL0 re`!lu i'Hl " f* -'1 ? ' a '.s, ohi aine fvriF pof.-m l.iie iun, i o iiiiide btained :a c^nu>esamur lipthhmeuirrm!. lan:o;dmtflui l-fmnl,-.i.ii oi pt .' dc ldimnvroihtr^iwLlna.f. Ibtvh"- .'tmf ;j / Vt ;It r.-'.?-i ' :r? F ^ " ''t PF* uf e oi ut h is cLtoo toj anmnmroeolimikai fuiimmens:. " '='* 10 a* *-IJou ami m l on cxtwrsun: Boron. Miny rorr.rKi.m-.Ls cordini h Y:;:? ">nron (brrVts "W- iiSil ,,h. - . . y , ta n r e . c. t!nSe the ih, i r f e m y e t e t t e , *r m o l ^ ^ T C a ' - V ^ i;-1- >u,h i or s-oiue ,sie;iti-c 011 to urina une, beat nier hod b 't-i mte (,, .",,....'Y/' <'-d ' With one p art powdered and n ,,1 r h n d m TM 1 V d m TM moral K t r d i r 'sx: - b d ; d K ,, r f f w ;: S'MiTalrk' wrhePn'|Jmn mundii isCplou!rt.-S]lodnilildi.erpdaiphevr. " TM" i" .f.1c0jf'thtu` JR"r cTha"ngetso Labium . Mer:}- eidw.mi minerals fcurhnnaO' snli-lm .-m m;,--, , n - . on turm eric paper after being i r , led. a ve!',:,,vidi w t v t t t t R h t t react,on S P " "J; iic-cddihothm,, F r h K " additimi of s:SuTMlph'iu:Jr0ioc imd r l " S S o -`' :!*lVI,-, I^ irii11t"ni1u.eii"i.."taH' A.jd sUoClutktions ordv oonf < ; , - ,. ? *r- ,. a Iil it I, I >lnHI;.; J>.j tr iti'il -K i*- n .`t. r -UmKlL'T nmcplaTc'cU:.) i m t m ,0 II,;!'|' ^ i ibi ^-l 1,bfa, ad o pyro- bend nin>ri heated is insf.aniiv siim ioi'idid .ve t i i ' m r t M ;iy :l, ''i,1U lll>rn |i|<cr oxide, the , !> .loner, chlorine Kivm" r , " `i'hii f ` ," ,),;i,l,'sh l.lil!"n '* J*lC'r .,,rule, 'utind--hli:twinre;semns inaeoIi;r on, exj1iow' ire' *. t lie l[,-'.<"i,H<`' 11i lIs 'Hi, imeoi' niiVl "11", ,m|,1iLn'le, ' !a"cifd, b i .ucri, e-i!i.!,rcrkovle ^ p b L L ^ i r L T S T ' : t'''*'..... . ......<.....<-' - ;'r[..?\v 1.; rv-il ''}*r;! "j ,-iod' th e head 1a d iriv preen ihoid and ..,- c n a r m . l - a e c i , , ^ u i l l . a., i r ,, f h , :.r ,, a in o . r . Kiyopd '.,1.10pp-djib, ;;.iiij. ` " e K ie ii .el:l>; lit l ) . ', (h e n a in e , i.'f. v . iii a o j . n i wiiie..//, -- A IxMliliriil bine ben,i f i . ; - ... , .. ,_ . c o n f a l i -Tig tr.V dt Where -i,!,.h,.r - lfl' !<>rax re :.<i|!( f l a n , reni minerai? onghh ro.tstcil ,,,, rharwial. l,rc 'id the ,limerai .sLunld lirai, he , J,OL-. .. -- On diarcon, :il Irvot .1,. , , ... ,ta,,.da lh;. ,,f .-,,[.h.Vj J i' d'.f ' f'a , ! ''m m m .? csr,!(T V t e n u t e the a m . r m , , `i , ' T ' 1 , "`i" ,,'r!' dl, ':'!,yl;c r o - c i d m it; p,rM , 0 1 : m re .,,, head whe,, i,,., b i d l ? " '. f i l e 'd> ...... . it k ' rl- -- 1,1- . w v - . . .- ..% ... 1 -* - -i ;i;;i||\- ..j..jm - |-.-ir r i0 - c o n i i i T C M p c M k ., d s mid intruse bini.: cu-tis>uyjerriiluNi it.i.n`:1petaauun,luirt;i.oaii,."' m-OJ*!,U.!>j..:j,O, 1f1-1. l,ilh 1' *1rj-r|i Aa!mf r fail nHH.m11-aI' i?m- pLtav>"''.ilnt.r-A'.,M.p.niiit,,!1,ir-vr;v-;.'s.o,tin Pl'inrim pruditra-a a forni y0la then dipj-jiH Avili apne, r Ibati fluorite) giv ir.'er il wfii- 1fini. -- wh.cn hrait. to broauih f-R becom the additio h e n is- irer. 1 cyanide is a fen-ivy valide Laid. -- sxMrxjiira; coating (Phi cfetprieare, 1 In soluti dr-iic-cwy is r water add! Ltf.'nul.i. resievhliTig the sfxsitnx Magnesii, color is obrai the addition prodace.1 a : tiyilrieade or Mtmansr W ith soda (i roti! itfn, < MiTCurg. mineral is he; of nict-iliic ni. is obtained. stain ( i t . ; for a. moment The .salt of pi (il.}'.) a fine . with senail scr sull situi ir acic will laVses`u/iVm.f.a.i-t Lrowii on ooot niekeL A sol excess. If an a S'arlet proci. A'ki.hwi i' which .-mviy c rio lis wir l ll<I jS~itrnfeti. - acid il.ev _ive 'b s:hum-' ij`f.Tf ri fisifoe- i!if-plrseoec of mer:,[lie ni: hydrogen in pi*. A fi'.v lin y tillll of HilllHOl inolyhdiUe. ITA-Ratcliff-000006 alce met arri imori c :;stcd on chare, al. they give a while, arsenic sulphide then cold; arsenic :e dosed tvihe. In t a mixture of the K.F.) on charcoal; sonic. ariuin sa! is, except on. red p itate (IhiSOi) very eharaeteris'ie so obtained (with t in equal parts of 'Urualf! of bism uth e iodide sublim ate ,i red on exposure sites, datolite, don ned with sulphuric powdered mineral *. T h e mi tu ire is reca color appears, :sh brown color to ; tire color changes :\n alkaline reaction (he fiatile by some ,e la a much deeper >b y the addition of i solutions or.!}' on charnel eristic sub- . ilow witit brown , vicri ir,;.; the odoreed the addition of rie acid. hiorkie, also pyro!i copper oxide, the of copper chloride. e of s.o or chloride c acid, but etilire!y mv to red d u d ) r - it jhojpiior1.;.*! ia O.F. -ne. ( it. vanadium stuck from ntr.-rr1a houkl tirst be tlior- <laced from must of l 1so ro:ea,..; n la. if h I.o rax it if -al iimred. an doride, eia.darsi La the mirerai h'.mlij l-.i a pier;; liutHO. excess jirurinces an CHI IMI CAL EXAMINATION OF MINERALS 371 Fhmrine. -- Healer! in (he Hosed tube w ilii pofu.-riun! hisidphnto and pew dr-nd glass nruiluces a vU to sublimate cl Pita, This sul'liiiiaw- re d the It}dreiiimdlscsr acid present form a volar ik; c'nnbiitatom, Bat. if the lower tat of the time i> l-rekf.;-.y.li or; i toe open t ime then (linpcd in a test f.ibo o f w ater so th a t the arid '.a nraovr-d, tdie ik:po?r_ -.a .'it.u wtucti will appear when th e lube is dreed will be found to bo no 1:nicer volatile:. . H eated gwuly in a pint inure crucible v.'illi sulphuric, acid, m any comuoutios ,e.y., fluorite) give off hydro line re arid, which njrnxlcs the exposed parte ui a gaisa jila.fr placed over it which lias been luatci! with, wax r.wt trier, seratelee.l. . . TOI. -- M inerals which rorrr.in even :t small am ount of iron vrvsd a m agnetic mass when heated in the reducing ame. V, ids borax iron gives a bend iO.I-.s w hiea ;s yellow to brownish red (aceoriliiig to q uantity) while hut, but is ccicr.ass hi yellow on tooling; IL F. 1mxtimes Im U le-g w n (see p. Ferric iron is prise ipita ted Irani a s.dni.ion by the addition of urriunmauu hydroxide m excess as red-urowa terne liydraxtoiybe'U rib. Ferric iron in hviiroicltlorie acid so. son gives deep blue precipitate w,yi" p o tr ia e .F e r r o - cyanidc is added; a riu iL r test is obtoiaed for ferrous iron Ly the aucaaon of potassium I"pffjf'YiTl11!i*. , ixTal. --- Will, soda on. charcoal a malleable globule or metallic .cad is obt.iinei; from lead compounds; the coaling has a yellow color near th.c assay; due sulphide gives also a white coat in (1'hSOj) farther on ip. :]>). On being touched with the redw ing paute the eou-tmg clisa pi ears, ongoing the llame azure-blue. On plaster, lendjoditic: eo tiin g is cnroine-yellow. l a solutions dilute sulphuric arid gives a wniie precipitate of lead sulphate: xvrsen delijacy is reuuim i an excess oi the arid is added, the soi.Aiun ev.'ii;>nuea to aryness, and w ater added: the load rutphaie, if prcsepi, will roen I* left as a i o . c . A IStkUaa '-- lith iu m uves an intense carm ine-red te, the outer tiame. roe color wmewh.-u resembling th a t of th e strontium firma; im t d w p e r; hi very small quantities it u eviueut m th e siK-ef rofleope. , ....... . .. , Afiiij'.BMui.;. -- M oistened, after Ve.idug, witr. cobait m rate am i again, igiufol. a jiuik olor is obtained from some infusible omnia.ends of rsagncsvia; > nr aero:;. lu so.ofion th e audit ion of ammonmrr, hydroxide i:t ir am cxc-x-a r.d a little r.;. urogen sodium p h w p n are produces a white "mruil.ir ;> w ip itate t X H.,?lgl!( V L ltm en ts prerip itated oy utiution mm hydroxide (ir a.xn.Ti:oniu:a oxidate should 1; removed lirs t T, , Maixxine-!. -- W itii li-ontx niangauese gives ah e a d vio!et-red 1.0.r .), arid coiorless W ith suifa ( 0 .r.J it- gives a bluish creen bead; tills reaction is very tie'ieate an a may' oc relied s'iii, ever; in jireseei-H o simes!, anv other inc-im _ , , .. M i 'f 'trn -- fa tin- dosed lube n sublim ate ol melallic roereury is yielded vvnen ta e inioral"i= heatisl with dry smlinm earborenu. In die open m bc the sulplmln gives a m irror f jneta Ilie m ercury; in die do sed tube a Murk liiscerk-bs subllow te of lig u , rert wxen rubbed, la obMtani'niMed-.num -- On charcoal rv.o.fv. b. ileunm su,lp,h.n,re g.roes nosr .t,he assay a copper-red, rf,,:,. rQ ) ) ,m ,l beyond a w'v o m arn: of the oxide; (he orine: becomes nzurc-l-liie when for a"mo,rr:!H,'iuehd with l.e K .F. T he iodide c m ; on plusrer i< dron ultrunt'iR nc i.lnc. Th-' s:-jt rf T)lte)s:;'-'i,nc 1>/ i :i"hV. i is \e . -x-'A irecr 1 : und ia-:\T;Y cuiorH'r* i r u b i a<o f|> V s %iinhiroy-ri.' M olvbd.ncs art*'tested by putting powdered muere i inplry lest tube w ith srnali ron'ip of patH-r,'adding a lea- drops, of w ater and an erpiai amiHin!. o! coneeiifrT;e.i suiiHiuric ;u'fd. H eat until aeio fumes. Coo. or twin slowly drops ol w ater and solution. wiii assume <lm blue color. ,, , K ichd. -- Wtoh liu'x.x, nicfcl c.xi.-ic rives a bead which iU .k ) is violet when hoi nd red brown n r emoong; f iU '.. tlx* d.w s iroa,:- s gray and ierm d irom Ilie sepurofior, oi ine! albe nickel A suhr.ioi; nf nicivl h.vmiKX '.ale IriuC !e. fopp.'r on the aw.laion an. ri ;eia in excis. If rui aicoliidic -oiroion oi dijm-thyiglyoxino is added to an aneecin.irod -i'd nt ion a w tafet pr*i[ie.:itc is furm'-n. . , . ...... , ... ... ,, , Niotmi'n C.'i.j-lur.il)iiifiU...-A n ?m*1u r.hitiw i^'i<'l w;?h tin iz\\i s a- Mue taaor wlucii slov.iv r.bainres to li-rown on com iimrol lioilii and cto,|i|ie:>.rs on nut.,n. The reac- duns with liw: iluxes are iio:- very s.,itei.iwory, ,. , , .. , , . Ak'loW-a. -- Tiu.-e ileum ate wtwi, on charco d. Her.Sou m a mbe vest sulr.uurie acid tfmv give off n>ii fumes ol u n o vea di*mide {V. b *. ^ ^ . ' ' -- Mos |c.iiSp!iale.s iiiip.ii'1. a green c<i|. .r to die fic.n.e, espoe.r \ .lite r iiav itig Imm'H iiifiisteiwd wilh sulphuric a rm . though lids lost m e y be ............. .. un ', ' bn'nrtory by tlie pr'-s-h.-e ,.f nil r r ....... regeius. If ihey arc n>i I in she dosed tv.'.km i li a ir.iKinerit i,! me! alie" in igr-esioin or h *di*i.. and al Ie rv>ary. ^:: .o;., ic\ 1 u lul m .t. |iii;ispimretei hydrogen ii giecu r II. roe.igrsc-nd-se 1 disagrccaiae -d->r. ., A lew , lrr.;M of .1 mi lie acid il111s e ., e. uitauiiiii; ;.n-r ilim ir nro,, promnee ni s solu tion of mmiiu'tsliim inul\-l.d..te a mi roc dent yellc'x p:veijHl:tte ol ail.... . uiiysuito- ruoivUiato. ITA-Ratcliff-000007 372 CHEMICAL MINERALOGY PoiasMiim, -- Potash Im parts :i '..'M et color to the flame when alone. The nam e ;s pest observed through a blue giass tiller wlik-h v.afl r-Itininatt* tin: sodium Lame color which '.'as; alm ost invariably be [resent. It. is bear, delect oil in smalt (n;inttied, o r when or lithia is present, by the aid of the siwettoseope. See alto p. 3<>b _ Selenium. -- On charcoal selenium fuses easilv, giving off brown fnir.es with a peculiar disagreeable organic udnr; the sublim ate ., charcoal is volatile, and when h e a te d p ; I .} gives a fine azure-blue Ihnie. Ua piaster g b c? red to crinwon volatile stibium.tri; v, it h char acteristic odor. Silicon. -- A sms',] fragroerH of a silicate in the salt of phosphorus bead leaves a skeleton of silica, the bases being dissolved. ,. , , M ost silica teas are insoluble in acids. T he line powder of such a si;ira te is fused with sodium carbonate and the mass then a.ssoiveJ hi hydrochloric acid and evaporniedpo d ry ness, th e silica sep.tn.tes as a gelatinous mass and on evaporation to drvw~H is made insol uble. When strong hydrochloric acid an a then w ater is ahdec. to the ..try resum e in the test tube, the biases are d is,*lived and th e siilea left behind. _ M;mv silicatea are directly soluble in hydrochloric acid, and the solution on evaporation will wield die characteristic si:Leu jelly. O ther stheutes w.-.cn treated with uc;d are decom posed, the bases presort, go ire m tc solution, but (.he sill,;, separating raid rem aining sus pended in the liquid. T here are- gradal ions Lei wees: these three groups. _ <_ S iin r. -- On charcoal in O.F. silver gives a brown coating. A globule of tor*: all: .*stiver m ay generally be oblaiii-eti by healing or> charcoal in li.F ,, especially if seda is added, tfrwier some circiusisLanecs it is desirable to have recourse to cupelh.ition. _ From a solution cnntairur.g any salt nf silver, th e insoluble chloride is thrown down when hydrochloric acid is ridded. This precipitate is irsuhible in acid or w ater, but entirely so in amm onia. I t changes color on exposure to the light. Stam thim . -- Com pounds of strontium arc usually recognised by the firm crimson-red which they give to the blowpipe flame; m any yield an alkaline reaction after ignition (cf. b ariunih In concentrated arid slightly diluted solutions stron-ium sulphate will be precipitated on th e addition of sulphuric acid fcf, calcium and barium ;. St,ilium. -- Compounds containing sodium give a strong and persistent yellow iiame. Sam e compounds will give an alkaline reaeitun. aster ignitiar. Sulphur, Sulphide^, SvlphaUx. -- Ir: the closed ud.o Home .sulphides give off sulphur; in th e open tu b e they yield sulphur dioxide, which Sm s a ehararterist.ir odor and reddens a Strip of moist cued litm us paper, ir; si m l l quantities, or in sulphates, sulphur is best didci:fed !/ fusion on charcoal w ith soda ami charcoal dusf.. The fused uui-c-, when sodium sulphide has thus been formed, is placed on : clean silver coin ami m oistened: a distinct blank .-dam on tin: silver ia tuns ootained (.die prccaut.en m entioned on p. did m ust be exercised l. _ ... A solution of a sulphate in hydrochloric ticid gives wit 1- bnrhxii chloride a white insoluble precipitate of barium sAohatc. ^_ Tellurium, -- I V lurides heated in the open tube give a white nr grayish sub I,m ale, fusible to cLcoricss drops fp, , On eh.ir'o.il they give a 'v u i'c coalir.g mar color the K.F. f.rcc-n. On plaster lacy give a. dark brow a vo'aiil.-. Mibilmn; c. A small .jnioiird- tlU- golveii in warm iQneciii.ruied sulphuric a d d yields ;i de;>|i red solution. The color will disappear if acid is lienb'd too hot. or if on con! mi:, w.ulcr is added. Tin. -- M inerals fQiil.iirir-g i in w.if., ru.'iritci-iiih, when heated cm cliarcoc.l veil h .soda or potassium cyan ice, yield meir dr: sir. in imuvro tri: mules and :i while am! qd k ru k ly voetiile oxide could,g is formed; the idobi lies arc nidlcaiile, bui, harder than silver, Dissolved in n itre' arid, white insoluble stannic ovido separate out. Titanium . -- Titanium give.-: in the JMh with salt of phosphorus a Iicad whieh is violet when cold. Fused with siidcmi eard,ratio :md di.mnki-d in hydrochloric acid, and heated with a piece of met.ill > >m, the Until-i takes a Violet color, speeluiiy ' !' "...'....'. evaporate a. ;\ yell, or to ar-.l-er eel,:- rcs.nhs whett hydrogen pern Mb'* >s nr Oli b.s a SQi- phuric uee I.-oliii am. T umj. i, i,. - Tungsten ox.-'le " i n s a Nile co'nr to the salt of phosphorus h-.ic1 : li.F .), Fused and treated as titanium Are amove with the uddilon of ante instead t tin, gives a fine blue rotor. The i-ohr ch.itieex i,r,-.w:i oi! -ttlttii!-..I n'diietiou. 'I lit e or dues not . disatipcar wha.'it the srintl-tm b i-en..: 'i. tu ,i-niiti'>. _. ' LVoufme, --- Fraiiiuut eofjUio-.ji.d give I :!,e >e..: of phor-pF-'1*1! bond Hi., a greci:Fh ye;l.lmv :*v:id v,hen vnol; also il-ht... ., hm gr**i'p ic: mling f[t. .iirio Id: ciiuk om, -- \\ itil borax l i d . t auadaics g-:vea. bejui yrH1w '.hot' ''hang g in veil.ev irli greeii ;tul racirly color.ess ir ,i.| : d-ti t : !ir| v creep h o t1, fine jreeti : iti . Widi firiit *)" ohes a Veil,w t, amber color fthus tlilfcring frouj chn -lip!-: also i i t . h u t : g; -: ic lib. ' -i '* ; % Zinc. -- Or* vcOow while h ntated become when heated af Zirconium. OKmgc-yeilow 119. Dei general head depends mos cal cliaractei There k minerai m ar complete set liti ;u] is refei unti! ai Itt.t : given is bevi A careful ever, always t-ion will ofin it should not with the apr TI.* stud once obvious ture, dnwage not too sma! gravity. T ht if crystals -*u diari agii isti!is generally ve; tancc only w ta ll11ut form carerui sHicj 'j'he first tlie peke!-k should lx tb dored iViincn: carbonate is follow blowp if any; the c tlie i.iidal rt>' as cxpi.dnetl Ilow* iie.i* of his tniticn g e n e ra l, and eloinet: la rv i l i r;ie resiii! sagyesl chat, may I e mao decision. * ITA-Ratcliff-000008 L,J- lori. T he fisime is lxr.it ai flame color which svili rs, or when soda or iitlaa n fumes w ith a jseoitliar and when healed (ILF.) tile sublimate with ehar- as bead leaves a -skeleton i a silicate is fused with , ! am i evaporated, to dry:o dryness is made tr.snl:ie dry residue in the tesi solution on evaporation eel w ith a d d are decora tin e and rem aining bus- rroups. " globale of metallic silver dally if soda is added, lation. hioride is thrown down rid or w ater, but entirely by the fine eri m s -red i reaction after ignition -.lima sulphate will be ' inni). persistent yellow flame. ides give off sulphur: in stic odor and reddens a lhutes, sulphur is best used mass, when sodium cl moistened; a di.-.linci ned on p. 307 m ust be blonde a white insoluble: e or grayish sublimate, c- coating and color the A amai! am ount tlislution. The color will charcoal -with soda or e arid difficultly volutili* tut sii ver. Dissolved hi s a bead whleh Li v iolot. ?iyciroti'ilur.c aei*j f .ijnl <i^fKTiidly iifrr-r p-irf-.a! oxide is added to a sul- >r.os|>honi3 head O i-K ). ,c instead of tin, srivet* n jii, T he c:rjU,-r %}*.ix u-A, s head (O.I'.} a ^rreniych h`>U i-h:\:`rtnj 1.>u |p, ,i.viiue uree *<.!j . n \t ij-orii fhrijii.imn;; ;-ci>o ; C IIE hlliM Ii EXAMINATION OF .'MINERALS 373 Zinc. -- On eharroal fit the rr*i11i . ; i d a n s e coniiiouniis of z.rn: (rive ,t eositiiii viiiait b yellow while hot s a c white oty cmdiiig, iml moistened lay the ecLall. .volution ami aasiiri heatI becomes a fme green. Mote, hnwever, the t- the nine Invite uiyeiniiruo becomes :>s.;e when heated after n icister: ng with 'cobalt solution. ' Zirconium. A dilute flydtoviusira: arid aoiution eontiunir.a dreaniiaii, in;marts a" orsBge-yeuOW' color U>turmeric paper, moistened by the solution. * D eterminatine M in er a lo g y 619. Delenmniitive Mineralogy m ay be properly const dr:red under tire general head of Chemical .Mineralogy, since the determine.dun of minerals depends mostly upon chemical la sts/ ' Rut etysiailograpm u and all the physi cal characters have a lso to be carefully observed. There is but one exhaustive way in which the identity of an unknown mineral m ay in all cases be fixed beyond question, a:id that, is by the use of a complete set of determinative tables. By means of such tables the mineral in liaiid is referred successively from a general group into a more special one, until at last all oilier pedes have been eliminated, and the identity of the one given is beyond doubt. " A careful preliminary examination of the unknown mineral should, how ever, always be mask- beiore final recourse is had to the tables. This examina tion "ill oi ten suffice to show w hat trie minerd in hand is, and in 'an y case it should not be om itted, since it is only irt tills way tiiat a praelion! familiarity with the appearance and His m eters of minerals can be gained. dfae student will naturally take note first of those characters which arc at once obvious to the senses, that is: crystallineJurm, if distinct; /crural struc ture, cleaiage, fracture, iusfer, color (and Klrrak), fed; a lso , if the specimen is not too small, the apparent weight will suggest, son willing as to the specific gravity. The characters nan an! are of very unequal importance. Structure, if crystals are not present, and fracture are generally unessential except iii distinguishing varieties; cnlur and luster are essential v,iih mecahie, but generally very unim portant with nonmetailic minerals. S trea k is of ininor- tance only with colored minerals and those of metallic Insler (p. 271). Crys talline form and cleavage are of the highest importance, but may require careful study. '` The first trial should he the determ ination of the hurt?new (for which end the pocket-knife is often sufficient in experienced hands). The second trial should be the determ ination of (he: specific jm vity. Treatment of the pow dered mineral with acids may come next: by this means (see pp. ilffi), btjO) a carbonate is readily idenijli., and also other resides obtained/ Then siiot'ilu follow blowpipe trials, to ascertain the/.ad;//f,'a; the color given to the llarno if any; the character of tin: uhlinmte given oh in the tubes and on chinvon!; the metal reduced on the 1alter; the reactions wi;h Use.//exes, and other poims as explained in the preceding pages. H o w 11inch lilt; observer learn- in live above way, in regard to ihe nnruro of Ids mineral, depends pot: h is knowledge of ike characters <.f minerals in general, and it pm: Ids faudh.iriiy with. Ihr '-h.-miimL behavior if he various c-Iemeirary substances with reagents and before trie blowpipe ip|, g.i!) i,;jb9i. If lbe results of .such a pr-edtijji,::ry examine(on are suiliciem iy let;nile ro sitggns! that the mirir-ra] in ha tic i-s one of a small mi her of spec!-*, reference may Is- made to their aid description in Fan V of th is work f.u *he final decision. ITA-Ratcliff-000009