Document enkKg0j7q7GyYNJRKBKVbKrM

FILE NAME: Koppers/Beazer East (KBE) DATE: 1932 DOC#: KBE024 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Transactions of the 21st National Safety Council CONTENTS pa g e * **\'*Caaadl Officer* and D irector... - Kiz ``Coa&til Purpose* end Policie*... ... 3 ... 7 \VVV;Q**1 Session*-- A n attd Meeting of Member*.......................................................................... 9 ifefZ; **; / Annual Banquet.................................................. *........................................... . . 21 A*'y*&c*d Safety E n g in eerin g ...-................................................................... 23 f r K ' F i r e Prevention................. ................................................................................. 39 Endwtrtal H ealth Section.......... *.................................................................... 45 l . .`Indtt*tri*t N uraing Section...................................... ................. *................... 7$ *V f i !* S iftty in Forem artthip fay the Conference M ethod............. ...................... 83 < Accident Prevention Equipm ent Manufacturer* Section............................... 107 Aeronautical Section-............ - ........................................................ ' ...................... I l l A . S. S. S .--Engineering Section........ .......................... . . . . ............. ............ . . J19 Automotive and Machine Shop Section..........- .................................. .......... .. 131 Cement S e c tio n ....................................................... 141 Chemical S e c tio n .................................................................................................... 157 Construction Section ............................. *.................................................. - ...........177 Delivery,, Taxicab and Bus Section...................................................................... 191 Electric Railway Section.......................................... . ............................................. 201. Food Section ............................................................. 217 Marine Section ........................................................................................................... 233 M eat Packing, T anning and Leather Industrie* S e c tio n ................... ..........251 Metals S e c tio n .............................................................................. *.......................... 2C3 S e c tio n ....................................................... - ................................................. 277 309 Petfoleum Section . . . -----'.V..............*-?*. ^- . V ^ - - *: * ' ......................................327 *Pow er Pre*a Section.. *.... , v ^ > ............:..:..:.:..:..:..:.......... 347 ' Public Utilities Section. . . . . ................... /.*. * ---- ...r....... ............................................ 357 / . t ........................ i r s t.j &^ .'' . l i i . . . * .............. Safety Section, ARA--Steam Railroad Section,- *5$SC...................................... 405 Textile Section ........................................ ............................................ 435 Woodworking and Lumber Manufacturing Section.......................................... 447 * Index................................................................- ........................................................... 455 * Although the National Safety Council endeavor* to eliminate from dUcusrien at it* convention* matter* which are not pertinent to Its purpose* o r which are contrary to it* policies, the Council accepts no responsibility for the views expressed either In the papers presented or In the discutcions thereon. * * *s ..N O TE: The sessions of the Street and Highway Traffic Section, tbe Child 'E ducation Section, and the H oms Safety estios are published In a separate tm a n volume of these Transactions, available on request. National Safety Council. Incoroom ed 34_ 20 N o rth W ack er D riv e, C hicago HONORARY MEMBERS A ssociation o r I ron and S rzrx , E x -E c m c . E ncintjfjrs R obbtt W . Campbell Arthur W illiams O F F IC E R S (1932-1953) jf. L Banash, President. Robert I. Catun, Vice-President for Public Safety. J. E, Culuney, Vice-President for Engineering. Howard B. Fonoa, Vice-President for Membership. Gy T . H eu-muth. Vice-President for Business Adiwitiistration. J. R. Lonc, Vice-President for the Division of Safety Councils. Geoxce H. W art-el, Vice-President for industrial Safety. Dx. C H. W atson, Vice-President for Health. A. W. Writhes, Vice-President for Education. W i n Cooper, Treasurer. W. H . C ameron, hSanagmg Director and Secretary. C * J-V C b *\ 6 \ ^ E X E C U T IV E C O M M IT T E E (1932-1933) Wm. F. Arpern, Safety Division, Milwaukee Association of Commerce. C B. AV<X, Past President J. I. BanASK, CorcioUing Engineer. Ernest W, Beck, United States Rubber Company. C W . Brsccuisr, Past President C B. Boulet; PnMIc Utilities Section. W. H . Cakksdn, National Safety Council. Robert W. Camebcx, Past President, Robert 1, Catun, Aetna U fe Insurance Company. Frank H . C ocan, Marine Section. W ill Cooper, Stevens Hotel. J. E. Culuney, Bethlehem Steel Company. Eewakd Dana, Boston Elevated Railway. Lewis A. DeBiojs, Past President. Marcus A. Dow, Past President. Howard B. Fonda Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U. S. A ) Inc. P. H , Gi.ATm.TKa, York County Safety Council. Dr. T homas W. Gosunc, Superintendent of Akron Schools. Harry Gilbert, The Pullman Company, G. T. HnAKUTiT, Chicago, Month Shore & Milwaukee R. R. Co. Waiter G. King, Past PresidenL Franklin MU Kreml, Evanston Safety CoonciL Frakx I. LaNah an. Fort Pitt Malleable Iron Company. T homas E- Lickttoct, Mining Section. John E. Lonc, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corporation. 3 4 niy -first Congress-- National Safety Council K . W . Lormor, Cleveland Safety Council. W . W . M ack, Delaware Safety Council. A m i ur T . Morey, PaM President. Lw R. P almsr, Past President- C. . PcnmitnKR. Past President. J. J, P l*ar, Paper & Pulp Section. Et. Col. H enry A. R f.n /vgfr, Pa<d President. G. E. S anford, General Electric Company. C hasles B. Scirrr, Past Prsident. E rnest U Simon'DS. New Haven Safety Council. C W. S mcth, Standard OH Company (Indiana). H , S, Smttti, ASSJv--Engineering Section. 'R . T . Solenstxn, Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers* Section. J ohn H- T ayioh, Birmingham Safety Council. A rthur M. Tdp,, <.emsulting Marine Kngmecr. C P. T olxan, Past Prcsiilettt. G eorge H . W aRffl. Union Pacific Railroad Company. D*. Cassvus H . W atson, American Telephone $c Telegraph Company. W , L. W hite, J it, Cement Section. A. W . W utney, National Bureau of Casualty &- Surety Underwriters. Da. C.-E. A. W inslow, Yale Medical School. A rthur H,, Young, Past President. D IH E C T O R S (1932-1933) A ugustus ?* A mgtt, St. Louts Safety Council M. S. Ackerman, J e., Lehigh Valley Safety Council. W u . F . Ardrrn, Safety Division, Milwaukee Association of Commerce. J . 1. B an ash, Consulting Engineer. J ohn B anks, Madison County Safety Council, J ohn W . Barton, Safety Department, Nashville Chamber of Commerce. E rnest W , Beck, United States Rubber Company. W . A. B ennett. W orcester Safety Council X- G. Bentley, Richmond Safety CouncD. C- W . Bergqutst, Western Electric Company. D avis S. Beyer, lib erty Mutual Insurance Company. K. F. Blank, Jones & t-aiighti Steel Corporation. C. B. Boxlet, Public Utilities Section. W . R. BoYu, Jjt,, American Petroleum Institute. T hoxcas W . B rewer. H azdton Safety Council R, A. Bryant. Safety Division, Syracuse Chamber erf Commerce. R a u ii C. B ush. Electric Railway Section. Geo. A. Caldwf.u , Knoxville Safety Council. W . H . C akeron, National Safety Council Royert 1. C atun, Aetna Life Insurance Company. Frank H . Cogan, Marine Section. W t i i Cooper. S ie v e H old. Jf. E . CtitUNEY. Bethlehem S led Company. E uwaRO Dana, Bottnn Elevated Railway. F. A. Davxoson, Consulting Engineer. CurroRD Davis, Street St Highway Traffic Section, L. W . P awley, Refrigeration Section. Charles D, D awson. Grand Rapids Safety CoundL Lewts A- D eBuhs. Consulting Engineer. J ay E. Decktr. Ma<on City Safety Council ( ) tficcrs <tud I d r a z o r s J ames B. IMvclas, The Hiilailcli! Cas W orks Comjiany. Ob, ijovrts I. D urum. U ttrciw Utatt \ j i z Insurance Company,, Dk. C harles H . E amt$ t T extile Section, Frerejuc W . E aston, Blacfcrtouc Valley Safety Coonril. H arvey E u -ERR, Armour & Cbmpatiy. J)omaid A. FtXKnRtsat, Toledo Safety Council. Ra upft T , F tc tm i, Easthay Safety Council. T momas Fitzkfaaup, W estern Pennsylvania Safety Council. H oward B. Fona. Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U . S. A .) Inc P . H , Glatehutfr, York County Safety Council. Ernest P . Goomticii, G iw sritiw Engineer. Djl, T homas W . Gorlin*. G o ld Education Section. O rtto W. Graves, Q uarfy Section. H arry Gurx.itcitT, Tfte Cotufwiuy. I5 ATAH H ale, T h e A irlift' . TopeVa & Sam a Ye Kailway C a D. T . H amincton, U. S- Bureau of Mines. E. M. Konskuman, Safety Bureau* Duluth QvnnlfCT of Commerce* G. T . HEUUWtiTit. Oiicafto, N orth Shore & Mitwanfcre K. R . Co. C E H ightower. Petrolcnn Section. Ci>as. E. H tuu New York Central Tines. H arry D. Jmmel, Depat'ttneat of Labor & Industry. Pennsylvania. J ohn P rice J acksok, New York Edison Company. 7>a* a E . Jones. Manufacturer Association of Erie. Roland J ones. W oodworking ami Lumber H ansfactnrinK SeeHou. IfcA V . K tr a r a , Pennsylvania Salt Mfg. Co. F r a n k l in M. Kreml. Evanston Safety Council, Frank J. Lanahax. Fort P itt Malleable Iron Company. T homas E. Lm nrK w r, Mining Section. R. M. I.m a r . New York Department of Education. J. E- L ong, T he Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corporation. H. W , Ijosxor. Cleveland Safety Council. W. W . M ack. Delaware Safety Council. H. T . M artin. Fisk Rubber Company, F. W . Matson, Minnesota Safety Council. P axton Mendelssohn. D etroit, H enry J. Minriir, Food Section. W. S. Mop.u .erinc, Fort W ayne Safety CotmeH. U rnan L. Mole. Dayum Safety Council. R B. Worley, Industrial Accident Prevention Associations. Miller McCuktock. H arvard U niversity. W m. G. McCijllam. Elizabeth Safety Council* T. H, McK ennf.y. Illinois Steel Company* South W orks. A IX MrWiroRTXR, Safety t>ivirion, Memphis Chamber o f Commerce. Col, Ben P. N tcxlin. Chattanooga Safety Council. Jorm A. Oakteu Carnegie Steel Company. George C A. On*. THr iV tro it Edison Company. T nos. E. O wrn. Employe* Publication Section. Lew R, P almer. Kf(a>t*ble Life Assurance Society. J ohn C P arker, Brooklyn .Safety Council. C K, P kttjhonf, American M utual Liability Insurance Company. Brainarh P iatt, Louisville Safety Council, J. J . P lxax. P ap er & P5p Section. H . B. P otter. Baltimore Safety Council. Chas* E. REanotN. Providence Safety Council. Lt. Col* H c^ ry A. Rr<tvr.FR. T^lush P ortland Cement Company- 276 CTHty-ftrst C ontre -s-- Naionai S a fe ly owtcft H eavy M adrme Sfutp I>iv?K}, Gfo?it A J.ycommg Mj. <u Pla* No. I, W champor?. i 'cnsityh^m a. T h e ante cUv*si*% Group H, United States Kiihher Con^iany. Slio \ hi*-*hvarc Company, Waterbury* Centu "Y our Kour" T b c next part >* ihr* w& a special featwre enti`lcd 'T o ttr Hour,** 1 by T . H . M cKcuney. Supervisor of I_aix>r & Safety Illinois Steel Com;any. Sooth C hi cago, Question car*h had hem distributed and returned with safety problems, which M r. N eX cao e? read iron: the 8ocr, as*4 then asked for s<?futi<ms. Questions arid answ ers w ere as U\flows: Qurstlm* N a. 1; "St wxs expected tin t poor worker# schedules wrujld. cause more accidents, but this no! ix m the case, why not?" One reply was that plants are not pressed for production. However, a strong percentage of th e delegates w ere oC the opinion that sjjroadmg the work and putting new men on new jobs was csnwug accidents- A vote of drirjrAtc? m whether < nt frequency < acchfents ha. decreased d uring 1930 anti 1^31. resulted In a vote showing a deckled decrease. Q uestion N<t~ 2 "W haf practical meztss can he used t<j detect defects which /na>* develop in cran e wheels?** T h e re trie s tnclndcti; viable Inspectmu for cracks, Sat stirjs.ee?. e tc .; lAisping wheels w ith ham m er* also gaoguig: the Sanges. O ne well know n company make a m onthly inspect>on of ail parts qf the crane. Question ,,W. 3: "H ave any troubles or injuries hern encountered d;tc to metal caps on safety sl*nc?" Several weU-known companies <lo twjt permit any alety hoes except (hose w ith steel toe. Flammable materia! in a couiposltton toe K considered objectionable. Practically every mar w*nt cm record as favoring metal tipped toes &nd a vote s h o w d \mamtnous a ^ r o v a l of steel toes. Qttejfi'm N o 4 : "W h at procedure should t>e followed if sopcritrteodetrts. foremen an d w orkers do not co-operate in the accident prevemfor program ?** T he wtwcts included th e follow h;g O u r rnaoagcjnem is ways with u but a good nrgm ai*on w ill also o g V i ofwpsitinn <o safety. F ittin g objectors a t {lie heads of safety com m ittees will often eScct a core. Safety rstust begin a t the top. A safety engineer w ho cannot sU hts wares to his men should move. The safety engineer m ust sell bis w ares to th e management. ?n<1 all executives are suecepitHc of being influenced rf properly a p p ro a c h ! Botn th e emottorwd approach and the discussion <*f safety on a cost basis arc valuable to stake the Tnanagcsncnt listen Q c5<io fffi. > - in the mveetugaticB of accidents and near accidents, wVt fs the best method o f **rxrdure--through the foremen. by a committee, hy a safety tnsyjcctfoa, o r otherwise?" M any delegates favored an investigation by the department sutvxrm- tendeot and hi men, foremen, etc., with the safety engineer a s secretary and assisting lit the ijoetjonmg. Anothc- suggestion w^s by means of a trial. An lirmiedlat* investi gation is advisable, since ooctdhfons soon change, especially if om*sc Is ce?>rclaHv a t IwiU. Question S o . A* "N ow th at we are Agreed that responsibility for accidents rests vnth the head of the department, what is the safety (lefattmesil doing to the load sr{ t V forrmar7** I t w as xgreerf that th e safety ilepartnient shw tH help the foremen in every tossible way. ft is 'hporiant to comhme safety and tram tng^ T he final feature or the program was the presentation of the film slpp entitled S afety Kink." by J . A. C a rte l. Chief 3f Safety Bureau, Caniegie Steel Cocipany, Pittsburgh. M r. C artel presented a great variety of machines and <levices With appropriate remark?. A n iO U R N M E N T T i F / u v r r . - / t< s T A N N V A L S A P E T V i ' $ g E S S N a t j o s a l s a p n r y <o unci i M itiing Section O fficers 1931-32 <wral Otsir&ttx--V:. H. Cowvvs. Nat'wraif Lead Co, S t. Francois, M a rce-Chr*^*ncn t* rA Af'ih frskit {C rst S^hat-z^}--"'Kftv/>s JL KoK<t Cos' C o, P itubarsb, Ps. Vice: CUexrntm m Charge af Membership (M tiA icai Zinc Comfuny of Tennessee, Mascot, Teon. P. M. A kru vK Anter- y k e -C a a ir m e n ^ h W . A lt. Calumet & H e c b Coneol. Copper C o , C hornet, Kich. yice-Chann49*~F*Ai9 B. DtiKRAR, Ptcksmds. M ather & C o , M ather. P a. Secretary and N rxrs-Letter Editor-- D antsi, TiAiaiKuroK, U nited States B ureau of Mines, W ashington, X), C. Chairman Sieiisthrs Committee--W . W, Asaus, U niter States Bureau of Mines, Washington. Q. C Chairman Bnteetauttneni Comteittee--} . T. Kvav, Mine SaCety AppUauco C o , Pittsburgh Pa. PvBiitiijf Contpdtiee--M . R . Explosives Engineer, W ilrringion, Del. IL Dawsok R ma* C pat A ge. New Y ork, N . Y . CVujrfnan P ester~Slide Committee--J . J. poaftRs, U S . Eisrcajj o f Mines, Pittsburgh. Chaipnsn Engineering Committee--V/. T . M rrzcga, Hudson Coal Co* Scranton. Pa. Chairman P rogram Comzni'ite--Cj ?as, P. K m T w r , Pickands, M ather & Co^ Qeveland, Ohio. Members at Large-- M. F. F airltr, The Mining: Corporation of Canada. 1^<L, Toronto, Ont* Canada. H. C H exik, Phelps Dodge Carp,, Blshee, Arir. JL X. HostKR, Coal Mine Section. Peunsylvanhi Con:pes:sat*on Rating & la- snection Bureau, Harrisburg, Pa. Geosk7?. Mastixsok, Pickamle, Matlicr & Co* HrhHnz. Msrai. C A McDowell, Pittsburgh Ctt?l Co* Pfttsburgli. Pa. B. I>. Motfatt. Utah Copper Co., Salt i^alte City, U tah. Howard I. Youxc, American Zinc, Lead and Smelting Co* Eat St. Louis, fll- T U SSD A Y M O R N IN G SESSIO N O cto b er 4 , 1932 The sesrions of the Miruryf Section convened wid* General C hstnnan W . H . Oimins Katjonal le a d Company, St. France?, Missouri presiding. A fter welcomlg the dckgajes Chairnsui Condos asked for the report of the Sinusites Committee which was presented by W , tY. Adams, U . S. Bitreau of Mines. W ashington. D. C-* C hairman, in part as follows : 777 50 a tty -firS{ C o n g ress-- N a tio n a l S a f e t y C o u n t ti i * proper *uff, and not by some enthusiastic person who Has not been trained for the work. Why not use more registered nurses in the smaller plants? The registered nurse is much belter qualified to interpret a physician's plan of medical service than any !*y attendant. Much depends upon the physical condition of the employees, t am of the opinion that the physician, hy reason of his professional attainmenu, is best qualified to handle some of the problem casqs among employees. Mental symptoms* brought about by worry over home affairs, quite often produce accidents. In many eases the fear and w orry of sickness in the family can be greatly allayed by a talk with the doctor or the nurse. Many of these cases have come under my personal observation. I t should also be absolutely the part of the physician to say when a roan shall return to his regular employment after injury, and this decision should not be 5nitaenced in the slightest by its possible affect on any "np-lost time accident** contest or record. These contests are proper and have brought about outstanding results in the reduction of lost-time frequency figures. However, there have been cases of Injured employees being urged unduly to return to swine form of work merely to prevent the marking up of a lost-time accident. Nothing should be allowed to inter fere with the employee*! welfare. The 'physician has every motive to return the employee to His regular work as promptly as possible* but his higher duly is to conserve both the physical send economic welfare of the employee as well as the employer. T he safety director has need of the medical service, and the two should earnestly co-operate and seek to bring about a mutual feeling among the employees. Both departments are striving by all possible means to prevent economic waste chargeable to the disabilities and hazards of industry. TU ESD A Y AFTERNOON SESSIO N O ctober 4, 1932 The delegates first attended an informal luncheon, and then gathered for the after noon meeting in a Joint Session with the Metals Section. This session was devoted to a symposium on the dust problem in industry. Chairman Greeoburg immediately Introduced the first speaker. The Effects o Inhaled Mineral Busts By LEROY U. GARDNER Director, Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, Saranac Lake, N. V. As long as men have worked in stone it has been appreciated that an unusually Urge proportion of them suffer from disease of the lungs, ft was natural to assume that such disease would be caused by the dust generated, and this belief was strength ened by the discovery of black, grey or red pigments in the lungs, sometimes accom panied by the formation of scar tissue. T he term, poeutnonokemioiis was introduced to describe the lung pigmented in this manner. W ith further observation pathologists attempted to classify various forms of pneumonokoniosis on a basis of the type of dust inhaled and such names a* an* thracosta, stderosis. chaclcos and even bysstnosis and tobaccosis made their appear ance. i t was recognized that some forms of the disease were attended by severe symptoms and resalt in death but there was no correlation between the clinical and pathological pictures and the causative dust. Finally, statistical study demonstrated that of all kinds of industrial dusts silica generally produced a definite type of disease with a characteristic pathological lesion and complex of symptoms. Industrial H ealth Section Today the clinic* I entity known as silicosis is one f^rjrt of pneumonokoniosis which is quite clearly defined. Moreover* within the last three or four years asbestos dust lias also been shown to produce another specific type of reaction attended by symp toms differing in some respects from silicosis. The other forms of pneumonokoniosis stilt tack complete defimtioti. T h e wide spread use of radiography has brought together a of descriptive data from indi vidua is exposed to many kinds of occupational dusts but these findings have not yet been correlated with pathological anatomy, chemical studies of the tissues and de tailed analyses of industrial atmospheres. There is a tendency to assume that many of these pulmonary changes a re due to the action of silica perhaps modified fay the chemical components of the dust. W e shall only he in a position to Speak with assu r ance about them when the pure types of dust and their various combinations have been studied in human beings o r in experimental animals. For the sake of clarity no mention has been made of the infections which so fre quently complicate some forms of jmenmonbkotiiosK In the prebacleriological era of mediclue the se of such term s as "grinders* consumption** and "miners* phthisis'* reflects the popular association of pncumonnkoniosfs with tuberculosis. T he names were justified both by clinical and pathological observation for it has been subse quently shown that, in silicosis a t least, a super-imposed tuberculosis may cause death in perhaps 75 per cent o the cases. Some observers even go so far as to state that silicosis itself does not develop unless the lungs a re previously damaged by a latent tttbcrcrfoiis infection. This is probably an exaggeration* fo r typical silicosis can be produced in the experimental anim al by th e inhalation of silica without infection. The role of asbestos dust a s an excitant o f tuberculous infection is not as d e a r cut as that of pure silica. W hile th ere a re numerous reports o f death in asbestosis due to a terminal tuberculosis, nevertheless surveys o f living workers have failed to | demonstrate any excess of such infection. Simple anthracosis is said to prevent th e progression of tuberculous infection. Statistics from coat mining districts do show a tuberculosis rate much lower than th at "norm al" for the age group. As yet corrobo rated experimental proof of protective action of coal against tuberculous infection is lacking. Not only the tubercle bacillus h ot other bacteria seem to develop with special {adlity in the tissues previously damaged by silica. F o r example, the pneumonia rate among rilkotic native latiorers of South A frica is many times th at in non-siltcotic natives firing under sim ilar conditions. In coal miners, likewise, pneumonia is a common and often fatal complication. What has been said of the effects o f inhaled inorganic dusts would indicate th at the reaction of the tissues is not merely a response to mechanical irritation by p a r ticulate matter. Today h Is generally accepted that the injury is chemical in nature and th at only certain of the common types of industrial dusts possess properties capable of exciting reaction. In the cases of silica and the silicate of magnesium or asbestos the slightly alkaline body fluid* probably effect a slow solution of th e dust particles liberating silica in colloidal form. T his substance irritates the connective tissue cells which respond by multiplying. T he result is an overgrowth of the sup porting framework dem ents a t the expense o f the more delicate celts specialised for specific functions. For these two types of dust the character and form of the pathological changes has been carefully worked out. In silicosis the essential tissue change consists o f nodules of connective tissue which develop first in th e lympoid tissues situated in the drainage apparatus of the lungs. These nodules interfere with the physiological removal of foreign bodies and subsequently inflated particles accumulate In the framework of the lung itself. Such reaction gradually decreases die normal elasticity of the organ and encroaches upon its functional elements. A s a result the cardinal qm pton of the disease, dyspnoea o r shortness of breath develops. Because of the excessive amounts of scar tissue formed in th e lungs the right side of the heart t ! 52 T tv r * tty ~ firs t L'(*tig r e s s - - N ttfu tm il A V /r/v C o u n c il t ecnocmopuenntsearste inthcereaosvinergwdoirfkfiecdulthyeainrt fmorucsincgle hbloecoodmienstothtihcekeorrgaannds. lieIanviear aanttdemujxntlestos infection intervenes the time eventually arrives when the heart fails ami death occurs from this cause. T he reasons for hp prevalence of infection m the Silicotic lung are not altogether clear. It i obvimis that when the drainage system is so obstructed by nodules of sear tissue th at more dust particles can only be removed w ith difficulty, the m e must be tru e of bacteria which may he inhaled. As a consequence they rem ain fn the lung and set p progressive infections. But this t$ not the whole story. T he silicotic tissue apparently offers a peculiarly favorable soil for the continued niuUipUcatlim of tubercle bacilli am t j<rlta|K other iiacieria. E xperim ent lias shown that even at * tenuated organism o f thU type will produce rapidly fatal tuberculosis in a silicotic S guinea pig. F urtherm ore, inhaled silica dust will cause a pre-existing latent tuber culous Coens. Itarlxtnng a few attenuated bacilli, to become progressive and spread. T he cause o f this effect pon tubrculo mfccum Itas not yet been ascertained l*t probably it i< * me way associated with the death of tssoc caused by the toxic silica. A ssociated w ith this factor 5s an increased activity o f the phagocytes which are st/mwlafcd by the irrita liny silica eo that these cells tend to migrate rapidly and c arry tubercle Itadltf into previously unirtvolved portions o the lung. Arhrstos <lnii. perhaps because of its fibrous structure, h not transported very fat t rweimthoivnedthebylotnhge. 1yUmptletnatdisc tdoraloindaggeeasloynstgemth.e Twisaslluseoreathcetiofnin, epr rotubbaebslyaninditiattleed obfyitthhe i 5oti'o of the fiber*, occurs in their immediate vicinity. As m the case of Uica this : reaction consist of an nYergfovrth of the connective tissues which ue later transformed I into leather-like scarx. A luminum oxide will serve admirably as an example of a non-siliceous dust whose particles a re a Ixard and sharp as those of crystalline silica. W hen a measured quantity of such p artick s, 1 to 3 miera in diameter, are injected into the ear vein of a rabbit the m ajority of them come to rest in its liver and spleen. There they remain, apparently harmless, collected in large phagocytic cctts and producing no reactkm of the connective tissues for a t least tw o years. Injection of the same quantity o f tle same sited quart* particles excites the formation of so much scar tissue that the functional elem ents are almost completely destroyed and the organs arc reduced to nodular masec o f leather-like consistence. Carborundum , the carbide of silicon, when inhaled by guinea pigs for periods as long as four y e a rs likewise fails to excite significant overgrowth of the connective tissues. I t produces only a low grade inflammatory change with no nodwlcs Instances such a s those cited constitute the basis for believing that the cellular ; cespofux to dust particles is not due to their hardness and sharpness h ut to chemical substances ^liberated hy the action of tltc tissues upon them T he case for solubility ha not been proven directly, for the detection of soluble siik a mi tu e tissues offers v technical difficulties widely today a rc unsurmoontabie. Nevertheless this stthstancc is known lo l>e a cell poison and in weak concent ra ion it will provoke an overgrowth of the connective tissues. Mention should be made of the effect of ir.halcd coal dust. Most city dwellers : breathe tt* sufficient quantities of tins material during a n average l tic-time to pigment considerable areas of tb rir lungs. Deposits of grey o r black d u will be found along the course of the lymphatic drainage system hut tins pigmentation is associated with little or no new growth of connective tissue. The coal miner's lung n mveh blacker but in most instances it also develops no deforming scars. When such reaction docs occur analysis usually reveals appreciable amounts of silica m the lungs. The presence o f excessive quantities of carbn dust apparently fnfiuenees the localization of mod erate am ounts of silica so that the latter is not deposited m nodo tes as in pure silicosis hut in streaks along lymph vessels as pore coal would localize. Coat miners* fibrosis, due to relatively malt amounts of silica, is therefore <lif- ! udusfr'utl Health Section SS ferent from O ut of the intro quartz w orker. W hen tlw amount of inhaled silica is excessive, the effect of the coat is negligible ami the reaction approximates that in pare silicosis. T here is said to be more reaction to h ard coal than to the bituminous variety but there is evidence to suggest th at tins 5s due to th e greater amount of siliceous rock which roust be worked in mining anthracite coal. Finally, consider the silicosis of granite cutters. T his develops somewhat more slowly than that of the pure Quartz miner and It has been maintained that this ts due to the relatively small amount of uncombined silica in granite (25 to 40 per cent). But if is believed (lutf o th er components o f dve glom erate gran ite n a y neutralize o r a t least inhibit the effects of the silica so that only after prolonged exposures to high concctrat*ms does *IjroiSct react* occur. W hile typical .dficotie nodule* develop in guinea pigs futafm g pure quartz fo r a year, not even the earliest sug gestion of nodules have appeared in the lungs of anim als inhaling- comparable concen trations of grm te <40 per cent silica) for four year*. This brief discK*vH id some of the proldems involved in pneumorndtoniosis draws attention to the limitations n{ ou r present knowledge. I t indicates that the reaction to an inhaled dust 5* determined by the chemical and probably physical composition of that du st I t emphasizes the need to farther study o f different types of dust both in the pare state and in measured combinations. T h e ultim ate aim o f such a study should be the neutralization of the toxic action of such dangerous substances as silica. The Dust Content of the Atmosphere in Various Dusty Industries By J. J. B TO O M FIETD Sanitary Engineer. U nited State* Public H ealth Service* W ashington, D . C. The spqaker said in p a rt: Tl*e properties of a. given dust which determne its capacity to produce pulmonary pathology arc. the nature of the dust, that is* its chemical and ndncralogical composition, its particle size, and finally the quantity of die dust dispersed m th e atmosphere; One of the outstanding results of the fast 20 years of research in the field of dust inhalation is the demonstration of die fact that, in general, the degree of health hazards associated with tlic inhalation of any dust, all other factors remining constant. Is dependent upon tlie ininrralogical composition of the dust. For example, it is now well established tltat the inhalation of certain types of dust, such as granite dust, will in time produce fibrosis of the lungs, at times associated with tuberculosis, In other cases exposure to dust may result in the production of much less fibrosis wrtltoM notable tendency toward subsequent hihercuJos: this is tnr of cement dost And finally, there are certain types of dmt, as typified by marble dust, which in the quantities and lengths of exposure so far observed produce little lung fibrosis. In general, it has been found that those dusts which are high in quant content are the ones which produce a disabling fibrosis of the lungs most readily. So far as the size of the dust p artid c is concerned, It is apparent that in order tor any given dust to produce Injury to the lungs, It must gain access to the parenchyma of the lung, the site w here the harmful effects o f the dust take place. Il is known that not all of the particles of inhaled diKt gain access or a re retained by the human long In this connection it is of tmporiance to have regard to the tK of the dust particles present in the industrial atmosphere. With reference to the quantity o f dust present in the a ir of a workroom it Is apparent that when tlie dnst concentration is high tl exposed person will Inhale a greater quantity i a given period of time than he will when the dnst concentration of the atmosphere is relatively low, ami since tbe rate of production of the fibred*