Document emonD8nRvZzMg2Lj5j7Nwp8oM
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PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT
CJ Ui
United
BOSTON DENVER DALLAS MEMPHIS TULSA
States Testing Company,
ISTABLIS
1000
HOBOKEN, N. J.
TELEPHONE: SWarthworS 2*2400 -...........-- t------------------
Inc.
NEW YORK PHILADELPHIA PROVIDENCE LOS ANGELES BROWNSVILLE
'
REPORT OF TEST
A comparison of flexure and crushing tests on
'ten (10) foot and thlrteen(13) foot lengths of 4 inch 1500 pound class Building Sewer Pipe.
' October 10,1963
P-23570
Certain-Teed Products Corporation Plant #58 Ambler, Pa.
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SIGNED FOR THE COMPANY^
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OUR LETTERS AND RCPORTS ARC rOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE r THE CLIENT TO WHOM THEY* ARC AODRCSSCO, ANO THEIR COMMUNICATION TO ANT OTHERS.
OH THE use or THE NAME Or UNITED STATES TCSTINO COMPANY, INC.. MUST RECEIVE OUR RRIOR WHITTEN APPROVAL. OUH LCTTCHS, REPORTS ANO
COMMENTS APPLY ONLY TO THE SAMPLE TESTED ANO TO THE TEST* ACTUALLY CONOUCTCO. THEY ARC NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OP OTHER PROPER*
TICS OP THE SAMPLE NOR Or THE QUALITIES r APPARENTLY IDENTICAL OR SIMILAR PRODUCTS. SAMPLES NOT DESTROYED IN TCSTlHO ARK RETAINED A*
or'maximum
'tmirtt'days.
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CAPCO JEN 0020336
UNITED STATES TESTING COMPANY, INC
PURPOSE To compare through actual analysis the flexure, deflection and crushing strength of Ten (10) foot and Thirteen (13) foot lengths of Building Sewer Pipe,
> MATERIALS Described by client as autoclaved asbestos - cement building sewer pipe.
SAMPLING From a tray of Seventy-five (75) pipes. Twenty-four (24) were selected at random and numbered consecutively from 1 through 24. The even numbered pipes were tested as sampled. The odd numbered pipes were reduced to a ten (10) foot length by cutting l feet from each end.
' TEST CONDITIONS The tests were conducted under the direct supervision of a representative of the United States Testing Company on October 10, 1963 at Certain-teed Products Corporation, Plant #58, Ambler, Pa. The flexure tests were conducted on a Tinius Olson Flex Tester and the crushing tests were conducted on a Racine-Seco Crushing Tester.
TEST METHOD 1. The twelve (12) even numbered thirteen (13) foot pipe were individually tested on a Tinius Olsen Flex Tester to deStruction on a twelve (12) foot span, third point loading. Recorded during continuous uniform loading were the load at destruction, the deflection at destruction and the deflection at 415 pound test load. 2. The twelve (12) odd numbered ten (10) foot pipe were individually tested on a Tinius Olsen Flex Tester to destruction on a nine (9) foot span, third point loading. Recorded during continuous uniform loading were the load a^destruction, the deflection at destruction and the deflection at a 550 pound test load. 3. Crushing Tests were then conducted on six (6) of the flexure tested pipes of each length according to the procedures of ASTM C 428-63T.
CAPCO JEN 0020337
UNITED STATES TESTING COMPANY, INC
RESULTS
t. THIRTEEN (13) FOOT PIPE e >
Sample
Oef 1 eccion ac
Number
415 pounds
Deflection at Break
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Averages
.70 .75 .75 .80
73 .75 .68 .70
.53 .78 .75 .68 .72
.80
1.15 1.00 1.18 1.00 1 .10
1.05 1.10
.93 1.10
1.03 1.00 1.04
2. TEN (10) FOOT PIPE
Sample Number
Def 1 ection at 550 lbs.
Deflection at Break
1 .50
3M 5 .43 7 .45 9 .45 11 .45
13 .43 15 .45 17 .43 19 .43 21 .40
23 Averages .44 Inches
.63
.60
.60
.60
.58
.70
.73
.73 .43
' .75 :
'
.68
4 T6* inches
Breaking Load
Crushinq
`'
490
690 3434
600
' 700
3336
600
680 . 2649
720
660 2846
680
670 2846
620
650 647 pounds
mi 3068 pounds/ft
Breaking Load
Crushinq
790 970 900 880 820 990 1040 1050 610 1110 1020 920 925 pounds
2944 3474 3238 3042 2846 2551 3016 pounds/ft
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CAPCO JEN 0020338
f 1 IfI !*.
Flex Values For JO' f, 15* Lengths Cf Asbanto:-!:amun; ?<r.r.
Each length-of AsSjostcs-Csment Pips mr.nufacta rad, in sizes 3" through 8",'
must moot a Strength reqeIrcm.cr.i for oea.r. metier.. This nay he expressed as
uniformly distributed iced per lineal foot cr Modulus of Rupture in Flexure. .
To proof tost the beam action of pips in our plants, either uniformly
distributed load per lineal foot or Modulus of Rupture are convortcd to third
point concentrated loading. A Tinius-Olsan Flo:: Testing Machine is standard
equipment in tha industry for such testing and all our plants are so equipped.
The formula for converting Modulus of Rupture ar.d uniform?'/ distributed
load per lineal foot to third point loading .is shewn on attached Pago J!o. 1.
Cn P$go iio. 2 the Modulus of Rupture formula is used to calculate the
flex test lood for 4" Ciass ?5G0 Building fewer Pipe. The calculations are
based on our concept of flex values ar.d shew the flex load for 13* lengths
to bo 9/12 the load for T0' lengths. The 131 pipe to bo tested on a 12* span
and the 10* pipe to be tested cn o 9* span.
Page i.'o. 3 uses the standard beam formula to calculate the factory ficx
cast load. Again these calculations era based cn cur concept cf ficx values
and show 131 pipe to bo cqu.-i r.a 1C: pipe when the fiex load for 13* length
is 9/12 the lood for 1C* length.
'
Pago ho. 4 shows ha-w much greater '3` lengths of Building Bowsr Pipo
/
would hove to be designed In order to.be aqua I to 10* lengths according Co
l,
the J-K concept of flex strength. This is based on Modulus of rupture.
Pago i.'o a shews haw much greater 131 lengths of Building Sewer Pipe
would have to be designed in order to bo equal to 5D* lengths according to
the J-H concept of flex strength! This Is based or. uniformly distributed
toad per lineal foot.
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CAPCO JEN 0020339
PASS r:o. t
iSOO'J!.!;S OF RU?TUr.5
STSESS o .
PI 5
11 V - o
. 71
37.
TT 6
PID , 7n*- d<v)
22_- ,, 6 xn
JZ
TOT . "
PIO (D14 - d4)
1.70 x [> * I x e . iD* - d*)
P s Total- Lead J s Span 0 - Outside Diameter d = inside Diameter* I
STAiiD.--.RD 32AM FOP-HULA
F .s Wl2 Ala
F = Total Factory applied" load
U Uniformly Dfst. Load/Lin. Ft.
I s Length of Pipe
a = Distance from support to half load applied at third point.
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CAPCO JEN 0020340
(f.f j- .__.... .. .... *J.V--
j- ------ . --- .*
___r ilr'4v^| >..h+Zi---1
f).EX TEST LOAD 3ASD CM HOf-ULUS 07 KL'PTUPE
4" Ciuss 15Q0 S/S. Pipe
CPC Pips
! 1 * i-
inside Diameter' Outside Dicrcater Flex Test Loea
.i i - j-j'. ? (/* <
i? >-
r l SjZe CLASS ISM.
:i'; ;
4
ipOO
4`
V;
4
1500
5`
: '. .4'
1500
6*
5500 -
JO*
4. CO 4.53 (55') 415
FLEX LOAD SPAR
1.70 * 1647 x 36 x 4.53 4.34 - 4.00*'
i.70 x 5233 x 43 r. 4.5S 4j34 - 4.004
1.70 x S.vy. x CO x 4 Jo 4.54 - 4. CO4
1.70 x 550 x :c3 x 4. S3 4-S24 - 4. GO4'
J-M Pipe
4.00 4.53 (10`) 550
MCOvt-US OF. RUPTURE .__ '
m 452433- = 2514 . 1840
a 432433 S
2514
- 462433 = *T840"
= 462438 <3 . }340~
.25-'4 2514
Vwc" .i
CPC rPm"IP*S** S -`22
CLASS
4 1500
4 5500
4 5500
4 1500
4 1500
4 5*
6' 10: 13'
FLEX ICAO $PA>!
1.70 x_ :6.50 x 36 x 4.53 4.58'-' - '4.CO4
i.70 x..?240 r. 43 4.53 4.5S4 - 4. CO4
1.70.x S'85 x 60 x 4,53 4.SE4 - 4.004
1.70 x 554 x 'C2 :: 4.53 4,5C4 - 4.0D4
i.70 s 415 x 544 s 4.58 4.S34 - . 4.0C4
. MODULUS
' Auprux;
ydj'i? 1
S . 4S24S3 ** * 1340"
2523
46.'*-1/ .1840
*
2523
`JO't-'lf
"is4r
2523
v8ri`>/
-- AA?4C3- *
*I840~
2529
Vi 3 462438.
. 7*1840
252s
PIPE iEr.-ST.-:
C?C FLEX TEST LOAD J-ij FLEX TEST LOAD
jy_
:65c 1647
3
. fCCAP
il
5240 123S
2
S95' ,990
5
10?.
554 `. ` 5
4
ill 45-J
C ; :
*Ci icoVrffOr)[
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CAPCO JEN 0020341
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IrLH;. TU".JfTi i r*1" Vn >S l--. mA'l!1 MODULUS C"
4" Class 1500 Sj-5 Pipe *
j1 Inside Oia.r.otef Outside Dis.-.icter Flex Test Load
CPC .PI.-'2
4.00 4.50 (3'> >50
j~n p i;F SIZE
4
CLASS 1500
t. 1500
4 isco
**
LEN._
FLEX
load
spam
4* . 1.70 x 1547 3-5 x 4.5-S' 4.5St|` - 4. CO4
5' ' 1.70x127-3x4-3x4.53 .4 , h
4.55' ~ 4.CC
6` ' 1 .?0 x SSO x 60 x 4.53 4.53** - 4.00if
j-r; Ploe
. *, 4,00 4.53 . <10) 550
.-
3 ' 462433 1840
- 4-67.453 1040
a 457.433 i4o
MODULUS' OF . RUPTURE * . 2514'
a ' 2514
25 i 4
*
4 1500
1 CPC P l?Z
SIZE 4
'CLASS ' .3500
4 . isco '
4 1500
4 . 1500
JO' .
1.70 x S50 x 103 x 4.5-3 - 452433 =
4.p8** - 4.00**
1840 .
.
2514
LEM. 4*
5'
6'
13*
FLEX LOAD SPAM
MODULUS 0? RUPTURE
2.70 x 3000 x 36 x 4.53 - 340333 =
4.5S,f - 4. CO**
1840
4570
1.70 ; 2250 x 48 r. 4.CS = 840888 =
4.58** - 4.00**
1340
4570 .
1.70 x iSOO x 60 x 4.53 - S4C8-33 = '- 4-570
`t.53** - 4.00**
1840
1.70 x 750 x ?44 x 4.53
4.58*
4.004
84C333 = 1840
4570
PIP'S l..';r*fiTH
C?C FLEX TEST LOAD J-MFLEX TEST LCA5> .
iLL
3000
JAr:>v /7
*353 82i
P.'iCA?
' Si
2250 >23-3
\0)Z Q7Z
to
&>
iL
1800 ' s?o
**810
10*
10C0 550
450
82%
'
13-'
750
_r
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COT
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CAPCO JEN 0020342
i /* PA'
.Y BISTRlStffEO i.C-AD PEA ini. FT. LA.-;.-.:) G.'l STANDARD SEAM FORMULA
v .`
\Zz k 4 4' , 4
GLASS 1500 1500 1500 1500
LES. 4` 5* ' 6* :o '
, UrUFOPJiLV d;st. load PER LIN. FT.
LENGTH
4?2 x <h)z. ; 4x1
' 2S4 x {S)2 .333
'
. 183 x (6)2 4x1.666
66 v (jo)2 4x3- '
a e
3 -
. FLEX LOAD 1647
123S . S3C
,, 550
', .
-
1 .1
, .
-j
SIZE'
i:
1
,4
4 t.
4 4
. CLASS 1500
LEW. 4*
1500
5'
1500 1500
6* . .* 10*
1500 1
13' ..
UNIFORMLY D 1ST. LGAO PER L !H. FT.
LENGTH
FLEX L.7'0
55C_x_(4 4x1.
= ' ' 3000
' 47? x (5)2 ' ' ' 4 x 5.333
U
2250.
552 * <3* 4 x i 666
X
.'SCO
'.>20x(?C}2 4x3
3
1000
71x031* 4x4
750
k'. *: :
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CPC ('JM 1F0AMLY 01 STft; S117ED J-K (LOAD PER LIU. FT.)
'.
AS CAP
it*
M.
750 lit 2 333
3&
5`
473 264 215
327;
6`
333
m 150 82%
'
10'
120 66 54 S2%
n
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CAPCO JEN 0020343
ASBESTOS PRODUCTS COMPANY Salas Offices, 2144 Highland Avenue. South / Birmingham, Alabama 35205 Phone 205 324-4551
AN OLD OLD STORY '
Tho following was just taken from the records of the Archeological Department of a University 'in the East, being a translation of a recently ac quired bit of papyrus which was written some 4,000 years ago. It is the report of the Egyptian official to the Pharaoh.
"Know, Oh Mighty Pharaoh, that I have made inspection of the works of the upper Nile. I found the builders to be a strange breed. First cometh the man with three-legged prong with which they make divers observations. When they approach a village, the maidens fleeth and the villagers bewail exceedingly because they aim the prong at a house, saying it must be moved, although the desert stretches for miles around, desolate. Sometimes the prong men drive little stakes into the ground. They play a game and wait until someone knocks down one of the stakes, and they, the prong men, jump in the air and shout and tear their hair and call on Ea and Orirs and Iris and Set and Horos and all the. lesser gods, and they become exceedingly wrath, all about little sticks. They also make many heiroglyphics, many of which they do not understand themselves."
"Then cometh the contractors. They are a class that have many posessions and ride in fine chariots, but easily run to bitter tears; and they runneth down the work to be done, to each other, that they make the other afraid and he addeth much expense to the calculations."
"Then cometh the materials man clotheth in fine apparel, and the maidens meet them with gleeful smiles, as they have something magic called "expense accounts" They are all worshippers of the Sacred Bull. Every morning they chant, "Oh Sacred Bull, keep us full of they substance because only with thee can we make a living".
"Then cometh the letting of the contract. Whereat one contractor draws the prize and the rest of the contractors beat their breasts and pour ashes on their heads, and say with a mighty shout, "He can't do it for the money". Always they have said this, and always to th'e end of- time they will say it, even until the stars grow cold.
"But the low bidder, he smiles and is pleased with himself, wise in his own conceit and he hunteth up the three-prong men and taketh them to dine with him and handeth the check to the material man."
THE END.
Manufacturers of PERMAFLEX Water and Sewer Pipe
CAPCO JEN 002034-4
- rU* The following pages are "Salesmen's Remarks on 10 vs. 13-ft. Lengths."
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CAPCO JEN 0020345
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I would go the the Engineer's Office and I would tell the Engineer that only one manufacture (in this country) furnish 10* lengths. Most engineers are not aware of this and when they hear this they will open up the specification, also if a federal money job, he has to open the job to all that meet specifications.
Notes JM and FK make 10* pipe. .
I would go to the Engineer's Office and present him with ' a copy of ASTM or AWWA Specifications (assuming he doesn't have one) then enter into a discussion of the responsible agencies behind the specs. Might drop a remark or so about the waterworks industry suffering from the fact that J/M saddled themselves with 10' machines years ago to make conduit, etc., and could not market the output, so to protect their in vestment they try to force the use of Watermain on the Engineers and Contractors. Then X would tell the Engineer that the contractor is not worried, and the contractor is responsible, plus we are behind the contractor in supplying quality pipe.
I would go to the Engineer's Office and ask him to allow 13'., I would stress the fact that we had many jobs in service of 4" - 13' and that they had all been free from flex breaks. I would tell him that I would like to place a call to contractors whom he knew had used our 13' for a testimonial. If he still refused, I would ask the contractor to use our price with a qualifying letter.
I would go to the Engineer's Office and point out to him the accounts in the immediate area using 13' pipe for virtually an identical application. I would endeavor to find out why he has written in this application, letting him explain the supposedly good, .exclusive Features-of 10' -lengths of pipe. When he finally comes up with one he considers exclusive, I would try to sell him off of this one fact or get' an agreement from him that if we quoted 13* lengths and were low we would continue to negotiate after, the bid letting. Giving me an opportunity:to see the client.
CAPCO JEN 0020346
I would go to the Engineer's Office and advise him of previous projects installed where 13' lengths had been used successfully for many years. Furnish him with a list of Engineers, Munic ipalities, Contractors, etc., who had successful installations in all types of soil conditions. I would then discuss proper ' installation procedures so as the pipe in the ditch would not act as a beam, etc. There is 30% more handling of pipe in unloading and laying which causes labor rates to go up, thereby causing bids to be higher which, could put the job out of the money. There is 30% more chance of leaks. There is less length of pipe under stress,
\ which means that shorter lengths could break before reaching trench bottom. If 10-ft. lengths are better them 13-ft., why aren't they manufacturing in larger sizes of pipe? Could it be that certain companies"bought 10-ft, machines to make conduit but lost the conduit market and are trying to take advantage by using adverse publicity?
CAPCO JEN 0020347
13-FOOT vs. 10-FOOT
Contractor: "Engineer calls for 10-foot lengths."
Salesman:
"Do you have a specific reason for specifying 10-ft. lengths?"
Contractor: Salesman:
"Less breaks."
"How can this be stated as a fact?. Did your informant provide this to you in writing? I'd like to see it."
"I'm sorry you don't have anything written."
Contractor:
"I have not seen anything written but I've often heard this."
.-
Salesman:
"I would like to say this; My worthy competitors have machines to manufacture 10-ft. lengths., not specifically for manufacturing water or sewer pipe but for manufacturing conduit. This business has gone over to plastic and other mediums. Now they have these expensive machines -- what can they use them for? We would manufacture 10-ft. lengths gladly if our Research Department considered it advisable. You see, ,we don't have this machine. They were originally purchased to manufacture conduit. Since it isn't feasible, we aren't going to spend $250,000. I believe you'll agree with me -- they are trying to sell 10-ft. lengths because they need production on these machines. If there was proof of an engineering value, I can see your specifications. Since we don't have proof, please issue an addendum changing this.
CAPCO JEN 0020348
u
Knowing that Johns-Manvilie are the only ones that quote . 10-ft. lengths in my area, I would approach the engineer with this. * I would tell him he would eliminate us and Certain-teed and therefore . end up with higher unit prices knowing J-M will quote high.
Also I would inform the engineer of the advantages of the 13-ft. lengths. I would also remind the engineer if Federal money is involved, that the particular agency will not permit this kind of spec writing.
J
CAPCO JEN 002034-9
Mr. Engineer: First of all, I am shocked that you would put out an
addendum reducing the lengths of A/C pipe to 10-ft. When you know as well as I do that with the way you call for the bedding of pipe in your specs.
Also, down through the last six years you have never in your past history done this. As you realize, I am sure, that using your specifications as a guide line for installation, my 13-ft. joint is probably the best laying length for the job.
May I point out also that the Federal Specifications specify the 13-ft. length. We meet all the AWWA, ASTM fit Federal Specifications. We have passed the Underwriters' Laboratory test and the Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory test, etc.
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CAPCO JEN 0020350
If Federal monies involved,explain discrimination and limited source of supply. Have list of successful installations of 13-ft. lengths giving location, contractor, and name of engineer. Go over completely beam loading and flex strength showing test results. Show difference in flex strength of 10-ft. & 13-ft. lengths. Also explain that if pipe is laid in accordance with AWWA Specs and standard installation practices, there should be no beam action.
CAPCO JEN 0020351
\ JI
Upon seeing the engineer for the first time, I introduce myself, I proceed to ask him his reasons for the 10-ft. lengths only. If his reasons are for poor ground conditions, I would explain that there is no basis for 10-ft. lengths being stronger than 13-ft. Besides, you can actually get more flex in 13-ft. lengths. I would go into the facts that less joints mean less chance for leaks. Also contractor would rather buy 13-ft. because of speed of installation.
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CAPCO JEN 0020352
1 ; '=*. There is no question that 13-ft. lengths of pipe is not as good as 10-ft. lengths due to our testing. This pipe meets the specification required. You also gain the footage. I think there is discrimination when 10-ft. lengths are specified.
J
CAPCO JEN 0020353
By-definition, the word flexure means ability to bend. The reason bending ability is important is so that pipe which has not been properly bedded can deflect downward without breaking until- it gets bearing.
When we flex test our 4-inch pipe in 13-ft. lengths we bend or deflect the pipe 1-3/4" in the test. Our competitors in testing their 10-ft. lengths deflect their pipe only 1". So, we actually deflect pipe 75% more in testing than our competitor.
The important thing for pipe is not to act as a beam but its ability to adapt to adverse conditions without breakingI
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CAPCO JEN 0020354