Document emkye8YrJBaDVe2ydemvjE8mM

a J^VERYWHERE old and new employees are returning to work-.- Industry in coming back to life. Production is starting once more. New battalions of "The Safe Worker" are also on the march, ever increasing in number. The circulation of this wonderful little magazine is reaching into new fields and increasing fast in old ones. It's a most hopeful sign. Discerning employers are quick to realize the value of The Safe Worker in creating the proper ''safety mood" for the new man on the job. He must be taught quickly the impor tance of constant alertness. The Safe Worker is the best little Safety builder you've seen--absolutely unique in its field. It teaches employees bow to be careful--and tells them why. It builds fine plant relations through those two essentials of efficient production--loyalty and morale. The January, 1934 issue is now' off the press. I ,et us send you a copy. You'll quickly un derstand why it's so popular with the workers of more than (>00 plants in the United States and Canada. Why not select exactly the right Qoggle for the job! This is a light weight metal cup goggle with .`>0 mm. Super-'Tough lenses for heavy duty chipping, grinding, riveting and such work. Price; Sl.tiA each t.o.b, shipping point. ' IN THIS AGE OF SPECIALIZATION . . . NO ONE TYPE OF GOGGLE WILL PRECISELY MEET EVERY REQUIREMENT.......................... WILLSON KNOWS THIS AND MAKES A VARIETY OF STYLES . . EACH A LEADER IN ITS CLASS Willson Style CCS0- Flat or Curved Lenses This is an ail purpose composition cup goggle with o<) mm. Super-Tough lenses. ` 'an he worn as well for outr-spectacle and regular use. Price: A'h'.'.T each f.u.b. shipping point. WILLSON PRODUCTS, Inc. Reading, Pa. Willson Style WBC10 -- Flat or Curved Lenses This .-Lyle, ruggedly built to withstand hard ervice and -hop abuse, has anatomically .dia|;ied roinpoMtion cup'' and So mm, Super Tough lenses, Price: :? 1.d each f.o.li, Pupping point. Represented in 13 western states by E. D. Bullard Co., Z75 Eighth Street, Sun Francisco, with convenient branches tn To Answer Your Safety Problems You Need This Folder Safety is a well-nigh univer sal problem for all who design, build, or manufacture. And Inland 4-Way Floor Plate is a solution of tremendously wide spread application lor safety problems involving slippage of foot or wheel. To solve quickly and right, these safety problems, you need complete information on the floor plate which has 4 vital advantages. You need this new folder. It is complete, giving the in formation you need regarding 4-Way Floor Plate. It illus trates a diversified selection of safety problems already solved with 4-Way Floor Plate. There is a coupon below for your convenience. Y Safety INLAND STEEL COMPANY Room No. X 103, 38 S. Derbom Si., Chicago Gentlemen; Ploase mail a copy of your new tn}der on 4-Way Floor Name......... Company -..................................................................................................................... -...... ...................................................................Addrmss..... ........... - Watch Out for Increasing Eve Accident JLsl Costs 3 Men are coming hack to work. Whole in dustries feel the quickened tempo of the new order. But It looks as though costs will he harder to keep down . , . profits more depend ent on good management than ever before. Hence the Importance of vigorous action to prevent eye accidents from mounting with in creased employment ...... to drastically reduce the 50,000,000 annual toll that such accidents now levy on industry's production cost. fhi.i man casts you money ! USE THE EXPERIENCE AND RESOURCES OF PIONEER EYE PROTEC TION SPECIALISTS TO HELP YOU ACHIEVE DEFINITE RESULTS You know that profitable improvements in eye accident records are ;n direct proportion to the sincerity and vigor with which safety programs are developed and enforced. The actual wearing of goggles Is only part of any successful plan. Conditions surrounding the formulation of rules, and application of goggle protec tion to meet the needs of specific jobs, vary with almost every plant and industry. American Optical Company, as pioneer makers of industrial goggle equipment and as leaders for many years in the eye safety movement, can offer von an excep tionally experienced service. Our records show just what can be expected in the way of results. The eye protection equipment we make meets exactly the service demanded by every branch of industry. We can help you, as we have helped hun dreds of progressive manufacturers, to show a handsome profit on a smaP investment. WE DO OUR PART AMERICAN NATIONWIDE SERVICE . . OPTICAL COMPANY Branches in All Principal Industrial Centers National Safety News / Published monthly in the interest of accident prevention and the health of industrial workers VOL. XXIX. No. 1 CONTENTS for .JANUARY, 1034 Watch Those Steps--lames L. demon...................................... .................... .. 9 Pioneering in Eye Protection--0. M. Briggs................................................. . 12 I I | I I f ji I | I | | | I | | | |I | I Trainmen Are Human--Guy A. Richardson............................................... . . , .15 National Safety Council Officers, 1933-1934 J'JHN K. President Robeht i, C vixen, Vice-President ior Pa bite Safety J. K, Culuney, Vice-President for Eugi- iwering <*, T. Hfcu.anmi. Vice-President tor Fi nance 0. \V. Smith, Vice-President for Admin- t stration Lew B. Palmer. Vice-President for Safe- ty CounciJs B, T. Solensten. Vice - President for Membership Or* Casmcs H Watson, Vice-President for ,t >hUh i 1 korot. II, Warfkih Vice-President for Industrial Safety AlebdeurctaWtio.nWhitney, Vice-President lor William K. Worth, `i reusurer W. H. Cameron, Secretary and Mimnamg Director Guarding Against the Weakest Link--L. IT. Hopkins. ........................ .17 Ethyi Fluid and Ethyl Gasoline--Robert A. Kehoe, M.D................................. 19 Stainless Steel Equipment--Clayton E. Plummer.......... .............. ............ . .21 Measuring Light with the Electric Eye--E. C. Schnurmacher....................... .24 The "Acorn" of a Major Accident--Hilton E. Wright...................................... 25 The Automobile Takes io Rails............................................................... ........... .27 Cities Enroll in 1934 Safety Contest--Curtis Billings...........................28 Safety Striping on the Highways--Ernest McGaffey. ................ .29 Executive Committee S Members at Large j The tlrr-'iiiEBs and: j: Howard B, Fonda, Ikirroughs-SVcllconte l & Co, itLS.Aj, Inc. | Otho M. Craves, t.icncral Crushed Stone I' Corp. | Harry A, Schultz, C, M. Mod Corp. | Harry Crir.mwr, T!< Pullman Co* I \W D, Jamrs, James Manufacturing Co. | Albert S. llEfiWA, itutiutriuS Relations 5 P.tntnsf*Hors, Inc. | Hporc.p K, .nani-oro. Central Electric Co. f Lester 1J= Skymocr. American Airwavs, snc. | \iiTRrn M. Tome Consulting Marine En;? rfiuccr | Representing Safety Councils Health Hazards in the Foundry--Carey P. McCord. M.D........................... .. .34 Cleaning Drums--Industrial Data Sheet D. Chem. 10.................. ............... . .38 Regular Departments Editorial ............................................................ " The Manaamtt Directors Page...................... S 'vitetv Instruction Cards................ D The Safety Exchange '....................-.............. -D2. lnriiistn.il Health .........,,......... .............................. .VI The Bulletin Boats! ........ 1U Personals ......................................... ........ ...................*J G.iminjt Events ................................................. 52 The Safety Library...... ........... >6 With the Manufacturer ....................................`>H The Mi a tor Roll ........................................ 'll.) The Btivers Service ..........................................02 Carman T. Fish, Editor G. M. Briggs, Associate Editor S t an ley H. Kershaw. Poster Editor C. H. Miller, Advertising Manager I I'l.iFFHEtp luvrs, Memphis. Irtm, l O. O. Fknnet.i., Chicago, III. ? fwN.*r.n A. l*'iNKiiiNFR. Toledo, O. t I hanklin M, Km-ml, Evanston, III, * Henry .1, Mineltl Elizabeth, K, j John Busskll, Jr., Newark, A. J. i*. C, ?_UAXON tvs, N'ttvv HuVf'Il, Conn. i I Representing Sections | f'.AHL b\ Blank. Metals | Haroih fi. Hope*Han, Street tmd Highway ? Tndtic I; M. .1. McCarthy. Automotive si mi Ma chine Shop s Brru.i, \V, Srxr, Accident Prevention Equipment Mamitacturors t I*'. M. Pepper, Public* i tilitifs Macjaobr &ChBaursles H. Hvth, Delivery, Taxj- ; s, K. Whittnk, ASsK-KnjdnceruiH Copvnsrht 1933 bv Naiiomil Suf^tv Hmimni Inc, printed m r.s.A, Published munthiv, Entered hh [f.hh.inipBUiS''. matter Juno i, st rite Post ntiee at Chknuo. iH.. under the* D*t of March 3, \h\?i Adnifimuil entry .it El. .P-wepli, Mich, Thfi mi l u-n ripnon print- rn mrmiiefs lor extra copies *t th* NWTIoN \L CAPilTY XiiWs is $4,0" pet* yt*r. Sirm'ic- t-npios, 4" fonts, iP'duec-u quantity for yearly ijtjbacrip- tioriK and sinaile an rotiuest. Eutwriprmus aS" >*v;uhhu only to memln-isi or the Xntmmit Safety Potmcil. M*'mbnr Audit Human of OirctilHlioii. This in-** is iirdi*n in the fndust.rirH Arts Index, Hutttimerits and opinion:* advanced in MSnind artteb-s tire m nc Jindtrsfaqd sis indi.vidtn.ii oppressions of their a tit hors, not those* of the rc-ttipnai t'ouned. National Safety Connell. lac. i ,Von-i-- Vafi-.S.', wrifin 2H \rth Vi iieker L)ri\t\ Cbieagu. i, . S. A. New Mirk I Ifficc. '* Past 11 -t Street Office ttf the Eciucatinti Division. 1 Park Ave.. New > nrk City t FufI Presidents HoREKT SS* C.AMHIit-I.I SttTlU H T. MottI.A l.i \v a, Palmkm ii.AVin Van SiitmrK* IUi Hi C, Kirn \tinsc CdMRt.ns V, Toi.mw \utiii* fi. Vnrxu March* a. 1)q\v f.KWis A, Indit.ms * tin. B, A. t'F-ir Chuu-ich B, Srorr Wht.rfM in hing ltoMn.it E, -Nus/* Hr,-Box.. Hi-nics A. BrMNt.i.H L, tuoi.M PnriutfiNi: l'\Hi VV, Bi.Kta.it isi f wmi s i. Ban ami Hnnoruty Member? [I.wii.iti \V. Cami*iu-:u. 4 a,.*. luioN or Ikon A strut, Ei.rcTBicw. En'-ixx-kus \i nmt Wnj-tA.MS "peefnstHi DAVIS GAS MASKS for those who give serious thought to protection. tom; i`<ni een And lot very vuoa teMosu Th men liicft ihem~-t,hey,t `<wn- iorUlbie ' JJ' Sill; "Oe the men tike the tea iunttaf?"- route they sure 'Ml tv* *<iy to tee <fcrt And th* tewlfiras Gsvls Musks i--they Inst sr> tun# Oavit wo* the itr to give us Mcskt"iong file' t*bher In Corn, A"MJ OnVrt Krnt (IfJ! In <j*v# u% i/00 ngca moMin .lotBfmiti") -- the iM.Mn--ntournm' eedt*ugndae(rdthtoe ill; I fjirtn'i trwtr rh^u'- w kemember hnw the <v<t h03 ttfOtM *o-tjrstithheodH?fiWtoellg, ivfteovutii ih# meuMed Weoa Horn-gono Mr the Die at fh* Mask,'* Turn 'Ihot eoiiom strop it Met on the neck. mafctflg K hard to pull the Moth 'ill chin in cast it gelt jfj fem. 'Tinvrt *cis iv> the Iitit la give I,it tjtficic ad justable buckles" .,--7 '. **>* Com- Jioonnett* uses to be o the outside ot Masks It eos Davis <*hn f.r|{ 'rsftoed Jt in 'he fvbbe' Mnse? Moss easy to tr "And food 0l these Onritying lubes -- cei"'#r>ticf n *h* ^oce V ISAfACr.BILLf THEE LS/YTA SETTER MASK WAN THE OAl/fSMASA', A/VP LOOK Wr HEtfPOME TOE OPJK WE WAYOf Kf/Awms-VTS- so ui/stfeel paws/sevtitieb whyeuswess. DAVIS EQUIPMENT CO., INC NEW YORK CITY CHICAGO. ILL. DALLAS, TEX. DAVIS EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT CO,, LTD. San Francisco & Los Acaeies. Cal. I AM `.in. 1034 Com: Thuijltsef--onlytownd li"ghDtesv'tsQMi in*mskht--thgeivleesasat pi-nit wt the henrt stiaol-- WELL . TOM, r GUESS LO AETHER GO PAWS OW MY GAS MASKS, / CAN'W LET YQO EE AHEAD 0 ME* j I frjjpt j-------- ---------- -------------------------------- j Davis Emergency Equipment Co. ii 55 Van Dam St, New York City i Please send me copy of Bulletin No. i 506 describing Davis Gas Masks. % ' Name.,,........... ........... .................... ... *{ Company................................. .............. if i Address.............. ........................... ........... 6 The ostrich, sensing danger, and knowing it is near, hides his head forgetting that left and right and rear he's still as unprotected as isillustrated here. Now give the dumb bird credit for covering up the part that seems the most im portant, but that is just the start. He'd be a great deal safer, if he could find, instead, a hole to hide his whole darn hide... plus his silly head. MORAL An ostrich might think he could escape the hazard of broken, flying glass by hiding behind a Safety Glass windshield. But he can't. Neither can a motorist. Common sense tells you that windows, too, are liable to break. Children usually ride in back. Windows practically surround them. That's why it is important that every new car have Safety Glass all-around. Automobile manufacturers have done a great deal in providing Safety Glass wind shields as standard equipment. It's up to the car- buyer to carry on from there. Safety Glass in the windows is essential, inexpensive and easy to get, if it is ordered when the car is ordered. Anything that can be done to impress these facts upon the public is certainly in the interest of public safety, for 45% of all motorists injured in automobile accidents are cut by broken, flying glass. That hazard will be reduced as more cars are equip ped with Safety Glass all-around. For prices on Safety Glass specially fitted to your present car, call the L-O-F distributor listed in the Where-1 oBuv-lt Section of your local telephone book. UBBV* OWENS FOKD GLASS COMPANY. Lib bey- Owens Ford MJSAFETY GLAS S NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS National Safety News Published by National Safety Council, Inc. JANUARY, 1934 Yol. XXIX, No. 1 7 A Safety Program for the CWA UR MILLION men working one billion man-hours is a stupendous measure for the relief of unemployment. But. as every safety man realizes only too well, man-hours mean exposure to accident. Such an exposure in a repre sentative cross section of industry would mean some 500 fatalities. Under the stress of emergency conditions the toll might be evert higher. 'This is the problem confronting the Federal Civics Works Administration. The object of the CWA is to provide relief for the unemployed as quickly as possible, and as a result many of its projects have been launched under conditions which are far from favorable from the safety point of view. Inadequate preparation for a job and lack of training and supervision invariably mean high accident rates. The projects sponsored by the CWA include road build ing, tilling in swamps, cleaning up parks, and other work on public property. Some of the operations are decidedly hazardous, involving such risks as the use of explosives, and there is the widespread hazard in the transportation of the workers to and from their jobs by truck. in planning a safety program for this vast enterprise, the CWA has asked for the cooperation of the National Safety Council, and Sidney ]. Williams, director of the Council's I'ublic Safety Division, has been called to Washington to serve us safety director of the CWA, The Council is con tributing the services of Mr. Williams to the recovery pro gram at the request of Harry L. Hopkins, director of the CWA. Mr. Williams was chosen because of his broad experience in both public and industrial safety with the National Safety Council, and preciously with the industrial Commission of Wisconsin. The primary aim of the safety program is. of course, the protection nf workers on the many projects, but plans for u public safety program are also under consideration, A .-tart in tins direction has been tirade in the employment of CWA workers in traffic counts and parking surveys, and further work along this line is contemplated. Telegrams have been sent from Washington to state ad ministrators of the CWA asking them to name safety directors for their jurisdictions. The Council has furnished lists of safety men in nil parts of the country who might he asked to cooperate with the state directors. Local effort is needed to make the program effective, and it is recognized that organization and personnel are of more immediate import ance than an elaborate paper program. The tosemials of the program have been made as simple a? po.Nsible. These inriude: Daily inspections of the job. with n part or full time inspector on every job employing ten or more men; < orrection of physical hazards, compliance JANUARY, 1931 with existing codes; placing men on jobs suited to their physical and mentai qualifications; instruction of new men by foremen; adequate first aid facilities for every job, and immediate repenting of accidents to the state director. From the point of view of national economy, as well as the appealing humanitarian aspect, effective safety measures are of the utmost importance. The appropriation for CWA projects is necessarily limited, and compensation benefits for the injured and their dependents must come out of the CWA payroll. The result of, a heavy' accident rate, there fore, would lie to reduce the amount of employment available through the CWA. The success of the program will depend upon the support given by the state organizations. The state administrators need the experience and help of the industrial safety men in their territories. In This Issue OST of us can remember when timid persons regarded M elevators with suspicion. Now elevators have a. high rating for safety but stairs and ramps continue to claim victims. If the millions who now use elevators had to walk up and down stairs the accident toll would be much higher. The physical condition of stairway's has something to do with accidents, but another reason is that many people do not walk coriectly, James L. Gernon asserts. (Page *M. When we tompare the goggles available today with the crude and often uncomfortable "safety spectacles" that safety men tried to put on workers twenty years ago, we can realize the progress that has been made in eye protection. ( Page 12 ). "1 rainmen are human" says G. A. Richardson, president of one of the large transit systems of the United States. The human factor is the largest element in providing safe trans portation. i Page IS). A chain is no stronger than its weakest link, according to a familiar proverb. L. W. Hopkins gives some practical suggestions which will prevent these weak links from en dangering the workers who man the hoists, t Page 17). Row hazardous is ethyl gasoline? Dr. Robert A. Kehoe gives some authoritative information, based on research con ducted at the University of Cincinnati, and describes the precautions which minimize hazards in connection with its handling and use. t Page Id). Ls dust receiving more than its proportionate share of blame for occupational disease1 Dr. `Atrey P, McCord, whose work in the field of industrial hygiene is well known, points out that in <mr present attention to the dust hazard we must not forget the other sources of disabling illness, i Page 64). The Managing Director's Page Let's Advertise Safety! , KITE BARTON' wants to stamp out war bv adver- Ri. rising, At first thought the idea sounds fantastic, but even after discounting an advertising man's enthusi asm for his profession, we must admit the idea has some merit. We have all seen the amazing results of intensive and continuous campaigns for the molding of public tastes, it is not too much to believe that any idea or any commodity can be sold to the public with an ample appropriation and an intelligent use of the available media. Why can't we tell the story of safety as dramatically and constantly as we adver tise Ivory soap? The newspapers are lukewarm on accident prevention be cause the public is lukewarm. The public is lukewarm and tragically indifferent because it is ignorant. The facts must be told, with proper emphasis on their importance. The prob lem is to change mass thinking, to combat indifference, and to create action. Advertising patriotism, selling health, and other desirable ends are not the primary concern of any one industry or group. The selling of safety must therefore be done in some collective way. Perhaps the government is the logical agency to conduct such a campaign. The British government, through its ministry of roads, has recently contributed $150,000 for a six-month campaign of public safety education. The campaign will he conducted INTERESTING ITEMS JUST before going to press the Council's Committees decided that the Twenty-third Annual Safety Congress .shall be staged in Cleveland. The date will probably he the first week of October. 1934. ' ** It is worthy of mention that eleven of the Council's twenty indus trial sections have already held meetings of their executive commit tees, ami plans are rapidly crystaiizing for similar meetings of the remaining nine sections. The number of members attending these meetings ,md the quality of their work is indicative of the forward looking attitude f our industrial safety leaders. You have received, or ill shortly receive, the new Serrit'e Kuidc of the National Safety Council. This 64-page book gives full details regarding all Council membership? and extra services with helpful information on getting the mist out of membership. A careful studv of membership service questions and answers was made before the Service Ouuie was written. We believe it includes an answer to every question that might, he asked on the subjects covered. As the hook will be serviceable one or two years hence we suggest that you keep it for reference. Industrial members are now reporting last year's injury rates, anti city and state olHctalr are being requested to bring up to date their 1933 accident report?, -o that the Uouru'il can prepare accur ate national c-timate- for the annual statistical summaries. The preliminary edition of Jrcidrnt Facts is now planned for release February 1. The tinal edition will be ready about May i. through the National Safety First Association, the counter part of the National Safety Council in this country. The annual cost of accidents in the United States is many times the British accident bill. .Automobile accidents alone cost $650,000,000 a year, and the total money paid for all of the cars sold was $1,750,000,000. Our national bill for all accidents has been between two and three billion dollars a year. The records show that 175.250 lives have been saved since .1913. The National Safety Council has invested .11.13 in each one of these lives saved. if we could stretch a billboard from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean and advertise the simple requirements of safety to our entire population for Just two minutes each day, we could guarantee to get attention and sympathy for ways and means of stopping accidents that would bring quick results. For example, if we could adequately advertise the totally unnecessary menace of icy sidewalks, and get just one town in one state of these United States to insist on complete pro tection from icy sidewalks, we would be demonstrating the real meaning of safety. We would be demonstrating it in a way that would gradually correct thousands of similar acci dent causes so that in time our citizens would be protected from most of the dangers that claim nearly 1.00,000 lives a year. Why do we permit this terrible and unnecessary waste day after day and year after year when we know how to stop it? Why don't we advertise safety? Because we cannot pay the advertising bill. Yet if we had the means we could put on an effective advertising campaign by outdoor billboards or by any other medium at a very small fraction of our total accident losses. Although the United States has done more in a quiet way to advertise safety than has any other country in the world, the effort so far has 'been pitiful. The money invested in the conservation of life has been a mere pittance compared with the tragedy of one day's accidents. Reno is famous tor notorious) for its easy divorce; Detroit has become synonymous with automobiles: intriguing adver tising has made < Aiifornia suggestive of perpetual sunshine, bo vvhv not, for a starter, have one single community in the United States that will actually make a business of protect ins each life within its jurisdiction. Let it make a real application of safety on the street, in the home, in every public building until all the hazards--the causes of accidents--are removed. Then accidents would become a rarity, just as they have become in industrial plants with effective safety organiza tions. The community would become famous for its real human concern for the lives of its citizens, just as Bethlehem has for centuries been associated with the Christian religion. Then, and then only, would we have a real model city in the truest sense of the word. IHd you receive your .ample of the new safety booklet for workers. "Vou ami Your job?* tf not. write to the Council for a topv. Thousands of copies have already been distributed. NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS $ Management must watch tilt: physical condition of stairs and ramps, and the in dividual must watch his step and walk correctly when using them Watch Those Steps The accompanying table shows the relative severity of falls on stairs to all falls as indicated by the compensation By JAMES L. GERM'ON* cases closed in Xew York State for 1.932. `These figures indicate that fails ""S HEX we attempt to analyze 1*,f ' the t aust-s of injuries we are ' at once confronted with the difficulty of learning the basic causes. With the development of compensation laws we now have more complete infor mation as lo the number and cost of in dustrial injuries than we have about basic causes. For instance, the report of an injury may indicate that a pet sun fell down stairs. It may state that he slipped or tripped, but it will not often give the real cause of slipping or tripping. Was it the condition of the stairs, the shoes worn, or some other cause? Accidents on stairs and ramps will be included almost entirely in the classifica tion 'falls to a different level." Because of inadequate information contained in the reports of such accidents it is im possible to obtain complete data regard ing the real cause. occurring in 1982 the most important types and their percentages were as fol lows: Motor vehicle ..................................... > v I Falls .................. ................................. :>v Drowning. ...................................... S.T Bums ......... -........................................ * v Other classifications.........................._'A t < bnsidering all the injuries in homes, public places anil industrial establish ments. falls occupy second place in the list of causes of injuries, both fatal and non-fatal. Falls to a different level are fewer in number than falls to the same level but result in a larger proportion of fatalities and permanent disabilities. When we consider the number and causes of injuries resulting from falls on the same level, we can understand why people fall on stairs. We may even wonder some times that the number is not: larger. on stairs and steps were IS per cent of the total number of falls, 12 per cent of the weeks awarded, and 10 per cent of the amount of compensation paid. Where elevators or escalators are not used, stairs are the common means of reaching the different floors or levels used in connection with residential, public and industrial buildings. Al though the injuries resulting on stairs are numerous, we may be thankful that the millions of people who are carried safely each day by elevators and escala tors are not compelled to walk up and down. If they were required to use the stairs, the fatalities and injuries and the i cist of such injuries would increase con siderably. Ramps .are a more recent develop ment. Their substitution for stairs is nor as general in permanent locations as might be. What has militated against 1 make this statement as a result of having examined persnnailv 76.800 em ployers' reports of ac,. idents to the SEVERITY OR INJURIES DUE TO DIFFERENT KINDS OF FALLS Compensation Division of the Xew York state .Department of Labor. Included in these reports were 14.600' rase-- of New York State, 1932 Total No. Total No. Total Amt. Death and of cases of weeks Compensation Permanent Total falls, including falls m a different level and to the same level. < If the SO,too accidental deaths All Ulls or workers !' "o 'As ic >" AJ'I :21 f "t F,liis Dll Alki vY;-. , `utOi .111 V,-Ml , |I)| [-VTG.-nUkY1 ........................................ I !J It) M Figures in pdicnthcsi* ;hmv number ot penranrnt lof.ii eligibility ra->rs mduciecL ` l nrectiir I *i\ tsinn .if 1 nt p*< t. mti, j \< w Il*k ."Mut*1 i of 1 Liit(', JANUARY*. 1931 a more general use of ramps is the amount of floor space necessary to con struct them with a proper gradient. Ramps or runways from story to story of a building used as a walkway only, and not for trucking or handling material, should be of the same stand ard width required for stairways, and should be provided with a gradient that will not cause strain on the feet or leg muscles, or cause a person to slip when descending. Many ramps have a gradient far too steep for safety. The New York State Labor Law pro vides in Section 267 that a horizontal exit from one factory building to an other shall not have a gradient of more than one foot in six and be capable of sustaining a live load of not less than 60 pounds per square foot with a factor of safety of four, if we applied this ratio to a ramp between ten-foot floor levels the ramp would be 60 feet in length. In connection with construction pro jects temporary ramps or runways are in more general use. Where the ramp is used either permanently or temporarily and is properly designed and con structed. it is less hazardous than the littered stairway so often found on con struction work. A proper ramp requires far less physical effort to travel to a different level than does a stairway im properly constructed, and is a far safer means of travel from one level to an other than the type of ladder very generally used on construction work. Obscure Causes If we hope to make a real reduction in injuries on stairs the first essential is to instruct all people in the art of using normally the muscular functions of the human body so they may stand and walk properly, and be able to use the normal movements of the body to protect them selves from falls. The injuries result ing from falls demonstrate this most forcefully, i n make headway we must learn the basic cause of the fall by securing better reports of injuries. To make better reports, those responsible for the reports must study the basic cause of the fall before they can apply preventive measures. To make this point clear, we might consider why re ports chow so many falls where the stairs are in perfect condition as to con struction. and apparently nothing on stairs to cause a fall. When we know the basic causes of falls, we can with ordinary intelligence adopt the proper measures to prevent them. What is it that causes falls? "Some violation of the laws of gravity." At this point we might ask: do the persons responsible for the construction or maintenance of stairs, or the person using them, know that it imposes fourteen times as much strain on the heart to walk up a stair as it does to walk on a level surface? In traveling stairs what causes a fall? Are the stairs improperly constructed, are they worn or broken, are they free of refuse, were they wet or slippery, are they improperly lighted? Was the stair crowded at time of injury, was person who fell pushed or jostled, was the injured person physically able to properly use his feet and leg muscles in order to properly ascend or descend a stairway? These are but a few of many more reasons for falls on stairs, but they are seldom mentioned as a cause in the re port. It is obvious thai if the feet and leg muscles perform properly it is easier to descend a stair than to ascend it. It requires much physical exertion for the heart, also for the feet and legs to ascend stairs correctly. Many persons, unfortunately, are not physically fit to climb stairs. While the falls in ascend ing stairs are numerous, the injuries are not as serious as when a person loses his balance while descending. If all stairways were properly de signed and constructed, there would be fewer injuries. In numerous instances, the stairways in homes, public places and industrial buildings have been improper ly constructed because of the failure to allot sufficient space to construct a stair way of proper pitch and without winders. Too many stairs have treads far too narrow for safety. Some architects, engineers, and build ers apparently fail to understand why a nosing is necessary on a stair tread, ft is remarkable how many stairs are built minus the nosing and with a solid riser face. Such stairs are a constant hazard, and it is criminal to build them in this manner. Some of the best architectural and engineering authorities hold that the riser of a stair should not be less than fi'y-tnch or more than 7'>-4-inch. Stairs with risers within these limits will per mit persons to safely ascend or descend with the least physical effort, provided their feet and leg muscles are in physical condition to enable them to travel a stair properly. The New York state Labor Law. section 270, has established a standard for stairs, it provides that all exit stairs in factory buildings constructed since 1913 "shall not be more than 12rA feet in height between successive landings. Treads shall be not less than 10 inches wide exclusive of nosing, and the rise shall be not more than 7% inches. No stairway with "winders" shall be per mitted as a required exit. The treads shall be constructed and maintained so as to prevent persons from slipping thereon." These dimensions of treads and risers will provide a stairway about 37 degrees front the horizontal. Every stair tread should have a nosing extend ing not less than 7^-inch beyond the face of the riser. This is an added factor of safety in providing heel clearance when descending the stairs. Every stair should be provided with a balustrade or handrails. No doubt many people fail to realize that falls occurring in industry are great er in number, more serious in results and cause a larger loss of money than injuries resulting from ail mechanical apparatus. If people could realize the vast number of dangerous mechanical apparatus in use in the average industrial state they would know how serious falls are. There are no figures available for the entire country that might be used as a com parison: however, the figures for New York State will to a degree serve the purpose. In that state "handling objects and tools" is first, in the causes of indus trial injuries, "falls" are second, and "mechanical apparatus" third. Do Ton Know How to Walk? To reduce falls we will have to do more than provide safe stairs and walk surfaces. Much of the contributing causes of fails rests with those who travel on stairs. Some people do not, others can not, walk properly. If all the people could walk correctly, or if we could teach them to, we would reduce the number of falls on level surfaces, from elevations, and on stairs. In making this statement I am not excusing those who are responsible for failing to provide or maintain safe stairs or walk- NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS n ing surfaces. Nearly half of our people reaching adult life fail to walk as nature intended. You may have reason for believing that this is not the correct pro portion of the people who can walk properly, if so, go where a number of people walk on level surfaces and on stairways and observe them, and you will realize the proportion of those walking improperly. To walk correctly on a level surface, a -stair or a ramp the feet should be spread about six inches apart pointed straight, not fan spread. If they are fan spread, the danger of slipping, tripping or striking objects increases. When arches are weak or feet or legs ache, the feet are not properly placed to walk or stand correctly. It is important that the shoes he wide and long enough to permit the foot to spread normally at the ball of the foot and without causing pain in the feet or legs in order that the ball of the foot can bear the weight of the body. If the feet are fan spread or when a person steps improperly, the heel strikes the surface first and at an angle which increases the chance of slipping and failing. This is clearly illustrated in the number of crooked heels found on shoes. Public education has not succeeded in teaching our people to wear shoes that fit, and permit the normal action of the foot and leg muscles. Apparently, we are vain enough to buy shoes for ap pearance. Safety treads used on stairs are de signed to prevent slipping. They do this, but if they have grooves in the tread running parallel with face of riser the grooves should not be too close to the edge of the tread. A person who places the heel flat on the tread catches the front of the shoe heel at the instep in the groove and may he thrown forward. After we have provided properly con structed stairs, including balustrades and handrails, we must see that they are kept in good repair, clean and free from rubbish or obstruction, and properly lighted. If more people had a whole some respect for the handrail of a stair way and used it when descending, rnanv falls would lie prevented. Then the people using them must have the ability to use their heads, lees and feet to ascend or descend a stair safely. Shoes must, fit and be in good repair, not ton short nr ton long. They must be wide enough to permit a person to bear the full weight of the body on the ball of the foot with the heel slightly raised and hearing no weight. While ^ FOREMAN says fo BILL By W. W. WILLIAMS* 4*5^18/"ELL Bill, this sure is one tough if break. A hospital bed is a bum place to start the New Year. The Doc says hell get you patched up in time, but you sure had ymir nose right up against the pearly gates. `When I saw you doing a pinwheel around that fine shaft, it took the snap out of me. 1 didn't think you had a Chinaman's chance. After we got you untangled and sent you away in the ambulance, i actually went over to the morgue looking for you. "Your fob? Sure, it'll be there for you as soon as you get back. No, never mind whose fault it was, though I don't mind saying you were a horrible ex ample. "I hope you'll never cause as much excitement again. The shop just blew up. Not a mother's son was worth a tinker's dam the rest of the dav. 1 was jumpy for a week. Rut we're all mighty glad you're making it O.K. `Well, here comes your Mrs. and little Mary Jane. So long, Bill, I'll be in again in a couple of days. "How >lo you do, Mrs. Rill. Hello. .Mary jane. Your daddy is getting along tine, flood bye. ("Wonder if that woman knows how -lose she and the kid came to being a widow and an orphan. Ft's a shame for any sane guy to take the chances Bill takes -or used to take, i hope.'') Ke+inHUuiY-tni nufte tio(dt'pinoti-iiftcuMmvs,ulIwdriimt.,siWk insMpifav,ypMr*o doing this they should fad no pain in the feet or legs. This is important in order to properly control the body balance. If a person's feet hurt as he stands or walks, he is not safe when traveling up or down stairs. Possibly with the exception of the 'hands, the feet and legs are more con stantly used in our every day life than any other part of the body. 'They pro vide the means of moving from place to place with safety. Nevertheless it is no extreme statement to that a large percentage of our people give far too little attention or care to their feet, to sav nothing of the abuse imposed on them. From my experience, and the examina tion of many reports of injuries, I am convinced that the inability of feet and legs to properly function subjects many people to injury, and that this is the basic cause of a large percentage of falls. Have you noticed how easily a person whose legs and feet function properly may fall if he steps on a piece of paper lying on a dry cement or wood floor or on a wet floor? If you have, you can understand that the person whose feet or legs fail to perform their proper function has a poor chance to keep tree of injury. To travel up a stair properly the foot is placed on the tread with the ball of the foot about two inches beyond the edge of the tread nosing, this permits the toe of a shoe to clear the nosing of the tread above. A stair tread 91-; inches, including the nosing, will permit the average shoe worn by men to have about 3 inches clearance if the person steps properly. We should remember that as the dimension of the tread is reduced the danger of falling increases. If the heel of the shoe is placed on the tread (he possibility of striking the nosing nr face of riser increases when stepping to the tread above, and this danger in creases as the dimension of the tread is reduced. When descending the stair the ball of the foot is placed on the front of the tread just back of the nosing. The proper placing of the foot provides the space for the heel of the shoe to clear the nosing or face of riser. Here again if the dimension of the tread is reduced, the danger of the heel striking the nosing nr face of the riser increases. As the ball of the foot is placed on the tread the heel of the shoe is just off the tread, so it strikes the tread immediately after the weight of the body comes on the ball of the foot. When this is done properly, should the mot slip for any reason, the heel of the shot- will strike the tread and act as a brake and prevent falling. Rut if the heel nr hack of the shoe strikes the nosing or face of the riser the person is thrown forward off balance, perhaps down the stairs. We should keep in mind that in the homes, public buildings and industrial i-tablishmems the stairs, contribute, a large share of injuries. Because of this fact, stairs and ramps are of the utmost importance in any campaign for the re duction of accidents. JANUARY. 1934 12 Pioneering in Eye Protection By G. M. BRIGGS rnintw Anii-ni'iin Optical i n- This Eskimo goggle, made of wood, bone or well-cured hide, protects hint from snow-blindness. HERE are three outstanding Tpoints of view in a study of pro tective goggles and goggle prob lems, and these are of progressive im portance to the safety man. (1) An un derstanding of the history and develop ment of modern goggles. 12) When and where does the worker's safety re quire that goggles should be worn? And 13) Getting the worker to wear his goggles is the final problem. It is my purpose to discuss these three [joints of view briefly, and yet sufficient ly to outline the salient points of each problem, in a series of articles appear ing in the National Safety News. Looking back, then, to a period some thing over twenty years ago, it is inter esting to note that eye protection for the worker was one of the first subjects tackled by safety men. The pioneers of the safety movement did not have records to show (as they have today) that some two thousand workers were losing the sight of one or both eyes in industrial accidents every year; but they did see in their own plants the gruesome results of frequent eye injuries and they realized that these in the aggregate must mount to enormous losses. Crude and hasty efforts began to be made in some plants to devise ways of protection. In a few of the larger in dustries some kind of study was begun to meet the problem. One of the first to undertake systematic, efforts was the American Steel Foundries. And here, perhaps for the first time in American industry, an organized plan was under taken to get the worker to wear goggles. it must be home in mind, however, that the so-called goggles available at that time were of the crudest type. They were, in fact, at first only the flimsiest of sun glasses, to be picked up in any ten-cent store, and intended originally only to shield the eyes from dust, wind and sun rays. Many had been devised for automobile comfort in a day when the windshield was not standard equip ment. The glass was often distorted. i mjrtfsjr Wilfjwm HnuJtK'U A rinse-fitting light weight modern goggle, molded to the face but fitting over the worker's own correction .spectacles. brittle and easily broken, and the frames inadequate. Vet, remarkable as it may seem, they did save some eyes. Safety men, experi menting with the heavier types, attempt ed to adapt them to the needs of indus try. Some workers in the more hazard ous trades were prevailed upon to wear them. Dust, wood chips, incandescent sparks, even the smaller flying particles of steel, if not too heavy to crush the goggle frame or splinter the glass, were stopped; and when the glass was shat tered, sometimes the eye escaped. Sight was preserved. There is of record in the April, 1413. issue of the Bulletin of the American Iron and Steel Institute a singular paper entitled "Saving Eyes in the Deel In dustry." written bv W. H. Cameron. At that time Air. Cameron was manager of the casualty and welfare department of rhe American Steel Foundries, and he later became one of the founders, and also the first director, of the National Safety Council. His paper had been prepared for delivery before the first cooperative safety congress, held in Mil waukee, in 1412. He outlined the ex perience of his organization during the two previous years, and for the first rime placed on record results in the use of goggles, or "safety spectacles," for eye protection. He said: "In one large steel foundry where spectacles have been in use for about two years, 48 pairs were collected in one month with lenses broken hv flying pieces of steel, and 297 pairs have been collected among several foundries of the company over a period of six months. During this period there were no serious eye accidents in these plants." Thoughtful men began to wonder if these makeshift devices could not be improved, if some specially designed, tougher and entirely adequate protection could not be devised. One or two manu facturers were approached and the sug gestion made that here in industry there might be a field for a new product-- safety goggles. < iihm-ii, i'irtr:urn IvVf AliifrlH l o. An parly type of blast-furnace mask. It was it heavy woolen mask-nap, fitted with aluminum eve-ettps set in a Mex- ible leather frame. NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 13 IN early three decades ago safety men began to organize in defense of industry's eyes. Here is sketched the back ground of that long struggle to provide adequate protec tion and convince both work er and management of its paramount necessity i'mirttvifc rhkraao Kye Shield to. it must not be held against the manu facturers that no one was yet ready to put time and money into the develop ment of a new product. This was twenty This photograph shows the result of a bursting emery wheel. The worker suffered no eye injurv and only a few superficial cuts arid bruises to the face. suddenly realized that accidents were heavier blows. Laminated, or so-called years ago. The safety movement was so young that nearly all safeguards and safety methods were still only experi ments, with each plant following its own ideas. There was no compelling force of organization or t onvietion be hind accident prevention work. Most workers considered it effeminate to wear protective clothing, use safeguards or take precautions against accidents; most plant executives believed they could not be made to do so. The swing about to ,-mother point of view came gradually through a decade and tnanv factors contributed to the education of both the employer and em ployee in safety methods, ft is not the part of this discussion to trace these in detail, but one of the most powerful, of course, was the passage of the workmen's compensation laws in many states. Men costly. We must not fail to mention also, however, the growing moral con viction, fostered throughout industry by the National tiafetv Council and other national bodies, that the worker must be shielded from injury during his employ ment. Under the stimulus of this movement safety goggles began to be developed, and various other articles of head and eye protection made their appearance. The goggle glass was increased in thick ness. toughened, set in a heavier frame and fastened about the head with a stout band. Gradually the frame was en larged, widened and fitted with shields at either side. Successful efforts were made to harden or still further toughen the glass, to remove optical inaccuracies and perfect a satisfactory lens, to build a frame that protected the wearer from cfcxA.O<3W ct tx3*><*o<3 -<30-3 OOtxJ shatterless. glass was (leveloped. hin ted glass appeared in the goggles of welders and furnace men, and masks, hoods and helmets of curious design attempted to meet the special hazards of various oc cupations. It is true that most of the goggles and other face and head protection of a dec ade ago seem strikingly crude and inade quate today. Not the least deficiency was their annoying weight and discom fort to the wearer. Efforts to convince management of the high value of goggle protection in hazardous occupations were often nullified by the opposition of workers to wearing the protection avail able. Manufacturers therefore exerted themselves not only to produce more efficient articles of protection, but to fit them to the personal comfort and charac teristics of workers. The publication, 'arly in 1021. of the National Palely (`ode for the Protection of the Heads ,mrt Kyes of Industrial Workers was a stimulant to the industry and a long step forward in the movement for ade quate eye protection. 0X30-cl The t Vide, to a large extent, had the ultimate effect of standardizing the eye protection industry. Another outstand ing value has been the ability of the Cifety equipment producers to use it in pointing out to all industry the enormous savings in eyes and in injury costs to be made by following its protective recom mendations, The Federal Government dso b-uted a group of specifications covering its own needs in certain Gasses of eye protection that have had a wine intluence. These include chipping gogdrs- welding 'toggles, arc welding hel v >Oy )-t M - f #-k y~i v I'liK ilbpiav of pnisiilea broken while protecting ey,, 1- probably the first of it# hind ever made, The onutnal photograph vva- -hewn at the tir-t cooperative -afety i mi* ere.--. Milwaukee, in 1912. mets. arc welding shields. metal frame goggles, and rubber acid goggles, and > opies uf these -pecideations, obtained from Washington, are frequently out -lilted. All the problems of the goggle manu facturer were nut quickly solved, liow- JANUAKY. 1931 14 i -uirte-a Aiiii'iii'tn optical ( i> doggies cannot do effective work un less correctly adjusted; pooriy adjust ed goggles cause eye-strain. ever, in these intermediate years of the industry's development, in fart, the more recent years have seen greater ad vances than all the others combined. Although a considerable number of com panies manufacture more than one hun dred different types of goggles and other eye protection, the field is continually broadening, t 'hanges in industrial pro cesses as well as new ideas in efficiency call for new types of protection. It is of absorbing interest to step into one of these modern factories and follow through some of the processes <>f goggle manufacture. The mechanical opera tions of lens grinding, hardening, polish ing, testing, frame molding, assembling, etc,, are intriguing enough, but the planning and experimental part of gog gle building is of vastly more interest. Producing companies are not only ex perimenting continually with new de signs, but are closely following the experience of goggle users throughout industry and frequently are asked to produce some new device to meet new eye protection problems. This calls for original drawings, the molding of forms in rubber, wax or plaster, manufacture of a single tentative sample, the tryout for ,t time in the plant under actual service conditions, and finally, perhaps, numerous improvements and the careful production of the finished article in quantity. The lompetition between producers tn provide the best possible goggle is very keen. This i- well illustrated by their effort^ to make goggles lit more comfortably. Studies of the facial con Increased comfort is also comprised in tour of workers included not only the the factors of weight, overcoming fog external bony and muscular structure ging and steaming of lenses, and increas but also a scientific location of the tiny ed side and down vision. Although gog but very sensitive nerves surrounding gle weights have been reduced little the eye cavity. Scores of wax impres (because of the demand for more dura sions of workers of all nationalities were bility, strength, freedom from bending taken, and after months of experimenta or warping, and ability to stand steriliza tion the result has been the production tion) goggles have become more com of a standard goggle frame closely fitting fortable. This has been accomplished the eyes and face of the average person. by studies of facial contour (already re All of this effort has been so well worth while that a comparison of goggles and other eye protection as manufac tured today with those of a decade ago is very much like visiting an old curiosity shop, improvement has been along the line of safety and also of increased com fort and efficiency everywhere. Although not so well appreciated, by goggle wearers, perhaps, as certain im provements in romfort, vision, and venti lation, the modern goggle is a far safer protection than the goggle of four or five years ago. In addition to the de velopment of laminated, ir so - called ferred to) and by making goggles with right and left eye-cups. Formerly the two cups were identical, which was very much like asking a man to wear the same shoe on both feet. The facial con tact is now so shaped or molded that the weight is evenly distributed around the eye socket, giving a dose, safe and comfortable fit with no openings and no uneven pressure on the face. It was not uncommon a few years ago to see workers wearing goggles with openings alongside the nose large enough to allow quite large particles to enter, and with red marks on the cheek bones where all the weight of the goggles rest ed, Modern goggle frames are usually molded of composition material and have a broad, smooth, rounded facial contact which makes unnecessary the use of the old-time pads and bindings that often became soggy and sticky and unsanitary with perspiration and accumulations of dirt. The eye-atps are connected hv various ingenious methods which permit a simple and permanent adjustment, hugging and steaming of lenses are `.Vmrtesy Chfeacn Ew Shield ( ,, In the days of luxuriant beards, the barber used this to protect his customer's eves from tlvina bristles. due to several causes, sudden changes of temperature, perspiration running down from the forehead, difference in temper ature between the outside and inside of the lens. etc. Methods of preventing this annoyance may be controlled large ly by the wearer and will be discussed shatterless glass, in the goggle frame, more at length in a later article; but the hardened un-laminated lens has also improvements in the goggle frame also been brought to a very high point make it easier to control. One of these of efficiency. This hardened glass is is to permit a free circulation of air back approximately one-third stronger than of the goggle lens. This usually consists similar lenses manufactured a few years of cross ventilation, up and down venti- ago and about five times stronger than (Please turn to page 40' I ordinary glass. In all modern goggles the lens, in addition to being ex tremely strong, is so con structed, beveled, and clamp ed into the frame, that the tendency of the glass, if broken, is to tlv forward should it leave the frame at all. .Many a blow that for merly cracked the lens will bounce off today and do no damage to lens or wearer. O.q.Ste.U TbO otn-fl l.ptl!'!llc`l!l .eor.,,,. I , < maple with -trons frames to withstand extra heavy blows. The lenses of modern aoEgles are -o Humped into the frame that they tend to fix mu. if broken, rather than toward the eye. NVflOYAL SAFETY M AX S 15 Trainmen Are Human Bv GUY A. RICHARDSON* After providing safe equip ment and cooperating with public officials in traffic regu lation. the prevention of ac cidents in local transporta tion resolves itself into a problem of psychology OST of us can remember when M city councils worried about the speed of trotting horses. We resultant accident toll would be so shocking as to require must stringent legislative and police regulation. an recall how they wrinkled their browAsnother helpful improvement has been over speeding bicycle riders; "scorchers'1 the widespread education and agitation they were called in those days. Flight or against recklessness on the part of opera ten miles an hour in city streets was a menace to humanity. Even in the early days of the automo bile our ideas of speed were crude. Ten or i S miles an hour was regarded as the safe limit., and even on the open road cars could not exceed AS or 40 miles an hour because of their mechanical limita tions. Recall this picture, contrast it with the traffic on the streets of the modern city and you get a very clear idea of the reason for the existence of such an organization as the National Safety t'ouncil. Vou will also understand better what has been accomplished in acc ident prevention in spite of the huge accident total. You will wonder, per haps, that this total is not larger than it is. Much has been accomplished, but much remains yet to be done. Ac tors of vehicles and the tendency to re quire some evidence of a driver's fitness before he is permitted to operate an automobile. This regulation should be extended. In every state there should be some system of licensing automobile drivers and requiring them to establish their ability to drive before they are given a license. Electric railway trainmen who oper ate on fixed tracks with precise clear ances, and therefore fewer hazards, are selected with great car.* and are thorough ly trained before being allowed to oper ate a car. Something of the same require ments should be made in the case of those who operate private automobiles which are relatively more dangerous than street cars, since they are free agents, weaving in and out of traffic and starting, stop ping and turning at the will of the driver. complishment has come through several channels. There is a growing tendency Federal Licenses for Drivers to diversify and segregate traffic accord ing to speeds. This has helped material ly and will lie even mure helpful as time goes on. 1 am not so sure that there should not be some form of federal license for drivers who go from one state to another. At present, the state with drivers'' license Improved equipment of all vehicles provisions is not. protected from un also has been must helpful. Indeed, licensed drivers from other states. With without the improved brakes, the sturdier nur great system of national highways construction and the greater ease in interstate traffic is general, and interstate handling of all classes of vehicles, the driver regulation seems to he the only traffic flow and the speeds maintained feasible way to secure uniformity. today would be an impossibility. The In rhis problem the electric, railway operator is vitally interested because street congestion and traffic hazards have a direct and most important bear ing on his business. He should assume a position of leadership in Ids com munity in every movement which has for its purpose the improvement of traffic conditions and the prevention of street accidents. He is better informed perhaps than anyone else in the com munity, both as to traffic needs and as to methods of bettering conditions, fie has under him a staff of trained men whose chief concern is. or should be, to provide safe, convenient and speedy transporta tion through city streets. If anyone knows what can be done toward reliev ing congestion or increasing safety these men know it, and it is not only a service to the community but a service to the local transit industry as well to have them active in traffic planning. So much for the general traffic prob lem. We are vitally interested in it. but, except to the limited extent of indi rect effort, it is beyond our control. Our principal concern, therefore, is to im prove our own operating practices. In the development of safety appli ances we must admit that the electric rail way industry did not keep pace with the automotive industry. There has been little improvement in braking efficiency since the invention and application of the air brake, and until recent years little attention has been paid to the weight, of cars. Instead of building a car with complete equipment adjusted to the unit as automobile manufacturers do. we have followed the practice of assembling cars with equipment pur chased from various manufacturers. .1 ANT ARY. 1934 The individual companies have had too much pride of authorship. A car body is designed to satisfy some local ideal and then the purchasing agent shops around tor equipment. Fortunately we are now on the road to a better understanding of equipment needs. The President's (far Conference Committee has focused attention on weight, braking equipment, motors and drive, as well as on quiet ness of operation. Out of these experiments there is reason to hope that the electric car of the future will be on u comparable basis with the automotive vehicle in quick acceleration, smooth starting and stopping, braking effic iency and riding com fort. Likewise, the industry is making long strides in the selection, training and management of men and this is the most fertile field of accident pre vention, In any discussion of man power, the selection of employees of course has first place. In the early days of electric railway operation, trainmen were selected without much regard for their adapta bility to this class of service. If they were healthy and physically fit and could establish a reputation for honesty, little thought was given to their other qualifications. We have now discovered that there are men who are physically fit and who have a good reputation for honesty, but who are incapable of making good trainmen because of tem perament or other personal limitations. Street car operation, either as motorman or conductor, requires a certain type of personality. The motorman must be alert, quick to comprehend the traffic situation and do the right thing at the right time. The conductor must be even-tempered and well-balanced enough to attend to all of his duties and at the same time be courteous and obliging. Consequently the better operated sys tems have built up some form of exami nation and inquiry for the employment of men which seeks to discover not only their physical condition, but their mental alertness and their temperament. A period of trial is generally required during which the man is given ample opportunity to <ho\v the stuff that is in him. If he fails to measure up to the standards of the company he is not employed. The efficacy of this employment sys tem naturally has a great deal to do with the aci ident prevention record of the company. It reduces to the minimum tors of trolley buses, operating in traffic the number of new employees who are without the advantages of fixed clear "accident prone." it provides a founda ances such as rail operators have, made a tion for the building up of the right kind remarkably good record. Compared with of personnel. two-man cars on street car lines, they Unfortunately, the industry does not made about SO per cent better showing have at the present time any adequate, on miles per accident. standardized system of preliminary examination to determine the fitness of men who apply for positions. The examinations on a num ber of properties are good, but little effort has been made to co t irdinate them and get a system based on the best experience of all proper ties. it is not sufficient for the prospective train man to show that he Important as good employment practices are, however, they can change the character of the train force only by slow degrees. In the period prior to the depression the annual turn-over in train forces on large properties was about 10 per cent, and since that time it has been negligible. The big problem in dealing with the human factor, therefore, is to build morale and a sense of individual responsibility in the operating person nel. Many of these men have been in the service for years. They entered it knows how to perform ail the perfunctory duties of his position. An effec tive examination should when the life was not nearly as strenu ous as it is today, and some of them have not adjusted themselves to the changed conditions. These men must be try him out in typical emergencies and see how quickly and how efficiently he reacts to them. brought to see that most accidents are preventable and that they must `rain themselves in accident prevention. In some states, the applicant for an automobile driver's license is placed on the front seat of an automobile body in Fixing Responsibility front of a motion picture screen. On this screen is shown a picture taken from an automobile proceeding down the street, thus giving the driver the impression of proceeding through congested traffic. Various emergencies are flashed on the screen in front of him, such as a child darting from the curb, an automobile turning without signal and the sudden stopping of a vehicle in front of him. His reaction to these emergencies and the time required by him to apply the brakes nr make the necessary turn of the wheel are properly registered and they determine his fitness to drive in f raffic. The first step in any system of acci dent prevention is to provide accurate and detailed information on every acci dent, fixing the responsibility squarely where it belongs. On the Chicago Sur face Lines we have had such a system in operation for the past six years and the decreased number of accidents seems to indicate that we are on the right track. Under this plan accidents are classed as chargeable or nonchargeable. The supervisor of accident prevention gets a report of every accident immediately after it occurs, makes an investigation and places it in the classification where he believes it belongs. The man in Selecting Safe Operators volved in the accident has a right to appeal to the supervisor for a change in Some such test could be made for prospective trainmen. Various other mental alertness tests also can be adapted to this particular problem. We measure the man seeking a job to determine his height, we weigh him and test his lungs and kidneys, why should we not also measure his mind anti test his nerves? As an indication of what can be ac complished by proper selection of opera tors. the experience of t.he Chicago Surface Lines with its trolley bus service is worth mentioning. When this service was inaugurated in 1930 the operators were selected from the younger men in r.he train force on the basis of their records. Last year these one-man opera classification if he does not agree with the decision, and he also has the right to appeal from the decision of the super visor to a committee on accident pre vention consisting of the heads of the operating departments. When the classification is determined it is made a part of the man's record. In this way if is easy to spot the accidentprone men--those who have a number of chargeable accidents--and also to give credit to the men who have no charge able accidents marked up against them. The proof of any system is in the results and we are very well pleased with the results obtained by this method. (Please turn to page a,? i NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS By L. W. HOPKINS* 17 Competent methods of re pair. annealing and normal izing insure longer life and service from hoisting chain HERE arc seven important ele Tments to be considered in the maintenance of hoist chains in stvely stretched or elongated, rings which are distorted from a true circular -hape, and hooks which have been dis safe operating nmdition. Outlitnoertded. oriefly, they are: The less obvious defects which must 1, AV, ognitron of the deject or chain he i lassiried on basis of judgment are: : audition, Such defects may he olassiheti as follows: tmer-luik wear to the extent that -tirh At-,u diuuld he meuxuu-d tor the puipuxc ut tr- A, Ohvums .k-ti-Lh, ,.:au; the chain B i ><IteCfx Jri-Ot'nt/fd ,(s ,1 l - - 'SKIl'- mac hilxe.i ,,r| rxpcncmr A Ittl itl;l!i] iC ,, p,e - ' .m 1 ar tvp<- ti-e,! tn j paituuLi: Mxi.iii.fi", B, sc, i.ietice which imhc.itt-x that .iixtortcd .....d .ii links haw Ix-en xtrauthttne.l hv work- 1 'bviotis defects include mixed -I art' r defective welds. hain links which ".ave been distorted nr hammered, ..if `t -hape .If which have deep enitSif.', or '.hid) show evidence of eyi.r.'Si'vc iu'erwenr, chains which have Been ev.ex- ^ ,t 1 I `ll LI ! nei-r iru- 1 -< , 'rtif.ntv- | rif , lirultM* Jjutf, h-i." ;1 i Hu- -fuTcnnu'. <<t duim to the pumt yAkhc ii.t itjuM.-s wmir'i frt-trlv mi pockt-f <m ! i } It; :hc it ciums Si.ivc nvviy 1 '. i'k li.n>k'iK'tii hv biifnmn mr rwinut; *m Iikji VMiiJ KMilt ttt file tuim.llKMi rher i.ii.iit: .s.kics nit! t.<bnc-atratiun jin- ,i..f : . w ", hi t;|i m turn ttfirn urndK m , -.h-n r'dijim-. JAM \Rv. pm All inspection of chain must be predi cated on the simile that "a chain is as strong as its weakest link." The prob lem therefore is to rind not only the weakest link but to recognize the con dition of all links and attachments which reduce the gross strength of the chain, Considerable weight must be given to the judgment of the inspector, and the inspection of chain is not an operation which should be passed over lightly by anyone responsible for the safety of workmen. 2. Repairs shall be made at once and with no compromise with safety or o>st. The inertia of human nature often seems to be magnified in relation to the making of chain repairs. Many acci dents have occurred after chain has been found defective but continued in service. Two very definite rules can therefore be established with respect to chain repairs: A. Remove all defectiv e chain from m i vice ar once, B. Repair before using aram. 3. Removal of chain from service is often delayed because no substitute chain can be found. Often this is a matter of careless operation and mis placement of necessary equipment, The proper method of keeping spare chains, especially slings, is to hang them on a chain board or rack at some convenient place in the room or department in which they are used. This sirnpie housekeeping rule will in the long run result in saving much time and mini mize accidents, The persistent cry for economy is unfortunately often the de riding factor in returning to service chain which has long outlived its use fulness. 4. The marking, and tagging oi < 'rrtive links is desirable as it sets the responsibility for repair.' upon the in spector who presumably has the know ledge and judgment necessary for this important job. If the chains are re turned to a chain repair specialist it is best to allow him full swing in making repairs. In this way the. responsibility will he well defined and clear cm. The use of she proper replace ment material. Phis i,- a factor m some importance. When repairs are 18 made to a chain of crane or dredge chain quality and a link made of common bar iron or mild steel is inserted, that chain is no longer in fact a crane or dredge chain. The repaired link should have the same properties as adjacent links both a? to the elements of design and the physical properties of the material. A hook having elliptical round, or square section cannot replace a hook of the same weight having a trapezoidal section and be expected to carry equal loads without dangerous deformation, .['his is a rather obvious comment but cases have come to the attention of the writer where serious chain failures have occurred as a result of such make-shift replacements. A knowledge of chain materials is therefore essential o. 77/e sendee of a skilled ehainniaker is possibly the most important (onsideration in the repair of chains. The making of a scarfed end weld in a chain link is a work of art and not all blacksmiths are capable of making such repairs. It is easy to make a good-look ing weld with the scarfs fully and prop erly hammered and which appears suffi ciently strong but nevertheless has a large percentage of its area in the ..enter of the weld unfused and filled with scale and slag. Granting that the services of a skilled blacksmith can he obtained, one who realizes the import ance of little things in the art of weld ing. he still must keep within reasonable dimensional tolerances. This is especi ally so when the chain operates on sprockets, in order to do this properly he must have equipment which is not ordinarily found in the average shop. 7, Adequate equipment for anneal ing "insists of a furnace of sufficient heat capacity to thoroughly heat the charge in as short a time as possible. Pyrometer control is desirable and the thermocouple should he located as near to the work as possible. Few industrial plants, large or small, have equipment for the proof testing of hoist chains. This is considered to be of prime importance in the manufacture of new chain and it would seem reason able to expect the same vigilance in the handling of repaired chains. It is con sidered good practice to proof test steel chain to 'of the nominal breaking strength, and crane and dredge chain fo 1 ' of the nominal breaking strength. The safe working load is then set at 1 , of tire proof load in the case of steel and n 10 of the proof load respectively in the <ase of iron, in tase of slings the complete unit including hooks, rings and all attach ments should be tested to the maximum safe working load for which the sling is designed. The history of proof testing ail chain by the chain manufacturer dates back to 1879 and since that time it has been universally considered to be an impor tant part of the manufacturing process. Annealing and Normalizing Within the past six or seven years some excellent papers have been written on the subject of annealing and normal ising chains and it has been given the close attention of engineering societies in preparing safety codes, recommended practices, etc. The excellent research conducted by the National Safety t Auncil and concluded with the final report in the 1930 Transactions is the out standing investigation reported in this country'. The excellent and thorough work conducted by Dr. Gough entitled 'Causes of Failure of Wrought Iron Chains" issued by the Department of Scientific Industrial Research of the .National Physical Laboratory, England must be mentioned. Dr. Gough is still actively engaged in research work cm the subject of heat treatment of chain, particularly small chains for chain hoists1. A bibliography on the subject of chain repairing is appended. As a result of this work one reason for the very occasional sudden failure of iron chains is now recognized as being tied up with the theory of a cold work hardened skin formation mused hy the hammering and peening of link surfaces due to ordinary handling. This skin of hardened metal has increased in hard ness and tensile strength and has been reduced in ductility by a proportionate amount. Its energy absorption capaci ty has likewise been reduced in propor tion to these changes. In other words, it tends to be brittle under suddenly applied loads. I'pon the application of a shock or impact stress this skin fractures, producing a fine crack which extends possibly only 1 1000 nr 4 lOuO of an inch to the soft ductile material directly underneath. The fracture is usually retarded at this point for the time being as the ductile material has high energy absorption < apacity. Re peated overloading concentrates -tres- ar the base of the crack and this gradu ally propagates itself deeper and deeper into the ductile material. The final i ros.F h'.'ftnrt, ? .! < * .i ;> I? .i, m**1 rtn.? Volume application of a heavy load, particularly a shock or impact load at the base of the crack i the point of reduced cross section l results in sudden and complete breakage. Failure of this type by im pact is characterized by a crystalline fracture as the material does not have an opportunity to flow or elongate un der shock load. It is often stated that the material has, in some mysterious way, crystallized. This description of this type of fracture has so fastened it self in people's minds that we occasion ally still see references to failures caused bv crystallized metal in technical re ports. The purpose of annealing is to restore the ductility of the work hardened sur face thus preventing the formation of the fine surface cracks which ultimately cause all the damage. It has been dem onstrated that if cracks are already present but that if they are superficial in nature, that annealing will tend to prevent any further propagation ot cracks. The reason for this is that the material at the base of the crack be comes overstrained and cold worked due to the concentration of stress at this point. Subsequent annealing restores the metal to its original ductile or nor mal condition by the merhanism of retransformation or recrvstallization. This prevents the continuation of the crack or at least steers it off into an other direction where its capacity to do damage is much lessened. Annealing Practice \\> must first distinguish between the two chain materials, namely, wrought iron and steel Wrought iron has been called a fibrous material because the normal fracture of wrought iron is fib rous in appearance. This is due to the large number of slag inclusions which are elongated in the direction of rolling, breaking up the ferrite or iron into definite layers and strata. These -lag inclusions serve another useful purpose -they prevent excessive grain growth during heating. The phenomena known as "Stead's brittleness'' is comparatively unknown in the ease of well made wrought iron free from admixture of steel 1'he annealing treatment for iron is aimed at restoring the cold work hardened surface to its original condi tion and to relieve the internal stresses which may have been set tip due to the distortion of links. Experience has proved that this can best he done hv ! Please turn to page 54) NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS Problems in Handling Ethyl Fluid anil Ethyl basoline 19 By ROBERT A. KEHOE. M.D.* O ('LEAR the way tor a detailed Ti, onsideration of potential dangers in the handling of ethyl fluid. 1 shall deal very briefly with the hazards speculatively associated with the distribution of ethyl gasoline as dis tinguished from other gasoline. Ten wars of experience and of critical in vestigation have failed to reveal the existence of clanger to any group of workmen or to the general public from the presence of small amounts of tetra ethyl lead in automobile fuel. Various aspects of the question are being further investigated at present, bur, only two matters deserve mention in a practical discussion of safety problems. i. Exposure to Lead Compounds in Cleaning Storage Tanks. Tetraethyl lead alone or dissolved in gasoline slowly decomposes to yield crystalline triethyl lead compounds. Under normal storage conditions this decomposition is almost inappreciable, but over a period of years variable amounts can be found in the scale on the sides and at the bottom of storage tanks. If the sides or bottom of such a tank are cleaned in a dry state, finely divided dust containing triethvi lead salts may be inhaled by unprotected workmen who may enter the tank. In halation of these compounds causes irri tation of the respiratory mucous mem branes and the skin, accompanied by violent sneezing, weeping, and burning of the skin. Further exposure may result in rapid lead absorption and acute Intoxication, It is a simple matter to prevent lead exposure of this type either by cleaning the tanks in a wet state, or by the use of air line masks. Actually, these two safety measures are employed in routine cleaning at refineries in guarding against the inhalation of gasoline vapors. Nevertheless, -ince the lead hazard would not be considered of itself, the at tention of refinery personnel has been directed toward it through instructions which coincide with or 'nppiemenr the current practices of tank (leaning. It "T'lriumnuTi. i'fim, , \ rKtpt'f befor- flic fvtroi,.inn rr- *nfi \ ?! nut! j t (.'t y * Mn > should be pointed out further, that ma terials of this type, removed from ethyl gasoline storage tanks should be buried or otherwise disposed of so that they may not be resuspended by air currents. 2. Lead accumulation on the surface o; the t arih. Through a variety of avenues lead compounds are bring brought out of the earth and distributed upon its surface. The deposition of finely divided lead bromide by way of the exhaust gases of automobiles and airplanes which burn ethyl gasoline is only one aspect of this process. 1 mention the problem in this connection, not because the use of ethyl gasoline is the most important factor--for it is not--but rather because the whole question arose out of the investigation of the public health problems associated with the distribution of ethyl gasoline. There is no present reason to believe that it involves danger to the public health. However, it must be recognized that a sufficient general increase in the gross daily human intake of lead from any and all sources could result in wide spread damage to health. It becomes a matter of some importance, therefore, to know how much lead we are taking into our bodies through our food ma terials and otherwise, and to keep a critical eye on the factors which affect such lead intake. This, my associates and T are attempting to do in the Labora tory of Applied Physiology in the Uni versity of Cincinnati. Hazards of Handling Ethyl Fluid The general character of the hazards in the handling of ethyl fluid is de termined by the properties of the lead compound which is its principal consti tuent. Tetraethyl lead is an oily liquid which shows a decided tendency to creep through the seams or joints of containers and pipe lines, thereby supplying abundant opportunities for leakage. Moreover, it. is a heavy material, of almost twice the weight of water, so that packages of suitable size for mixing with gasoline are handled with some diffiuilty, and with the ever present danger id physical injury to the worker, as well as the likelihood of bursting if dropped or subjected to violence. Tetraethyl lead has an appreciable vapor pressure at ordinary temperatures, and if exposed to heat, the vaporization of the fluid develops a. pressure within containers, which under extreme con ditions t conflagration i may result in the bursting of the container with igni tion of its contents, and which in the hot suns rat's causes a sudden escape of vapor when the container is opened. The oily i fat soluble ) and somewhat vola tile character of the material gives it a peculiarly hazardous quality among lead, compounds in that absorption fakes place into the human body by way of the unbroken skin through <ontact. and by way of the lungs through inhalation. The saturated vapor of tetraethyl lead in air at ordinary temperatures contains approximately 5 mgs. of lead per liter of air. a concentration which is lethal for experimental animals after a few hours of exposure. With these characteristics in mind, it is possible to visualize the chief diffi culties which attend the manufacture, transportation, storage, and handling of ethyl fluid. The necessity for the avoid ance of leakage and spillage of fluid, ana tor prevention of skin iontact or in halation, is apparent. And not only must safety precautions be designed for the prevention of rapid absorption and acute illness, but also for the avoidance of repeated slight exposure widen may result in chronic plumbism. !. Hazards in Manufacture Hie preparation of ethyl fluid con sists essentially of the blending of tetra ethyl lead with a sufficient amount of an organic halogen carrier to convert the lead to the corresponding halide when combustion occurs, and with an uilsoluble dye to give the fluid a deep color. The materials mtwt be thoroughly mixed, and checked hy chemical analysis for correctness of the quality .and propor tions of the ingredients. The finished fluid is stored in tanks, or introduced into JANUARY. 1934 drums or into tank cars for shipment. The control of the dangers of manu facture is relatively simple, since all the operations are carried out by a single isolated group of men who are under constant supervision. The solution of the problem of safety is found in the use of carefully constructed closed systems of pipes, pumps and tanks, with the necessary vents carried well outside working areas. General and local venti lation is employed as a supplementary precaution. The tilling of barrels for shipment necessitates a break in the dosed system. This operation is carried out, therefore, in a specially constructed, highly ventilated hood, equipped with safety devices which care for any acci dental spill. The difficulty is increased by the necessity for accurate measure ment of the fluid. Skin contact with the materials, and inhalation of vapor is obviated through detailed regimentation of the technique of all plant operations, including the carrying out of repairs, and the main tenance of meticulous housekeeping. The adequacy of precautionary measures is checked by regular medical super vision. An integral part of the manufacturing and shipping procedures is the cleaning, testing and repainting of metal drums before refilling, and the testing of re filled drums for leaks before shipment. The hazards of the cleaning operation are essentially negligible, since it is done by equipment enclosed in highly venti lated hoods and operated from the out side. Cleaned drums are given an air pressure test, and filled drums are tested in a specially ventilated room, by setting them with the bung down for a period of 12 to 48 hours. The slightest leak becomes readily apparent because of the spread of the deeply colored fluid into the bright new aluminum finish on the surface of the drum. Suitable warn ings are pasted on each drum, with in structions for caring for accidents, or leaks. The recognition of such dangers was responsible for the use of a specially designed metal drum, and later a special type of tank car for shipping ethyl fluid. 2. Hazards in the Transportation Difficulties in transportation arise largely from the fact that the fluid may pass into the custody of persons who have not been instructed adequately as to the nature of the dangers and the means to employ in avoidance of such dangers. There is the greatest necessity, therefore, for anticipating the type of handling which is given to ordinary com modities in transit. In fact, every effort must be made to see that no opportunity occurs for contact or exposure from the time of shipment until the materiai arrives at its destination, where it can be taken in charge by properly trained persons. For this reason shipping of drums, with rare exceptions, is carried out in full car load lots, or at full car load rates, so that the drums may be safely fastened in place in the car at the manufacturing plant and removed by the trained personnel of the purchaser. Where shipment occurs by boat, the drum cargo is under the supervision of a representative of the shipping plant, until it is fastened in place on an open deck of the vessel, from which it is re moved at destination under the super vision of the shipper's or purchaser's trained agent. From time to time drum shipments of fluid have been made by truck. This has been done usually to avoid a tran shipment of less than carload lots by rail. Thus a car load of fluid, shipped to some central point has l>een split among neighboring purchasers, each of whom has transported a number of drums by truck. This again, merely represents the attempt to maintain the responsibility for the handling of drums in the hands of persons who are fully informed as to the proper method of handling. 3. Handling of Fluid at Refineries and Bulk Mixing Points The above paragraphs have dealt with the precautions which must be taken by the distributor of ethyl fluid, in order to see that the product reaches the purchaser without the likelihood of any injury to anyone in transit. From this point on it is necessary for the pur chaser to see that the fluid is handled only by the proper persons, that it is mixed with gasoline in proper amounts and by acceptable procedures, and that the emptied containers are returned to the distributor with the same care that was observed by the distributor. Storage. Hazards in the case of drum storage include the mechanical difficulty of handling heavy packages, the possi bility of leaks and spillage, the develop ment of pressure in the drum with high temperature, the partial solidification of the fluid at low winter temperature, and the occurrence of fire. Theft of the fluid, and tampering must also he pre vented. Obviously the fluid should be stored where the containers can he handled with ease, where vapors will not be confined, where spilled fluid can be readily washed away, where there is pro tection from direct sunlight (in warm or temperate climates), and from the spread of fire, and where there is security from handling by unauthorized persons. When fluid is shipped in tank cars the chief storage problems have to do with the transfer of the large amount of heavy fluid from the tank cars to a fluid storage tank without allowing exposure, the pre vention of leakage of either liquid or vapor from the storage tank, and pro vision against excessive cooling or heat ingMixing. The hazards of mixing with drums of fluid arise in moving heavy drums to the mixing site, in removing the bungs, in emptying out accurately measured amounts of fluid, in mixing the fluid with gasoline, in rinsing out the drums when emptied of fluid, and in re placing the bungs. All this should be done without leaks or spills, and it must be done without exposure, on the pari of the handler, to the liquid or vaporized fluid. Moreover, any implements or equipment used in the process must be cleaned up so as to remove any oppor tunity for subsequent contact with liquid or vapor at the mixing site. The most serious aspects of the prob lem of handling fluid out of a storage tank are concerned with accuracy of measurement, the prevention of leaks in the pipe lines, and the carrying out of repairs if and when leaks develop. It is inevitable that there should be differences of opinion among the large number of persons who have purchased and used ethyl fluid in the preparation of ethyl gasoline, as to the requirements for safety. It is equally certain that if the manner of mixing were left to the discretion of gasoline distributors, there would be a wide variety of methods, equipment and precautionary measures. Especially at the beginning of this new industry, it was necessary to make a careful appraisal of the hazards. do this some type of centralized responsi bility for the manner of mixing had be established. This was achiever, through regulations and instructions to the purchasers of ethyl fluid, together with specifications for mixing equip ment. Compliance with these regula tions was made an obligation to which purchasers were bound by contract. Under this regime a high degree of uni formity has been maintained. Mixing plants are built, to satisfy not less than minimal specifications supplied by the distributor of ethyl fluid. These specifications cover the storage facilities for ethyl fluid, the mixing equipment. t Please turn to page 50/ NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS Stainless Steel Equipment its inspection and Repair By CLAYTON E. PLUMMER* 21 ELECTING rhe proper materials S for the construction of stainless steei equipment is one of the im portant duties of the engineer. In order to select correctly a stainless steei for a particular application, a knowledge of the most commonly used stainless steels and their properties is essential. Such preliminary information may be obtained from a study of: (1) published lists of materials; (2) data supplied by the manufacturers; (3) tables showing the physical and chemical properties of stainless steels; and (4.) books on the subject of corrosion-resistant alloys. But. because of the many trade names and apparently large number of alloys, this preliminary study is often perplex ing to one not a trained metallurgist. The problem of selection is greatly simplified, however, by the fact that, because of similar characteristics, stain less steels may lie divided into three main groups: martensitic, ferritic, and austenitic. Hence, two-thirds of the work may be eliminated by first select ing the proper group rather than at tempting to choose a specific alloy. The proper group may be determined by selecting specimens from each, and test ing them under actual operating con ditions. Laboratory tests can be em ployed as an alternative, but are not recommended because of the uncertainty of adequately duplicating actual con ditions. Some of the characteristics of each of the three groups are as follows: Group 1--Martensitic Steels These steels are composed principally of chromium, iron and carbon. They air harden intensely, are magnetic, and are subject to heat treatment like carbon steels. Typical combinations are 4 to 6 percent chromium, and 12 to 1 5 per rent chromium, both with low carbon. type--l to h per rent t iiromium. Low Carbon The ! to ft pet cent chromium alloy, used extensively in the oil industry may be obtained 4i 'ireep.r t 'hemic,-.t ,tn.f Wetanunorai C., r.ore, i,,r .c Hubert W. Hunt Company, Phiciuro, i paper presented before the Chernies! ?,. tion, Twenty ... imi Annual Satety Conarese ) m plates, sheets, squares, octagons, fiats, strips, tubes, wire, forgings, blanks, ingots, castings, etc. In the fully annealed condition this steei is stronger than soft steel with the same carbon content. Addition of 'A per cent molybdenum or one per cent tungsten gives a stronger steei at elevated temperatures. Type---12 to 15 per cent Chromium. Low Carbon The 12 to 15 per cent chromium steel is stronger than soft steel, takes a good polish, and m tms (undttion resists atmospheric cor rosion indefinitely. It is not apparently affect ed by fruit luices and resists oxidation at tem peratures up to 1.400 degrees F. it is a fair stainless steel where strength, toughness and high impact value are required. To obtain the best properties this steel should be heat treated. Like the 4 to 6 per cent chromium steel it air hardens. Applications ate golf dub heads, valve parts, automobile parts, etc. Group II--Ferritic Steels These steels are composed of chromi um and iron with the chromium in ex cess of 18 per cent. They are non-hard ening, and in the annealed condition are relatively strong and ductile. Type--18 to 23 per rent Chromium, Low Carbon The iy to ;i per cent chromium steei com bines rase u fabrication with better corrosion resistant properties than the 12 to |1 per cent chromium steel. Chromium sleds \vrth chro mium conrent higher than 18 per cent will not air harden* provided the carbon L low. This analysis finds application in nitric and equip ment. omden.sers and evaporators, fans and blowers, and plays an important part in chemi cal plant equipment. Type*"26 to 'M) per cent Chromium. Low Carbon The ,1b ro per u-nt chromium steel shows remarkable resistance to many corrosive in fluences, including nitric acid and acid mine wafers. Because uf its resistance to oxidation at temperatures up to .Minn decree* F. it finds apphearmn in tumace parts, supports, rabhel arms on roasting furnaces., etc. when brmletk.-s\ is not a factor. Ar elrvated temperatures the higher chrom ium steels .or susceptible to pram irmwth which cmnor he prevented or corrected bv heat treat ment. When these deehs are heated for a limit period at about wn to |O()0 decrees F, and cooled `fowlv fhey become brutle v/hen cold. `Phis brittleness L nnlv partly relieved when the metal is reheated. Steels containing 16 to per rent chromium show considerable weakness if j notch r a change in dimension is present. This should be taken into consideration when bolts are used. The chromium alloys are used at elevated tem peratures where sulphur is present m Urge amounts. The addition of two per cent nickel gives a steel that is not so brittle when cold. Group III--Austenitic Steels Nickel is added to chromium-iron al loys to produce a steel of suitable aus tenitic type, possessing toughness, duc tility, non-hardening properties by heat treatment, and high resistance to impact. The nickel also increases resistance to scaling at high temperatures, reduces grain growth, and at the same time less ens embrittlement after long service. These steels are non-magnetic. Like other alloys, proper processing is neces sary to put the metal in its best corro sion resistant condition. In contrast to ordinary iron and steel, these austenitic steels are softened by cooling quickly from above their critical range. Four characteristic chromium nickel steels have been selected for discussion here: Type 18 per cent Chromium. 8 per rent Nirkei Since tins analysis takes a high polish, will resist indefinitely the attack r.t atmospheric air "r a weak organic acids, it is used extensively for equipment in food manufacturing and processing, ci railleries, fruit and vegetable canneries, meat packing plants, refrigerator linings and trim, soda fountains, -.hemicti plant equipment, etc. This alloy is easily fabri cated, provided proper precautions are taken. Much has been written concerning the failure of welded stainless, due to inter-crystalline cor rosion. When this alloy is heated in the i.angr of sort to t sou degrees F. carbides arr pre cipitated which, probably due to an electric potential difference, results in Corrosion at the gram boundaries. Flcments such a., columiiium, titanium, c.madium ,md molybdenum have been added in ail attempt to prevent mteioystalline coriosinn. A theoretical discussion of 'he subject is beviimj the ..pipe of this article Welds should he beat treated to put the metal in its best condition fm resistance to corrosion. There are many applications where beat treating after welding and the use of modified analyses ate not necessary, but where corrosive conditions aie vow heat treatment is ihso. lutely essential. Many failures have been observes! in the paper pulp industry due to coroision hv sulphite liquors where there seas , heat treatment after welding. JANUARY. 1934 Type-- -lit per rent Chromium, 12 per rent Nickel This bteel ix used for its strength value and >xtcktion ic-sbtance at elevated temperatures. Because .a its higher chromium content, it is more icsistant to sulphur atmospheres at high leinpeiutures than an alloy containing I' per sulphur content should be watched so that they do not exceed prescribed limits. Because the effect of too high or too low a temperature would prove detri mental to the ultimate efficient and safe use of any equipment, it is essential after such as the metallic arc, carbon arc, re sistance, seam or butt, spot, line, atomic hydrogen, alternating current arc. and oxyacetylene. If the metallic arc welding method is used, reverse polarity is recommended, the work being the nega Cent chromium and 35 per cent nickel. the rolling or working of the alloy into tive and the welding rod the positive. T,,pi--21 per rent Chromium, 22 per rent Nirkei This urulvsis combines strength at 1 500 to inid degrees F. with excellent resistance to oxidation. the proper shape that the heat treatment of such shapes be carefully conducted. The only means of determining the cor rectness of the heat treatment is for the inspector actually to witness this opera Before welding, the inspector should f'e sure that the parts are clean, since grease may cause pits or hard spots. The selection of the welding rod is very important; coated rods are recommend Type -- !3 per rent Chromium. 23 per rent .\irkel Since this steel can be forced or rolled onir with considerable difficulty, it is used mostly in the cast condition where both high strength and eliiMiii! resistance at elevated tempeta- tion and check both the time and the temperature used. Actual witnessing of the heat treatment should be supple mented by corrosion tests on test pieces. As in ordinary steel, the finished ma terial in the shape of bars, plates, etc., ed for metallic arc welding, and uncoat ed for oxyacetylene welding. The gage of the material influences the method used. For economic reasons one. method may have an advantage over another. There are so many influencing factors tints lie desired. fills rteel is not recom mended for use at elevated tempemtures in the presence of sulphur, since the lower chromium and higher nickel result in breakdown due to attack of the sulphur at the grain boundaries. Although there are many alloys, classi fied as corrosion and heat resistant, this article has been limited to stainless steels where the iron content is 50 per cent or more. The heat resistant alloy is a field by itself. Matty times the steel manufacturer's request for information about the use of stainless steel is misunderstood. However it. is to the benefit of all. but particularly to the user, that the steel manufacturer be informed of the use to which the ma terial is to be put so that he can follow its amrse with the ultimate use in mind. Inspection of Maw Materials By raw materials, of course, are meant plates, strips, forgings, castings or other hapes from which are fabricated equip ment or structures. The inspection of such material fol lows the same principles, for the most part, as the inspection of ordinary car bon steel. However, due to its greater cost, the extreme care with which the material must be produced, and the im portance of the effect produced by the various alloying elements, as well as the treatment in shaping, inspection must be more diligent and critical than would be required for ordinary steel. The chemical composition is of utmost importance if the desired properties are to he attained. Therefore, check analyses are advisable so that inspector and buyi-r may both be satisfied that the alloy ing elements are present in the specified amounts, and that in general the mate rial conforms to specifications. Particular attention should be paid to the chromium content, the nickel con tent. or any other alloying element de sired. At the same time the carbon and should be thoroughly checked for surface defects, such as laminations, seams, cracks, blisters, blow holes, pipes, etc. Since the making of alloy steed is a more delicate operation than the making of ordinary steel, the chances of mishaps and consequent defects are also greater. Finally, if there is to be a further finish ing operation involving the use of heat, as in the manufacture of rivets, this too should be witnessed by the inspector to make sure that the proper temperatures are maintained. Inspection of Fabrication The fabrication of the raw material into such equipment as tanks, pressure vessels, pumps, centrifugal machines or soda fountains likewise requires compe tent: inspection to insure safe and satis factory performance. The range of products into which the raw materials may be fabricated is vast, and since the particular method of in spection in each case must vary in de tail, no attempt will be made to set forth each i undilion, ft will be sufficient to outline rather briefly some of the major considerations which should guide the inspector. If the stainless steel is to he fabricated into tanks or equipment of similar na ture requiring fitting of parts and subse quent riveting or welding, it will be the inspector's duty to check the laying out of the component parts. He must make sure (hat they fit absolutely, that edges are planed and not bevel-sheared, that rivet holes (if needed) are sub-drilled and reamed rather than punched. if the equipment is to be welded, addi tional precautions are necessary. Torroa'on or embrittlement must be guarded against, and in addition the type or class of parent metal will be an important fac tor in the particular method used. Vari ous welding methods are used today, that the selection of the welding method should be left to the advice of an expert. It is axiomatic, of course, that before any welding is done the inspector will want to make sure that the fabricator can pro duce satisfactory welding work. It is imperative that every precaution be taken. As a check on welding, the X-ray is recommended as an ideal method of non destructive inspection of the finished product. This is particularly desirable where pressures or stresses are to lie re sisted, or where corrosive substances are encountered. After welding, annealing is generally required to remove embrittlement and prevent corrosion at or near the weld. Both would weaken the equipment and lead ultimately to its destruction. The proper temperature for annealing is necessary, and it is the inspectors duty to see that these temperatures are main tained. Thus, austenitic steels will re quire a temperature of 1850 to 2000 de grees T., the 4 to d per cent chromium Teels 1550 to 1600 degrees F,, the 12 to 15 per cent chromium steels 1450 to 1500 degrees F. Since the 24 to ,30 per t ent chromium steels are non-hardening, an nealing after welding is not required. The atmosphere should be dightly re ducing. The rate of cooling also differs: in the austenitic groups rapid cooling is desirable, while in the chromium-iron alloys the temperature should be lowered slowly at a rate not exceeding 50 degrees F. per hour. The shearing of austenitic -alloys 'lif ters from ordinary steel in that more power must be used, and the material must be. cut completely through. The principal consideration in this operation is to guard against work-hardening of the metal, which may be deleterious to its use and certainly increases the fabri cation cost. in blanking and punching austenitic NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 23 alloys more power must be used than for mild steel. A necessary precaution is to keep a neat clearance between the punch and the die. Too great a clearance will cause the material to work-harden. Machining of austenitic steels is best accomplished at a speed about one-half that used for mild steel. A tool with de sign similar to that used in machining dead soft brass is recommended. Aus tenitic steels have been machined suc cessfully in automatic machines when they have a brinell hardness between 200 and 240. Forming and drawing require heavier lubricant, slower press speeds, and great er clearances between punch and die than with mild steel. Drilling, as mentioned, should be done by a high-speed tool, adequately backed up. Sawing requires high-speed hack saw blades with wavy teeth. The types 4 to o per tent chromium and 13 to 13 per cent chromium have been found to machine better when they have a brinell hardness of approximately 220. Slightly lower speeds are recom mended. In machining types 15 to 18 per cent chromium and 24 to 40 per cent chromium, a tool similar in design to that used on semi-hard brass is recom mended. When used on automatic screw machines, manufacturers can furnish special free-machining grades. Austenitic, martensitic and ferritic steels may he cold or hot riveted, if hot riveted, the temperature of such rivets should he 1900 to 2HHI degrees F. for austenitic t finishing above 1<>()U degrees F.l: martensitic steels 14 50 degrees or less; ferritic 1500 degrees F. The tem perature of the rivet furnaces should be thermostatically controlled. Klee trie fur naces are preferable. Brazing is not. recommended for these types of steel. Its tendency is to de crease corrosion resistance. Madness steels . an lie soldered pro vided the metal is properly treated. Un cut muriatic acid is recommended as a tiux. Because of lower thermal conduc tivity ,i larger iron is needed. ( are should be taken not to have the iron too hot as embrittlement may be the conse quence. To prevent buckling, i hill plates may he used, atid with the austenitic group these should be of copper. Another precamion is So wash with ammonia water after soldering to inhibit further action. Rightly fabricated and intelligently used, stainless steels ate -ate and satis factory. If rules are not observed in fab rication or use, a dangerous situation will exist, (equipment will be called up on tor functions tor which ft is no longer Trainmen Are Human ti'onthmrd from page /oi I ,ast year 8.040 men out of the total train force of 12,000 had no chargeable acci dent during the twelve months. Of this number 1,895 had had no chargeable accidents in the six years since the sys tem wits established. A comparison of certain types of acci dents during this six year period as against the previous six year period shows a decrease of 20 per cent in car or bus and person accidents, of 5,3 per cent in tar or bus collisions. 12 per cent in car or iius collisions with vehicles and In per cent in fatalities. The number of rnotormen who had six or more accidents in one year has decreased 50 per cent as compared with 1930. Whatever success in accident pre vention has been attained on this property has been the result of keeping eternally at it. Under the drection of the supervisor of accident prevention, the staff committee with whom he ab utted As a consequence, the safety fac tor of such equipment is unknowingly exceeded and perhaps life is endangered. Clauses of Failure A few of the more tommon causes of failure of stainless steel equipment are: improper wirction ot '.famlen steel Inadequate inspection during fabrication Failure to heat treat after cveldinc Material of too thin gage Chdvanic action it-sulting fmm dissimilar metals m contact in an t-lectrolvte Mt-rhanirai failures, [{("pairing Equipment .Many failures are attributed to abuse in service. If thin gage material is used, au idental piercing of the equipment may make repair necessary. If repairs must be made by riveting or welding, the prei autions set forth tinder Fabrication" should be observed, *'aretui considera tion should be given to the selection of the method of welding, both from the standpoint of corrosion resistance ami ecnnnmv. The location of the weld is im portant. It should be placed so that any breathing action or motion nt equipment will not place the stresses at the weld, but at a place where the material is less liable to failure. If the right type of stainless steel is selected for a definite application and proper precautions are observed during fabrication, there will be little need for repair of stainless steel equipment. vises and the heads of all operating de partments. there is a constant hammer ing at this problem. The results of the .-.fully of ;tll accidents are passed on to the men for their information. They are shown how certain types of accidents could have been prevented. inter sections which haw proved particularly dangerous, because of the number of accidents occurring there, are spotted and the men are warned to be unusually careful at these points. Accident prevention contests are tarried on throughout the year among the various divisions and suitable awards are made to the division with the best record. Eye tests are required and the men must wear glasses when they are needed, l iroup meetings are held at which till types of accidents tire dis cussed and helpful suggestions tire re quested. Especially do we make it a point to recognize good records. I am thoroughly . onvinced that more can be accomplished by a word of appreciation for rhe man w ho has done a good job than by harsh disciplinary measures and the general attitude of taking it for granted that those with good records have only done their duty. When you have provided the best type of equipment, and have done all you can in cooperation with public officials to secure satisfactory regulation of street traffic, the prevention of accidents in iocttl transportation simply resolves itself into a problem of psychology, t tur trainmen are human, like the rest of us. They have the same reactions to praise or blame: they are just as anxious to earn the good opinion of those about them and they enjoy the same satisfaction in going home to their families at night with a feeling that they have done a good day's work. The destiny of any transportation company is in the hands of its operating t-mpioyees: they ran make or break it. They can he driven by the lash of dis cipline to perform their duties, but -ervile obedience to rules destroys self respect and inilitttive. Un die other hand, they can be made to feel that they have the confidence and respect of the management, that they are relied upon for intelligence and loyalty, and that they will receive i ongratulations for work well done as well a- censure for neglect of duty. In >hort, it's easier to lead men than to drive them. Invariably, the operating organization with an exceptionally good morale also has an outstanding accident prevention record. JANUARY. 1934 24 Measuring Light with the Electric Eye By E. C. SEHNURMACHER HE photo-electric cell, which to Tthe general public is still a scien tific toy known as an "electric In his investigations and experiments with the sight meter during the past several months. Mr. Canfield has dis eye," for many years has been quietly covered many contributing causes to serving an extremely useful mission in accidents which, if illumination could experimental and industrial work, in be accurately measured by the layman, Teachers can now determine by means controlling the operation of apparatus and equipment in various processes. Its applications vary from guarding the might be promptly and effectively checked. In outdoor lighting, for example, it was of the sight meter whether or not pupils have sufficient illumination for their studies. crown jewels of England to preventing found a survey of 42 cities revealed that workmen from being crushed in the jaws wherever street lighting had been de of giant power presses. Recently it has creased--or wrongly located--there was was surprised at the low reflection factor been developer! along an entirely new- a corresponding increase in fatalities of the buff, glazed tile brick which had line--as a sight meter or visual ther during evening rush hours. been specified for the laboratory walls, mometer, by means of which illumina "Undoubtedly, the number of acci especially for the conservation of light. tion may be checked directly in degrees dents could be reduced without increas "Further tests were made throughout upon a dial a little bigger than a watch. ing the total power bill," Mr. Canfield the plant with the result that all 200 Perfected by Earl Canfield, a young New York scientist, the new sight meter has already demonstrated many possi bilities in the prevention of accidents due to insufficient illumination, as well as in the increase of worker efficiency due to sufficient and well placed illum ination. Lt has become a reliable in strument in the hands of insurance ad justers in determining negligence due to insufficient illumination in accident cases, revealed. "There are many cases in which the sight meter shows a glare on one side of a light and little illumina tion on the other. This may be due to obstructions, reflected glare from store windows or white painted buildings and other contributory causes which the sight meter can check by determining the degrees of illumination, either direct or reflected." In indoor lighting in plants and fac tories where employees were required to use their eyes intensively over a long watt lamps were changed to 300 watt lamps and additional outlets were in stalled." in carrying his investigations into the home, Mr. Canfield discovered that the outside doorway, the hall, kitchen and bathroom were the most frequent locale of accidents. While many of these acci dents were due to negligence, faulty illumination was found to play a con tributing part either directly--as evi denced by failure to see an obstruction dearly---or indirectly through causing period of time, Mr. Canfield found that inefficiency and consequent inattention. illumination averaged IS foot-candles in "We determined that the amount of many establishments where a minimum light in the 'home should measure an recommended level was SO foot-candles amount of from 15 to 20 foot-candles and the probable level of greatest effi or 1.5 to 20 times the light furnished by ciency was SO foot-candles. a standard candle at the distance of Normal eyes require from 55 to mi a foot." stated Mr. Canfield. " This units of light for prolonged dose work, amount of light is sufficient for ordinary yet it: was found that the plant was ex or `-sinai illumination' mid when it i.- ceptional indeed which on a. dark day utilized in that amount the possibility provided more than 15 to 20 units of of accident in the home is lessened. For light. When it is also taken into consider intensive work, of course, that illumina ation that 71 out of every 1.00 people tion should be increased to between 30 over 50 have varying degrees of defective to 50 candle power. From 20 to 30 candle vision and that 23 out of every 100 have power is adequate for reading tine print eye difficulty of some sort, it may be or sewing while any amount of illumina eeti how accident hazards or inefficiency tion under 10 candle power is inadequate can he prevalent in an underlighted lor critical seeing." plant. The sight meter, itself, incorporating "In one uf the plants tested with the phorronir photo electric cell, weighs Faulty lighting in hallways is often a contributory cause of accidents. A new adaptation of a photo-electric cell in a -iatit meter" is more reliable sight meter," states Mr. f'onfield, "the management had put considerable faith in the reflective quality of the walls for diffusing and spreading adequate light. but eight ounces. !t is compact in form and simple in operation. Tests nave shown it to function without deviation from accuracy over a long period of time than the eve in gaging illumination. When I checked those walls everyone with no replacements required. NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS Too little attention is given to minor accidents--tlie ""acorns" from which major injuries grow. Westinghouse Lamp Lumpany investigated the minor mishaps and found ways of preventing many of the more serious cases Testing an X-ray tube with a high frequency coil is a simple task, but the slightest movement of the coil... caused perhaps when the operator touches the coil and is burned, or makes a sudden jerk--the tube cracks under its own weight. Only a minor first-aid ra-e but the breakage cost is $200. The **A*oi*ii** of a Major Ai'ddent By HILTON E. WRIGHT* ventilating each and every minor auddent. He made a ruling that a report, ot rverv accident must pass over his desk. IcaasedlimphiahfsinrauavctccuruotiojtrnsecccnmsluPhemNneviitirtoddde.srrypetaairnehDyeerteicrnasovconna-ndeaitUelnw-eshentttstcisctsrtenopjSesacheieou.dargtoriiynntcieoTdroenntarfdaycottoeudRtgiect'eownoLhgogiciscInantnfeuhsseAtass,ifmcdv.htmenenldtuLoeenhosreonieaiisroenes.uunorinnnpaattsVmulvistd1cleemgs'hgseeRaebnxwiaiiflstlavsnoeypreshstiteoeentoaodeeiaenttgplnmhnegfkrjiuvtesuaariiteeeriecrhotmrtreirtmniwietdotytfhneohmooicc,urretghenopaeosoocintwauhcteuiaevtcttnbhshwyhnueooigeevlemeioaitstsdhfhnneaosudt,eislsetsoidcgyieotmnemomnithafhgirctrgfoisyiiaaoinvTnonatnttt.lsjeihhhhishuoootntfltiedoeoyeeeeisssTrrr onep-endttfmaatWtahfmehaehfoln\lueccalosaereeocnahrcccmtTv.oynantnwdetiioeshfdeadeabiuneuln:teeeerhwsgtehotnrihrnen,uaaeaaarehtoisttnrlmsnsgdresd.ooehueis,lwuecnwiofge.oigamntmcannewgaemfhacftotuosainiatecicnrpoiarttdodceteeweilahnnoo,imnorctddateaunynaefsn.esyihoielreoenlnllnnlteycyerderioottnoiwhtdsoqrteshtwnaetfheuouorntioesceriasehsenedvtcipwstehinrswejeecsonuruealmttroneynramiuocesrontvcsmitpymatspnnsieyedvripoeaniotbogtnneemoohrqonrtceitseg.vonleuifyedritci.eisgesinndcrnni(otnhibauijObtsgIdmuchfT'ltcrreuhpeeveereahiedmepeeeyemseftafaerurvoiraeiwaawnsbrotelatrhnuimnhniaaoudnrclidepdyenydasstr. Westinghouse Lamp < ompany has After adopting this system of accident obtained since this practice was begun. supervision the division worked TNUv 'file department head in charge of all 6 "4 mati-hours (luring a period of machine shops in the equipment and de seventeen months without a lost-time velopment division at Blonmheld, under mcident. During the Iasi two and one- took in a very determined manner to half years, the accident frequence rate, remove the major accident evil by in- which includes all accidents, has been reduced about 70 per cent, (jiving more ,, `NSHiV-rr KmdrxGT. YtV--r nghoii^- Limp Blor.mtioM, N. J. attention to the minor accidents helped JANU4RY. 1031 to reduce the number of major accidents and in the end helped to bring about this 70 per cent reduction in the frequency rate. In the Base Works at Belleville, where the hazards are common to the metal forming Industry, a similar vigilance (iver minor injuries has also brought about a definite reduction in the number of all accidents. As a result, they were able in this plant to establish a no lost time accident record of more than 600, 000 man-hours worked during two years. Another instance where the investiga tion of minor injuries has reduced the probability of serious injuries occurred in the Bloomfield plant. A supervisor once allowed a minor accident to pass with only meager inquiry. Later, decid ing to investigate further, he found that the accident was caused hv the use of a wrong fixture, filass tubing was being forced over a fixture too large in diame ter, and as a result breakage, occurred.. It was a hand operation which might easily have resulted in serious injury, Correcting this condition unquestionably prevented minor injuries on this job. The job of examining the reports for all minor accidents would seem to make serious inroads on the time of ;i busy executive. It did require a lot of time when the plan was first inaugurated. Almost immediately, however, the num ber of accidents began to decrease, and it was nor. long before the time required to examine reports was regarded as negligible. I'nr example, in one plant where the employees numbered 400. and where the plan of investigating all minor accidents was adopted, there were 11 minor injuries and no disabling cases over a period of a month. Less than three reports per week had to be examined. The fact that an injury is minor does not always mean that it represents no '.ost. Also, the iact that this co-t is not as large as that for a major accident is not an adequate reason for underesti- matin" its presence and importance as an expense item. Many accidents hate hidden costs which do not appear on the books as insurance cost factors. Overtime work on a job. made necessary because of an accident or to fill an order for an im portant customer, is a good example of hidden costs. The manufacturing cost bears that additional burden, but an analysis will show that the accident was actually the cause. In one of our divisions there was once a minor accident which entailed no lost time other than a few treatments in the plant hospital, but it represented a cost of more than $200 for spoiled work. The accident caused an operator to pull her hand away from the job so suddenly that she broke an expensive X-ray tube which was under test. In another instance, an operator was taking a short-cut across the manu facturing floor when she tripped and fell. The injury was a minor one, requiring only a few hospital treatments, but, as she fell, she dropped and broke a specialsize lamp which represented a spoilage cost of $5. In one year 600 minor injur ies were reported in this division, if 10 per cent resulted in spoiled work, averag ing $5 for each accident, the annual spoilage costs of these accidents were $3(1(1. This is for one division only, but if is a good indication that the spoilage costs for an entire factory might easily reach a considerable amount over a period of a year. Fifteen or twenty minutes a day in the plant hospital to receive accident treat ments may seem very little for one acci dent. During that time, however, the operator's machine is idle. A thousand such treatments in a month would amount to 300 lost-man-power hours and idle machines. Over a period of a year it would be the same ns adding two people to the payroll for which there would be no return, not to mention the depression cost represented by two idle machines. Workmen's compensation insurance will nor cover those losses, nor the loss of n customer's good-will for failure to make delivery on the product spoiled. The belief of some employers that a compensation insurance policy, care fully tucked away in the company safe, ends their duty is short-sightedness, pure and simple. A statement once made by one of our superintendents whose division investi gated all minor n< cidents and as a result obtained an enviable record of over 1,000.000 hours worked without a lost time accident, hits the nail on the head in regard to this business of investigating all accidents. He said: There are a few accidents f ran countenance for ,i first occurrence, but I cannot afford to peinut the same accident to happen attain. Therefore, 1 insist on a careful study of all accidents in my division. The nozzle is planned to prevent steam impingment. It is plain that since the nozzle extends beyond the bottom of the glass the steam will never come in contact with the glass. The apron and the special packing hermetically seal the upper end of the glass and thereby pre vent erosion. The apron wedge also per- in the final analysis, the primary reason for industrial safe practice is to keep operating costs at a minimum. Since it is the serious accidents which require compensation payments, there has been a tendency to assume that the only way to assure low compensation costs is to keep major accidents under control. Experience shows, however, that in spite of rigid supervision to pre vent recurrence of major accidents, new ones always pop up again. Tracing back these major accidents to their cause will frequently disclose that they have grown from a minor accident. Regular investi gation of the minor mishaps might have prevented the major accidents. Device Lessens Danger of Gage Glass Breakage Ry FRANK A. RFMATZ; ATER column gage glass breakage W and wear have for many years been considered inevitable. The hazamrdils a more uniform compression and a to employees might be guarded satis greater packing contact area with the factorily. but excessive gage glass break walls of the stuffing box and the glass. age in many plants made the cost of re High rubber packing will be used for placements almost prohibitive. 1 was pressures up to 223 pounds and asbestos led, therefore, to undertake some re and.rubher for those still higher. search work in an effort to improve the gage glass, and I found two outstanding contributing causes of breakage. This invention, which has been patent ed, lias been tested under 400 pound? steam pressure and under all operating 1. That portion of the upper end of conditions over a period of 24 hours and the glass projecting from the packing de- the results obtained show that the life of vitrifled quickly. The glass dissolved the glass should he doubled, tripled, and rapidly up to the upper end of the pack even quadrupled. In many cases the ing; below fhw it: was somewhat slower glass should last indefinitely unless due to the encasement of the glass by broken by other oiusrs. The device is packing. 1'his was due to high tempera practical and can he applied in all tures. condensation and presumably ro stationary, locomotive, and marine (he fart that the boiler water is chemical boilers: it will also find a practical appli ly treated. cation in connection with refineries. 2. The periodic blowing down of the water column, with the attendant im- pingment of r-team. grooves the glass in ternally and weakens it. In overcome these objectionable fac tors, t novel packing combination was devised, consisting of the integral nozzle, wedge, and packing shown in the ac companying drawings. First-Aid Talks To Be Broadea.it Beginning January 5. 1(4, Station WMAQ. Chicago, will broadcast a series of talk? on first aid to the injured. Gupt. (1, K. G. Fisher, formerly with the Illi nois Manufacturers Association and well known as an instructor of first aid. will *Ohief 'ivcumsi'h i'owf'i* Ma eonduct the programs which will go on rion, Tlio Kansas Pn-vviu1 v Utriit Lo., To peka, Kansas. the air each Friday at 12:15 p.m. NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS \ "railmohile" anil trailer Tilt- Automobile Takes to Rails OR many years attempts have been F made to adapt standard type automotive vehicles to railroad service. It has been evident that rail roads have been handicapped in provid ing low cost transportation by the heavy capital investment in rolling stock as compared with that of the truck and bus operators. The handicap of the railroad in getting this short-haul business was also evident in the difference in operat ing, costs of the two types of transporta tion. Accordingly, Fairbanks. Morse & < 'ontpany, pioneer builders of railroad equipment, two years ago initiated a eomx'rative effort between themselves, the i ioodyear Tire & Rubber Company and the Chrysler Corporation. All three companies under the agreement contrib uted the services of members of their engineering staff to form an engineering -pool." it must he borne in mind that one of the essentia! differences between auto motive vehicles and standard railroad vehicles lies in the type of axle. Rail road equipment employs a solid type of axle in which the whole assembly oi axle and wheels turn. Automotive type equipment employs a stub axie for the front wheels-- the rear axle, of course, being divided at the differential. Attempts to put flanged steel wheels on the automotive type of equipment proved over a period of years that stub axles under such service would be liable to develop molecular disturbances and mnsequent fracture. Steel wheels could [ A iMTT AT?V T<m not he used safely on automotive type of equipment without such extended re design that the advantages of standard ized low priced automotive vehicles would he lost. The use of pneumatic tires to solve the 'crystalization" problem of the stub axie was accordingly studied. Here again definite problems arose. Railroad safety standards demanded complete protection from the consequences of "blow-outs." Dissipation of heat from the tire was aiso a major problem. Any one who has i usually stepped on a rail road rail in midsummer will appreciate the heat obstacle and its effect on rubber. SIM CLAMS RAIL - DEMOUNTABLE RIM CAST STEEL " WHEEL FIANCE jjTw-FUP INNER TUBE GUIDING FLANGE i.rio- -,`i`tion uf n raiimobilt* tin-, A suiilinsr damn* beep- the vehicle nn the track ami the aluminum Mit'ety rims prevents derailment in case of a blowout am! ai.-o cotuluets -i\ c heat from the tire. To this problem a combined railroad, automotive and tire experience was applied by the engineering pool. A wheel was developed using a high pres sure pneumatic tire. The safety and heat dissipation diffi culty was solved by the use of an alumi num alloy "safety ring" secured to the wheel rim and within the tire. The high heat conductivity of the aluminum alloy serves to withdraw heat from within the tire to the wheel proper where it A quickly dissipated. In addition, if a blow-out or puncture should occur, there is no danger of the vehicle leaving the rails, A safety ring rests within inch of the inner surface of the casing tread, f. onsequently deflation of the tire results in a dropping of only ?;-< inch. Such a drop, of course, drops the flange - s- inch, giving just that much more protection. In a recent test before raiiroad exeatfives this safety feature was demon strated by running a. railmobile at 7u miles an hour, and while at that speed causing a blow - out by discharging a shot-gun within five inches of the tire, after which the vehicle proceeded down the rails in perfect safety. While these tires may be changed as quickly as on any automobile or truck, it is aiso possible to proceed on a "fiat ' without discomfort ro passengers. it thus becomes possible for a raiiroad to utilize motor trains quickly flexible to traffic requirements. Where trailers are employed, braking takes piace nn iioth the motor car and on trailers. ] hi; is accomplished by means of a hydraulic braking system with booster pump through suitable coupling devices on Iioth vehicles. Award Trophy to Plant f or Four SatV Years X September O HI, y pie Saginaw, Michi gan plant of The Columbia Mills completed four tears without a disabling injury. The plant, which is engaged in woodworking and metal -tamping operations, employed an aver age of I .it) workers during this period for a total of more than i.250.000 man hours. In recognition of tin's May achievement the plant was presented with the trophy shown in the accom panying illustration. Cities Enroll in 1934 Safety Contest By CURTIS BILLINGS LANS for a greater National P Traffic Safety Contest in 1934. which will recognize the work done by state officials to gain the partici pation of eligible cities, are being pushed forward. As in the previous two con tests. the main competition will be be tween cities, but next year those states whose cities make the best aggregate showing will also receive bronze plaques. The state contest will be based on the ftercentage of eligible cities in the state which enroll (an eligible city is one of 10.000 or more population), the per centage of eligible population which these cities represent, and the final scores of the contesting cities. The states have been divided into two groups of 24 each, the first consisting of those with 14 or more eligible cities and the second of those containing 13 or fewer eligible cities. One important change has been made in eligibility. The lower limit for compet ing cities has been set at 5,000 popula tion, and the group of cities between 5,000 and 10,000 population will not be graded on their engineering, enforce ment. and educational work, but the cities in this group which go through 1954 without a motor-vehicle fatalitywill he listed on a special honor roll. The grading of cities over 10.000 will be on the same basis as heretofore, ex cept that starting with the 1934 Contest there will be no Item t 1, that is. a citywill no longer receive points on its organization for safety-- its local safety council or committee. The reason is that the effective organizations already re ceive credit for their work elsewhere in the grading schedule. Prospects for the contest are better than for either of the previous ones. With governors signing entry forms for their states and appointing state officials or representatives of statewide organiza tions to help solicit entries, an increase in participating cities is confidently ex pected. A great deal of this work has been done before by progressive state officials, notably in Massachusetts, New Jersey and Minnesota, but next year awards will be given and that will stim ulate even more activity. A considerable number of states have already indicated their desire to enroll. While plans for the coming contest are being completed, the work of finish ing up the 1933 Contest has been started. Already tentative, standings, based on the accident record done have been cal culated and the ratings sent to all con tact men. These ratings are. of course, not final because the accident record used is only for nine months and the score on activities cannot, be computed until final reports are received in Janu ary-. These provisional scores for the three leading cities in the seven groups are as follows: GROUP [ (Over sou,000 Population) Rank Otv G mtest Score j Milwaukee. \Vis......................................Md J Pittsburgh, Pa, ...................-................... r.s i Baltimore, Md.......................................... ill.8 GROUP 11 ( 250.000 til iuii.OOO Population) 1 Oakland, Gal. ......... ........ .................... 4U.4 2 Dallis. Tex................ ............................. 40.1 .................. GROUP III. ( 100.0U0 to .150.000 Population) i New Bedford. Mass. ..............................46,4 5 Wilmington, Dei. . ............................45.8 '. Grand Rapids. Mich. .............................. G.S GROUP IV f 50,000 to lOU.Ouu Population i t Davenport, la............. ............................. u:\i Z Montgomerie Ala. .... .> Lakewood. Ohio ...... GROUP V i : . ...... ro h'h.iiju Population) i, i-vtidihuriu V.i, ........ ............................. m.O ?. hind du f.ac, Wis. , ............................. 4G6 > Green Bar, Win, ... . .......................G-U GROUP VI Ort noil rn -V.000 Population) t,a Gr.imie, III.................. , 'All U Gardner. Mas*. -............. ............................ />(! (1 ` hyosso Mich.................. ....... jtMJ _\lbert Lea. Minn............ ............................. in o Mankato. Minn................ ............................. >o.u Butler, Pa........ -............... ............................. H) 6 Pnmpa, Tex...................... Saliru. Kan*. .................. ............................. 50.0 Tied for nrat place) GROUP VII it nder 1 0.000 Population 1 La Grange Park, III. ....... ............................. 'JU 0 Two Harbors, Minn......... .............................. 30.0 Peru, HI............................. .............................30.(1 t rich tor \U st place \ The -ume ('ommittee of Judges that served last year have consented to serve again. They are Thomas H. MacDonaid. < hief, U S. Bureau nf Public Roads: Dr. Miller McOintock, director of the Erskine Bureau for Street Traffic Re search: and Robert I. Catlin, assistant vice-president of the Aetna Life Insur ance Company, and vice-president for public safety of the National Safety Council. The committee will meet early in March and the announcements of the winners will be made immediately after. The presentation of the bronze plaques in the various cities will be attended by luncheon meetings and a national radio broadcast. In the opinion of many public safetyauthorities in the United States, the National Traffic Safety Contest com prises the outstanding feature of the movement. Reading Safety Committee Holds Conference N all day safety meeting and exhibi A tion was held on November 23 in Reading. Fa., by the Reading Company Safety Committee. Sessions were held in the Reading Company Y. M. C. A., and the railroad's safety committee, which is also known as the Reading Booster Committee, secured the co operation of many organizations inter ested in safety and several manufacturers of accident prevention equipment. The Reading Chamber of Commerce took an active interest in the exhibit and street ears carried notices of the meeting. The Keystone Auto Club, with headquarters at Philadelphia, sent, a motor patrol man with one of the dub's emergency repair and first aid motor cycles. These patrol men are kept on the highway- ready to assist members when in need or in trouble. They are experienced in administering first aid to both human beings and automobiles. The Reading A.A.A. Automobile (Club also had an exhibit, and with the assist ance of O. (Beacraft of the Automobile Club of Pottstown who brought .17 of his school patrol boys, giving exhibition drills before more than 10,000 school children in the high and junior high schools of the city. J, Russell Craig, of the Pennsylvania Indemnity Corporation, gave a brief talk, and Joseph T. Pratt, supervisor of safety for the Reading Company and his assistant. J. L. Rice showed a model flasher signal as used at highway grade crossings and explained its operation to the children. In the evening Harry D. Immel. safety executive of the HighwayDepartment of Pennsylvania, and i. Russell Craig addressed the gathering. NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 29 Safety Striping <111 the Left: a two-lane highway with the familiar -ingle stripe. Sight: an experiment in high way marking in which two stripes mark a neutral zone in the middle of the road. Highways By ERNEST McGAFFEY HEN' motor vehicles began to Wcomplicate traffic, many high ways were barely 15 feet wide. This provided only a limited area in which vehicles could pass one another. To improve this condition, states and municipalities began to add shoulders on each side of the highway which made travel considerably safer. But as the tide of traffic, both freight and passenger, be gan to crowd the highways, the need for still wider highways became evident. Highway widths were increased in many cases to 25 feet or even more. Another innovation introduced in the interests of safety was the painting of a strip of white or black in the center of the road to guide drivers anti divide the the How of traffic into two well-defined streams going in opposite directions. Indisputable evidence -bowed that numerous accidents, many of them fatal, occurred tin perfectly -traieht lines of highway. Sometimes these were caused by drivers failing to slow down when approaching the cresr ot a hill and run ning into vehicles traveling in the same direction, and others by what seemed to be unexplainable recklessness when cars were approaching from opposite direc tions. Still other accidents f curred when motorists attempted to puss heavi ly loaded trucks and failed to sec ap proaching traffic. The center stripe had the advantage of being a continuous warning to all motor ists. Even at night white stripes are easily discernible in dear weather, and JANUARY. 1934 drivers who become accustomed to obey ing these stripe warnings get in the habit of staying on their side of the road. As highway widths increased, double stripes were applied, dividing the high way into three lanes of equal width. This was a distinct improvement over the single stripe, as it enabled drivers to turn into the central lane when they wished to pass vehicles ahead of them. The latest and most noticeable im provement is the highway in which three stripes separate the pavement into four lanes. If drivers use a modicum ui common sense, there should be a sharp reduction in accidents on such highways. The four-lane highway, however, is practicable only where justified by the volume of traffic. A novel experiment in highway striping has been introduced in Iowa. This consists of a double -tripe in the center of the pavement, with two lanes of equal width extending from each of the stripes, as shown in the photograph at the right. The space between these stripes is in reality a narrow safety zone. The purpose of this double stripe is to concentrate the attention of drivers on the stripe next to their own side of the road. It is intended to put every driver on his guard, since, if a c ullision occurs and one car has gone over into the safety cone, or has , ro-sed bnrh stripes into the wrong side of the pavement, it would be strong evidence that he was at fault. it is claimed by those who have in stalled this double stripe system that no confusion arises by reason of the double stripe. The natural inclination of every driver, it is argued, is to keep away from the stripe dose to his tires. Even it by chance he should for a moment get into the narrow safety zone on the left-hand tires, a car approaching from the oppo site direction would quite likely be out side of the other stripe. Display Harriman Medal on Reading Lines HE employees of the Reading TCompany are being given an oppor tunity of viewing the E. H. Harriman Memorial Medal and Certificate of Merit awarded to the Atlantic City Railroad, which until the end of June. 1933, was a part of the Reading Sys tem. with safety meetings conducted at various points by j. T. Pratt, supervisor of safety. Considerable interest has been manifested by the employees in this award by the American Museum of Safety for the record made by the Atlantic City Railroad. There are 66 railroads in the group with the Atlantic City Railroad, oper ating between one million and sen million locomotive miles each. The At lantic City Railroad during 1032 oper ated 107.000,000 passenger miles, with hut two slight injuries to passengers, both caused by alighting from moving trains. The Atlantic <'itv Railroad operated its first train from Camden to Atlantic 1 'itv in the year 1877. For many years, it maintained the fastest schedule of any railroad in the world. With the advent f train control, the -peed was some what restricted, but they continued to operate trains from Camden to Atlantic City, a distance of 55 miles, in 50 minutes, and ran them on time. 30 SAFETY INSTRUCTION CARDS Practical Safety Information for the Man on the Job HESE cards are intended for in Tdividual distribution. They may be carried in the pocket conven iently; they will slide into most pay envelopes easily. If tacked on the wall over a work bench or machine they will not tear off when a little wind strikes them; several of them can be displayed in a small space and they will tit in a standard card file. The same information is not put on posters, as many members have Higgesteri. because in a vast majority of in stances workers do not have the time (o ntudy it when presented in this way. Fosters serve most effectively when they are used to transmit messages that can be read and understood quickly. It should be remembered that these cards are primarily intended for individual in struction on a specific job. Where data appearing on the cards is needed for permanent posting and the cards do not seem to be quite large enough for the purpose, or it is desired to include it with operating instructions issued on standard letter size paper, the cards may be photographed or pianographed. The following list will serve as an in dex to the cards issued previously. All have been published in previous issues of the National Safety News. 1. l temmdable rope hitches -nd Hings, ;!, a w**ll designed horse. These ''Safety Instruction Cards" are printed on white eard stork. 3 by inches, slightly heavier than govern ment postcards. In any quantity the price is one cent per curd (all of one kind or a selection) with a minimum order of 2't cents, Thi- minimum charge is necessary to rover the cost of handling, mailing, etc. stamps or ea*h may be sent with order, or an invoice will be rendered. The order -liouM ^perify "Safety Instruction (lards/' and give the num bers of the cards selected. To (ietei-t (laws m i-iuun jinks, hook?, 'astines, *`t<\ 4, To t>st rubber glows for leaks. Crane ?-ignals. ti, To nt hammer hea*U to juunile- lor S:T i t y, 7. To stack cylindrical objects, s, To out a. belt on a pulley, w rndorvvnter'f* knot, !<. To cheek peripheral speeds nt s rind ing wheels. U. To skid a cylindrical object i;,\ opening: tank ear dome i^aie carrying etpacities for electric wires (4, i`are nt manila rope when imt in use. ih. To rest a aatft'old. plank, i. S-tafe angle for holder, f 7. To opt*i y.te ;* soda - e* id life * x - Mnguisher, Is. To operate a ouf-quart ptmtp rvp*- Utigu is her, Hi. W hen to ijisearu wire mpe, :,:n, identincation ot piping ; :M, To drive ions' rods. IT, To sharpen linemen's <dimlierw To put out a clothing tire, L"4. How the angle ol a simti- alters its sal%` carrying: I'upaeity, nT Work ins: normnt.h a. ea r, 1-astf/iing; pines to extension corns. "7, Setting' timbers in mi to**, L'S. The proper shape fop ;< > nisei, `utter or punch head. :n, Housekeeping Inspection list. ;;u. poison ivy. el, Hammer hints, ;;l\ Identifying Tvmtoid planks. Th |>iscs tor hand protection. "4. Roll >c-ratH*r (for 'loaning power driven rroisi, ' Suggestions for watchmen. ;:il I'ahle i-lfimpa, Stairways, ramps ami nx'-d ladders. ijush toms for jointers ;itni mrcuiar raws, ::;j. ihti'rving long materials cm shoulders, in. Hite nying. U. Advice to elevator operators. 4*.', s'rote.uion against < henuca!s, 4T < ipei M t inn of power trucks, 14. Handling drums -L>, ! dsmunUing rotted or detective puler*. d!. Link and pin *->upiingF. I 7. Sa t e loads for rope*., 4%. Aiiuiir^f ions for inotornien luctors. ;;nq >op- 40, Cncoiling and unreeling wire rnptx fui Mounting grinding wheefs: op spindles, f.1. Climbing ladders i'neumatie hammers ami chisel.*, To avoid crushed hands. r-4, ydreuiar a\ "4ont'>," How to lift. Sunstroke, Heat exhaustion a\ Advice to . raiio and hoist opm-pror* Tdi. Grinding whtM Mange nimeusiuns, tin. yfjirtmu' electric motors, dl. Jutting capacity nr ruckle. Tl. -Protecting rope U'nm chemicals, t'dl, Safe loads for chains. i4. i-'oison oak and poison sumac, dv Advice to power pre inn-ratur* oi, Grinding whed Mango dimensions, *><', Hnrrablo extension lamp donr'*, us. Advice in electric ale W'-iders da. Lilting capacity of tackle. 7u, Gleaning oil storage Tanks. 71. Hand hordes. 72. .Manila rope, 7-7, fTHcnonl first nd--i simple fbirn- iuuet, 74, Advice t- oilers. 7.V Practical first aid -- burns, .-mi rustic H>. Gasoline (Mow torches, 77, ``dice ,-M-_-Kienf causes, ;s, Suspended reaftoids. 71!. Maintenance md repair men -- m-nerui suggestions. aii. Loading tank cars--Hummable liquids. H. Grinding wheel tlaime dimensions, > 2 ' {-ara e iiu'ciin m< s, > 2, 'lot htng i or men. '4. < Nothing for women, i Please turn to page 40 / CLEANING MACHINE PARTS MANT a rnvnlnmnc* nd rap*irman tav* dully burned bitciut thy mfitor q$oiin fo diMft m*c.bin prtt. When tb< (jiirjlcn* .v m apo vu*l *n<t It4-td* mo'ff <>' !- 54iurld w,lh if, -fflrt .t .-v qI by -- 4-\g if <* by fi^m* %|-j4>k <jf <>le<;trc4y bv tb* m* p*ff*. Whefi 5*T clofbing paHly t*fur4ted >? * juit loo bud. there ere good meny iincU of non-flemmebl# ;ieen(nq melerieh- tome of these tt petented. Other* ere. tod<um eerfeanefe, ceuitie sode, sodium bydraqen phosphate, sodium s-S-cate and carbon ietr.f.hloride. Whe-t usinq sodium cafbonate and caustic soda fare must be esewised to protect the eyes by waaf.nq goggles and there is danger of in[U(y to the sk-n of the hands when strong solutions are used. Kerosene >t <ns dangerogt than gasolme because 'r is not to easily ignited but 4 the hands and . flfb-ng >e saluratad there i> the rui of a ,-irious ar perhaps fata) burn. Ijome of the I comoantes mangLctur* solvents h*nng fiath-oomls m e*css of 100 E especially for i;Eaanmg purposes. There is little aanger of them beraming ignited at normal tnmperatyres- Ihe is'at# on this card is too l>mi**d to g'e osore de*a iQg .ntormation but by inguning around 5 iirtie you can easily determine which tmd at Meaner is safes* and most suitable for you* purpose And h<sw *0 us* it, ED YOUR OWN SAFETY DO NOT USE wOTOR LASOUNt hOR CLEANING No. 137NATIONAL SAfETY COUNCIL _______________________ WEIGHTS OF MATERIALS (Dry Materials) Weight car cubic (ant in pgbndt ^ iLtm rtum <ast- nansmereo Atbastos O Ashes 4} Babbitt Mats' ISA grass <aif re'ied S5< Srict, cemmon it^ Bruy p(asiad I7& 3'irk lira 14$ firenre, 71 tn i4% %< We C-ement, Portland t4 Clay t}T Cr.ai. piled, anthracit# $* 'wa! p'iad, bituminous 1C $4 Cube OH Cmsfiata plain '4$ Cott*1a reinforced (Ml Cr.pper, cast rolled ('.ravel, ny (nnse 131(5$ Gi*ve< fliy, packed iftJ.'lA Csravei -at > *0 Gypsum t4# *ty and $*'4-- >n Hales iv Ice (rns raff p>q vixr '.id HiM> iv.-nLight (4$ taaa ?>6 : aatrar l.-omr-vna' pirad *i**"jeu*e L'*"ijanse Maio'e P'apar Hubber ci --1t.-hnu* "3 Aiatnrjni Weight par , ..Hie tont gfai-H,Hagri,anrritjaian'iajfdaiMuor.eiadn 4TV* iafl'J pry, loose w. ov ;,and, dry. packed Jute frtsh (alien ? 'too- cymuactad by rsiMeal ftona, c'wshad l>? 'iviphur iJS red W Wood. c*pfes ,-fl 'iV(jpd, iir OougSai rpruce U i,VVo'.ioodd.. hfairmtiKyca*iterx '?Sf ,V. t! h-rkorv ii A`' maple hern il VVt-ve.r>du ?n^aA*piredw--obiteiai;y **1l V/aod, oar ii|i 44 A'.'cid, pine, -nile In V/ iid. veiio- pne -a.ij f**f W VV'sort, yellow o>n* yi-ijft leal H W <od spruce A' v<,t|l --sn.jl P 'iV;vd. njtnut, white 'ik rest rolled ^ 31 lS i0 No. i 38NATIONAL SAFETY COONC.L POURING BABBITT 1 Always wear goggles ts pratetf you? eyes or better still a feee masf to protect your fee* and eyes. 2. Make ure the babbitt malting pot, Udle and the mold or machine pert into wh.ch `he babbitt is to be poured are free from moisture i-s , >u-* rh's prenoaf othoraughly. ?, Inspect all babbitt pigs far blowholes that might contain miosture- 4, A/isd inhaling the fumes from the melting pat end Udie- 5, Slip the ledl* into the teed pot edgewise tg *<o>d splash. H On not allow anyone to distract your attev tian while handling the molten metal, 3 Gear good shoes. Keep th*m laced t-oh*ly turning down your frouser cuffs may help to keep hat lead out of your shoes in case of a spill, Keap your sleeves rolled down to fkrntect your arms and your collar buttoned to prsvent hot me'al getting insine yuuf ihrit, J *eo a clean and orderly wod place^tumbling while carrying molten babbitt is serious business- "`Cs' HATI0NAt SAFfIY council No. 139 i j ' | J \ E . ! ' j j j J [ J NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS PILING MATERIALS Genera! Suggestions |f you have occasion to pit* materials, rmmbtr * sMj -- materials well piled aIj your work-- ma terials pooflc piled are cumbersome and dangerous, Many's the man has awakttned in a hospital wi>h no h* had taken a l-ttl* more tare m piling the malarial that fell nrt b<m, ki'*fi these simple precautions in mind 1, Start earh pi'e right- (?ive it a firm and even fi/undation, 2, Allow ample room for passageways Qbserv# *H rlnarancn rules *f aisles and railroad racks, jl. Whan prlmg heavy materials on floor* of buiidinqs if there is any doubl that th floor* wJI stand the load ask someone who knows th* safe limit, 4. vVhanaar material* *r of a shape that will permit It rroji-tia the tiers so they will sup port each other. 5, For awkward shaped pieces use skids or other special measures to keep the fieri interacted to prevent them falling, <i Always I ft with your leq muscles never youi back, A safe pde is not too hiqh- It is not too near a passageway. It has no ragged ends. It does not fall eas iy. It won t topple on your own nr some one *l** i head. RoorSy p fed material is slopuy' anH a munttt to every bods ji.iahfa.'j "`:W NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL No. 140 SWING CUT-OFF SAW INSPECT thg sow n<ach t>mt before you ' me it, 5a* that the guard* are in place, that the arm swings as it should, that the swing limit stop s working and that thf* saw is sharp, well set, on the arbor fight and running true. Observe the following precautions when using the saw: (. Make sure the material you are about to saw is suitable and workable on the particular saw you are about to use. 2. Get a good grip on the material and pull the saw forward steadily. 3, Never force the saw. A. Take extra precautions when sawing light stock. 5, Always stand to one sdo--never in line with the saw blade. 143national safety ccjunci. No. STAIRWAYS How to Use f THE i*rq*s s<ql* tj<M# of miufiet n mdustry ! s-.ij a* I'"if i f!'t ab I*rg p/iiyortinn o* I them error en its.r*. I You can ood iniunaj an stairs by farming th* I Mbit of observing1 the fallowing precautions: l. Do fij" push or scuffle, i a AIw*y* keep on* fund fre* for th* handrail, i } Tak* on# st#jj #* a fim* ---no* two | A Keep your hands our of your pockets. | 5. If is at times necessary to carry large i bulky objeets up or down sta>rs handle them | >r sjct* a *y that you con look do*n to *** yi.u 4r* stfpp'ng. i ii U your *Menfit?n rt g.strArtod stop untd you I can again look whre you *r* ? if ih* w*y is a4rk hold onto th h4nts'r*[| and proceed slowly F**| your wiv rr?m on* st*p 1 *> <-ii>th*r, fl 8* f.*-ticu14riy sh*rp objects, about carrying gl**s ! N*r rnrvy sc*<d ng fiquias n opn t-p **i*ls, It A b*ir to us* * covered conramar. K) !. <i *K* lA-q* CAusm o* nic-cants ,s na* s c*chnq. TS* highnr youi h**ls th* mo?* criul you should be. j It. ^p all loos* objects off stairs. 146NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL No. YOUR HEALTH General Suggestions Clean your t**th at least one* a day. Have your dentist examine them twice a rear 8ath* frequently. Never eat without first washing your handi wilh soap and water. Take your time eating and chew your food thoroughly. bat plenty of fruit and vegetables. Drink at least *. glasses of water a day. Don't let a day go by without at laast on* thorough bowel movement, Gat eight hours sleep in every twenty-tour, your windows open m your sleeping room but avoid direct draft*. Do nof dope yourself with headache pow. dors or pills, A headache is a sign that something is wrong, It may be due to con stipation stomach trouble, or eye strain. Consult your physician. Dress according to the weather and your job. Keep your feet dry. Have a complete physical examination one* a year. O 141:} NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL No. KNIVES IF YOUR DUTIES REQUIRE YOU TO USE KNIVES, LEARN TO HANDLE THEM SAFELY Here Are a Few Suggestions 144(jjjjjf) national safety council No, OILING MACHINERY you ar* responsible for knowing the ' condition of the machine or the part of the machine vou operate. So far as you have authority to do so, keep it clean, well lubricated and in good condition. I jtop th* machine hi-tor* Hnaninq, elUng, e* Aajttstmq it. i i-jk* lh n*cssarv preculions to make sure no on* cn >Hrt il wM* you *r* working on it. Y 8*for* ftrt nq fh mchin* agem, chock to lure m> on* is in a fi..oitton to be injured -S rhat *11 working p*r<j are fr*e t4 move without damage, 4 Apply C`i or gr*4i* suffirientlv to g.v* good iubtic.4i.ors but do not Ut it run aut onto th* floor A1 ut wp *i( >i Ind o'l nr great* Immediately, -s *i* *.1v**tn* <t *ach oiling *d gr*as*nq to '`Yigncf *hp cand i'on of a.j vi'-.ht* machine parts, ftnport all uncal* conditions immediately. Rpl*c all guards imm*d,at*lv alter **ch ail ing of greasing and h*W* th* machine a placed sn motion, j [ ' VwV' 147national safety council No. AIR HOIST OPERATION (Single cylinder direef lift type) I. Always try to cent*? the hoist over the load before lifting, ? If for any reason it Is necessary to hook onto . load with the hoist at an angle, stand to cm* s,d* when making the lift, 21, Acquire the habit of always making sure which control handle will raise the load and which on* will lower it, s. Never operate the control valve so quickly It will lork the load Into the air. Many men have been injured when loads have jumped off the hooks or thnq beams. fl Kep your teet out from under all loads, 6 Never underfake to do any work under a sus pended load without first blocking if so it cannot come down if air escapes from the c finder. 7 Never operate a hoist that Is known to be defective, 0. Whenever a hoist ha* safety devices to pre vent the sling or chain ring from jumping off the hook or beam, make sure they r* always used. Never lift a load on the point of a hook, 10 Never use a hook that is bent out of shape o< otherwise m bad condition or a chain you know is unsafe, H. When moving a ho.sfad load, push don't puil and your feet will b* out of the wav if it drops. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL No. 142 PRACTICAL FIRST AID Frost-Bite SYMPTOMS: 1. The affected part of the body be comes painfully cold and then sud denly the sense of feeling in the part is gone. 2. The affected part becomes white or grayish-white in color. TREATMENT: I. The object of the treatment Is to bring the froien part of the body back to a normal temperature grad ually and to restore circulation. 2- Keep patient away from fire or *armly heated rooms, 3. Apply palm of hand, wool or fur to effected part. 4. Massage the part very gently then apply cold water. 5. Apply ointment as you would to a bum because frostbite is the same in effect, fNATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL No. 14S WORRY WHEN thtnqs qo wronq, worry won't help. Get busy and find the answer to your trouble. Here are several gooa rules--remember them: I, 6* iaciabi*--Making and k*p-nq tnends iialp you to forget your troublns, i- Don't let tar tad you what to do. Th" bravnsf fn*n is h* who faces trouble in spit* ot fear. J Concentrate on your work while you are wortmg Concentrate on play when you play. 4, Us* your mind. Th* healthy brain is one that gets lots of erercise. i Simplify your work and play. Cut out con fusionh C*t yourself under control. Never ,.Aur.re hate, fear and anger, ) Don't fa* fim.d, 8e courageous a"d self con fident, You can do it if you try, n N*v*r urn your back to situations that need to b* raced. 'll. Avoid building up defenses mu nq alibi* dodging consequences Th*y uef foo no where, *0. Stoo thinking only of yourself. REMEMBER Worry is one of the important causes of accidents, 148NATIONAL safety council No. 32 THE Exchange ROUND TABLE IN PRINT"' Demonstrate Resuscitation by Mechanical Figures To demonstrate the correct method of producing artificial respiration the IT. S. Bureau of Mines has used mechan ical figures with success. Two mechan ical men are dressed in overalls, and one of them actually goes through the mo tions of applying prone pressure to the other who represents the patient. Ac tion is imparted to the figures by a series of pulleys and levers propelled by an electric motor. Mechanical de tails of this device are on record in the files of the National Safety Council in the form of a blue print which may be borrowed on request. Safety Arm for Foal and Sand Bin Boxes On lines of the Cleveland Railway sand and coal supply bins with large and heavy lids are located at various points. The box lids, when open, rest in an al- slammed down. The accompanying diagram shows a safety arm designed to prevent this kind of accident. It con sists of a steel casting 22 'fx2< ;?x ' f inch with an 8 inch L-shaped slot near one end. The slot allows free movement of a pivot of cast steel which is fastened to the lid. The other end is pivoted at the side and near the bark of the box. Thus the lid can be securely locked in the open position. HP HE IDEAS presented here have proved help ful. If you have developed a useful device or method send in a description, illus trated with a sketch, blue print or photograph, if possible suitable height, and with a floor plate and bracing to insure stability. The shield is placed some 4 to 6 feet in front of the kiln hood and observation open ing, with the floorpiate facing the kiln to avoid a stumbling hazard, and a weight placed on the floorpiate adds further stability. The entire shield is painted with aluminum paint. The plate glass may be of tinted glass, as desired. A Large Machine Guard and Safety Ladder The ladder shown in this photograph is used to reach the oiling platform on a twine machine in the McCormick Twine Mills of the International Harvester < 'ompanv. Construction of the ladder is plainly shown, also the handrail at the fop of the picture for the protection of the oiler when oiling or adjusting the machine from above. The strong guards are removable, but locked in place. i most perpendicular position against an upright on the hack of the box. and a sudden wind has caused several injuries io trainmen when the lid suddenly Kiln Shield Lives Protection to Kiln Burner The kiln burner in a cement plant is not only subjected to intense heat radia tion from a rotary kiln, but is also ex posed m puffing" and -flare-backs" through the observation opening around the kiln hood. The .-iueld illustrated here was developed in the plant of the bone ^tar < 'emenr < 'nmpany. New Turk, Inc., Hudson, X, \ .. to prnte. t him from burns and stop some of the heat radia tion. It <onsists of a sheet of asbestos rooting in a welded pipe-frame, with a Tt-inch plate glass window placed at a NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS Air Hammer is Provided with Guard Serious injuries have been caused by the accidental tripping of the air valve on an air hammer, allowing the rivet set to be blown out and striking someone within range. This hazard has been overcome by the simple device shown below. It consists of a small pin fastened to the gun by a short piece of chain which in turn is spot-welded to the air deflector ring. The pin is inserted through a hole drilled in the trigger and the gun cannot be operated with the pin in place. Dropping the gun causes no accidental discharge. 33 Interlocked Guard Makes Safety a (>rtaiuty Mere is an excellent example of how a little forethought and ingenuity can be used to make machinery guards fool proof. The machine happens to be one used to remove the -heath from defec tive lead-covered telephone cable at the Hawthorne Works of the Western Elec tric ('ompany. (nr. It consists of two sets cif powerful corrugated rolls which, without protection, would he capable of serious injury to the operator. Notice the hinged door-tvpe guard in front of the rolls, and how the cam and level mechanism interlocks it with the ma chine control switch, so the door can not be opened when the switch is on. and the switch cannot be turned on while the floor is open. For ley Yards During the Winter Months Calcium chloride mixed with finders or coarse sand in the ratio of 25 or 50 pounds per cubic yard, and spread evenly over ice-covered walks, yards or run ways at the rate of 1 c ,,r ? pounds per square yard provides excellent traction. This advice of the Highway Research Board offers an economical solution of the winter safety bugbear, f 'alrium chloride is far superior to common salt tor this purpose. -{'actnry mid Maintnimice. Enptti rrhig, Guards About Revolving Ball Mills For the protection of the oiler about a revolving ball mill in the Arthur plant of the Utah Copper Company, a neat and substantial ladder has been constructed: and the accompanying picture also shows a well guarded platform. The same safe guards are installed at both ends. I | >jjjl t I I \ j ! A JANUARY. 1931 New Method for < lotting Slots in Shaper When men t ut slots and keyways in the shaper, using an ordinary tool-holder and tonlbit. the tool often chatters, and results are anything but satisfactory. If. however, the toolholder is held in the reverse position from that generally adopted, as. shown in the accompanying ketch, the work i an he done better, more quickly, ami with little danger of breaking the tool-bit. With the holder held as Blown, civs Theodore Kruger, lureman. Diamond Mai iline < 'ompany. in ,Imrrii-tui Machinist. slots an inch deep are cm. in die-shoes with little trouble. 34 Industrial Health A Non-Technical Symposium for Physicians and Laymen Health Hazards in the Foundry By CAREY P. McCORD. M.D.* T IS characteristic of the American I people to demand many repetitions of obvious truths prior to their ac ceptation. A single hint rarely over comes a safety prejudice and clear cut facts sometimes bear restatement. Over and over it seems necessary to restate such well established foundry funda mentals as: !.. Excessive iie.it w a hazard common to all foundries. a. Excessive heat means high loss of valuable chlorides from the body and calls for re placement, The use of salinized drinking water is now better established as desirable than ever before. More rather than less salt ui advocated for the normal foundry work er exposed to high temperatures. 3. Molten metal emits chemical rays at times harmful to the eyes. Goggles htted with glass barring these rays prove their worth to the workman in many plants. 4. Metal fume fever fortunately is fleeting in its known effects, but no less is real. It is more often found where zinc enters the metal mix. 3. Sudden and extreme variations in tempera ture may be the lot of foundry workers-- notably su in winter. The body makes ad justments to these quick changes with ad mirable facility. NT less these burdens are conducive to respiratory diseases, including pneumonia. (>, head poisoning is far from rare in the foundry. Carbon monoxide mav be found in haimtul quantities. 8, Antimony, nickel, cadmium, manganese, phosphorus, arsenic and sulphur may on occasion find their way into the crucible and make possible the development of ill health traceable to such causes. 0. In core making, many binders have led to skin diseases. 10. It metal grinding, polishing and buffing ei institute a part nt the foundry's activities, a long list of additional hazards mav be cited, ranging from the action of chrome polishing materials to lenovttis from the drag of rhe bulling wheel. II. Last but toiemost is the hazard of dust. At present concern over health hazards v,\U`<ijcal I mivetor. Tho I ndustrial Health ''onsfi'va iicy j horarnrips, Oineinnati, n, in the foundry may be divided in the ratio of 99 [ter cent for dusty iung diseases and one per cent for all others combined. While this disproportion may not be warranted, it appears desirable that the major portion of this discussion be devoted to dusts and the diseases produced by dusts. Thus far in the battle against dusty lung diseases the outstanding activities have been directed to three aspects of the problem: (1) The nature of the diseases produced and their diagnosis; (2) The conditions in industry capable of inducing these diseases; (3) The con trol of objectionable conditions when detected by dust counts or otherwise. Confronted with any new and outManriing hazard in industry, the tend ency is to exaggerate the requirements for control. This notably was true when benzol first came into wide industrial application. The hue and cry was for the banishment of benzol as being so toxic as to be uncontrollable. Mow the conditions under which benzol may with safety Ire used are so well delineated that where these conditions are provided benzol poisoning is unknown. A similar course is predictable for the silica hazard in foundries. As the major problems connected with dusty iung diseases and their causation become harnessed by the specialist, opportunity is provided for the consider ation of many secondary aspects of dust and dusty lung diseases. I propose now to comment on five of these slightly less significant matters-- important in niv opinion to the employment manager, the safety engineer and the plant physician. !, How shall thr foundry operator protect himself against eases of dusty hate: diseases originating in other plants? Many- a foundry operator is faced with suits or other forms of chums, that un doubtedly are related to previous em ployment. Since silicosis may require and usually does require many years for its development to the point of disa bility, it naturally follows by way of example, that 10 years of previous foun dry exposure is more blamable in the causation of silicosis than 2 years of similar exposure in present employment. Yet the present employer is likely to find himself saddled with full responsibility. Lately i have had opportunity to ex amine well made x-ray films of appli cants for work, without admitted pre vious exposure in industry. These persons were found to live and drive on dusty country roads made of flint. Approxi mately SO per cent of these young adults presented sufficient invoivment in their films to be rated as "suspicious" in rela tion to pneumoconiosis. Given a few months exposure in a foundry any one might hold himself eligible for claims against his employer alleging dusty lung disease. The answer to the problem-is definite. Every prospective employee for arc. dusty portion of a foundry should `r x-rayed by a competent maker and in terpreter of chest films. Preferably rhes-films should be in stereo- For the gone of the prospective workman and for the good of the operator, any applicant hibiting any x-ray evidences of any de gree of invoivment resulting from the action of dusts or in the presence m' other pulmonary pathology in well esta blished degree should be denied employ ment in any dusty exposure. Expensive as x-rays may be, they are likely to prove most economical in these days of whole sale litigation, synthetic testimony, un skilled physicians, and plaintiff - prom juries. 2. What shall he done with the work er knonm to possess dusted lungs? In late months many employers ii dusty trades have procured routine x-ray examinations of all employeeOut of every hundred undisabled men properly examined, a fair percentage ifikelv to present some degree of clear cut pneumoconiosis. What is to be done with such men? Many are not disabled Some are outstandingly hale and hearty. Shall they be told of their state? 'Mamare likely to develop mental quirks and neuroses. Some will take an unfair ad- NmnNitr saff.ty xv\k 35 freedom while working yet assuring safety under the most dangerous work ing conditions. These fresh air outfits are mounted in ROTECT your men who must en Pcounter deadly concentrations of gas or fumes in or around oil tanks, gas holders, tank cars and other similar locations with MSA HOSE MASKS, designed and made by the world's larg est manufacturers of safety equipment. Your men will welcome the comfort and convenience of MSA HOSE the highest quality, waterproof, fibre cases and consist of the comfortable and gas fight Kops face piece, harness, hose and a hand or motor operated blower which supplies a steady, un failing supply of fresh air. Five distinct types are awtilable from a simple oneman outfit to those that furnish pro tection up to six men from one blower. MASKS . . . easy to use.--offering full Write for our dcscriptiw* bulletin. AAi'AKY. 1931 MI General Offices: Pittsburgh, Pa. District Representatives in Principal Cities M. S. A, EQUIPMENT includes Breathing Apparatus . . . Inhalators . . , Masks of All Types ... Gas Indicators ... Eye and Head Protectors ... Edison Mine Cap Lamps... Safety Clothing... First Aid Equipment... Descriptive Bulletins will be sent on request. 36 vantage of the employer through claims. A small consensus of mature and fair minded opinions as to appropriate action for this very' time may be epitomized as follows: Seek to eliminate further exposure to the dust hazard. Do not apprize any undisabled workman of his condition. Make repeated x-ray examinations at about six months intervals. If advance ment in the condition appears, then take action suited to the individual case and the respective state in which the casts may arise. Otherwise keep these men at some work. ft is not maintained that this is a perfect line of procedure. Many ethical and moral considerations arise. A year or two hence an entirely different lot of concepts may govern the situation. 3. .ire negroes more susceptible to dusty lung discuses than whites? I know of no large series of cases aris ing under identical conditions in this country among whites and negroes that prove the negro to be more readily in volved by dusty lung diseases. The negro is more susceptible to tuberculosis than his white fellow workman. His housing is likely to fie on a lower plane. His exposure to tuberculosis is prone to lie greater than in the case of the aver age white man. On account of this background, the negro at this time is rated as a greater risk in the foundry than whites under conditions of equal exposure. 4, How necessary are dust counts in detecting hazardous work points in a plant? The dust counter has established it self as the best available yardstick for determining quantities of dust in the atmosphere. Like so many instruments in its class, the dust sampler and count er has been glorified far beyond its real merits. Opportunities for errors are legion. It is most disconcerting to rind that dark field illumination in distinction to light field may yield from 2 to 4 times as many dust particles in the same sample. The use of absolute alcohol as the entraining medium may add 30 per cent more. Difference between so-called good forms of microscope lamps may make a tenfold variation in results. Very tine particles of quartz dust, as well as others just above the size of microscopic invisibility, are extensively soluable in most collecting media. Legal standard'1 based mi present dust-connting methods are utterly futile. Notwithstanding many pitfalls, (he dm-.r counter is a most valuable instru ment. it finds its greatest usefulness in WORTH WHILE SAFETY PLANNING /"GREATER attention to safety will unVJ tioubtedlv he one of a number of permanent effects of the present "socializa tion of industry" movement. In plain language, aside from the very important humanitatian aspects, it is going to cost in dustry more to permit accidents to happen. Great progress has been made in safety work. But can anyone believe for an instant that final objectives have been reached when live men can die cleaning a tanning vat--as recently happened in New Jersev`2 The most progressive chemical companies, with wellinformed safety directors employed, con stantly find new problems to solve. Neverthe less conditions in the less progressive plants leave much to be desired, and chemical com panies in particular are not economizing when they either withdraw or fail to join the National Safety Council. Membership is not an expense, but an investment. Yet 42 com panies thought it necessary to discontinue membership; fortunately 2b com patties hand it desirable to join. --Chemical Industries. discriminating between much dust and little dust: in proving the efficacy of preventive measures and devices: in the determination of the carriage of fine dust into non-dustv departments; in the de tection of unsuspected dusty work points. 5. In litigation what medical defense may be invoked? Without presuming any qualifications in the domain of law. the plant physi cian, the safety engineer or the employ ment manager may be t ailed upon ro furnish attorneys all possible informa tion in preparation for trials. Below are listed several items that are in prospec tive use or have been used in various instances: {a) Denial the existence <>i Jut\ lung disease, Recently tn the examination *>t a sample "f 202 films of men exposed and unexpoied to dust, one was singled out a.s excep tionally free of even usual amounts of fibrosis. This him was examined as an unknown, as a vie all others. Later it was pointed out that the workman from whom this film was made was ,1 litigant demanding a large sum of money on account ot alleged silicosis. Similarly, about four out of five litigants alleging dustv lung disease ale m tact free of such diseases. The chums are spurious and mnv be proved so bv appropriate examinations earned out by quali fied investigators. tb) The denial disability r prn\pectite disability, A large number of workmen whose lungs show some signs ut dust action .b-c nut nic.ip.u it.ifcd and no proof exists that real dis ability *s an eat lv prospect. id 1 he a'cmal oi uevitti. Manv of the true < asvs v A dustv lung disease have been develop11111 hint; periods of \r:tis. i.ich as I'S. 2 H o. -m Since the medical pr'te<'-on has pos'`"e I scant knowL-dee m these diseases Juimg these periods, it is unreasonable to believe that the industualist could bine piKsCvst-J more. Inevjtahly it follows that operators of dusty industries may not be presumed to have pos sessed earlier and greater information of tnese occupational, diseases than physicians, industrial hygienists, state health departments, state fac tory inspectors, and other agencies devoted to health conservation. No industrialist may be charged with neglect for failure to supply pro tection against an insidious disease unknown or little known to the medical profession, hven at this time the average physician possesses meagre information about these conditions. td| The rir/y/H rtf the UU\t\ lu.TP d. ir.ric ,`lt previous employment. Manifestly it is miiust that a few weeks of employment m some one foundry should be held responsible for a well established dusty lung disease when antedating this employment, there have been years ot ex posure in similar work in other plants. fe) The origin of the dusty lung disease from causes other than industrial employment, in some localities it seems probable that surhcietu dusts may arise from roads, farm work, etc., to induce characteristic mvolvment ot the lungs. (i) Th'e actual quantity of du\t present in an industry /> below any reasonable threshold <>f probable production <*t damage. The mere fact that an industry or department is classified as a dusty operation is not m itself proof of the possibility of development ot pneumoconi osis. The nature and extent of protective de vices mav fully exculpate the plant as a practi cal hazard. Dust count methods have certain, undeniable limitations, bur this form of testing along with tests of the ethcacv of ventilating apparatus mav be utilized on occasion wholly to eliminate any justification for contention* Tut ail' dustiness prevails. t ft) other than pneuwvinmnsu >n v account for abnormal states in the lungs . > other th'esf tt/wentr. At least ren other diseusts may t-o simulate pneumoconiosis as to permit confusion and error. Among others are fungus diseases, tuberculosis, especially dissemiluted tuberculosis, cancer, syphilis, pleurisy with cal cifications, certain types of unresolved pneu monia. In addition, claims are known to have arisen alleging pneumoconiosis when m tact the pathology centered about such unrelated conditions as aneurysm, mediastinal tumo" n* aphylactic asthma, valvular heart disease, etc. Ih) Silica o not a pot ion. In some states claims at law must be based upon acts appli cable only to poisonous substances. What con stitutes a poison is a matter of definition, Ai the present time the best thought as to the ac tion of silica within the lungs is unfavorable '< acceptation of it as a poison. Primarily Mica action is physical rather than chemical. HI Pneutuue<tniou\ Jr>e\ not couititHte .c aiCidentid tntury. In some uistaiu.es it has been contended that dustv lung states are accidental injuries. Such specious arguments ordinarily are put forth in m cHmt to obtain compcnxat'n m political states where no provisions ai<maiie for n<cupational diseases. Fverv valid concept prompts the recognition ot the pneu moconioses as occupational diseases. In a midst of disproportionate concern over dusts and dusty diseases much may ho lost if we fail to recognize that rhe foundry possesses a dozen or more clearnit health hazards, bilica dusts may blind us to pneumonia, metal fume fever, heat damages, lead poisoning. Man dis eases. carbon monoxide poisonimr--all traceable to the foundry. NATIONAL SAFETY YEWS 3i This seal denotes accept ance of Mercurochrome for Ww and Nouodictai kenicdics bv trie * M.iijui on Pharnuev and ( heroUcrv of the Imerivan Medical Association. KCrLECTED scratches may cause serious infections. The prompt : use of an antiseptic is an important preventive measure. Mercurochrome is an effective antiseptic and should be used in the first aid care of all minor wounds, scratches and abrasions. In more serious cases the layman should not assume the responsibility of a phvsician. JAM A KM 1934 HYNSON, WESTCOTT & DUNNING, Incorporated BALTIMORE. MARYLAND 38 Cleaning Drums and Other Portable Containers Whleh Have Held Flammable Substances Industrial Data Sheet D-Chem. 10 A. Problem How ro clean drums ami other portable containers which have held tlatnmable substances, su it is safe fur workers to start repair work. B. Hazards The principal hazards in cleaning sucit containers are (a) burns from caustics, i hi burns from hot clean ing solutions, (c) tire, and i d I ex plosion. (1. (ileaning Method First: See that all sources of ig nition, such as open flames and un guarded electric lights, have been eliminated from the vicinity of the container. Second: Remove the bung with a suitable wrench and allow any liquid or free sediment to drain out. Long-handled or special wrenches are recommended. Steel chisels and hammers should not be used as they may create spark? which1 may ignite' the vapor. The residue should liedisposed ot in a safe manner s.. it will not increase the hazard of the job. Third: Fill the container with hot sofla or soda ash solution and rotate it mechanically for rive min utes or longer: then drain the con tainer. Short pieces of brass chain inserted with the < uustie wash will ;is scrubbers and aid in loosening any caked accumulations in the drum or cylinder. Hammering with a wooden mallet will also help to loosen s( ale. i See note A,i Fourth: Spray live steam into the container through the bung; then drain, t See note B.) Fifth: Flush the inside of the container for a full five minutes with boiling water. (See note K.) Sixth: 'Thoroughly drain and dry the container. This is usually done by turning it: so that the moisture will drain out the bung and by cir culating* warm air through the in side. Seventh: Inspect the inside of the container to determine that it is dean. This may be done by using a mirror to reflect light into the con tainer. (See note H.i If. upon ex amination, it is found that the con tainer is not clean, repeat the third, fourth and fifth steps. Eighth: Inspect to determine if the container is gas free. This test preferably should be made by means of a suitable gas detector, it is the practice in some companies, how ever. to flash test for gases prior to any welding operations. lender no circumstances should anyone make such flash tests until the container has been cleaned as outlined in step s' to 7, inclusive, 1 o flash test, first up-end the drum or cylinder. Then stand well back and place at arm's length the tip of the Fghted welding torch into the hung ot the container. Should the drum or cylinder tint lie gas free, a Hash will follow. It, therefore, is of vital importance tha: during such tests, the operator stand as far away as possible. Note A. Employee* handling caustic 'uda iir soda ash, or working about solu tions made "f these caustics, -hould wear suitable goggles to protect the ryes, proncr respirators to keep the dust out ot the passages to the lungs, rubber boots and rubber gloves to protect the feet and hands against caustic burns. Where a vat in the fioor. containing eaustic .solution, is used, in addition to wearing suitable rubber >. iotliing, operator should keep a splash plate between him and the vat as the drum is pushed into the solution, as an additional protection against splashing. Note B. When steam or hot water is used to clean a drum or cylinder, the oper ator should wear suitable clothing such as boots, hood, etc., to protect him against burns. When steam is used, the nozzle of the hose should be of non-sparking mate rial: it should also be electrically grounded to the drum or cylinder, and the drum or cylinder should he grounded to prevent static electricity accumulation. Note C, The light source should be either a vaporproof portable electric hand lamp or an electric extension iamp. If the latter is used, the lamp should be protected fiy ;t guard made of non-sparking material. The connections from the -ocket should be made tight to prevent arcing, and the wiring should pass through a non-con ductor handle about JO inches long, Hake sure the whole electric unit is in perfect condition before using. For further details "ti cleaning drums and cylinders safely see In dustrial Safety Scrips Pamphlet Pet. S "Handling, Cleaning and Filling Pritms and Barrels." (f drums are welded after being cleaned, this weld ing -hould be done in act. irdance with the data contained in Safe Practices Pamphlet Xu, A'. "Has and Kleetrio Welding" wild in Safe Practices Pamphlet X<>. <J\ "Safe Practices jp Handling < 'ompresM-d National Safety Council. Inc. 20 North Packer Drive, (ihicago. Illinois NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 39 I F fjgTlSiifi npw W5iv nt iw1|iiFi#nff J Jo the rate of HAND INFECTION 1 NAM CMDTNilHifc Points where ordinary soaps fall down Ordinary soap can't get workers' hands really clean. It gets only surface dirt-- leaves embedded dirt, espe cially around knuckles and nails. When this dirt gets into any scratch or cut, in fection often follows. Plant studies show that the rate of infection for wounds of the hands is 26 %. Lorn Soap gets all the dirt. . . . effective against Workers cannot avoid scratches and minor wounds to their hands. Nor is there any way to keep their hands from getting dirty. But you can re duce the risk of hand infection by seeing that your workers wash their hands regularly with Lava Soap. Lava Soap gets ALL the dirt Lava does a different job. First, thick, heavy lather gets the surface dirt. (Ordinary soaps stop there.) Then fine, powdery pumice gets even ground-in grime in less than a min ute. Last, glycerine and soothing oils in Lava act as an ointment. They soothe the skin and help heal any nicks or raw spots on the hands. Companies now supplying workers with Lava Soap find they save money, too, because Lava doesn't waste away --outlasts ordinary soaps 3 (o 1. Works equally well in any water-- hot or cold, hard or soft. Investigate this safe, economical method of re ducing the amount of lost time from preventable infections. Lava helps prevent hand irtIcctions because it gets even ground-in grease in less than a minute. And against most common bacteria. Lava is a \n iu times hs effective as carbolic and. A PROCTER s. AMBLE I'ROIUCT FREE .. Lava, safety posters H&trty 1 Hrectors of trailing in dustrial plants in all parts of the country have requested these posters and are now on our mailing list, A new set of posters is mailed nut every two months. They are yours merely by tilling uut and. mailing this oupon to Pro* ter fir. Gamble Dept. LNS-14, Ho* 1801, Cincinnati* Ohio. Jorrt ('amble 1 f`rr>itton ---------- Company - ................. ............................ , ,,,,,,,, ----------- , , Vimihiq pnvfe{> Wonted ______ __ . _________ Wnritrf he Interested tn Price-* on Loco JANUARY, 1934 The Bulletin board A page for those who maintain the Show Windows of Safety Conducted by STAN KERSHAW More (lut-Outs for Use as Bulletin Boards X the two preceding issues will be I found descriptions of the cut-out figures exhibited at the Annual Safety Congress to demonstrate one good way of popularizing poster displays, 'these you will recall, were cut out of plywood and painted in bright colors to make life-size and life-like figures. In these issues it was also explained how small drawings can be squared off to facilitate the job of transferring them to the large sheets of plywood prelimin ary to cutting them out. A squared-off reproduction of one of the figures ex hibited at the Annual Safety Congress was included in the last issue. Here are three more squared-off figures on this page - one of them, however, calls for a special description because it does not provide for a panel on which to pin posters, ft is the ofie showing a man with a tiashligiu in his hand. This figure was made for the purpose of throwing a spot light on a bulletin board as a means of attracting attention to some special display of posters or notices. The hash light in the man's hand gives the impression that he is throwing a spot-light in the direction of the bulletin board and a home made electric light fixture attached to the back of his hand actually throws a beam of light. The inset in the illustration shows the light in a tubular tin housing which serves to confine the beam to give the effect of a spot light. By the use of ;t simple inexpensive flasher attachment obtainable at any electric appliance store the light is made to flash on and off giving the impression that the man is actually operating the flash light, pictured in his hand. hi making up the light attachment it was found necessary to paint the tubular housing white inside. Otherwise, even a fairly powerful hulb did not throw a strong beam of light. It is important that the fixture be attached to the figure in such it way that a sufficient space is allowed for air to circulate between them. This is done to prevent the heat radiating from the lamp setting fire to the figure. The electric wiring should be done in the best approved manner, and if it is necessary to place the figure where the cord crosses a passageway, a good way of keeping it dear is to run it overhead instead of across the floor or ground. Vou will find unlimited possibilities in this novel means of drawing attention to poster displays. Safety education by the poster method is a matter of keeping the displays ever alive with new and interesting ideas. Follow closely the methods used by clever advertisers and the window decorators in progressive stores and you will find many ideas capable of ( (inversion for use in your program of safety bulletin board work. 2. FLESH 3. YELLOW 5. BLUE 6. BLACK NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS ..;..v;; ' n.r,-. ftiiHi flsi- Itisf |J >'!* THEY ARE LIFE SAVERS BROKEN WIRE DID IT 1ft < YOU SHOULD MOT |j HAVE SQUEEZED *THRU6HTHERE. t nl LL ` ^ ( HAvf , ; ... FIRST-AID WOULD have PREVENTED INFECTION NATIONAL A F f. T Y COUNCIL IWSKWDOFAOR^R OOESMTOCLONSINaiP OOMCANY/ 3 gip ? : "!;1P '"V 'v'*::f^:::TMi;::H....... A messageto employees 1 v returningto work TSxtT sarin* ? prit* IF YOU MUST 1L: SNEEZE SNEEZE IN YOUR HANDKERCHIEF - IT'S YOURS. . don't smears in the air- ST'S EVERYBODY5// " NATIONAL >A . t \ ') \> N t; ` t. P ;;tT; 7I"H'T'N1 T'lP" 1 1 '"pivp f*p'.ip'ppp..... , Pi,g"*p;:" p.1 1 P' ppi'g...;g..TT,,J,v,,,1" -i .h:; :,i7:,.v....... ; 7. Pj:; Protect Your Ey< Our SAFETY RULES IMPOSE NO HARDSHIP if m l . This is as near ' as you can come to 1 seeing thru a glass eye VIOLATIONS MAY *: :..:..1.'...-....S.,, ......f....r....-....M.......... '.t...:.:: 1111*.=:'Tllfc if JMW liisfeS m 9 CH YOURSTEP . - I \J u * t A f f t v v: --.i u N . I * 11:=;;||1iTlpfel : ' l anif Give him a hand (how the new man how to do Mr woi-k the SAFE way/ (YOU WERE `GREEN1 ONCE. TOO/) ,, % t fifth BEAT THE GERMS TO ITS WITH FIRST AID**' WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT GAS WELDING CYLINDERS t, N* in* it * jkisvit it* extra at f 5 Ih*. (*f KJlUt* (tK*l flUfC ptcwdtc. N.v*r tllow T?*fl '<* tom* tfr v yrtm * nil l Afwiy to t< fey pteptr ntnrt fjn net rtfif to oxygen n *rr' or Krtyltnt n Ncri is* etfftt, o wbititftf w rt*vrtit i* for pn*mt(i or tnn;i df>icn i N. int eftnurt hew n nyS twpfrfy lor <!*inm de*jd oil tint*. Nrrtr wt* cylmdwj <i rollcn or to wpfrort wo*. net ttmptr with witty device* on crtirrfm or iyliixftr nlrn- SitHd to tylintiff* Ntvtr itt**n(*t In (rarnfor gj trow <*** tyiiMtt to tnothw tO Ntrtt ttltmpi to imi too n*m in r>n s>tina. 11. Do not Irf hot tlif lift on MtMMtit)l nutmtli NATIONAL <: A r f. r Y f. O U N C U t m| MM ft .-''T ;.|||2: I Mif' " ' lilt".......'.... ' ' ' aspiiiTil SI i Tv v ' --y;* =- %YYYVy';I:i. ' : scoorms ARE OUT OF PLACEAT WORK i - Avoid injury to yourself and others by keeping off therm ` ,*y Rockfalls-Manrunsrps ovei1 tools"it bij lock.-/ iT'$W&::; ; MiffSfhm::.-.-;.;, f;iant . !' ui<i fy.tI::::::.;::!::::;.;:fi:ff::'/:'S!:Plfff|JgfsflpiPfsllPifi|;::is,:i(ss' "'-i*'* ' flu 1 . .j; It 9" .">1 4 . '1|: 'Kj':" I*,, | ^ 'S CHECK! flflltlWGUISMEB. 1 DID YOU REPLACE 'VrjrnaTfi--Tr-`*1 IT WAY...TT^T" NATE RIALS PILED THHLfLYrRLiTHlLF|FJlLi^_." ^ CNA0RTELEgSSALYFAERE/ A FIRE i toNA t v i. (' f i` - C C* U H i *( / T I O N A L ZSIlllllil ! unit ; IS.ak NEVER NEGLECT SAFETY I UJlIt. *?7K *'xi >- *- flislt..4f07 " ALWAYS .....'1 twrft StSS {hull## t unit Look to see that the snap is prop erly fastened to the D-ring. Tour life depends on it. Don't trust tohearing the keeper click. ' ' " ' 'fei. I HfH tit-'-'; : " ' $w"lStW N t, t t PROTECT YOUR FEET FROM TANK TOP FALLS NEVER STAND ON TANK TOP KIM.YOU MAY L.OSE FEET/ N A '! N a t. > i.' N > i i ! f ~ | "' llltS> ' i unit '! f! IT1? ay I'M'" I'S'ipj jiS'W'.ji,l"t | Jj JTj1i,'| Zist/' ::4$ f'jiFKieirA I T-V&TV-TV 'l .4'ti.f'.S.iliyiJ ij! * -f di ik S' Never I on theother fellow~ DRIVE SAFELY YOURSELF NATIONAL WNCIL Tuck .. maybe with .. you for years_ it may leave you to-^fay A man proves his wisdom whenhe .. discards luck and puts his faith in SAFETY : i i:Jv: ::i ;::.:L::: !:"i'ii: i: L ' '"'1^^^.! , A ^ /.H ^ ^'L!J':!I^:: : DONT- FORGET m CAREFUL TO-DAY 1 " t iiisit r n* w*,'wu -: ====== i - i n i U r : f f 1i ! t i L-- \ I ; ' - -i- iV; - ; : : : : :'{-jL |T EASIER TO COVER A~HOLETHAW TO" pltCjA^uMYriii] ofon'e ...---T- `L NATIONAL A ( C T Y COUNCIL -iy ZSfl.: ,$*11 ! I -Sait'" 505;;!.!:;.::.!':'' ?''' ftrtf ftefees- '' "" I' Mt ' WRtNCHtS ARE. NOT DESIGNED TO BE. USED THIS WAY N( L ' f f. I v -: y N C * t. SOCW1 ' 9*t,Z iiMljcs I'imii. HOW WOULD YOU when vou wear like TO drive '' | -torn or loose INTO SOMETHING ., LI Kt THIS? : cio+htn^ v /!. ' / ; *:J ; 4\-; i HR: you are dressed : 51 " BREAK1 " LOAD CAREFULLY! ` to kii 'EM UP <=4&orW strains aaft other injuries ,,ir M r.M,............ ........,. v- -,............. 0..CC'.n.t,', ,. ................................ - -- - ........................ ,,,,,,, -. .. > >>. . ... , Vwand ' Uiorfc V-fL itom the FOR HAVING INJURED A FELLOW WORKER ^1; f Y COUNCIL ^ v A*an<ei VU "'t; s *^LT NATIONAL > A F E T Y COUNCIL ;B#f FOR SAFETY" KEEP TOOL REST PROPERLY ADJUSTED TO COMPENSATE TOR WEAR ON WHEEL n a r i <:> n a t ; *' t e i y >: u n c i c *14/1 kMt l iMttChFUt T ALWAYS STAND AWAY FROM LOAD AS FAR AS POSSIBLE BJW I W!.<eu - THOUGHT FOR TO DAY anackiiies make sure no 144 JMk oiie is in MlRK&lIia i "" YOU WERE NOT HIRED TO TAKE ,#i iilSiE ^3.2 iiKhi-!> NATIONAL SAFE T rtir::...5127 unrt CHECK THE SA0 Stf. THAT If WC*>,Jt- 1 it NEVER USE A LADDER WIU DEFECTIVE RUNCiS TIME TO GET DRESSED 'jPtf'ir /'4?S /JyX^ / ` /ffm - ---- ' J`J ' V N I i. nation rfts fi,ip |4 b if14^-1 I t! f Jfff (ij 48 KLEINS Pioneering in Eye Protection !< ontinued from page 14) T IN F\t K\ rooojmizp that only the 8 a finest in safety equipment can Ui udikI enough--ot*t on the stinks in any kind of weather-- emergency jobs that must he done immediately--here safety, even life itself, depends on leather and steel, S\ here safety is the watchword you will find Kleins. In linemen`sequip- inenf, >afet y first means Kleins first---' since !8aT.M t national campaign featuring safety for linemen is being cotninrfed by Mathias klem <f sons in assist in setting the idea of safety A* linemen. Attributed through jabbers Four pamplcts of !nf(`rest m von if sou are a lineman or r*sponsihlt* for fhc afrty of linemen. < duo k flic . 1 ones ,iil! want. -i1* u r '"i P..\ intivr t|5 s- ..si V Str;i[iS 11-.- : ,s tv I-jji t>r ntj f.11a ti< ri .< i.r.tther (imnU !'<'Is r`t tllfl! ( 1| <lf * Mathias 1L/' B IC 8 iki & Sons tfflMsa Bm. BSLlLLl Pi MiMi 3200 BELMONT AVE.. CHICAGO lation or circular ventilation. The closer rays far out of proportion to the density the ventilation slots are to the hack of of shade. In other words, a workman the glass, the mure effective the ventila can now be protected against eye burns tion will be. Jt must, of course, be in due to excessive injurious rays, while at direct so as to exclude all sparks, chips the same time having a glass only dark and other solid particles. enough to prevent undue glare. Maximum side and down vision are The advance in scientific knowledge essential on many goggle jobs because along this line has permitted the manu of the tripping and stumbling hazards facture of glass in medium and dark due to lack of sufficient vision in all shades, that cuts out all ultra-violet directions. This is particularly true rays and also practically blocks the long when working or walking in the vicinity series of infra-red rays, which heretofore of moving vehicles, overhead cranes or had made welding operations so danger conveyors. Adequate vision in the side- ous to sight; as a consequence of this shield and the cup-tvpe goggles is now advance inflammatory eye conditions in provided for. welding are now entirely avoidable. Another important advance in the This standardization of shades in efficiency of guggles was made late in welding goggles applies with equal force, fWO when, under the lead of the Federal of lOurse, to the glass windows used in Government and in cooperation with welders' helmets and handshields. The producers of eye protection equipment use of the electric arc of high amperage, and various technical bodies, several new and also the development of atomic- steps in standardization were taken. hydrogen welding, have made imperative (. hipping and welding goggle lenses were the development of these newer types standardized at. SO millimeters (1.9685 of welding glass to afford definite pro inches) in diameter, instead of continu tection against eye burns. ing the variable sizes its produced by Still another problem has engaged the different manufacturers in the past. The serious attention of the goggle manu newer size not only increases the range facturer for many years. This is the of vision, hut is a notable factor in con ability to furnish adequate eye protection venience and in the efficiency of handling to the workman who is compelled to supplies in plants where a great variety of wear correction spectacles. There are jobs and eye protection devices may be thousands of these workers who, ai one essential to safety. time, were either forced to lav off their The new Federal specifications also correction spectacles in order to wear the established definite limits of tolerance we protection available, or trust to the for the strength of chipping lenses and meager protection afforded by their own for the correctness of the optical sur i urrecdon spectacles. faces. Lenses that are warped or twisr- Guggle manufacturers have at length tsl, producing blurred images, prove to solved this problem in two ways. A be very tiring in constant use. special light - weight protective goggle in welding goggles, also, the stand has been developed which may be worn ardization of shades is clearly established with comfort over the worker's own in the specifications. Shades of welding correction spectacles. But he may also, glass are now based on a curve esta if he desires, secure for his standard blished by definite transmission formula. goggles a hardened glass lens specially The importance of this is that all manu ground to earn- the same optical quali facturers are now able ro work on the ties as his own correction spectacles. same shade scale. In other words, a Mo. In short, the eye protection industry ,v; lens produced by one manufacturer has made such strides during the past should have the same percentage of two decades that it may very well be transmitted light as a Xo. s lens pro said to have kept pace with the sufety duced by any other manufacturer. movement. All eye protection equip The tolerance in the degree of opacity ment is not perfect, of course, nor have of welding glass to injurious rays is all eye protection problems been solved. , 1 early established. Years ago users of But with the reasonably adequate equip welding glass depended only on density ment available most eye injuries are of -hade, whereas the progress of the avoidable, and there is no sufficient ex art has now permitted the manufacture cuse for the 200.000 eye accidents which of glass having 111 opacity to injurious 'till take place in industry each year. NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS Personals H. Murphy, has been appointed Miperintendent of safety for the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Railroad, with headquarters in Chicago. T. F, Pratt, who formerly handled the company's safety activities, continues as chief .pedal agent. Arthur C.aboury, secretary-general of the Province of Quebec Safety League and general manager of the Quebec As sociation for the Prevention of Industrial Accidents, has been appointed honorary colonel in f.es Franc - Tireurs du Saguenay. HELP WANTED Capable safety engineer wanted by i mutual company for Michigan. Indi ana or Missouri territory. fri\e full til-tails of vour experience with appli cation. Address Box 292. National Safety 'Sew.s'. Safety Instruction Hards t Continued from fxi^c 1<< i J j 1 "t. Hand tools si, htftimi t-ajKirity of tackle. j [ V, I'roll pres* tors, \ ftupe a 11ti hluP'K cn-ms ! j.aftn* usct aturs ---grviuTul sugg*-time' t fut` ail purpose metal workiiu; lathes, <H j htsl 'I f(`. u ('nrlh.tde tdwtvif thuds window oi*vininer--ffty dMts 'M s Me list* I.f jacks, ' ''l. i.'nlondinu tank `-irs-- s'ntatHimt `-ultihuric tttd IlllXfd 'his umhiess-h air method, :. I.nttum capnritv oi uh-UP-- -MeM mvII hliteks Wtt !l W tie pope '`M .-s.fety hues Ju| eh-etne hue work 'M. das masks-.to (..-M, for air-tlirht fit Wire t"S'e-- lnuv to iuhrhat,. r ei. i hr*, e .-Id inu--' \ ind>fs 5'te HkihkillU ott pipe lines, i"l Heipirur the m-v\ i-mpiuu-.' | [ I"". I" E. fill I.rmdinu wheels- - a fe n|n i-.itioli, SImiI't u;i:!e `jlnsgov I 'Qtlai-i>u -:ifisses l*;ie\a i ors - -m-i k tug' iusQ.-'Mni .,nd | It i i l`s, o r*-- j i ' t"'i, I * 11 i 11 a d i 11 . tank -a:s |h(Lllds j * \( m m,-i tula I 111<i, MamtnaM*| I ll'S. I DM, OV'l' ullllliL'- fee - 11 1111 i 11 i: SrilldiUl-* Wllei'h -ho\\ hnu fe-H, F'-alel.v Mlii Ltewf Ions, n.D-i I it-' Mtak'- Ml'1 | i j I 1 !<*, ill. ! r.' f i :i, V> Iltduw c|o;,,|||i,v I'l'nni f *-e -o W t I'lil'h'-s, Wainimv - ig us- -- (din's . Mr- ,.i rue (udd,-)-I,-., ' t M l ; t'ickimr pipe Hill round hats ' M.'i, | Tfl ft lea 1 first > jd -- , rt.i'M u m,n\ M) ... 1 !!*;, It.', M"', in, i :*I. I e-;ni llUl.SUtt UIU, nmtl'ef Kill ami -It-tie pipe 1111 ** - - -P'-nHiu lining - unfit Hamlihit-*'`xiiliis'V'1' --t'li'iufc Wartime i tis ---f Me '!' i-lt-ript1 Mate funds '*( i.-i.-i.-, li't'oid planks 1 , 1 ! I IV E f ' 11'... Wbar to d.t m e m.- ,f in-, i H a n d ' a u .huA l a -t1 U< pa i fine ..-Hi lank- m* 't u.m- health . ..his, ( 1.S I _ f '.a I'M ; " 1,1 > : X. J -' - !' Wu- n heel ha (Ml If IP'ks' i 'a I petite I`s, !11 a U t i nnati 111 one pa y.a I iis, .-tur-i-nnms aid - f > i Ihthi'ih Tha W Hi f>- M'uymfi tu|les, U a ml 11 u st (irtmis ' ' is" ha ! Ip mini " H n r ;< *1 HU J.S IlPo' , h'-.nie; I a i (1 k m a s i. 11 s j*i nil k-i.|ii`i' ' ' JANE ARY. 1931 I Hi; I* \ V MHil'WI, BRIIX.HI'OKT, llN.V ` on|lenten ; KitifiI-v setnj me a t r-'t- `.ample "I' II '* Headt-Bandai/e f*et-sii|| rrainesi ltpi \dt| IV'Sa 49 50 SAFETY PAL*' SHOES JYone Better Anywhere Hue of Man fAt- ' Outstanding "SAFETY PAL" VALLES No. 487. Full leather lined, calfskin oxford. Steel toe protection. "Rock Oak" outsole. Stocked in four widths. ItrWill Par Yon to Compare for Value! Request sample for inspection at our expense. SHEPHERH SAFETY SHOE CORP. 201 IV. Wells Street, Chicago Eastern Branch: 23 Pennington St., Newark, N. J. LessenYourlnsunmeRates Prevent Fire and Explosion How about YOU? --Your plant/-- Your employees? Ate you taking the tulle.se safety precautions umtinst tires, explosions, acci dents and ocher danger risks? Are you using modem, convenient, efficient and approved safety appliances to stare your waste, gaso line, benzine, kerosene, turpentine, naphtha, alcohol and ocher hazardous explosives and volatile liquids? Play safe--follow the example of thousands ot cautious plant executives--install the latest, unproved JUSTRITE Safety Appliances TODAY. Insurance Companies Gladly Lower Rate Premiums to plants who install approved, up-to-date safety appliances. JIUSTRITE Satecy Appliances are inspected and labeled bv the Underwriters, inc., and the Asiv-iated Facrone* Mutual Fire Insurance Companies. Prxect your plant--vour employees install the latest im/>rMed iUSTRlTE Safety Devices TODAY, See your dealers or write us for interesting prices and literature. ,, Tustrife. Justrite Mfg.Co7.. CJ0H8I7CSAoGuOA,poItLtLAIN"O""IS Ethyl Gasoline < f mtinued irom page cu) locker rooms, bathing facilities, ordinars and special protective clothing and equipment, and gas masks. Regulations cover all the procedures, including the requirements in the matter of cleanliness, clothing changes and similar details. Workmen are selected by a medical representative of the dis tributor on the basis of physical fitness, and each man is instructed as to the regulations, and the dangers associated with improper handling of ethyl fluid. storage space for drums of fluid con sists of a concrete platform at box car or truck height, with at least three sides open to the air and a roof overhead con nected with drains so that it can ire thoroughly hosed. This platform is con tinuous with the mixing area, the entire structure being enclosed with heavy wire, locked against entrance, and being of fire proof construction. The storage tank for fluid delivered by rank car is located adjacent to the mixing equip ment. Mixing of fluid supplied in drums is carried out by means of two types of equipment, one for less than full drums of fluid, the other in which not less than a full drum is used. In the former case a special apparatus is fastened in the bung opening, and the desired amount ot fluid as indicated by gross weight loss, is drawn off by means ni an eductor, attached to the gasoline line. In the other case, the full drum of fluid is used as the unit of measure, and one nr more drums as required are emptied by means of an eductor at tached to the gasoline iine. and mixed with the proper amount nf gasoline in a tank. The operation is completed when the eductor line has been well washed out, when all the fluid has been introduced into the gasoline, and when the fluid and gasoline have been recircu lated so as to obtain complete admixture. The latter is an important item, for when 'he heavy fluid is merely pnnre<1 j into gasoline it. drops to the bottom and j remains as a separate layer for a long . time. Mot only would this introduce I serious error into the composition of the I gasoline, hut it may also result in the I accumulation of concentrated fluid at | the bottom of the tank which might be j encountered when the tank is cleaned. 1'he entire procedure of storing the | fluid and mixing it with gasoline in mixI ing plants which handle tank cars of j fluid is carried out in two steps, i 11 ! emptying the tank car into a storage NATIONAL SAFETY MEWS 51 tank suspended on a scales, and (2) mixing weighed amounts of fluid into gasoline. Both steps are carried out through the use of an eductor on the gasoline line. Since ail movements of the fluid are accomplished by suction, and since sufficient vacuum for the purpose can not be obtained in the presence of leaks in the system, it fol lows that if the apparatus moves the fluid at, all, there is no opportunity for skin contact with leaking fluid or in halation of escaping vapor. The various factors which influence fhe magnitude of occupational hazards of the workmen may be listed in the order of their importance as follows: (1) The extent of the cooperation of refinery management in the avoidance of irregular practices, such as unneces sary sampling of fluid, the removal of small amounts of fluid into intermediate containers for experimental mixes, and for the correction of errors in mixing; f 21 the quality of the mixing equip ment: (3) the frequency of mixing; and (4) the degree of caution exercised by the mixing personnel in following pre scribed instructions. The importance of the last item is stressed at ail times, but much greater dependence is put in the automatic safety afforded by the installation of proper mixing equipment and adequate storage facilities. It is manifestly im possible to prevent, departures from ac cepted procedures excepting as the re finery management and personnel give their willing and intelligent cooperation, and unless they accept the point of view that no commercial consideration can justify the violation of a reasonable regulation. Fhe chief functions of the medical representatives are to promote such a point of view, to maintain anti improve mixing plants, and tn prevent any relaxa tion of caution. The periodic medical examination of every person engaged in this work, together with occasional study ut the lead excretion of a repre sentative group of workers, serves large ly to determine the effectiveness ot the precautions. Perhaps this is a somewhat uncommon concept of the significance of medical examination. Such a concept, however, does not arise from any lack of appreci ation of medical service. Rather, it spring? from the certainty that no amount or excellence of medical care is sufficient in itself to prevent the occur rence of lead poisoning. In our opinion, the only way rn prevent occupational lead poisoning is to so limit exposure that poisoning cannot occur. The Next Slip or Foil Moy Be jReally SERIOUS Why gamble with fate ? Sooner or later you will lose. Of 1222 lost time accidents analyzed as to cause by National Electric Light Association, 23% resulted from tripping, slipping and failing. Do as hundreds of Safety Engineers are doing. Recommend -- yes, insist -- that workers wear Gro-Cord and Raw-Cord soled and heeled shoes. Sturdy cord tire cords, embedded upright in live rubber make Gro-Cords and Raw-Curds non-slip. As sole wears bare, cord ends grip most slippery walking surface--reduce chances of falling. Workmen like Gro-Cords and Raw-Cords because they wear longer. Write for information. A com plete line of safety rubber footwear--Gro-Cord and Raw-Cord equipped--now available. The Lima Cord Sole 8C Heel Co. Dept. IF Lima, Ohio fully protected bp patetwi--anu infringement will be prosecuted. SOLES and HEELS (iro-Cord* and Raw-C nrd* are widely used in DairiesIron & Steel foundries. Railroad Shops, Auto factories. Gas & Electric Plants, Ice cV fuel Sta tions. Stone Quarries, Stines, General Ware houses. DUPOR Hep?, t'. S. Pat, oil, RUBBER RESPIRATOR t `orafortnble* Double Capacity, Hotter Vision, Itevcrsible and Foldable, Highly etlicienr in nil Dusts, Paint Spray and the lighter Fumes and liases, Price per doz., $18.0(5 S"j.50 Cpim receipt of one will he for warded ns a sample, it has only to he tried to be appreciated, Kxtra felt pads, 4c each. H. S. COVER CHIPPEWA-A SOUTH BEND, IND. Patents Applied For JANUARY. 1131 Ukite fott/iLTlau Set Sights at No Lost Time, President Urges Company ff A COMPANY'S safety record is -Tdl- ;ln index to management: we can have our record just where we want it," said Robert R. West, president of the Riverside and Dan River Cotton Mills at the recent quarterly safety meeting for foremen held at School field, Ya. ' * As head of your company 1 am natur ally disturbed when I see lost-time acci dents costing our men and our company thousands of dollars," continued Mr. West. "We must set our sights at no lost-time accidents. When a man comes here to work it is good for him to know that he has come to a place where haz ards have been removed and he can work safely.'' Changes in the company's safety or ganization in the past year reduced the loss ratio to approximately one-third of the previous rate. With safety commit tees organized in every mill and constant encouragement from the management, the entire personnel has been making every effort to effect still further im Industrial executives and provement in the safety record. safety engineers who are interested in the latest protective equipment for Honor Public, Service (Men for Sale Driving sand blast operators--in using safety equipment as a means of preventing silicosis --in maintaining the health of workers and reducing compensa tion claims--should know about this new CESCO product, the IVE bus operators from the Perth F \mbny garage of the Public Service Corporation nt Xt-w Jersey were honored for their safe driving records on October A when they were guests of their fellow employees at a dinner held in the Packer House, Perth Amboy, HEALTHGUARD SAND BLAST MASK Fully described in this new Bulle tin. Write for copy to With six years of operation without an accident. the highest driving honors went m Frederick 1.a Forge. Philip i.ciger, James Melder. Edward Paves .-ach has had a perfect o|terating rernrd for three Chicago Eye shield Co. 304 Warren Blvd. CHICAGO, ILL. years. John Montecalvo has operated two and one-half years without acrident. The men were presented with citations congratulating each for his -ate driving and expressing the appreciation of his fellow employees. Cold Weather Is Here .... Watch Out For Foot Injuries Because it is more difficult to handle material when ones hands are cold, feet should always be protected from falling objects. Sankev Foot Guards are made of light steel or rigidlum, an aluminum alloy. They are bell shaped and rest Jightlv nver the shoe. The floor rakes the impact in case of falling material. Investigate this hot protection hrxnrr von hirer u foot inhirv. Fllwood Safety Appliance Co. Elltvood City. Penna. Coming Events < If Interest to Safety Men jan. IS, Newark, N. J. if..to , Vt: m,il t -:t r i utrltTK't:. Krptl M, HowUna. st'i icMiT-ni,m. 'VAN drk* \sftTv i Kiitit'j}, t Br.mfiirJ. I" iro \ ATi rir W J. May 14-18, Atlantic City, N, j vmu.o M-- c !; " f ' . o' r-[ T ; i rf" A-MI>.= nmn. bi.uik. is H, \\ f.-mw Mfn, m inuc- my Airt'ctar. \ F.P, A., dm B.irmry irurrb Vu-t-t, Bustdn. M.iss, NATIONAL SAFETY N'FAYS S3 Financial Backing for the Safety Movement Yes, a really good looking AXY people are making provision M in their wills to continue their sup port of philanthropic, educational and a ir-ntitic causes. Such support for the Safety Movement will make possible a greater extension of activities than its present financial structure will permit. Gifts may be made for general activities or to establish specific projects, such as scientific research or awards for out standing safety accomplishments. Public safety activities cannot be made self-supporting. The vast amount of educational effort and the numerous research projects involved in this com plex and many sided problem must be financed by public spirited individuals and organizations. DRESS SAFETY SHOE! The following alternative forms are suggested for those who desire to pro- ! vide by will for their continued support j >>f the National Safety Council: ...popular with men who want a P >K CrIFT OF mo\s:y OR oTHKR dressy shoe with safety features PHRSOXAI, PROPERTY \ t'lvt;. Jt-vise bequeath unto National Saft-fv ( -itrnul. a xorpm.ifiufi or^ammi and trx- jt'.tinunder the laws of the State of Illinois, d. tll.irs .dk-matiu.- pruv iutm. the kl|owm>> described personal property............... .. be dsjnisr-d tit and ust.d hv the Nitional Sin-tv < <mmil in the ho therance and rarrvrnfr =<if i .f its '."ik ct the cause nf arradefit preven tion, Attractive lasts give these new HyTest oxfords a trim appearance scarcely revealing their hidden safe ty and genuine comfort features. Available in four styles-- the one illustrated, a Lace Oxford of the same construction, a Blucher High Shoe and a Blucher Oxford with Non-Slip Raw Cord Sole--all made over Hy-Test's splendid fitting dress last with steel box toes. Especially popular with foremen, superintendents, engineers and others whose duties require foot protection, yet whose shoes must be of a dress type. Return coupon for additional in formation. hi f df-T OF K f Ar FSTATF f .tuve devise and bequeath unfit National party ( uiitu it, a *. iirpui.itiiiu 01 yanixc-cl and ev. fstmu under the laws .t the State of Mlirtrus f/ie r-'llouine disc rrhed teal estate, ftu^efbet with ah huildines <i othei propel tv existim: rheretifj. t heir niserr lee.al drsct'ipMon of the land to hr* `'boil, to have and to hold the ante, unto the -..iN .< u pm af i<m its mb uX and assouis. ft a ever And it is inv decile ami oifenffun that the Natum-tl Safety Cuimcil shall have unlimited rurbt ot disposal of' rhe `-aid real estate, for rlv hntlieunte .md rarrynu* out m Os M<rk in the unsy nr accident prevention. :-..-;;y,i!4/sY, ,, ' MS> <? X C, tN ' t HWINJKM Aar" v,i t. HY-TEST SAFETY SHOES Designed and Manufactured Exclusively by INTERNATIONAL SHOE COMPANY, ST. LOUIS,MO. The World's Largest Shoe Manufacturer -------------------------------- THIS COUPON BRINGS THE COMPLETE STORY International Shoe Company, Dept. HT- (3 St. Louis, Mo. We arc Interested In knowing more about your new design HV-TEST Dr*ss Safety Shoe* without obligation on our part. Safety Director's Name .......... .............. . . Purchasing Agent's Name .................................................... Hrm Name ., .................. Address n >r rnr vriox < >f fnlhavmfkt fi nd j PAT. SHIELD I toe devise .md bequeath t National -atety f I'liiml, a <nipotation .iryam/ed and eMstimr nmler the laws ot the Sr.it.- of Illinois. ! I Continues the PROTECTION begun by the Guard itself .i!I,irs, jn- principal >>r this h<*quesf to be ately kept- 'nvested ami re-invested bv the , Vour operator cannot reach behind inis -.meld (fully" Finance i oinmifk.w -! the National Safety protected bv U. 3, patents) until the danger point is ninijl a> and tor a part or the whole of a oassed. Mo other punch press auard has this oaten ted piumanent luKimvinenr bund. -'he muutlr ot shield. this turn! to be used by the National Safety F-nniul >n rhe < -uiv- nt a. < ident prevention. Fmvided that if m the mdarnent ot the hxccuive (a amuitter nt the Nihona! Safety Ovurnii hr- Ivs! mferestv ..r Ui.- National Safetv Fminni D. & M. Automatics tit all punch presses--have only 3 working parts--me made entirely or drop roramqs and steel (except the auard head), and are low rj* n igice--$18.50 frs $28,00, J>!//**? (7 //, iV M, \ilfn- iiidfir <r/mrrf fur '.(0 daxjs /-'/IFF tnui, htate size and nwk<` nf press and whether left to right or right oi iflft '-.wing A wanted. '-.quire the expenditure f a part m all ot the pnnnpa! nf "uch fund, then from time to nme n.K'h principal may he so expended. TAYLOR-SHANTZ CO. 486 ST. PAUL STREET ROCHESTER, N. Y. j A NT A KV. 1934 54 The Weakest Link t ('tmtinued irom pa%r rS> heating to a temperature of 1350-1375" F, for a rime sufficient to thoroughly heat the chain. The chain is then re moved from the furnace and allowed to cool freely in air. The rate of cool ing is important. The annealing of steel chain at this temperature is likely to result in some grain growth and it is therefore con sidered better practice to normalize chain made of this material. This is done by heating the chain above the sively when proof tested, leaving little upper critical point to 1600-1650' F., thoroughly soaking and removing from the furnace, allowing the chain to cool freely in air. When in doubt as to whether chain is made of iron or steel, the chain may be annealed at either the high or low temperature but there are considera tions which must be taken into account. If iron chain is heated to the high temperature of 1600-1650 F. exces sive scaling takes place. The chain is elasticity in the chain for the absorp tion of shock loads in service, if steel chain is annealed at the low tempera ture. excessive grain growth is apt to take place. However, the one consider ation, that of high scale losses and ex cessive softening in the case of the iron chain annealed at high temperatures is a practical one which is easily demon strated and common knowledge. The other consideration, that of the possi likely to be too soft and stretch exces bility of excessive grain growth in the case of steel chain annealed at low I temperatures is largely academic, and SAFETY GUARDS | if the proper annealing cycle is i arried out, that is. heating directly and quick ly to the annealing temperature and re moving the charge without excessive soaking in the furnace, no excessive grain growth is likely to occur. It is concluded that the practical pro cedure in the case of doubt as to whether chain is made of iron or steel is to anneal the material at a tempera ture of 1350-1375" F., withdrawing from the furnace and allowing to tool freely in air as soon as this tempera ture has been reached and equalized throughout the chain mass. The fur nace atmosphere should be reducing at ail times to keep down scaling, ft is not considered good practice to pack the chains in boxes as this increases the heating rime. Chains annealed in car bottom furnaces should be removed im mediately from the car upon withdrawal from the furnace. SHOULD the moving parts of machines he guarded? Illinois, New Jersey and New York reported over 28,000 machine in juries in a single year. Leaving out the important humanitarian consideration, there remains the fact that it is profitable for manufacturers to eliminate hazard wherever it is possible. Insurance rates are lowest when a plant is safe. Production is greatest when fear of accident is absent. We have studied the problem of guard making from the viewpoint of the manufac turer and have designed guard accessories to protect our own machines. They make for safety and economy, and we should like to have you try them. The Harrington&King PerforatingCo. 5645 Fillmore "t.. 114 Liberty St.. New \ ork Chicago. 111. The question is sometimes asked .is to the advisability of annealing differ ential or load chains used in chain hoist blocks. Consideration of the use of the chain here will show at once that if such chains are overloaded and stretch during use they will no longer operate in the pocket wheel of the hoist. They are therefore not subject at any time to excessive loads even approaching the original proof load of the chain without immediate detection by the uperator. Most chain hoists have shear pins or overload clutches which protect the chain from overload. Because of the limited loads applied, the bearing pres sures are reasonably low and the chain is not subject to impact by dropping. More harm than good will result from annealing or normalizing high carbon, heat treated load chain as the resistance to wear and the breaking strength of the chain will be lowered, in our ex perience no failures of differential or load chain taken from chain hoists have ever been diagnosed as resulting from NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS u the formation of work hardened sur are qualified to drive furniture, line- do so by applying to the Personnel De faces,. haul and large pick-up cars, as well as partment for a road test. No driver or In the forepart of this paper consider smaller vehicles. helper, under any circumstances, is per able stress was laid upon the desirability Badge numbers between 301 and 1000 mitted to drive a car other than the of employing a specialist for the repair are issued to drivers qualified to drive type of vehicle indicated by his badge and annealing of chains. Most of the package cars: and numbers above 1000 number. progressive chain companies maintain are issued only to helpers and others who Delivery volume fluctuates consider departments for the repair and anneal are not qualified to drive any type of ably due to seasonal conditions or special ing of chains. The cost of this service car. No helper who has been assigned sales and it frequently becomes neces is invariably less than the cost, of mak to a badge number over 1000 is permit sary to send drivers and helpers to the ing repairs in the average shop when ted to drive a car by himself. If he has various substations, on short notice. "The overhead items of expense are con a chauffeur's license, he may drive under badge numbering control arrangement sidered. the supervision of his driver and only enables the sub-station manager to deter The safety engineer who sets up a while the driver is with him in the car. mine definitely the driving qualifications practice of returning all chains periodi He is not permitted to drive or even of each man sent him and to assign the cally to a chain-maker for recondition move the car in the absence of his driver. man accordingly. Properly qualified ing throughout may rest assured that Any helper or driver who wants to drivers for the various types of cars are the repairs will be made with the right qualify for a lower badge number may thus always assured. materials by experienced men and that' the final chain will be tested. Last, but certainly not least, the responsibility for the final result will rest with an organiza tion which is skilled in the art and which is proud of its goodwill and reputation. American Industry Works In LEHIGH SAFETY SHOES The ends of careful safety supervision will thus be satisfied. Bibliography "Clitun: Effect of I'roohinf and Annealing n Brt?Tl*-m-ss in La rare Chain Links,'' Li, G. (M'r.H.itM-dinjLry 1924, Yol. 24. an P-.ure *)5i. "Chain cable and some of its Physical jjoi ties." |>rotv<-.iinfrs A.S.T.M., 1920, Vo! um< C`, Cart 2 'ap;e >0, Heat Treatment of Wrought Lron Chain 'able," \V. W. Webster & 13. L. Patch-- *rnc<?fdinKS A.S.AU3., 1216, Volume 3s Pape 7 5H, `The Strength *.*i Chain Links." G-, A* Joodenough A L. 13. Moore- -Bulletin No. ?. Cniversity of ,Ubnot><, iSt-pt. 1907. Page The Causes of Caiiure of Wrought Iron Chains," K. J. Gntigh aud A. J. Murphy, Pept. of fekuentltic A*. Industrial Reseat eh, Naiomal Physical Laboratory. `Annealing Chains." Lectures on Mteel ami its Treatment. A F. Keller, Purdue Cniverslt" ".Service Annealing of Aiing and Crane I'hams." Wm. -I Merten. Transactions A.tf.F.T,, P.r>y, Volume XV, N*>. 2. Page 193, "i-A-ieotion, Care and (V*.- >.<f Chain." L. K, Frazier Woodlands motion. Canadian Pulp arm Paper An-moiation, Trunsaetions 1 932. "Effect* of Annealing on Chains.1' Engi neering- Section Research Reports 1927, 19US, 1929 and 1930, National Safety Coun cil. "Cse ami Care, of lloLstmtr Chains." Safe f'r:uitic-s pamphlet V'l. ^ National Surety I 'idinnl Your Safety campaign for 1934 should include Lehigh Safety Shoes for every worker. A NVh Driver Control System S a further step in its campaign to A prevent accidents, the United I'nreel Service, a consolidated delivery organization, aerving retail dry goods stores in eight Pacific t oast cities and in New Vnrk. has recently put a unique driver umtrol plan into efiect. After carefully studying the accident record of each one of its several hundred drivers, the entire personnel has been t iassitied and qualified as to driving ability and given a raring which is in dicated by the number of his uniform Write us for full information and samples. badge. i-or example, badge numbers between LEHIGH SAFETY SHOE CO., INC. 1 and 300 are issued onlv to drivers who 31-33 So. 7th Street Allentown, Penna. JANUARY. 1934 PROTECT The Safety YOUR SAFETY library RECORD! GUARD against accidents in your plant, a* re-employment in creases, by using Dayton Safety Lad ders. On the roomy platform of the Davton, protected by waist-high guard rail, the worker has no fear of tipping, sliding, or falling. Daytons reduce labor costs, outlast several ordinary ladders. Sizes 4 to 16 feet. Moderate ly priced. THE DAYTON SAFETY LADDER COMPANY 121-123 West Third St. Cincinnati, O. DAYTON Safety Ladder pciHpmn pjmpi! on Pacific Coast bv F f>. BulUrd : >.. Los Apqcti's rt'tfi Foincisnj. nci &v Hul iHit-r di'itrinirtncs trtim cnst to Mudc juttf it Triliiiti d tn C-hi.uU hv Percy Hcrm-int, Ltd.. ( ornfito. MARY M. WELLS Librarian N.S.C. further information regarding publications listed here can he obtained from the National Safety Council Library INDUSTRIAL HEALTH SERVICE 6'itsun. L, />.: Industrial Health Sfkv- tcr. PnhU\t?eu by Lra N i'wimi1 \\'\hont?jon fbtiuiiiphiu. Fa., P.H.C Price SJ.OO. {Bob) This hook or { fn pages is a splendid outline .if important facts and problems Concerning the health or the workei in industry. Di L. D, Bristol, who is health director for the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. deals with the problem from the 'tandpoint of the em ployer. the supervisor, and their relation to the worker. The hook is divided into three parts--the first oi which deals with a well-rounded indus trial program for management representatives, including personnel and medical directors. The iuntrol nf iuvupatinnal disease and aLoJent. tuberculosis, Communicable diseases, etc., ale discussed in a general manner, and the organi sation pcisormel ;md i elated activities ale de- >uibrd. Part fl de.ds with the problem from the o.iiKipomt or the Mtpemsin and points our rust how important tire attention of this uttinal to file various health problems w to the whole vf-up, Timic- uf die subjects treated m this portion of the wmk include Che Prevention or l.oids, ` ( "imnon Ailments." "Oral .md Dental Hygiene, Che thud pail ot this bonk handles the Sub ject from the -aanilpomt of adviCc n> the in dividual worker mi personal hygiene- This mater mI, f pioperlv used hv the industrial health ducetoi. i an he of gteat value. From this inafen.il a pmgram of mac ad veals' stand ing < an he developed---a ptogrjm which a ill prove r-;<,.tjr_dnmly valuable .is it is developed. For instance, dine is a short paragraph on advice to the worker on Selecting 'tour Physi cian." Then there is another on The Physical Invenioir then.- n Mill another on Diet " Ti'ese am only a few of fhe discussions Hi fins look which, i believe will prove an asset to fhe hhi'.nv ot anv worker intciested m industrial health, personnel problems, etc.---K IT Fnoir- N, BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS Accidents: meat Britain Home DfHcc, An illustrated vires ot abstracts fiom reports of mdustnal accidents. Vot, 1. PN3. To he puichased turn) H M `stationery Offue, Adastraf House, Kmgswav. 1 undon, W. C 2 Price i Pamphlet \ Construction Industry: Wisconsin industrial t ommission: General .ude-rs .m safetv in construction. FfFecrive July Tv fo>-,, Published by the Industrial C>mmis.smn. Madison, Wisconsin. Free. ( Pamphlet) Handling Materials: Handling material accidents--their cause and prevention. Published by the New Vork State Department of Laboi, SO Centre New York < try, nhs t Pamphlet) ('Bulletin No, !,si i Labor Laws and Legislation: If. S. Bureau or labor Statistics; Libor leges- Ltum 1931 and 1032- For sale hv the super intendent of Documents. Washington. D C Price In. (Pamphlet) (Bulletin No. son) Marble: Marble, limestone, ami granite. Published bv the Retail fired it Co., Atlanta. G.l, loss. (Pamphlet) i Industry Report) Mines and Mining: l - >. Bureau of xMines; haplosinn tests of Pittsburgh coal dust m the experimental mine ITD to |93_\ inclusive, By G, S Rice and others. For -ale hv the Superintendent of D* uamifuts, Washington, D, f Price h., i Pamphlet (Bulletin io9) C. A, Public Health Service; Mortality -d '.",d miners. By Dean K, Brundage, r-yG, i*>i sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington. D. C. Price V. t Pamphlet) (Public Health Bulletin No. MO) Silicosis: mIkoms. Published by Metropolitan Life Instil.line to, | Madison Ave- New Vork ` irv. Free. (Pamphlet) Workmen's Compensation: New 'lock State Workmens t ompensation law .md industrial bo.ttd rules, With amend ments additions .uni annotations to November I l'-*--.. Published by the Atari- Department ot labor do ( entre M,, New York City, Lee, < Pamphlet i PERIODICAL ARTICLES Canning Industry: Chiackenbusb, Y,, How Minnesota Villev .'ntrols .a.i-idents in its plants. In T'/v banner. December 2 loss, p.o. 14- Carbon Monoxide: <'atbon monovu.lt' in the boon.- .md garage. In 7 / >{,!. i, 2\!>ia,nu, December, nhy p. 221- Dermatitis: () Donovan. Dr. W, Dermatitis in leJuMrui U'V/Lre and Paunmei Manayenn'i, November, 5uJis p. i0-)A Electricity: Tlie use of immature voltages for portable iectneaf equipment, in International Lahom Dtfice. indii'f)/M Safety Surrey. pt.-Ocf. loss, p. t I 3.1 42. NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS Marine Industry: Tmld, Opt. David W.: Radio's part in maritime safety, in Marine Prngren, Novem ber, 1933, p. -1, 61. Mines and Mining: Campbell, A. D., Safety and health. Major considerations at the McIntyre. In Engineer ing and Mining journal. November. p. 492-496. Printing Industry: Bayrer, O. D,, A safety guide for rotary off set presses. In Traveler! Standard. December, i-.>33, p. 231-23 Psychology: Farmer, E., The psychological study of acci dent proneness. In Industrial Welfare and Personnel .Management. November, ios s. p. 16. Safety Movement: Auel, C B,, Safety in the modern program. Prevention of accidents may be accomplished through application of many types of guards. In Ahraure htdiotrv. December, [os', p. 8-9. Standards: Baldwin. C. fc,, Status of industrial safety cr-slcs and regulations* in the various States. In l' S. Bureau ut Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Re-Dew. November, loss, p. lUII-llw, If vou have a copy of the October. 1927. issue of the National Safety \eies which is no longer required, the Council can make good use of it. Please send it to Library. National Safely i onneii. 20 North VVackcr Drive. Chicago. Maine Industries Enroll in State Safety Contest EGINNING January l. 1934. and B continuing for six months, indus tries in the Mate of Maine will partici pate in a state-wide safety contest. The contest will he conducted under the auspices of the State Department of Labor and Industry. Each industry will have its own contest, provided sufficient entries are received, and an appropriate prize will he offered in each classifica tion, paid for out of a special conference fund. Plants having won prizes in national safety competitions will be en rolled in a special classification so that other less experienced organizations will not be discouraged. Preliminary plans for the Congress were discussed at the Sixth Annual Safety Conference field at the State Capitol during .November when considerable in terest was manifested in the imposing display of trophies won by Maine plants in the 1'aper industry Contest. Many of those in attendance expressed a wish that their plans might have some such stimulus for accident prevention work and the Department of Labor and In dustry consequently sponsored the con test. A HAPPY AND SAFE NEW YEAR From the MANUFACTURERS of SAF-T-TOP ANTISEPTIC APPLICATORS An Indemnity 5 ' -f-'-ftf) f Bond with Every Pair!iUnftf! 4"'Uftj~ _ ' ' T 2n*f"Orr4* &^oTo`- r SffQfS SAFETY SHOES of SU PERIOR QUALITY and GREATER PROTECTION AGAINST INJURY Guaranteed 10-toe Protection Safety engineers have thoroughly tested GARDTOES . . . Thousands who wear them praise GARDTOES and recommend them to fellow-workers . . . GARDTOE patents cover the most comprehensive injury-preventing teatures ever incorporated in safety shoes . . . An indemnity bond goes with every pair , . . For these and many other reasons SPECIFY GARDTOES! CHIPPEWA SHOE MANUFACTURING COMPANY Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin r no,.- distributors !>: BKS i & $ & irWiSly ' 4 < .i. *., *., E. D. Bullard *. c,\|.,5SanfifFy Avr 7Z"lT' ... <2 * <1?- -* Grand B!,d.. D,droit c. U. Bullard *, Co. li,MYalem-it Arr' silt i .T ' **'" Hflt<L`'gv . ,, "fT1 Ind'ulml .> , <m CfiMtnut st,, Philadrlntna, Pa, *?* rtnf Supply Co.. Brady Bid*.. Pittsb.irun, Pa. w. l , jl H, S. M^rt, Udlutlt- Minn, JANUARY. 193-1 f. tIWTfiE ;s,ifetif Short am <iesninni for iiautr in nuue.\, tfinirnrs. \htiiuai tfs, tntirlmtr -htins., til ills, i/iffoni's. .*/#*.- mhoor.s or niitiinnrs. Htnrk or Broton leathers - quodtoofnruj. tonq-wearinq, fotnioruihlr, S/ivetalhi 'iesiqtuai lasts insure unifier tit. Mi have >,( UMA 77C/7/I fu-lnh. PllOTFCTlOW CATALOG SENT ON REQUEST 58 With the Manufacturer Manufacturers are invited to send in announcements of new products, or improved special features. Only items which can be considered as `"news" to our readers will be published HOMESTEAD PRESENTS MODEL "D" HYPRESSURE JENNY From the standpoint of potential cost savincrs, the executives of mills, factories, plants, machine ami repair shops, etc., will he interested in the announcement of the Homestead Valve Manufacturing Com pany. Coraopolis, Pa., of new, iuilyautoniatic model of the Hyprcssiiie jenny, their highpowered machine for all-purpose cleaning, paint - stripping, or sterilizing. The improved and simplified unit is termed the Model "11," vator. The machine is also available in stationary types, for truck or floor mount ing. A N0N-P0IS0N0US FUMIGANT A new fumigating gas called Proxate has recently been brought on the market by the Liquid Carbonic Corporation of Chicago. This gas is more than twice as toxic to insect life than carbon bisulphide, contains no poisons and is nun-tiamniabie, the manufacturer states. Its high toxicity com bined with unusual safety features have a considerable economic value for any manu facturer who makes or stores food products since fumigation ran be carried on safely and efficiently without danger to those working near at hand. . The gas is odorless and colorless, can not damage merchandise coming in con tact with it and leaves tin taste or odor. It is delivered in steel cylinders and can be stored indefinitely. The Liquid Carbonic Corporation of Chicago, Illinois will make and sell Proxate through their branches in the United States and Canada. THE JAMES DECELEROMETER The James Brake Inspection Decclerotneter, developed by the American Instru ment Company, Inc., 774 Girard St.. Washington, D. C, is a standard device for testing automobile brakes. The iac celerometer test is made on the road, un der exact running conditions. NEW EMERGENCY CHAIN FOR TRUCKS The 1U34 Model Jenny follows the earlier models in its essential characteris tic,--the generation of a vapor blast. Com bining in any desired proportion the basic requisites for thorough cleaning: heat, pressure, and the proper cleaning solvent or solvents for the work to he done. In the engineering and operating details of the unit, however, diligent research and valuable field experience have brought many refinements. The new Model is electric-motor driven, operating on lighting current, and is ar ranged for instant starting from * push button switch. The fuel-oil burner used for heat generation is of the pressure atomizing type, as used for household heating purposes, Ignition is bv an auto matic electric -park. Throughout, the Model "D" Jenny is engineered for oneman operation, and is entirely automatic and self-contained; all necessary safety de vices for this type of operation being part of the design. The Model T V Hypresstire jenny has been made fully enclosed and compact, for maximum ease of handling. The portable tvpe, is only 3d" wide. 55" long, and 70" high, enabling it to pass through any ordi nary doorway. enter any ordinary ele A new emergency chain far pneumatic truck and bus tires, * nmbming unusual strength and ease of fastening securely, has just been announced by the Pyrene Manufacturing Company. Newark. X, J. The chain is all-steel with hardened twisted link cross chain and straight weld ed link chain for the side members. It may be fastened to spoke or ventilated disc wheels by simply placing the chain around the tire and hooking a link into the snap hook. This hook has no projections to catch on anything. It- ran be easily opened by hand but it cannot open when in mo tion. the manufacturer claims. It is recommended that three or four chain- he used oil each wheel---not as a substitute for regular tire chains hut for emergency use only. ' bte important feature of this instru ment is that anyone can make the tests in eurately and quickly, the manufacturer writes. The test is made by simply placing the Deceieromctcr on the floor of the car, leveling it with a quick-acting screw on the base, accelerating the car to any speed from 10 to 50 miles an hour and suddenly applying the brakes with full force. The indicator turns ,.u the dial, showing, at a glance, the exact condition of the brakes. Headings taken directly from the T'erelerometer at the time of the brake test show the number of feet required to stop the car from a speed of 20 miles per hour, regard less of how fast the car is actually travel ing at the time of the test. THE VOICE OK SAFETY" '.ramson Engineering Corporation, Lew \ ork City, manufacturers of Garrison Fire 1 'electing .Systems, have perfected a new electro-mechanical system tor the auto matic supervision ot the 'aruation of buildings in which fire emergencies exist. Kite Gartector is installed in conjunction with the Fire Detecting System and all of the necessary functions for sounding of local alarm signals, transmission of alarm to the fire department, and the supervision of the emptying of the building are in - lantlv and simultaneously performed, the manufacturer claims. The entire system operates without the. necessity of any manual effort nr human function, even to the giving of spoken in structions for the exit march, the desig- NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 59 natmp; of exits which may be safely used, and the broadcasting of a military march through the sound amplifiers, Trade Publications for your SAFETY EQUIPMENT LIBRARY Si I Information You Should Have All of these booklets contain many valuable tacts on controlling accidents and promoting efficiency. Industrial executives should avail themselves of this fund of information--because along frith "safe operation" goes its close friend "profitable operation." Check those you would like and mail the coupon right now! The fire department, refunding to the alarm, are told of the part of the building from which the signal originated by light ed lamps on the building plan annunciator on the outside of the budding. The Gartector selects the exits which lead away from the section of the building m which the alarm originated and indi cates these exits or stairways by green `exit'* signs. The exit signs in the involved portion of the building are changed to show "stop" in ted letters. This avoids dangerous delays and co-ordinates with the outside instructions to the arriving hremen and avoids their entering through the same doors used by outgoing occu pants. In connection with the amplifiers and sound apparatus, an interesting feature is a microphone panel by means of which any general announcement can he made uver the loud speakers aside from fire emer gency announcements. tStatements published on this page ure"| based on the el aims of the manufiir-. j turer. While the National Safety News | cannot guarantee these statements, they I are believed to be accurate. J Mews Items CUl/KT OK APPEALS UPHOLDS PULMOSAN PATENT The 1-lined Stales Circuit Court 'd Appeals lias athrmed tile decree of the Sower courts tn upholding the I'ulmosan Safety Equipment Corporation's patent For a respirator of the metal muzzle and mnt-inriated rubber cushion type. The Court has found the Pulmosan patent to be valid agamst a strenuous de fense in which there were set up a number of prior patents, American and foreign. The Court has also held that all of the three designs o respirator, which the de fendant in the ease adopted, are within the scope of, and therefore infringe on, the Pulmosan patent. The Court's opinion .aid; "Each of the devices made and sold embodies the operative principle and struc tural organization of the patent." JANUARY, 1934 I. Viking Automatic Dispenser. Folder describes Viking individual waxed paper drinking cups and sanitary dis penser. Boston Drinking Cup Company. 7. Hypressure Jenny. Well mustcahMj folder describes the new Model D port able pressure cleaner for every kind of in dustrial cleaning job. Homestead Valve Manufacturing Company. 2. Safety Belt Fasteners. to-orma. non on safety fasteners for power trans mission beJfs, which have been designed to get away from the danger of projecting wires and loose lace ends. W. O. & M. W. Talcott, Inc. 3. New Blast Room improvements. Circular describes abrasive separator, self-sealing blast room doors, air-fed safety helmet and steel abrasives. Pangborn Cor poration. 4. Electric Floor Machine. {-ircHjar describes machine that retmish.es, sand papers, waxes, polishes, scrubs, and cleans. Interchangeable attachments are provided so that machine is adaptable for every sort of floor work on every type of floor. Tha Fay Company. 5. Health Guard Mask. FoIder on new Ceaco No. 601 sand blast mask for use wherever harmful dusts are encountered. Details of laboratory tests on this mask are also given. Chicago Bye Shield Company. 8. American Air Filters in Industry. 26-page bulletin devoted to industrial dust problems, covering such subjects as filtered air in atmospheric dust control, for industrial air conditioning, industrial venti lation, drying operations, product finishing, and many other operations. American Air Filter Company, Inc. 9. Electrical Live Line Equipment. New inserts for Tips' catalog No. 6 on maintenai.ee, grounding and tap off clamps. Also new price list sheets. Tips Tool Com pany, Inc. 10. "Klein-Kord." Small Pttmphiet describes a new material for Linemen's Safety Straps, Mathias Klein oE Sons. 11. Protective Signal System. Wetl illustrated catalog on signalling equip ment for Watchman's Supervisory, Sprink ling Supervisory and Manual Fire Alarm Systems. An ideal watchman system for in dustry. American District Telegraph Com pany. 6. Willson Personal Protective Products for Industry. CataloR No. 2V, illustrates full line of goggles, hel mets, masks and respirators. Willson Products, Inc. 12. 'Tabloid* First Aid. A p^. size book giving many valuable hints on treatment of all kinds of accidents, also facts on first aid equipment. Burroughs , Wellcome Be Co. (U.S.A.) Inc. NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS 20 North Wacker Drive Chicago, III. JiitiUiirv. 1U3 4 Please have sunl to n* tit*- jollownut publications, numbersi Nhuui*... Title. , . . Company. Address.. PREVENT SLIPPING ACCIDENTS on Stairs and Other Walkways HONOR llUIX Details ot no-aeeident m unis in excess of 400,000 man-hours, or 200 working days, are invited tor this department Look For The DIAMOND Feralun Bronzalun Aiuinalun Nicaiun Abrasive Metal Treads For New and Worn Steps # Durability Proven in Severest Service Originators and Developers for 22 Years Illustrated Leaflets and Samples on Request American Abrasive Metals Co. Irvington, New Jersey SW] , / Vs.. ' yj PYROII ( Sunf>h/ CUhl to Ih'tfitlu 7 OR ) \ \ 'v Reduces FIRE HAZARDStftifui hie I'rr- " 1 l-YilttU. l*F- , i rut r: " isr iM.iii r<<it*s`e> rin i*n.i i`'< ii.rnihut . .mu heHnr,- Uni ."-iipui. t >r Trial i. U Uftrr, |tn|'.>it,or farts ii'.i piii.it Maoouclurrrt, Palrttlpil, Ctuantnlepd by pyroil Company, W. V. Klrfrinr, Pm., ta- Fdllrltft Avr , S, aCrow, Wtur. 0 'j A eDYUOIW * MC tJ S. PAT OFF. ii Fyroil Company. 2Hi tnFn|l<stte Avo., LaCros'ti' Wise., U. S. A. Wtrl,,.,,t ,4,UuJUi.i Ml fvt-11.ll .1 I't-ptO'.- -,\t KTV \.MI l-ll'T' |'t 1 ;N> 'V 1 `At r i ht-.i rt ,ti I.,.. 11. `'rial l>< tli<T, A... Canadian Bank Note Co., Ltd. >ma* August 2 A 1950, no disabling accident has uisuired m the plant or the Canadian Bank Note Company, Limited, Ottawa, Out, On November su, JW, the number of acudentfn-r ni.tn-iuuus leached u total ot 2,7)6,151. The number <(' employees lias been between 500 and oou, I bis is believed to be the best retmd achieved in tin* province ot Ontario since the passage of the Workmens Compen sation Act in 1915. The three essentials stressed in tile safety progiam are; \ L) inspectiun by v-orkmen s committees, id) Education by means of bulletins and posters, i ;>) Safety talks to employees. P Wood, vice-president 1 ot the company, ts president of the Industrial Accident Prevention Associations of Ontario. Continental Steel Corp. The Gate Plant of the Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, ind., recently completed a pei tod ot 2,059 days without a disabling injury, from Febtu.tiv 29. HDH to September si), L 9 G. The cxposuie totaled -i C^,486 man-hours tor a gioup which averages .>5 employees. Philadelphia Company' V'cral creditable ici.-mU are reported bv tiie affiliated companies of the Philadelphia Com pany. Pittsburgh, Pa. Some of the more recent periods nf operation without disabling mm lies are: Duquesur Light (< . entire company, March jo, to Mav losy au -jus man-horns, Uuquesne Light C<. Power Stations Dept., hfbru.ov 15 to luiv H. 53DD9 man-hours, i Prom December 2, 19MJ to December 16. IvSK this department npetated l, `".LOvl nnm-houis suthout a disabling miury), l Aujursm* Light C., Distribution Dept,, Tune o, 1`H', ti fimuarv Is 1955, hJ","?'' fu.ui-iinuis. k L'liquesiu- 1 ight i <,, Sub-stations and Shops I Dept., February la to (Jcrohei 19 H>5 5r ton j lum-liouis. Allegheny ` mmtv steam Heating Ox. No- \"iihei o, ttl2 n, .>eptfinber S'-', HD5, - v v l no man-houis. S'ittshmgh K.uKvays i o,, rrampoitatum Dept.. I til v G to I irrnbei 2o. HHs, man-hour.s, Ihttsbmgh Hriilwavs i o., Simps Dept., no .undent sm<e julv l 19s'7 i,u j<) man-hums <.r !'\uv:inhei I, tvM v HquitahJe <Ls Co., entne company, no .us i- deiit since Ltnuaiv .!<i. in-.-. s* 'j.Oj man-hours as ot Noif-mbei' !, 195 s, i turntable Gas Co., Meter .shops, no :.< Dent | since March 2-L 19.16, o2'~v.it man-hours j or !'v member i, 1955, 1 i'ttshingh West Viuiima Gas Co, Dm- . .dun b . no .undent since October I", HHt): ss-i '-t'* iii.m-hmirs as of November l. 19ss h.uuiUbh* Auto to, April t'\ loM to ,\t.iv Hi Hm3 iKS, jo man-hours Universal Gypsum & Lime Co. < hi iJrivnihcT die f'lmeis.d Cnpsum A; ; f.uiu' `''ouipanv it Akron, ^ V, ccimpleted i l.s'" (>dr<Ml.ii- days ,f ..poiatrnn without a i iisaidme muov M.m-iioms totaled 6ho aju, j (PaL Jan. 21, 19191 C/AIAMOND Disc Respirators are uni versally popular because they are handy, efficient, and comfortable. Men will wear them because of these features. A large filtering area is provided in the Diamond Disc pocket arrangement where sponge is inserted for filtration purposes. Valve action produced by pressure at ex halation makes respiration easy. Leading industrial plants use the Diamond Disc. Manufactured by The Hygeia Respirator Co. 108 Bait 94th St. New York City Sold by Alt Safety Supply Houses The Spencer Central Vacuum Cleaning System protects employees by removing in jurious dirt and dust ac irs source. It also saves in the cost of cleaning, in reclamation of valuable materials and in keeping the finished product dean. Cleans .my surface and is inexpen sive, practical and dependable. Let Us Send You The Bulletin THE SPENCER TURBINE CO, Hartford, Conn. ___ CPENCFP CENTRAL CLEANING SYSTEM !,S NATIONAL SAFKTY f \\ > INDEX TO ADVERTISERS American Abrasive Metals Co.......... . 60 American Optical Co. ......... .. & Bay Company. The ........---- - * - 49 Bernhard, Robert A........................... 57 Save Time and Money In Handling Boiler Plate IT'S expensee to handle lim'ler plate with old - taihinned rliains or hooks, which have a tendency to .-lip, causing accidents. The use of X,o (:r Slip Safety Clamps will reduce the-e expense-, because these clamps do not -lip. Two ..lamps and chains will do the work of four bent hooks and chains, and do it without harming the plate. F - en at an angle, Xo er Slip Clamps will hold work without slipping. Made in two -t'de- tor lifting plates honmntallv and vertically. Write for details Never Slip Safety Clamp Co. P. O, Bax 44B Grand Central Annex, New York City Chicago Eye Shield Co. ........... - 52 Chippewa Shoe Mg. Co. ......................57 Cover, H. S................................................51 Davis Emergency Equipment Co., Inc.. 5 Dayton Safety Ladder Co......... ............ 56 Ellwood Safety Appliance Co, General Abrasive Co............. Harrington & King Perforating Co.... .54 Hygeia Respirator Co. ...........................60 Hynson, Westcott & Dunning, Inc. ... .37 Inland Steel Co............ ......................... * - International Shoe Co. ,. ............ 53 Johnson Ladder Shoe Co. .......... 61 Justrite Manufacturing Co.................50 Klein & Sons, Mathias ................48 Lehigh Safety Shoe Co. ............. ..55 Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co. ........ 6 Lima Cord Sole & Heel Co. ....... . .51 Mine Safety Appliances Co.............. ... 35 National Safety Council .....................Inside Front Cover Never Slip Safety Clamp Co.......... ... .61 But Plastic Fut-Sure is cheaper in the long run. It ends the menace of slippery walking surfaces--floors, stairs, thresh olds, ramps, and runways. Applied like a concrete dress ing to any surface, new or old, this remarkable material is waterproof, oil-proof and slipproof. Economical, easily cleaned, un affected by ordinary acids. In vestigate. GENERAL ABRASIVE CO. r Cotta. Ay. Niagara Falls, N. Y. Hz i / PLASTIC FUT-SURE FOR SAFER WALKING SURFACES No Matter What Your Business is -- you use Ladders, you need these Johnson Ladder Shoes for vour PROTECTION Thousands satisfied users everywhere. Shiosedsdlforsr S,t)MajKr tht >1.5C0rt Send a Trial Order! Ilte id rffivu--d not ..Unified. welt rpfwrit our moni'v'. Sh([*i.#r*v for step4 lad- ,5EU|VC Johnson Ladder Shoe Co. F.iu Claire, VCis, JANUARY, ku Procter & Gamble Co. ........... .. 39 SUCCESS SAFETYPultnosan Safetv Equipment Corp. .............. inside Back Cover Pyroil Co, ............................................. ,60 Reece Wooden Sole Shoe Co............ 61 E Safety Equipment Service Co,...................... Back Cover 1 Shepherd Safetv Shoe Corp.............. ...50 \ Speticei Turbine Co. . . OU Taylor-Shantz Co, ... ....... , , , .53 Willson Products, Inc............................. i Fire Oases Analyzed Stork SOU -iUtialotj So, i npHF: gases piuduced hv hies m mu most ; ;<>inmon combustible Mibshirues have been i ihiected to detail'd analysis recently by ,i group "f huentists, Highlv toxic puses have t been found in considerable quantities in a vide , "nnety of c-verydav nres The wntists con clude that much id the loss of hfe m nres lesults from this . .mse 'athcr than from the fiimes diicL'tlv. {'he u-purt or thcii mvesmra- Lons is published under tin* title druses fmn; the Theimil Decomposition of Common Com- busttble MatenaL ' m the June, Ivis, ix:,iu- of , huhotrnd .vui Ent'/m'i iiiie t | Those wiling reprints .f tins article mav ` -ecure them hv writing to the authors. Dot, [ lohn C. Disco, dean of the Department >f , > .hemicai Engineering. The Polefechmc Insti- j ride of Brooklyn. Brooklyn, N V , ( n-..UF` f F Ferguson, chief rhcmisf R rene Mann- i tarturmg Company. Newark, \ \. Vieress is not att ari'iih'ut; it (toes to tlip man Itn does his job n littlr* better Until tin* oilier fellow." Hut tlie iu.nl |o xui'pfsx is -iin n cut uif Lx en ;u'en)i*nt; ;in erenli-ut Unit multi Lave been prevented. When imvinu hint protectors -Mis tun buy the best shoe toe llte Mils -a MIOK tlmt provides .-om/defe foot (irotertuut'* rite ukicck nait.ty csraostr hu-'." MIOI-; is fust sin'll it iiog, t areiul tests C the S.U f' ID STHONfi Tl>K*' have jti-c\-n tlmt it si'll ss Oistmni iinnuims .iuiek ami is nou-ibpmnuhb* and ln;it team, water, oil and f*asnline |t*ri|. The tMsHFW'.V HOrdsl'.lt WMUDI-.N '``ILK prevents burns, cuts, blisters and bruises mul has been found tn outwear other types of fuo(wenr that deteriorate 'ap'dlv under Cmilnr rnudttrnns, \\'ritr for .surrt/f/e.v lo/foii (or o nmmnrttui tririi. REECE WOODEN SOLE SHOE CO.. INC. Columbus, Nebraska 62 The Buyers9 Service All linns listed below are advertisers in i his issue--See Advertisers* index Page 61 x -Accident Prevention Servlet* Aatxiruii ijnft'iy Council Auemometeri; 111-'1 is.`tv A[rt>ll.l!!C.*- *' Aprons l.'am ErticrMM*y Equipment i 'rt.. Inc. -Sline Safety Appliance* i> Pulmf/saij Safety Equipment f Mrp. >' tipt> Equipijimu `vry|i-<- `Arm Protectors Dam Emergency Equipment - o,, Inc Mine Safety Appliance* w llitroasan. .Safety Equipment Safety Equipment .--.men i o Arresters, Dust n Badges ami Buttons Mine safety Appliance* t'o Belts--Linemen's Davit Emcr-gnncy EquiptUatir Co , ittc, Malitjus Klein -ft rum* Mine Safety Appliances t-i 5*uljnsan Safety Equipment Corp. Belts--Safety Day)? KuHTgwi<`y Equipment Inc, Mathias Klein <W .Sun Yfin Safety Appliance* C* Dnlmossn Safety Equipment *urp. Equipment <'>' BettH--Tree Trimmer? Mine Stfelv Appliance * o Belts- -Window iTeiuitM-s Mine "Jt'-'ty ApplLrio- ` > Hlinkltoords it 111 ii ket*--F i re p ro o i l laris Kiuergetiry Kquiptiu'M Mine Safety Appliance* (A {*i11mo#ati .'iurfv Kernpmi'Ht >rp. safi'tv I'.quiimMHU -'(yit'o ' Blow ers Blow Tort'hfN Manila; ki.aii a Sm Hrtiki'.s-- y'htrT', i 'ovr Bucket*-- Hotsttny Bulletin Boards i invis Kimumutoy Hqu [piirent `' , Die, Mine Safety Appliance*! CM. JAilmoaati Safety Equipment Aaffitv Equipment So, eko *'<, r c ur Blockers SuOtv Equipment Service Co < or Blockers--Mine Mine safety Appliance* tin. Car Movers -Hafety Equipment Service i.'o, Car Step Trends--tfaJety American Ahraslv* Metals Co. Dam Etnorgoncv Equipment *'<>, Inc. inland Steel to. . arhoy inclinators ,'iafivt.y Equipment Scroop co, ( nrbon Monoxide De tectors, indicators and Kccortlers Mine safety Appliance* t o chain--Factory 4 bairn--Safety Boatswain Mine safely Appliances Co. C hip and Spark Guards Dam Emergency Equipment V, Inc, Chicago kvo Shield Cc, Safety Equipment A-t vie* Co. Clamps nnd Sockets .Vtnw Sup Safety Clamp t.u leaning Compounds Cleaning Systems >-pmu-er i'nrbMe Cn i iothlng for Imluatrint Workers--Se* Aprons, Tips, `jlnvf-i*, Hand <Leathers, Eeutfinrs, 'vet-alls, shoes, lofhiug-- We,!therproot i mvk *.mi'nwurv i-qiiinnici't 1 , Die. Mine safety Appllunrrw iv>, Safety Equipment service 'o 4 oUcefors-L lust tispidors--s.Hiiitart Caper n Disinfectants nnd Deodorants Drinking Fountains Dust i nnlrol systems K i'levntor Safety Devices Davis Emergency Equipment rn., iue. SafetyFlooring Materials-- Aiucricuu Aiirasitc Metal*, i',.> iulnntl Sie| t'r Ceneral Abrasive Co Fmbienis Mine Satiny AptHUflee* C.i Similes--NT.uib reakable Chicago Eve shield ro Haris Emergency Equipment Co., Inc. Mina safety Appliance* Co. Safety Equipment Service Co Wills'll i'rn-iucts. Iit<' Fxpnnded Metni Flywheel Guards DflVK Hiuergetu-y equipment Co., Inc. Hnrrmgton & King i'crforitu:. toot Guards Dans EiiU`rgtfm- EquipUltflU , o,, Inc. Edwood dafftty Appliances wo. Mine Safety Appliance? .jUVty Equipment SttU1*' Footwen r-- ht u b b e r Mine 'sfety ApptlancG 1 ? Huts--Safety nnvH Eimraencv Eqnttimcnt Cn , illf Minn Gaiety Anpiiuuro* C" Helmets American optical c-w hlcqgo l.y" Ahtqld (jo. Ham Kuuii'iwicv Kquiptneni Co. inn, VUn* >f*tv AppllancRH 4,i. f'litmosua Hgfetv Equipment > Crp. Safety Equtpraont service Co. VViUsoa i'rodueta. ic flocks--Linemen's Belt lUvis Emergency i.uuiiiritcnt (. u.. Inc. ,Mln* Safety Appliances t'o, Safety Equipment servica Cu. Fifiloslve ronininers Dayts Emergency Equipment <`o,, Inc, instriw Mftf. Cq. VI Inn Safoty Appllaneea i\> Safety Equipment sryicq i n F Fans--Kxhaust fTaiiKliorn rnrp Films or Slides for Kent nnd Sole. Aatfona) Safety * ounctl Plnmer I'roteetors Hhicago Eje Shield r(> Dart* Kmi"n?cncy Equipment to.. Inc, Mina Safety Appliance* O' LtfHv Equipment service Cn Fire Alarms Mine Safety Appliances Co, Fire lleteerors Fire LxtinsulHhers Mine Siifery Appliances t iMImfitan Safety rUjuipment *i 'nrp. Fireproof Clothlupf ! 'm> u; , i'.imriccri?<?ticy KqiHpnient Mine J-iirntv Apptunrisi i.'o C.pilpme: i s,>!?:<: < First Vid Hquipmcut Vpe Itjiv Civ I'avu Emi'igcuf-v fqiiipmem fto(,prt A Mernlurj iU-nmn- tVcslcott tt Duiuiunt Stlrn? Safety ippilanre* Cn i*iilmr.au .sMi'tv E<]<i|pu)iriu 1 '<>nx ".if.'D I ijnffiiupiit >*-:yu-e *o First Vill to illness Floor .Machines ihiafrs--* 'Anjrer ''.p'rOV EqillptUlHlt - {'('' ' '> Flnmmnhle \ apor indicators M*m Kmerpwiov Eqimcneni , Inc. Mir.? Appiunce- < ` :-,tfnfv Equipment Sr?w 1Fust? Fullers Mm* Mjtetv Appliance; ` - G Gun Detectors Davit F.ioiTgeui v t.qtiipmeiu 4V., tnc Mine Safetv Apphamis i " Germicides Germicide--i.Mlttim? * >tl t;las'--N'-.ii-shaUerable cHcrku Ey -snield Vo |.lt>|jpy>Ow?n*'Far i DlaSi wo Minn gaiety AppLIance* i n P'Hmnsan Safety Equipment Corp. irgrets Kquipcnent service '. v\itisrt TraducG. mu, {.loves and Mittens t yi fjhteiu t.o Davis EiuiTyncy Equiiituem > *, . istc Mine - *fv Appllaiviv. ' < t'limosan !*afqty Equtpiu W'lrp. b.ifntv Equtptnant Semen t .> Goggles American optical Co. '.xdnago Eve Shield Cti. j*avu Einergeiicy ivjuiimiem Co., iuc. Mine -afetv Appliance** C Enftnrvati ^afl^tv Equipment ` orp, Asfniy Hqmpment Mervico * ''-`ill* n i'rndurts. Inc ihinitN, Sirens, Honisami other signaling device*? Mine h'.'o Appllancas C- Gunriis--'.-tt fet v* D>r'a EiniT^ncy Equipmeii.: 1 tnc Hirnrirt.Mi a. King iVrmratm; - *i<- v C-vuptnent Vu- * H Hand i ream l Dvu t -iJ-, ^v l q ;i j.c * r`f*4 I nr Mine -jfetv Appiiirtre-- Hand I.enthers Mme Af-'n it'PlhM" 1 l''ilmr'san i-aMv Equipment t.fj. M'Vu Kijunitneiit -''m- e , , Hooks--ivifety Hoisting \rt*f Slip sifoty Clamp wo. Hosiiitni Equipment Davis Emergency Equipment w'Q., ine. Mine .w*fety AppUaiicM `-u. Safety Equipment Seryk* Co i iuhniators Dam Emergency Equipment l'n , fnc. Mine -afety Appliance# E., insurance .1 Jointer Guurds Davm Emergency i-qLiipmetit ' o- inc. satety Equipment service < o h Ladders--;*-uety Dayton ^^fMy Ladder Co. Mine Mietv Appiiaiiu** i. f.adder .Shoes Davis Knmncenoy Equjpm*m i'O 14-ILTloimjfiq EfliUjpr Slice i'o. Mine Ssfty Appliances . -rtl'i'tv- Equipment -Mr.i.r i l.iiiui* Hangers Lamp Locks Mine .-[iisv Anptlance v. - Equipment ^rvtrB Lamps--v.i r f*ry Davis Enu'rci'fti'v i-.qui imu'ut ' >,, In-' Lanterns--- Vi f tithe Luterns - -Klcct rtc Mn* M'tv .appuatir** i'i LcKKinRS 1V? I iii*rgwi ICj.UlHIwm ' . lac. Mim- .u*o Appliance? i'- `um"ua sjtwv Equipment ,irsi. '.pi'H i 1'iipment .v.'i ,-icb <o \rA I IO\ U, SAFETY YEWS Lighting--Emergency Nuhtmul f'nrMde Hull* Eu, IdneracnVi Protector* Dam F.merecticy Equipment `'i, Inc. Mtiu- Safety Appilonro* i <v Pulmojah safety Equipment `*..rp, __ Safety Fqutpraout Service ('< Linemen'* Tool Burn Davis Emergency Kqulptnwif Co., Inc. Ssfetv Equipment service i < l.tiokerH ami Hangers 'r clothing Biit Urlention I'ynnl i n Liibrlention systems >1 flasks Chicago Eve Shield Co Haris Kmerfcm-y Equipment v*., iuc, Mine -Safety Anpllamm* i' Pulmosan Safeir Equipment f.Vp, glifk'ty Equipment Service >. Willson Prndueti, Inc. Mask*--Navy Type Mine sinfftty Appliances < > WlUaetx Product*, U-c. Slats--Standing, Sai'etv Davf? Emergency Equlnmem Oil Cons Jimriti' Mfp. ` 0. Mine .-iilen Appliance* C I'niU'ctoical Company Safety Equipment **r?lc *'. Oxygen Breathing Apparatus Pavla KuiurKuiicy hquitmiout t'n,, fnc. Mina Safev Appliances L P Pads--Knee Minn haiety Appliances i` Sufctv Equipment service cn Pnlnt Remover Perforated Metal Harrington a- King Perforating Hnvis Emergency liqulptneut Co-, ine. HygeU Respirator Co. .Mine Safety Appliances Co f'ulmnjaii Safety Equipment Safeiv Equipment Service '"o Wiitscij Products, iuc. Resuscitation Equipment Davis Emergency Equipment Co,, Inc. Mine Safotv Appliance* Ho. Iloek Dusters Mine Safety Appliance* ho. Rope--Wire Pneumonia Tents Mme Miioty Annuancss r.n Poster Service Power Press Guards `hlcago Eye Shield Co. 1'RVl* Kmonconey Equipment Co., Inc. 'fwlor-Wiiiiit* Co Wlasnun Mf*. Co. Friw Awards Mine Safotr Appliances Co, Pyrotannle Detector Mine Safety Appliances Co H Halt Clamps Respirators American optical Co. Ciueago Kyi* Shield Cm H. . Cover S jjaw--Safety Davis Emergency Equipment i 'u., Inc. Mine Safety Appliances *. Satv Guards Safety Equipment Service Co $ca (folding Scrubbing Machines-- Electric shaper Guards Shoe soles--Non-Slip Uavis KmervioMcy Equipment Co., Inc. Umri Ooru sole Or Heel O'. Shoes--Factory and Foundry Chippewa Slme Mfg, Oo. Davis Emeraeacy Equipment >., Inc. International Shoe Co. S Hiigii .Safety Suoe j <> Mine Safety Appliance* Do Reece Wooaon s<>lo shoe Hu. Safety Equipment Service Co Shepherd Safety slm* Dorp Shoes--`Wooden Sole Keec* Wooden sole Shoe c.i sign* Mine Safety Appliances Cn -efety Equipment service i Sirens ami Signal* Slides---l/an tern--AU.i Films nr Slides Slings--suetv Wire Hone Soon `'lie* I'Mif-ter * ',Jltillh* < II Sterilizing Equipment Strnps--Safety Mathias Kldu & Sous surgical Dressings The Day ' l tarts i;i!i<rii{t`iu'\ I'.aiinmi^iu ''o,, Iuc. Ulna SHtety Appliance* i ,> T Tools--Linemen's Davl* Hlni'rgcltcv KqtiipHiet:! Da,, Inc Mathias Klein A Sons Tools--Non-sparking `'nimojau Safety Equipment Dorp. Towel Cabinets--Paper Trallic Markers :-*f*?ty Equipment Service Co, Treads--safety mterican Abrasive Metals <`o Darts Emergency Equipment ('o , Inc, falamt steer i T res t!es--S*t fet y Extension Trophies V Vending' Machines- ~ Sanitary Ventilating liqnipmeut w Washroom Equipment-- Industrial U ushers--Man-tv fur grinding Wheels Waste fans Pavia Emergency Equipment ko,, Inc, Justritft ,Mfg. no. .Min* Hskf^ty ApplUn.'m} i.'o, Dnimcsan Saf*t.v Equipment !'orp. 'jafetv Equipment sprTice in Water Coolers Welding Rquipmcut Window' Cleaner Wrenches--Hopper c-nr safefv EqtdpniQtu i^cr-vtoo i.o. INDUSTRIAL SAFETY MARKET A Sa service to our readers, we endeavor to maintain a complete * ' list of the source of supply of all types of safety and allied equipment. If you do not find what you want in the advertising pages, send in the coupon below, and we will have forwarded to you without charge, or obligation, detailed information and catalogs on mate . rial to meet your requirements. . National Safety News, 20 N. Wacicer Drive, Chicago Please Have forwarded to me from various manufacturers, without charge, prices, catalogs, etc., on the following material: Specifications: (Be specific as to size, capacity, quantity, etc., when prices are wanted.) Company . .Address , . 'Your Name JANUARY, 1934 64 Tiie Accident Barometer .4 Monthly Review of Significant Trends in the Accident Situation Prepared by the Statistical Bureau, National Safety Council Occupational deaths reported to In dustrial Commissions in lo states num bered 465 in November, a drop of 9 per cent from the October total for these states of .514. The decrease was not shared alike by all states, however, California recording a drop of almost half and Pennsylvania showing a reduc tion of about one - fourth, while New York had an increase of 14 per cent and New jersey one of 50 per cent. The eleven months' total for 15 states is 5.10k, or II per cent below the similar total of 5,864 for last year. X. i \ ms 3 - .tiiroruiH Illinois - India mi K**ntufkv .. Maine* Maivlanri MassH' tlU-srf is * in l *1 f Michigan Min nt'Kota 513 Missouri \v JVrsHV T ! : NdU York 122 ` Milo .. , . *!V * vnmtvl ya nia n 4 r.-,s,iY - .... \ irirjma 11 Wisconsin 51 \m in 4? m* 1 : i4 l" ", ^ Cl 1 ti i 2> "* First 11 .Months mv_ 04 2 ,V.hj SO IH i uj *; ti 14 S 142 fit; 1:12 Mt o;i 1 22 Ida U3 .... J2 Hid ;H>;i Mil 142 02 L't a IS**; V9* L* f, 144 1d t lot >d it 0 1 :> `$h id JO i i 07 t`t> tnv \ ,* NV.te; This 'a hi- -he b-u heaths \\e`t'r- r^por-lKii tu In dust rial c `nmmisnions, not \vh**n acM-Hic'd ts `liOU rred Sf ate lotais ,r- not dircrtlv . oflltl.CITiibl- till'-* f" cilflhT- ill taws i'ottt pt motion a., ,uii , w A > to York during the first ?iv months of 1933 amounted to $1.1,595.744. a decrease of ICt per cent from the total oi awards for the first half nt 164,1 t a*-- closed declined a little more rapidly, the change amounting to Iz.s per tent. 1'he aver age compensation per rase was .$436 in 133 nimpared with 5554 m 1642. The '(instruction industry -rands ran with the highest compensation cents, averag ing .-484 per case :n UK,' and 5564 in I'll!, Motor -/c deaths in October rose 17 per cent from September. -:tccurding to reports from oties and states with n 5.000.000 population. Furthermore, the October total is estimated to be eon- siderabiv above October, (052, and fully as high its October, MU. The ten months' estimated total is slightly above the tot,al lor the -ante month- last war. During the first five months of the year deaths in 1933 were fewer than in 1932, but since that time the 1933 record has been getting progressively worse. In the following ten cities there was the same number of deaths in November as in October, but as there is usually a de crease in November this may be taken as an unfavorable record. i Nl' No vc-m her It Months c Vnt )\va:\ i&a2 1933 1032 Change hnitimoro .15 !2 U2 124 0,7 Buffalo .. ...... n 'jovokinct . , 27 12 r>. s7 t 5.7 ``2 174 IKl -- A 0 I>`troit .......... ..L.26 Minnea polls , . Z X.-.y !. cr t<*a i >,s !1 New York , . ...... 97 rift10 260 2&0 r ti.4 7 hi T 1 3.1 4 w; 55 t- 2ci o [lf 2 30 ll25 i.4 y-x. Louis ......... ~..!7 1*5 l32 MS - 7.7 San Francisco .... 7 Washing ton 7 rift" m f 19 - *5.7 i it 115 --4*1,0 Totals . , 222 2Ly JOSO SOU I -- l.fi t 'ommmial vehicle accidents continu ed to increase in October, advancing 1 per cent from September to a rate of 2.31 accidents per 100,000 vehicle - miles. This is the average for 36,000 vehicles entered in the National Fleet Safety t untest. Last year the October average was 5.39 for a similar but smaller group of fleets. Thus, although the rate ap pears to lie advancing steadily this year it is still better than last year. The following table gives the October and (he cumulated rates for the Contest. 1 [itifi-.i-itv bus Mt'c-fs 0 fid >t1s* Mfk, plants o Sy IVlSst'iiMt'l' <MJR l.til t ufor-oit v Irut'kiun 7.21 f 'll 111 l<- utilities Lcl 1 vli'iilcuin 2 74 tLtv.ca.PR .! ,fi f'ninns .......... . -.............. ... 7,:il U-t'U'.s ; :\\ fv'^WSnojn'riJ . . J.'.U 'U\ triu'kui^- ..... ,, .:?i f `S fs,s5 ' 'ifv hus 'ipf-ratnms 4.27 " '.i;, I |U| i Cjtnf uhits "to 0,20 * i *; .Julv-i H. o,N`) 1.33 M'J \M 2,24 7,22 -i.f.d 2 SO ,T"?1 .Mi l 67 1t4 f. n >i i ii Orrupationai mimics declined slightly in (Jctober among the 1 086 plants en gaged in the inter-plant contests of IT - ommimity rafety councils, the frequency rate being 12.67, compared with the Sep tember rate uf 13,56, However, as fre quently happens, the severity rate went in the opposite direction, rising to 1,06 ' nmpared with 0.65 for (September. The two rates taken together present a simi lar but ,-nmewhat better picture than the August rates. Last year the f letober rates were both lower; frequency, 10.87; severity, 0.92. Accidental deaths oi all types totaled IK per cent more in October than in September among the 42 cities sending detailed reports for both months to the National Safety Council, This increase is much greater than was expected. Usually a September - October increase amounts to no more than 1 per cent. In the reporting cities occupational deaths declined 9 per cent, while home deaths advanced 14 per cent, motor vehicle deaths, 18 per cent, and other public fatalities 29 per cent. November may see still further increases in accidental deaths, if the experience of the following 10 large cities is general. They recorded an advance of 3 per rent from October. ItU (! i* in ' M-vc'land 'oiumtuiH I nti rcu' f ,nijtsvUlr iWwai'k Nt-av York* llorhpsf r ~f t.CHIUS T.-.iedo ..... - 5 icr-n- Motur pHtion - \ it Pur I'ntal al Homo hide 72 2 O E l ", 4 l [3 2? 11 to J *5 l ? t in 22 lift 5 l 2 >, i 2 t *. ", 2d i 2`, i 11 102 13 t 11 i: \ n0 n Total r.ftji 33 )n4 212 12R M I >ea l ns HiiclnswifitMi fur Wvv Yui'Ic cMtv, iturirnt accidents in October were 17 per rent higher than in September, reaching a rate of 13.R accidents per 100.000 student-days. Also, the October rate is well above the October 1932 rate of 12,9. Resulting absence front school averaged 2,9 days per accident, which i- fully as high as in previous years. Ijinking ahead ,., January may bring a ..fight reduction in fatal accidents uf all types, blit the rapid advance in deaths during September and October tin November as well, according to arly reports) indicates that the trend may be upward for the next few months. However. January will probably show a decline in motor vehicle deaths of about 1.5 per cent, and a corresponding rise in deaths from falls and burns. Fire arms fatalities will drnp sharply, and will likely be replaced by asphyxiation as the fourth principal cause of accident al death. NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS PUL.MOSAN PATENTS VALID! U. S. COURT OF APPEALS AFFIRMS PREVIOUS DECREE! Official Letter to All Respirator Users! PULMOSAN given exelu-nve right to manufacture all respirators using the Non-inflated face cushion. I'he United States Circuit Court of Appeals has affirmed the decree of the Lower Court in out suit against the Chicago Eye Shield Company on our patent for a respirator of the metal muzzle and non-inflated rubber cushion type. The Court has found our patent to be valid against a strenuous defense in which there was set up a number of prior patents, American and foreign. The Court has also held that all of the three designs of respirator, which the defendant adopted, are within the stope of, and therefore infringe on, our patent. The Court's opinion sain: 1 > < j f < | ; ; "Each of the devices made and sold embodies the operative principle and structural organizalions of the patent." i i \ We publish this notice to the trade as an indication that we intend to protect our rights in respirators embodying the operative principle and structural organization of PULMOSAN nun-inflated cushion respirators. Pulmosan batetv Equipment t.orp. ; ; ' i : These illustrations show the p v-'TKO Non-inflated Faceeugaging cushion, used on many types of PULMOSAN RESPI RATORS. When the Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corporation first purchased the patent covering the NONINFLATED RUBBER FACE CUSHION, we did so because we recognized the tremendous value it offered to wearers of respirators. The large investment it represented we felt would be justified because it permitted marketing a superior respirator. itt /mrumre <>j oatenteu fe.mti'-e. This non-inflated face cushion means light weight and wearing comfort . . . two most important requisites to the man wear ing a respirator. It also means an increased safety factor and increased utility, because the cushion fits any face without diminishing its effectiveness and it gives longer wear. Whenever you meet the need for nose, throat r lung protection against dusts, smoke, fumes or spray mists , . , turn to PI LMOSAN for the practical, economical solution. If'rite for catalog of PULMOSAN Respirator line. "II V if f PIVI fc, N Members: Ind. Safety Equip, Mfrs, Ass n. 176 Johnson St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Michigan Distributor THE BOYER-CAMPBELL CO., Detroit D R D N A IJ I G r, c L i : PROVIDE WHAT IT I AFT* tO >! EYE SAFE! V SAFETY. COMFORT. WTOE VISION--50 MM. EYE CUPS. EXTRAORDINARY VENTILATION. SELF ADJUSTING NOSE BRIDGE. WATER & FIRE-PROOF FRAME MATERIAL. RIGHT & LEFT EYE CUPS. RUST & CORROSION PROOF SIDE SCREENS. LENSES OF CLEAR WHITE OPTICAL GLASS. LENSES GROUND. POLISHED & SPECIALLY ANNEALED. FREE FROM ALL SURFACE X OPTICAL DEFECTS. \ LOW INITIAL COST. \ LONG LIFE. PLUS \ LIFE TIME GUARANTEE OF REPLACEMENT WITH OUT COST OF ANY DREDNAUT FRAME OR LENS BROKEN IN SERVICE. Both management and employees arc protected by Brednaut (toggles. Send for a sample and specify Brednaut Goggles on your next requisition. S 228 St. Clair Ave. Buell W. Nutt, President Cleveland, Ohio