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CERAMIC ABSTRACTS 1954 Charles S. Pearce, Editor Mary J. Gibb, Assistant Editor V. June Baldwin, Editorial Assistant Committee on Publications: J. J. Canfield, Chairman; C. H. Hakner, Karl Schwartzwalder, and W. Raymond Kerr Technical Advisers: Betty T. Owen and Margie K. Reser Compiled by The American Ceramic Society 4055 North High Street Columbus 14, Ohio 76 Ceramic Abstracts Aprjj and alkaline constituents appear to have been leached out by per X-ray spectrometer patterns of three brown podzolic soil profile] colating water charged with solvent adds. Fire-clay scams occur in the selected area of about 2 sq. miles show the individuality <4 both above and below the coal seams, as bands in them, and also each profile and also indicate the steps in the weathering sequence separately in the sandstone sequence. The deposits, reserves, from unweathered, through intermediate, to hydrated mica (ver. and refractory properties of fire clays are described. B .L.M. miculite). Differences in drainage and topographic position] Fluorite flotation: L, Development of new flotation technique. yield distinct profiles on weathering. 2 figures. A.B.S. J. H. Hamilton. J. W. Johns, Jr., and H. Bradford. Univ. Mineral production of India during 1951. Director. Gboloc. Utah Eng. Expt. Sta. Bull., No. 47, pp. 1-21 (1950).--Two tech ical Survey of India. Indian Minerals, 6 [4] 189-20$ niques for high recovery of fluorite concentrate are given: (a) The (1952).--The output of asbestos, bauxite, feldspar, kyanite. and ore is ground wet and then boiled subsequent to the addition of steatite increased, but-the production of chromite, fuller's earth, required-reagents but prior to the final flotation step. (ft) The ore and gypsum declined. The ceramic industry used 9.4% of th is ground dry with required reagents and then heated to a tern- , total coal output. The Lapsa Burn kyanite deposit of Kharsa. perature below the decomposition temperature of the collector. 0 wan is estimated at 200,000 tons within a depth of a few feet. Laboratory and pilot-plant data on ores of various gangue con- i The output of vermiculite rose from 52 tons in 1950 to 232 tom stituents are given. 3 figures, 17 references. II, Theory of oleic during 1951. Cf. Ceram. Abstr., 1953, April, p. 71;. B.L.M. acid collector action. M. A. Cook and A. W. Last. Ibid., pp. __ Mining and concentration of ilmenite and associated mineral] 22-39.--Benefits of the new techniques are explained on the basis at Trail Ridge, Florida. J. H. Carpenter. J. C. Dbtweilbr, J. of the time and temperature dependent chemisorption process. L. Gellson, E. C. Weichel, Jr., and J. P. Wood. Mining Eng.w The strength of attachment to the solid is greater in chemisorp 3 |8] 789-95 (1953).--Beach and dune sands containing ilmenite, tion than in physical adsorption. Evidence is presented which rutile, zircon, and other heavy minerals occur as extensive dc. indicates that the collector acts as a neutral molecule. 5 figures. posits near Jacksonville. Sand containing 4% heavy minerals u 20 references. IH, Improvement of selectivity of oleic acid by dredged, screened, and passed through banks of Humphrey] the nse of vitamin D-type addition agents. J. C. Nixon and M. spiral concentrators. . A major product is 9S% zircon, which u A. Cook. Ibid., pp. 40-50.--Results similar to those recorded in __ marketed for foundry, ceramic, sandblasting, and high-tempera- parts I and II are obtainable by condensing the physically ab ture use. 2 references. 10 figures. M.D.T. sorbed oleic acid film. In this case neither heating nor. dry Occurrence of "china day rock" on EyTe Peninsula, South grinding appear to be necessary to recover 95% of 98% fluorite Australia, and its industrial significance. H. Ellbrton. Clay for most ores. Ergosterol, cholesterol, and other sterol-type ^ Products J. Australia, 21 [2] 3-5 (1953).--Laboratory test] reagents, added in an amount of 1 lb./ton, serve to condense the showed that a very pure kaolin was obtainable by washing this oleic acid and improve selectivity. 1 figure, 14 references. material. Analyses of raw and purified material are given. E.P.H. Unfortunately, there is a iack of clean water near the deposit. Fundamental studies of talc: I, Constitution of tales. Joseph __ W.O.W. A. Pask and Maurice F. Warner. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 37 Process development and practice of the Potash Division of the |3] 118-28 (1954).--Talcs vary considerably in texture and in Duval Sulphur and Potash Co. G. E. Atwood and D. J. chemical analysis. These variations are explored on the basis of Bourne. .Wining Eng.. 5 [11] 1099-1104 (1953).--Recovery of phase, field, and atomic structure considerations with the aid of e sylvinite by flotation from a sylvinite-halite-clay ore was com chemical. X-ray, and differential thermal analyses. This com plicated by the presence of up to 1.5% of dispersed montmoril- plexity may be accounted for primarily on the basis of the exist Ionite, which adsorbed large quantities' of the flotation collector ence of solid solutions of the layer or group type. 8 figures. 24 and amine. The following methods of preventing adsorption by references. __ the montmorillonite were considered: (1) heating to cause u- Hydraulic methods for underground mining of silica sand. A. reversible dehydration, (2) fixing the base-exchange ion with 1 D. Bryant. Mining Eng., 5 |3| 282-83 (1653).--Silica sand very active radical, and (3) blinding the structural interstices of bonded by 1 to 2% clay is mined from the St. Peter sandstone the montmorillonite prior to the addition of the cationic collector. near Ottawa. 111., in open pits by hydraulic methods. Similar j The use of a blinding agent was chosen, and polysaccharide man. hydraulic methods have been extended to one underground mine. nogalactan was used. The commercial source was Guar (General The sandstone is blasted and then disintegrated and washed to a Mills, Inc ). 14 references. 9 illustrations. M.D.T. sump by hydraulic nozzles. The slurry is picked up from the Production and uses of beryllium. A. G. Thomson, .l/min; sump by a sand ejector or hydraulic elevator and transferred to __ J. (London), 241, 661-62 (1953).--The world output of beryllium rubber-lined pumps for transportation to a washing plant. 3 in 1952 is estimated at 7000 tons. Although Brazil is still the illustrations. M.D.T. principal source of supply. Africa is becoming of greater impor Industrial minerals. Ian Campbell. Mining Eng., 5 [2] tance. L.B. 162-69 (1953).--This review of activities and developments for q Progress of geological work in Madras. M. S. Krishna*. 1952 includes discussions of asbestos, cement, clay, diatomite, Indian Minerals. 6 |2] 59-64 (1952).--Madras State has good feldspar, lime, perlite, talc, and zircon. 9 illustrations. resources of raw materials for the ceramic, glass, and refractories M.D.T. industries, none of which is well established within its borden. Inorganic pigments: IV, Cobalt arsenate, 1, Compositions and -- Cf. Ceram. Abstr., 1952, Sept., p. 1685c. B.L.M. some properties of cobaltous arsenates obtained by the wet proc Properties of Wanibuchi chlorite. Yoichi Shiraki. J. ess. Tokuo Ando and Soichzro Minami. Bull. Osaka Ind. Ceram. Assoc. Japan, 61 [688| 485-89 (1953).--By differential Research Inst., 3 [2] 44--19 (1952).--The chemical composition of thermal analysis, chlorite of Wanibuchi, Shimane prefecture, waj the precipitates formed by adding a solution of sodium arsenate h found to be penninite. Its particle is flakelike. Its swellinf to a cobalt nitrate solution is Co,,(AsO<)]-xHiO. When a 5% property, the viscosity of the suspension, and its base-exchange solution of Co and arsenate is used, m is about 2.5(1). while in capacity are high, but its plasticity is low. The amount of solu very dilute solutions m is about 3(111). When calcined I is dipped ble MgO is least for the sample fired at 800 to 900 and maxi in water, its composition changes to H, Co>(AsO<)> 8H1O. X-ray -- mum for that fired at 1100aC. It can be used as raw material powder photographs of I, II, and HI are identical. The colors of for cordierite ceramics, steatite, magnesia brick, etc. K.Y. these samples are determined by a G.E. recording spectrophotom Recent studies of kaolins and clays--practical effects in the eter. For part HI see Ceram. Abstr., 1952, Aug., p. 151J. field of refractory materials. Antonio Rebuffat. Ceramica, i K.Y. i 110] 36-39 (1953).--The latest theories on the crystalline struc Method for concentration of North Carolina spodumene ores. ture of kaolin and clay and the molecular network formed are re M. K. Banks, W. T. McDaniel, and P. N. Sales. Mining viewed and presented in diagrams. M.Ha. Eng., 3 12] 181-86 (1953).--A flotation process has been devel Some new limestone and dolomite occurrences in northers oped for the production of spodumene concentrates that contain -- India. J. B. Auden. Indian Minerals. 2 [2] 77-91 (1948).- 6.0% LiiO and 0.45% FejOt. The ore is floated twice, first to Cement limestones are available at Larji, lower Giri Valley is float the mica, feldspar, and quartz and then the iron-bearing Sirmur State, and the Kalsi area. These resources are important minerals. The tailings remain as a high-spodumene concentrate. for the production of cement in East Punjab and the westers 11 references. 2 figures. M.D.T. part of the United Provinces. High-silica and low-magnesia Mica weathering in three soils in central -New York. B. N. limestones occur in the Lakshmanjhula area and up the Ganges Rolfs and C. D. Jeffries. Clay Minerals Bull., 2 [10] 85-93 Valley. 13 references, 1 map. B.L.M. (1953).--The authors show how the mineralogical characteristics Talc deposits at Degeta, near Dausa, Rajasthan. B. C. Roy. cf soil profiles may be used to determine their genesis. The Indian Minerals, 6 |3] 141-46 (1952).--A fair percentage of the 192 Ceramic A bstracts October illus. S15.--This book comprises a very complete summary of the data file, determination of lattice constants, crystallite sij^ field, from the elementary considerations of the theories involved determinations, polycrystalline diffraction as used in streu through practical applications. In most cases it will not be measurement of metals and other applications, studies of r.oQ necessary to consult another reference to actually start from the crystalline materials, and particle size work employing small beginning and make determinations. Except for the funda a angle X-ray scattering. The authors have made actual use of mental equations of diffraction theory, the mathematics necessary most of the procedures described. There are nine appendix^ to clarify the various formulas is presented. The first chapters giving data necessary for calculations as well as information 0,, present elementary crystallography, sources and properties of processing X-ray film and laying out a diffraction laboratory X rays, and the principles of X-ray diffraction. The procedures, -- There are 561 specific footnote references and 103 references i0 equipment, and interpretation of results by photographic and general literature covering the different sections. Compitlt spectrometric powder techniques are covered completely. Over subject and author indexes. 325 figures. D.J.B. 100 pages are devoted to the Geiger-counter spectrometer, the first summation of such information in book form. The b Additional abstract applications covered include qualitative and quantitative analysis Sect. XIV: Statistical significance of the strength of brittle of crystalline powders with reference to the use of the ASTM materials. XIV--General and Historical, Electrical hazards in the ceramic and glass industries. W. used to develop a design for proper strength together with con. Schweishamer. Ceramics. 6 I64| 179-80(1954).--Brief sugges c siderations which influence the choice of an economical procedure. tions and precautions lor avoiding electric shock are given with a Factors that lead to the selection of a stress analysis method are warning that low voltages can be as harmful as high ones, al the major topic. 7 figures. For part HI see Ceram. Abstr though in a different manner. The risks of shock are greater in 1954, Sept., p. 172A. D.J.B. hot weather and in hot workshops where the operators perspire freely. Electric burns, if neglected, can be very serious. BOOKS A.B.S. Give them s reason to buy. Dave Chapman. Am. Ceram. Sixteenth Semiannual Report of the Atomic Energy Commit. Soc. Bull.. 33 |7| 213-14(1954). ^ sion. U. S. Govt. Printing Office. Washington 25. D. C.. 195; ix 4- 137 pp. International Commission on Glass meets in Sweden. How Work and Health Protection in the Glass and Ceramic Industry ard R. Lillie. .4m. Ceram. Soc. Bull.. 33 |8) 252-53 (1954). 3 photos. (Arbeits- und Gesundheitschutz in der Glas- und Keramiscfceii International Congress on Nuclear Engineering. James A. __ Industrie). 2d enlarged ed. Walter Gutmank and Ernst Norton .4 m. Ceram. Soc. Bull . 33 |8I 251 (1954). Holstein. Fachbuchverlag G.m.b.H., Leipzig. 1952. 144 pp The pencil--also a ceramic product. C. StVrmer. Euro- Price DM 6.80.--The inherent dangers to the health of workers in paiscke Tonind.. 3 [6| 161-62 (1954).--A brief historical sketch is glass and ceramic plants are described, and the protective meas. given of the development of the pencil as used by artists since e ures planned in the past are outlined. The work of Bernardino early times. While the Eastern world preferred soft pencils (and Ramazzini (1633-1714). who wrote a book entitled. "On tht brushes), the West used hard pencils. Graphite is used exclu Diseases of Glass and Mirror Makers." is particularly note, sively for pencils. The preparation of graphite, its manufacture, worthy: in his opinion, "the glassmakers are the most intelligent and hardness scales are described, and the possibilities of using __ among all handicrafters." This work is given at the end o; tee color pencils for ceramic decoration are discussed. M.Ha. book in English. The book deals with the production and proc- Statistical significance of the strength of brittle materials. essing of glass and ceramics, the provision of protection in laying O X. Salmassy. A. D. Schwope. and W. H. Dvckworth. out a plant, ventilation, the removal of mechanical impuntiex ,4 m. Crram. Soc. Bull.. 33 |8| 240-43 (1954).--The definition of ] (dust. soot), the prevention of accidents, the nature of possible the "strength" of brittle materials is discussed. It is proposed diseases (silicosis), and rational measures lor guarding the health that structures made of brittle materials be designed, not un the of workers, in particular women and youths. The satisfying of basis of the mean strength obtained from test data, but upon a the great thirst produced under heat and radiation is discussed: 2 stress corresponding to a given probability of fracture, as derived __ to 3 quarts of liquid per man per shift is considered to be normal from a statistical analysis of the test data. The choice of a proba The liquid should be neither ice cold nor hot. and beer should not bility of fracture and its corresponding design stress is left to the be used. Tea. especially tea made of blackberry or strawberry discretion of the designer, but the stress corresponding to zero leaves, is a good thirst quencher, even when tepid. The regula- probability of fracture, the "zero strength." is indicated to be of g tions of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) for particular significance. 26 references, 5 figures. Cf. Crram. the protection of the worker are appended in full. 103 figures. Abstr.. 1953. Oct., p. 183J. M.Ha. Stress analysis in design: IV, How to approach the problem. .1. B. Hartman and R. E. Benner. Machine Design. 26 [7J -- Additional abstract 139--46 (1954).--A description is given of common procedures Sect. V: Chemical hazards in glass and ceramic industries.