Document eKbmxqVJVRGrrV8ZdabRgZJy

tj-.z.: S1'1 * i. * X X PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT MET-971 -- NATIONAL ACADEMY OP SCIENCES = NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL BUILDING f7"'HE National Academy of Sciences, q body of active. A scientific workers, was incorporated by Act of Con gress approved by President Lincoln in 1863, for ttie pur pose of investigating and rsporting upon any subject of science or art. whenever called upon by any department of the government. The National Research Council, as an agent of the National Academy, is devoted primarily to the promotion and cooperative coordination of scientific research, rather than to actual conduct of research. Its members Include professional scientific men and a representation of men of affairs interested In Inousrry and fundamental apd'applied ~ f it :~ ' tn tr seance. ___ _ PRO ' 2750, NOVEMBER, 1932 NEW All Automatic Burettes Made of Corning remranc glai* interchangeable g.ound glass i'ncs and uopcock\. These are more emciem than jnv other <rvle nf automatic burettes on the market. The lines on these burettes are just as tine as on regular glass, thru our ne% etching process, and the graduations are guaranteed to be accurate. The zero point, or meniscus, thru the arrangement of the hne up in the overflow bulb sets itself in auto matically regardless of the kind of solution used. This is one of the outstanding features of this instrument. METHOD OF OPERATION After the bottle is filled with solutions, plice burette in the Dottle and turn to tighten. Turn han dle in stopcock it back of burette, as shown in illustra tion: press rubber bulb and liquid will rise from bottle into burette. While liquid is running out of the fine tip in the over flow bulb, turn stop cock to the side, then release valve, and the surplus solution will return to the bottle thru overflow tube. TIME IT with a CLEBAR STOP WATCH For laboratory work that requires perfect timing--time It with a CLEBAR and be sure! The accuracy of every CLEBAR stop watch, regardless of cost. Is fully guaranteed. ~ CLEBAR stop watches are truly dependable. N. 270 ClElAft 1/5 second timer fteqate' stem step *N back from c*3* $--ll hgnd reo'lte't to 30 min. ufot. 7 jewel -ever moe- went in nickel ceie. ^or qenerel timinq. Price 512.00 rt bLUETTE Vj ion > made for alkali solution, with a U shaped jn.A* ruo mi*d %tft wdi ion* to efimmaer COi. connected to the 5ur<trr .ih rubber tubing. nikifii it cat* to replace soda iirr.c There it aito a Jmng rube at (he top of the butene con nected tin rubber tubing. The prices on this type of burette ate 1 u"~r ibote (hote 01 our No. 1910. Not. lO'O jnd 19M can alto be furnished with a blue uripe. u vjiicd. bchcllbakh fiiu. The prices are the tame as on the N^t te'u and ion m reuuant gins. N'.i '0*0 capacity, ml. GtaJuatiun subdivisions C.pacif bottle ml. Pbut-ctifc .ovmnio. letc... -- ......... ... 10 1/20 1000 511: 1000 21 i/10 1000 Js: 0000 SO 1/tO 1000 Ss:I00000 %c also mart a MOO BOTTLE <No 19601 a/ Coming o.*<ant emi. van interchangeable ground glau iomti and stopcock. N'o capacity, ml Graduation tuOdiviiion Capaor* borne mi Pner complete Some unlv 4/10 1/1000 >000 59 00 1:00 121 1/100 1/100 t/'O 1000 tUOO 1000 S 00 S '0 19 00 12 00 1: 00 J2.00 ffU't* , t. .ft fiuri /*< i*r */( a< r*fa r>f itftmtmtt d't *aK/ -* ferisl ml 14 jeer '/ < u ta/J tftnsit )+ar tmfaititi SCIENTIFIC GLASS APPARATUS COMPANY BLOOMFIELD NEW JERSEY No. 211 CLEBAR 100 socond timer with time out feeture Deeimel 0 iel. fteqitter. tfert. itoo for timo Out. end continues from crown. Push slide for fly beck. 100 second b*`ei. Smell Send requter* ip 30 minutes. 7 jewel movement in nickel cese. Ideel for mechenicel uses. Eactprionei elue. Price 115.00 Our repair department it equipped for quick efficient lervice on all makat of watchai. CLEBAR WATCH CO., Inc. Importers h-- Wholesalers 512 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YO*C N. T. i VOL 2. No. 2 RESEARCH LABORATORY NOVEMBER, 1932 THE PIONEER MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO RESEARCH AND INDUSTRIAL LABORATORIES EDITORIAL . . . "Does Research Pay?" ESPITE such convincing answers as cellophane. bakeilte. ana hun D dreds of other profitable products of research the auesr.on still is asked in some quarters--Ooes Research Pay? It has seen more exactingiy and severely queried during these present trcuoious times. * We present here some informal expressions on the sublect bv an outstanding research executive who asked that his identity be w,thneid. but who nevertheless advocates that RESEARCH LABORATORY RECORD open up the topic editorially. We are reproducing his remarks as dose to verbatim as possible: "When I started in research 25 years aqo I had two ideas aoout itfrst, that research is profitable: second, that I could select any-research_ proolem and state in advance that it would ba remunerative. Now, my first idea was really conjectural--I THOUGHT research was profitable, but I was CERTAIN of my second idea, and confident of my ability to prejudge the profitability of any given problem. "Now. 25 years later, the first idea is no longer ccniectural. I am POSITIVE from years of proved experience, that researcn Is profitable but I am equally positive that I cannot select any given researcn prob lem and prejudge it to be remunerative. I am speaking of researcn. not of develooment. "About 10 years ago the president of my comoany askea me to oresent to him the program of projects, and he would select the ones for which appropriations could be made, on the basis of their orotft. ability. I told him he couldn't do it, because he knew nothing about it. I also told him that I couldn't do it, because I knew nothing about it. Selecting research projects is like betting on a horse race. Oniy one can win. THE research man who has cut down on research during the deoression doesn't believe in research. If research pays, and I believe it does, it won't be reduced. If a million dollars spent on research pro duces a million and a quarter dollars of return, anything snorr of a million dollars spent gives the lie to the sincerity of the man wno says he believes research pays. "If I were the autocrat of my company I would never stoo acoropriating money for research, because research always oays. If ?9 out of 100 research problems are worked out at a loss the one that succeeos more than pays the cost of the failures." r r'.'v--.-v u r. *XJA*CB LABORATO&T Rxcoao. ?<OYlMftLX. I1J3 35 THE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH "Without encroaching upon the field of (commer cial consulting firms and laboratories) and in fact while furthering their best interests, it is entirely possible for the educational institution to be of serv ice to industry in a vital way by reason of its unique staff or facilities, its purposes and its position in the community." T By DR. YANNEYAR BUSH Vie* fld Da q4 Miuckvirti *4 TchRloqy T IS the object of thi.- paper to analyze the proper profound and beneficial influence upon its educa I relationship of an educational institution to in dustrial research. The principal problem con tional processes. This is especially true in a case of a school of engineering, where the relationship be sidered here is that of the privately endowed institu tween the pedagogical processes and many types of tion. although some of the analysis applies to stnte- industrial problems is particularly close; but it ap -uppnrted institutions as well. The writer, of course, plies as well to an institution of science, where that will draw his conclusions largely from the experi science is applied, whatever may be the field. ence at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, although it is hoped that the analysis is of more Institution Should Not Compete general applicability. Certainly there is a part that the privately enduved institution cun play with complete propriety .uni with some advantage not only to industry but ` IS also evident at the outset that an educational rinstitution should not attempt to usurp the proxnnee of the consulting engineer, nor should it al.-o to it- own educational processes. The problem attempt to compete with those independent indus then re-olve- itself into the delimitation of the field trial research laboratories which have been created in which -uch activities can properly be carried out. -pecificaily for the purpose of serving industry in nud tlie means by which contacts may be furthered its prohlems. It is not necessary to encroach upon with these purpo-es in niind. these fields in order to render retd service, for the Where an institution has unique facilities, an educational institution is a far different affair from out.-i.indiug staff of cpeciiili-ts. and 3 location in the cuher of these. and os it has a unique position so it niici-t of intense industrial development, it is cer- lias a unique opportunity. t.univ incumbent upon it to piav a part in the in- The main funds of a privately endowed educa dn-tnai woria about it. not only because its existence tional institution have been supplied for educa nuv thtre'ov become a matter of 2reater utility to tional purposes. In many instances the'' .ire .u-o mdii-trv. but .1I-0 beinu-e the re-ulunc relauonship- provided for research, but academic re-ea-'i n. rc- wiicn pp'neriv nurtured .ire capuDie of examine a -e.irrh in the held of pure science, and often .mx ( 37RESEARCH LABOR ATQRY RECORD. NOVIMBCR. 11X2 l#f+--A aw *Yp ( ftroboitof*. m ytt Uit4cbytm Uititwt* TWkAdoqt 1 ifydv !* bKviwr mi mck'A opitif9 it ki^h tpW. Wk thit pbofe^riph rf 4 (40 k#. motor *i mid. tko m4cki*t < 1 running *t ipood od tb 1c*#n $ nd N on tKo norlb ond toyth wm*m* of tko rotor woro moving p4it tk Cirntri Uni of 4 rato of 9$ m.l** pr boor ground ip4. lnot--Tbo notvort analyior. ytod it tko toUtion of pOwor i^ltom pr*blom by reproducing tbo notwori a4 h oporation on rodocod ic*(. which its pre-ence can have njion student- while it is employed on such projects, ami secondly, that it should he available for problems of industrial interest which it is expected will be published and of ttenefit to large groups. If the time should come when it is capable of being applied to dosed re-eurch problems without interfering with these pritnury purposes then it undoubtedly should be so applied if the need arises. A third illu-tratiou occurs in the so-called network analyzer.* This is an electrical network, arranged with switching and metering facilities, on which can be reproduced in miniature the electrical equivalent of the inij>onnt part- of practically nnv power sys tem of the country. When thus duplicated in mini ature the -y.-tem can be studied for its performance under unusual conditions, and proposed extensions wuh their effect on performance may be iuve-tiguted. There are only two devices of this sort in the country which are thus available for the reproduction of a variety of power systems, although some companies have miniature reproductions of parts of their own sy-tem-. It was constructed by cooperation with the General Electric Company, which contributed to its cost. There were two reasons for undertaking this de velopment. first, it has direct utility in solving the problems of power system engineer* and hence gives aid in the extension and proper utilization of -itch system' of gre-at im|>ortance to tiie public: second, it is a re-enrch tool which in the hands of students and staff is capable of advancing knowledge in a general way .-n that |*ower systems may be better understood. Both functions have been important in its use. Of enttr-e the re-tilt- .if research and of general studies have been published and made generally available, but many of the problems which have been carried on with it* aid have been -tudics of -pecific -v-iems of mterc-t only to the public utility to which the sw-trut- belong. la the-e ca-e- it has been made available at a chjrge which would reimbur-e the Institute coin- pieieiv f. r it- c-t of .m.'ration .mil provide a fund -Th- MIT \-mnrK An-lvt-r' 'I I T I'ui.li.-n.-n J-.ui-r. V'li. t.O TV- M I T i.i.i.i-i Ml.f I'.a.li. ...April mu for the umortizatipn of its initial cost. The charges have been adequate to include all items of expense, stich as labor of a.--istants. minor use of materials and the cost of space, power, light and so on. together with a percentage to cover the cost of supervision. From the fund thus built up it is expected to unionize the initial cost over a period of yeor*. although this period remains somewhat indefinite in view of the present business situation, which has prevented power engineers front utilizing it as much as they would perhaps like to. The other instniment of the -ort wa* cm.-tnicted by \\ estinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Com|nny undoubtedly with the same general purposes in mind, and it has been -intilarly useful for power -y.-tem studies. There was the clo-e-t of v>o|>erution between the company and the In-titute. a- the two developments were carried on -iumltaueously. and the experience of each group was of ussL-tance to the other. Consulting Laboratories Use Facilities NOW' there is no doubt that with unique facili ties there is an obligation to make them useful, and there cun be no question in a -ituution of this -ort of interference with independent consulting agencies. In fact consulting agencies frequently come to us to Use such unique features for the benefit of their clients. The second type <>f re-eurch in which the educa tional institution nmy properly engage is that involv ing the cooperation between individuals who are specialists in widely separated field.-, seldom found together except under academic auspices. The research problems facing the textile industry at the present time require a comprehensive -tudy involving questions of chemistry, physical chemistry, phy-ics-. mechanical engineering, biology and - on.* In this country at the present time there 1- no textile re-earch institution situated that it mi nring to bear the attention of all of the-e divcr-ified groups. Yet under a single roof at M.I.T. "til muml men "Tnitil# rvh- \ iift*v ..f i'Tcr*................ f * I twirtit# T**nl# R*-^fv n. hi*-. 1 ttuiiridi:**. 38 ) who are active not only in the-e varioto- branches, The institution is often justified in earning on but 01=0 in various special aspects of them. There i; Hientific research, or engineering research of a fun a real benefit therefore to be here derived from tex damental nature, entirely at its own expense as q tile research, especially when the work is carried on vital link in any well conceived advanced educational in close i'"0]ierntiou with "ther textile research organ process with those very objects in mind. W here the ization?. and the re?ul(s are made immediately avail objects are fully attainable in an industrial research, able by publication to the'entire industry. the institution is very well justified in contributing Certain bramhe- of science have become so highly a part of the cost in a cooperative effort with industry. >pecinlized that there are vert- few men who are Of course in order to attain the objects, the research thoroughly verged in many specific aspects. Another must not only be open, but it must also be truly common situation is that in which only perhaps a ?cientific and of broad significance. There is no such single engineer has had the exact prufessionul experi lenefit to be derived from the presence of routine ence which will enable him to answer a given ques testing. tion immediately and authoritatively, where an equally competent engineer without the experience Training Industrial Research Workers would have to conduct an investigation. When prob lems arise which require the services of such men on the staff of an educational institution it is- to the lest interests of all for the institution to aid in any THERE is another reason which often justifies the carrying on of industrial research of semiclosed or, belter, of open type. This is when such way possible in the making of fruitful contacts. work can serve for the training of industrial research This situation is again well recognized by consulting workers in the atmosphere 6f an academic institution. firms, who are able to give better service to their When the research worker is also a graduate student clients bv being able to cooperate with an educational and taking courses, the process is in fact part of the institution and its staff. pedagogical scheme. He may also he an individual who is loaned by an industry which contributes all Preliminary and Educative Research or a part of his expense during bis training period. There is here a natural and effective process for FINALLY we have the type of research which is in essence preliminary and educative. It some cooperation in the selection and training of .men and their introduction into suitable permanent posi times happens that an organization considering seri tions in industry. This feature may in fact be the ously embarking upon a research program can take major interest back of the research, and the expected advantage f a preliminary study made by a group material results may be secondary. Forward-looking who have bad contacts with a variety of such en concerns with important research activities of their deavors. Once the project is under way it may welt own are already taking advantage of the possibilities be carried out by the formation of a research depart of this arrangement. ment within the organization itself, or by the sub There is one further basis on which research may division of the study and its allocation to various be justifiable within the walls of an educational insti re-earch agencies, and particularly to commercial tution. but this has not yet been thoroughly thrashed laboratories. At the outset however, there is need for out and it raises an exceedingly important problem in a preliminary survey of the field in order that a our national economy. It there a duly on the part decision in regard to the soundness of the project of an educational institution to furnish unprejudiced, may be intelligently arrived at. and this survey can uninfluenced information to the public in regard to -ometimes best be conducted by an institution which the value of product* which the public it conttantly i- not financially interested in any way, and then its diked to purchatef Certainly it would appear that conciu-ious are the more readily acceptable. Where such a service might well be of real public benefit, there appears to be an opportunity, therefore, to if carried out in a thorough-going scientific manner, make a preliminary study which will result either conscientiously, and entirely free from commercial in the furtherance of research where research is bias. It appears also that the individual purchser proper, or in the turning aside of an ill-advised proj is in a woefully weak situation, as compared to the ect. it is sometimes incumbent upon an educational purchasing agent of a large organization in regard in-titution to lend its aid. to his meagre knowledge of the things he buys. If it Research of the semi-closed nr open type is more could be demonstrated that there would be an actual readily justifiable in an educational institution, and benefit to the educational processes which would fol it i- not necessary that conditions such as above out low the undertaking of such a public service to a lined obtain in order to render it desirable. Here sufficient degree to fully compensate for the well rec the educational in.-iitution has a stake in the re ognized difficulty of carrying out such a progyam search because of the beneficial influence which it effectively, then there is a justification for the work may have upon ?taff and students. Especially when from the standpoint of the privately endowed insti tiie re-earch is completely open, so that its progress tution. Such a relationship does not appear to exist may be reported upon m -laif gatherings, its prob in any generality although it may well obtain in cer lem? discussed with advanced itudents. and its re- tain restricted fields. Unless the pedagogical benefit -nits promptly puLli-lied to jdvance the presuge of is large, there is certainly no ju.-uficauon for -pend ihose who make valuable contributions, there is a riimuluiion 'o -t.iif and .-indents which is very valu ing the funds of the inetimtion in -ucli a project nnh-s- indeed they are contributed for the -petific able 1111r|><>*^_It dimild then, if undertaken, be placed on / RESEARCH LABORATORY V RECORD NOVEMBER ;tjt -licit a financial li,i-i- that it is entirely -clf--uppnrtine when all rn-(. are uccntmted f"r. ami tIti- rimmcial return -Ifuild be provided f >r In aid) a way dun it cannot pn~il.lv inriueuce the detached nature *f the "hi k, Vuu If -m |i a -et-up ran If arranged frnm a financial -lanil|i"int. it wmil'l appear that there Un-re are three part it-- in thi- cnu-ideratiou i.f the industrial research situation; fir-t the indu-tria! `rcauizatiou. aith or without its own hibnratorie-: 'ecmid. the rmumercinl consulting firms and l.iliorntorie- ; and third, the educational in-dtutiou-. Will,oaf - a i- i'i/nr h hi tj upon (ftr p*ld oj til* .irijurf runt i,t .Hi- other agetun- which i"ulil carry it mi ju-l a- inrf irhil* iirrtltcnny th*ir b'*i lnt*i**t*. it i* "i ll a- an cilucatimial institution provided they are p'lMfihtf Jitfthf rilurtitmnni 1 n ft itntimi tr, l>* i,[ , equally independent. The problem therefore rc- u aafiu/ry in n rihd uni/ luj iv.o.oi nf it* \-nl\t-~ uhmit the Intiiiiacv that is pos-ible between *tnl} nr Inrilihr, itn pnrp"*r* mid it* ph*itir,n in )!,* -lull a project and the general cduciitional -cheiue. niin in niiiti/. It run do this without interfering with At the pre-ent time it certainly appear!- that this it* own educational prore--e-. and can in favt-imprnve \ matter require* careful study and that it is yet to le fi-nlved into a form where a solution i- apparent. them by the contact* produced. This -ervicr it -tandready to perform. Organizing Institutional Research Technical Editor Appointed FOR types of research which can properly he un dertaken by nil institution there is ueve--nrily 'nine .-cheme of organization. This is readily pro vided for if (here is an officer whose primary duty esearch Laboratory Record aiimnimv- with R this is.-ue the addition to its *taff "f Kmnry I.. hosier as Technical-Editor. it is to supervise research of an industrial nature. Mr. La.-ier s scholastic preparation fur hi- work a* At the M.I.T. this officer is the Director of the a consultant in engineering re-eareh. production mid Division of Industrial Cooperation. Through him an distribution, was made at George WiL-hiugtou Uni outside organization may readily make contact# with versity. Mas*Rchii>etts Institute of Technol.igy N'uval the various departments and individuals of tile insti Fuel Oil School, and Alexander Hamilton In-titiitv. tution. Oftenume- hi* function is -imply to refer He was a member of the -tuff of the Material- ami an inquire to that individual, inside or outside our Engineering Laltoratories of the U. S. Ruremi "f mvii ualls. who can best give advice of n technical .standards, engineer of te-t* on votistructinu work t<~c nature. Where fueilitie- are to lie used far research the American Waterworks and Guarantee Company. however. he supervise* the making of a contract Material* Engineer of the U. -S. Navy. Chief Chemist which provide* for the proper fee- and which is in and Material- Engineer of The Merchant Fit-el C"r- accordance with the general policy of the institution. poration. Pacific Court Manager. .Joint Luca.- A' C>>. Work undertaken under such u contract may be in Inc., General Business and Laboratory Manager of the hands of a -ingle laboratory winch makes its own L`. S. Testing Company. Inc., and on the faculty of report* and which takes the re-jKuisibility for their the Engineering Experiment Station. College of En i technical soundtie-s. It is the policy that an indi gineering. Rutgers University. vidual laboratory -hull in this way undertake work Between 1916 and 19:2+ Mr. La.-ier wa- a member oniy for a single diem, although of course work is of approximately 20 technical committees of the Fed often undertaken for a trade association which rep- eral Specifications Board, oud is now a tuetiilier of re-ents a large section of industry. There is no reason about 12 technical committee# of the A.S.T.M. of however, why various laboratories may not at the which he is secretary of the N'ew York District Com -ame time be carrying on work for different client* mittee. within a -ingle industry. It happen.- -onietimes that He is known also for his contribution* of technical industrial organizations which are competitive are papers to meetings and publication.-. His general -mmlianeuusly utilizing Institute facilities, one for a experience embraces materials laboratory work, test problem in chemistry for example, and another for a ing. inspection, specification writing, technical super problem in mechanics. In every contract the empha- vision. teaching, writing, selling, cost accounting, -i* is placed on the desirability of open re*eurch and budgetary control and management, credit.-, pur a verv large fraction of the work carried on within chases. sales, service, advertising, publicity, -ales pro die walls of M.I.T. is promptly published and made motion. technical operation, technical re-earrh ami a matter of general knowledge. manufacture. I 40 )r^____________ ____________________________ INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH PLAYS IN LIFE INSURANCE The Industrial Hygiene Laboratory of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company By w. j. McConnell, b.sm m.d. M*die*l Director, * Choree of lnduitri| Service HE Metropolitan Life liiMtnince Company for working places, a record of outdoor conditions is Tmany years ho# main mined in connection with made by means of the Tyros recordine wet and dry the Industrial Health Sendee of the Policy- bulb thermometer, with a seven-day chan, having holder's Sendee Bureau an industrial research laboraa small electrically-driven fan for drawing the air tory whose technical staff are engaged in the over the thermometer bulb for determining the out promotion of industrial hygiene, including studies side temperature and humidity conditions. For in in factnrie- -hop- mid office- of environmental..con side work, in addition to the sling psychrometer. spe ditions affecting health, such as: cially 'constructed psvehrometers are u?ed. These Atmospheric pollution by injurious dusts and fumes. Ventilation. Illumination. Special occupational hazards. consist of small electrically-driven fans for drawing the air at a velocity of 600 linear feet per minute, first over a dry bulb thermometer and then over a wet bulb thermometer, both mounted in a trumpet shaped intake tube, painted dull black so as to avoid heat losses by radiation. The wick of the wet bulb The work carried on in the Laboratory of Indus thermometer is supplied-with water in & small reser trial Hygiene has -o expanded in recent years that voir on the under side of the trumpet directly below the company is opening this November, in its new the wet bulb thermometer. The whole apparatus is building, model physical and chemical laboratories mounted on an adjustable stand. These instruments fully equipped for the study of industrial health are set up in different sections of the plant and problems. Chemists and technicians make the re readings are taken at regular intervals, the number quired observations in factories, mills or other in dustrial establishments, collect necessary air samples taken being determined by the rapidity of tempera ture and humidity changes. This type of instru by means of the most modem devices, and subse ment was adopted because it was found that the quently complete their studies in the Laboratory at recordine type of psychrometer was not sensitive the Home Olfiee. In connection with field studies, air samples are taken under actual industrial condi tion- and analyzed for the dust content or for poison ous -ub-titnces in this Laboratory. There is thus acquired definite information which furnishes a enough to record small and rapid changes, due to the slow heat transfer, the quantity of metal, and the actuating liquid in the recording type. The anemometer is used for measuring high air velocities and the kata-thermometer is used to deter sound basis of knowledge which can serve in the full recognition of unfavorable working conditions and in the development of measures for their abatement. The Industrial Health Service fully recognizes the confidential relationship which should exist between the Company and those whom it serves. It under mine air motion of low velocities. The kata-ther mometer is an instrument designed to record temperatures in degrees proportionate to body teml>eratures. By treasuring the rate of cooling of the kata-thermometer, it is possible to calculate the air motion. takes no field investigation except on the invitation of the injured and with his unqualified cooperation. Measuring Skin Temperatures Specially-Oesignod Instruments TO CORRELATE the significance of skin tem peratures of workers exposed to high tempera MANY of the 'cientific instruments used in :he-e ture' and humidities, these are measured bv mear-s -tudies ore de-lzned .especially L>r application of an instrument built according to -peciticittons to field ,-tudie-. All instruments are calibrated in developed by the L'nited States Public Health cer. tee ihe phvMcal laboratory before use in the field work. and the United States Bureau of Mine?. o'ner.u:: z Where'er the pliv-ival .ur factors are -ttidied in with the American Society of Heating .md \ rw.i.Jt- "36 rronC'2.J'ABO,l>,TO,,T RECORD, NOVEMBER. Ill' t.'pea of research in applied science of general ap plicability. properly form a port of any comprehen sive educational project. It is not jvi-sible to thoroughly train a profe-sinno! engineer, whose activities in lile should be the utilization of the print ipie-- of 't-h-iuv jn an-economic manner for the iH-ni'fit "f mankind. except when .-mil training is tarried mi in a ficntitic atmo-pherc. ami no atmos phere can !>c thnrmiglil v scientific t<>duy unless a.--ociated with vie.,mu- ami coordinated research. So the educational institution can f.roperlv devote part of its fund' to re-carch. not only when those fund' have leen specifically tloinuetl for the purpose of extending the range of human knowledge, but ul'O when the research form- an integral part of the pedagogical scheme. On the other hand, there is certainly no warrant for using the fund' of a privately endowed institu tion for the pecuniary benefit of an individual cor|XDration. from this it follows that where research for such a coq'oration is carried on. and where the expected re-nlts are of value to that corporation alone, the institution is justified in proceeding only when it receives in fee' an amount completely ade quate to reimburse itself for all costs. It is convenient to distinguish between several forms of re-eurch.* First, we have what may be culled closed research, conducted confidentially for _. an individual nr corporation, with no provision for the publication of results; second, semi-clo-ed re search, which is similar, except that provision is made for publication upon release by the client; third, open research, involving no -ecrecy. and con templating immediate publication of all important results; fourth, minor research, not ordinarily of -utTicient importance to warrant publication, and involving -hurt tests, library 'enrche-, or the like. Justification of Closed Research IN ORDER to justify the carrying on of research of the first type, not only -liould the fees be -itch that all co-ts are properly paid, but also it should be shown that there is a reason why the same piece >f work cannot be as ."til carried out by a commer cial agency. -uch as a tonsulting firm. This reason may appear in one of several forms. First, there is the matter of unique facilities. Second, the proj ect may be of such nature that the cooperation of men of different specialties may be dictated where no commercial firm includes a staff of the neces'ariiy diverdrietl type, or it may even be of such nature that there are only one or two men in the country thoroughly qualified to advise upon it. and tlie-e men located in academic posts. Third, it may -oinetime' Iw> -Itown that there is a basis for an initial piece of work of this sort as jn introduction to a more complete program the allocation of which iau then t<e undertaken on us own merit-. The mist '.i-iia.1 jii-nnrauoii i' that of the exi-toiu e of unique facilities Of cour-e. ju-t i.ecau-e 111e f.inline' are unique doe- not mean lhal ilic re- *U-y.M { the \i.,tlnc 1 uimirtr* uf 'tl* t'n istofl .( ImliK'tIul i.,n. 'll T t-r r. rj m Till It' Kc'irn m. to- suiting research is neces-arily of the closed type. In fact, whatever the reason for undertaking the work, there i' always a powerful incentive townrd making the research *enii-clo-cd or open, for to keep it clo-ed mean- to forego *ome of the important benefits of the open type. Hence, the posse-sion of unique facilitie-. while often justifying the under taking of closed re-erch, still more often ju-tifies carrying on work which will result in publication, wide contact of the -tnff with the work, and a larger benefit than to the individual or corporation. The nature of the unique facilities depends of course upon the field in which the institution i. act ing. For example, here at M.I.T. there has been constructed recently a spectroscopic laboratory which is as thoroughly adapted for its work as careful recent study could moke it, and in which every attempt has been made to provide apparatus and surroundings capable of enlarging our knowledge in that fascinat ing field of physics to which it appertains. It is not likely that equipment of this sort would be found unique and necessary for a problem of interest only to a single corporation. Yet if that should occur, and if such a problem could be undertaken without interfering with the primary purpose of the labora tory, there is certainly an obligation to carry it on, and to render as completely useful as possible the existence of a laboratory.of a sort which is rare. More probable is the opportunity to utilize such equipment for research which, while having a scientific a-pect warranting publication of the results for the atten tion of other scientific workers, still has an inJu-in.il utility to an organization.* Justified By Unique Facilities A MOTHER illustration of the exigence of unique facilities is the differential analyzer of this in stitution.** Here is an instrument -which is capable of solving certain types of differential equations and which is the only apparatus in existence by which this can be done as readily. It has already l*en utilized on a large number of problems, and -nice it is primarily a research tool these problem- have been quite largely of a basic scientific nature. It has been made fully available in fact to anv research worker having a problem of general scientific intere-t. mid since there are more of these than can ] ---ii>ly be handled, they have been given precedence on the machine in the order in which it has appeored nest likely that results of scientific interest would pm: duced. Nevertheless, and while the machine m- -till in its early stage-, a commercial problem ato-e to which the machine was immediately applicable, and which apparently could not l>e solved in any oiher way except by prohibitive labor. The problem was -olved and the results were made freely available to anyone having -inular problems. The attitude the institution is quite properly that the nrimarv ,i-e ,,f the machine should l>e for the advancement a die underh ing science. and fur the -inmiiaiing i-rb>t <jt the II I.T ` Karl T * ....... ......... V..L j. So 4 April \oiemhef ly ;l* Th* l*iff*rwnritl AOJhiwf. V Bush, franklin lnritnf- f ......... . ^PRODUCED S/C/M/Ms ITS PART 41 mg Engineer*. Tlie thermo-electric method Used dc|>end* on the fact thru whenever two dissimilar metals are in contact an electro-motive force is set up. the magnitude of which depends upon the tem perature of the point of contact. A measure of this electro-motive force is. therefore, a measure of the temperature of the function of the two metals. The thermocouple is made by welding one end of each of two wires of different metals or alloys, us copper and coustantnn. the junction of the-e wires is placed at the point the surface of which is to he measured. The copper wire goes directly to a potentiometer, an instrument for measuring electro-motive force. The other end of the constantan wire is joined in a con-tunt temperature bath, to a second copper wire, which also goes to the indicating instrument. The thermocouple is standardized by immersion in con stant temperature baths in thermos bottles, so that elevtro-niotive force readings on the potentiometer indicate temperature directly. The method usually employed for collecting air sample? for dust determinations is known as the Greenburg-Smith impinger method. This apparatus is very efficient and readily transportable and also easily adaptable for tnking half hour air samples Equipment *f th ttiWuvfrut Hyqian Laboratory roaSy for tbip- m*it H tk rtwdi at the breathing level and in close proximity to the worker. By means of the impinger a column of air is drawn through a glass tube, through a constricted orifice and then impinged at right angles upon a horizontal surface immersed under a liquid (either distilled water or distilled water and alcohol) in a wide mouthed Pyrex flask. Thus the surface tension of the liquid is broken down and the dust particles are entrapped in the solution. The impinger is actuated by ruction supplied by steam ejectors oper ated by compressed air. The rate of air flow, during sampling, is measured by means of a small vacuum gauge inserted into the suction line. The flasks are then corked with robber stoppers and transported to the Laboratory for analysis and count. The sjiuples collected in the field are -ubjected in the Laboratory to either a chemical .umly-i- when ever pol-onous substance?, such as lead; mercury, manganese. etc., are inspected, or du:t muni- and particle size measurements are' made of -m-h sub stances as silica, asbestos, and dust known to cause change* in the lungs when inhaled. It is obvious that only particles in a -late veryfine subdivision can pch-;ibly penetrate t" tlie lung tissue. It has been commonly accepted tli.it onlypanicles of less than 10 microns can reach ihe lung tissue. A micron is one-twenty-rtve thou.-amitli of an inch. It i* necessary, therefore, to count tln-e minute panicles with the aid of the miepr-mp.-. n-iue a Size Mea*uremnf* of Du*t Particle* standard procedure, in order to estimate tin- i'-age of hnnuful dusts to which workers are e\p"-d. THE electric precipitator, an instrument designed upon the principle of a Cottrell precipitator, is Microphotograph* to Stereopticons Pused for collecting air samples for the purpose of determining particle size measurement; of dust. The ARTICLE size measurements are modi- in 'akimr microphotogniphs at a known iiioginru men of electric precipitator is placed in a portion similar to the dust and then enlarging the negative funla r in that "f the impinger. The oir is drawn through projecting the images upon a -creeti In im m- <( a this in-tnimeut by mean; of a small rotary fan. run stereopticon. The longest diameters of ihe uu.iat-s of by a motor. the quantity being measured by a flow ihe du-t particle* are then measured -.i!""> n. - rveu. meter. From the resuit* of a sufficient number <( hum.-- Vi lierever grab -ample: of air are desired either urenieni* a curve is plotted of the -m .......-ucy the kommeter. ail instrument much u-ed for dust relutioiis on Hnzen*'-logarithmic i1"<*1 '- '' Mu r. determinations in South Africa, or ihe Owens jet the logarithms of the function me.'-mm 'rut- dust counter and settling chamber, a method popular plotted a- ordinates mid the ppbiaiimi' m mo in Great Britain, is used. .is jb-ci-sse It i- a -imple pp'ccimr ........... :-'l.'.ie A+ O** RES?ARCH LABORATORY RECORD. NOVEMBER. 1SJ2 \ ) from thes-e pints. which develop into straight lines, the frequency of occurrence of dust panicles of any rite less than ten microns present in the particular ilust under investigation. In addition to dust analyses, other analyse*, which the Laboratory is called upon to make are the deter mination of carbon monoxide gas escaping into rooms wcupied by workers; analyses of water tired for drinking purposes; and the collection and detection of pni.-nuour vapors of all varieties escaping into workrooms, etc. Illumination studies are conducted in factories where adequate and pm|>er lighting is an es-ential factor in production and in the protection of workers. Standard method; used for measuring levels of illumination are employed. Photographs are made if hazardous pmce~;e- and of the location- where sample; are taken for the purpose- of identification. Recent -ludic- of the Luboramrv .if Industrial Hvgit-ne have vinemed -itch mutter a- the effect* u!n the lung- of varum- inorganic du-t- -ucli a- ror-k du.-t produced in hard rock drilling, the anno-- phene piiluuou h\ -peiitied pm-mmi- -uh-t.mcclemper.imrc. huniniilv and atr movement in varoni- iudu.-trier. For example, dust studies were made m foundries and in asbestos mills and reports were prepared concerning the extent of the dust hazard mid embodying recommendations for its control. The Library Facilitiei THK Laboratory has at its command exceptional library facilities to supplement the many sourceof information made available through its wide and numerous contact* with health work in various in dustrial and mercantile organizations. The -ervue endeavors in every instance to be of the utmost prac tical assistance to those who submit problems for it; consideration. When indicated, visits are made to the plant to assure a comprehensive first hand under-t.inding of the circumstances which are involved. The -tudy of those insured Groups show me .m unfavorable and excessive sickness or death rate, make it possible to localize, by cause or -ev or age group, the particular health problem mo-t urgeutlv ailing for attack. The individual policynmder thurecetves direct information of the objective- ag.uu-t which corrective measures should be diretted PRODUCED G/C/M/MS n RESEARCH CABOIUTORT RECORD. NOVTMBER. US 43 etropolitar/s Laboratory Equipment I < *1. \ 1 'l!i ut in the C lii-mic:il L.iIt"i v T\< 111. Noxious Fume Room. I"li v -it : I I..it-m-.k.irv Room. Storage R"nm. ui.l lt.n k R""i\i <>l die ueiv Indu;trinl Hygiene Lab- "t ilie MvIr< |. 1 iiati Life Inmrance Com pany. im-ltiili- table*. -ink-. benches. glu.-.-ware cabinet-. .in.I 11--l~. The working surface*. sinks, etc.. hit v-n-mu-ted of light blue-gray Alberene i>.no. Support; are cmi*tructed of Enameled Steel ("illiiiiei- .-I- Enameled Steel Pipe Frame;. Table The.-e are of Alberene ;toue. ll4 inches j-Q-j thick, supported by cabinet work or pipe ^ frame*. All top* are provided with a drip groove at the front, under the edge. Top.* or work ing counters for fume hood.*, as well n* table tops on which heat work is carried on, are of -2-inch stone. A 2-inch thick hood base is provided also on fume h.iod- which are equipped with sliding su;h. Joint; in the table top* are made Hush and tieht by means of the slip tongue construction in acid proof cement. The stone shelving for reagent* is 1 Vi inches thick and is supported by iy;-inch stone shelf supports. All exposed face* and edges of top*, high hack;, and curbs, etc., are hone-finished. ------ S;n|5j Laboratory sinks and tanks also Drainboards constructed of Alberene stone suit able for acid work. Side* of the .-inks are ll/i inches thick with a Hush bottom of 1V4- r --inch thickness, grooved to receive the -ide*. >ink- .>r tank; over four feet *ix inches long or 12 indie- deep have Pi-inch side.* and 2-inch h-nvu*. All the-e -ink bottoms pitch slightly to a center drain. The drainboardi or cover slabs for the sinks al-o are of elected -tone suitable for acid work and free from vein-. Slab* are grooved with parallel groove* pitching within the thickne;s of the ;tonc top. Spla.-h bucks are provided for the *inks. Fume The counter or IuhmI Im.-e. of 2-iucli Hood* thick selected stone, i.- -up|K.rte<l ->>n II frame* made of l'A-inch or l\;-inch diameter enameled steel pipe with floor plate; at the bottoms of vertical standards and angle framing around the top. The counter or hood bu-o i; made of 2-inch thick specially selected stone. In all but specified case; the standard thickness, l'i indu- wn- muintained. Stone bucks, butties'. partition; and -tone -loping roof are provided. Where light is de sired at the top of side* of the hood, dear wireplate gla.-- ha- been provided. No metal surfaces are exposed inside the huM. A ;<uue dnp groove is provided in the rear of the top from lintel and delivers drip in the rear of the post -upl>orts. An apron is provided below the counter and in the front for the reception of the hand wheels that con trol the varied service piping that extends inside the hoods. Clear wire glass, is used for the Alleghanv Metal Sliiling Sash, which is balanced by lead Roe* af MropoidA i In4ucfnl LOor4fgrit 44 -RESEARCH LABORATORY RECORD. NOVEMBER. 1111 weight; hung by n bronze chain over bronze face pulleys located in ilie weight boxes. All exposed face* of -tone work are lionc finished. All flu- former -t<me u-cd in die old Indu-trial Hygiene Lah..ial"iv a- tli-nunided and carried to the new lalanatorv h-r rrin-tallutkm. after eleaning down, sanding, and placing it in tir-t ela-- condition. Broken wire glass in the fume hoods was replaced with new dear wire gla?-. and the wooden -n.-lie? in the existing hoods were replaced with Alleghany Metal sashes. Metal Cabinet Considerable was dmie in the Work and fnriii?hine and installing of new Enameled Steel mH-11 "ork and leVli?` Support* r,,,r,s- F,,r,ner equM-mci.t of this rr nature wa? retouched mid the hardware refiui.-lied for installation in the new lab oratory. Specifications demanded that all sheet steel used be the be-t grade of mild cold rolled pickelled double annealed and patent leveled, us well as free from scale and buckle. Plate? used are of the partic ular -pecial grade known as metallic furniture stock. Cupboards-- Uprights are made of Id-gauge Hinged Doors steel reinforced by 14-inch by 1- inch strike bars, electro welded thereto. The uprights are perforated with holes for fastening -helves, with five holes for each shelf, spaced 1-inch on centers. The backs are removable, of '22-gauge -teel flanged at the top and -ides and bolted to uprights. The lower edge is formed up to receive rear flanges on the bottom shelf. All plate doors are made with not less than 'S-gauge steel, square, and carefully fitted to case work open ings. and hung on heavy bronze hinges. The door knobs are mode of solid bronze and ar ranged to operate a steel latch. The doors equipped with glass are formed of 18gauge steel reinforced for rigidity and strength. Door stiles have a maximum tvinch thickness and are two indie* -.vide. Double doors are equipped with up and down bolts concealed in the stile of the door, securing it at top. bottom, and center. Up and down mcml>ers are of l^-inch round bars. Steel Shelves All steel shelves are of No. IS in Cabinets gauge mid have a one-inch flanged face all around with flat, folded edges and an underneath return of V^-inch or more for reinforcement. All sharp edges have been elim inated and when the size of the shelf required addi tional reinforcement, box stiffeners were provided. These are of No. 16 gauge, ihree inches wide and 3i inches return -ecurely spotuelded to the shelf. Drawer The outside head is flat and of No Construction 1? cause-teel. Edge-are formed into .1 ') lij-mch box channel section. All corner; .ire oxv.iceiylene welded to prevent opening of joints and ground 10 a slight radius to eliminate sharp corner;. Tlie intermediate head-1 are made of No. 2U gauge -teel. flanged buck; at side? und bottom, pluced tightly again?! the out.-ide head and electro-plated through the flange? to the bodv. The in?idc head? are made of Nm. lb gauge -(eel formed u all edges so that it could be slipped into phu-e after the hardware was npplied. The bodies of the drawers were made of No. IS gauge ?teel with *ide? bent up at right angle- to the bottom and with top edge* formed into a *> 1 id-inch -qnare box -tiffener. The back? are made of No. 16 gauge steel, and drawer pulls have 1.4-iuch threaded hank? attached to the drawer front and held in [lace with nut? nnd lock wa-hers. - Progressive These suspensions are formed of Roller traveling und .-tationurv -lide- the Suspensions part? of which ace ?o arranged that pressure of one member against an other either upward or downward is transmitted through a hardened -teel ball bearing roller, thus causing the suspension to operate freely and without friction. All parts coming in contact with the roll er? are smooth nnd stops or bumper? are of leather or felt making operation practically noiseless. The traveling members are cross-braced at front and rear for additional rigidity. There are at least six ball bearing rollers und two flouting roller? to permit drawers being easily removed from or in.-erted into the case. A loaded drawer may be suspended in a horizontal position wheu fully extended. Hanging All xr.-iil cases are supported bv Wall Cates brackets at each end of every cup board.' These run the full depth of the cabinet and have a bearing surface of at least 18 inches on the wail and are made of band iron V-inch thick by one inch wide. From each bracket two toggle bolts penetrate the wall. Sanitary The legs are made of IS gauge steel Bates formed into a square tapering tube two inches at the bottom, with joints oxy- acetvlene welded. The bottoms of the legs are fitted with a cost bronze footing, flush with the leg and secured to same by a Vi-inch concealed bolt. To prevent marring the floors the bottom of the footings have been ovaled. the legs interlocking with a 3-inch channel base frame and securely fastened to frame and top by concealed fa?tenings. Iron Pipa These are made of lVi-inch wroughtSupport iroQ P`Pe (about 1%-inch outside diam eter). All connections are of the ball type made of malleable iron foot plates, about six inche? in diameter. All pipe is threaded into the fittings. Finish All steel puns were thoroughly cleaned before finishing. Framing pans were made -month, [date surfaces sand-papered und the entire product wa? treated to u benzine bath to remove ml and dirt, followed by a heavy eout of well baked mineral filler applied bv dipping to insure covering al MirpK<0DUCED S/C/M/Ms 'PROP1 r- ( 45KCSCAACM LABORATORY RECORD. NOVEMBER, uj: SOME SIGNS OF THE TIMES Evidence of 24 R esearch Directors Shows Research Man As Executive Head S INPtSTRY properly recognizing tl>e growing I importance of the research man ? Whnt are the signs of the times that indicate this to be the ca?e Research Laboratory Recoro ha- assembled some facts that reveal how, with growing celerity, the research executive in recent years and continuou-ly in the pre-ent time-, meet- with the recognition that is hi.- due. not only through reorgauirution within his company in deference t" the value of his services, but by public recognition and acclaim. Sixty-three outstanding re-earch men were queried in an effort to assemble evidence of this trend. They were asked: ill To give specific iu-tauces where a re-earch director has been advanced to an officership or direc-torship in his .company. (2) To cite other executive? of their companies who got their -(art in (he laboratory. t3j To state (a? an indication of his growing im portance). whether the laboratory director authorizes purchases of equipment and materials for (a) his laboratory (b) the plant. (4) To offer his rea.-on? if he believes that the re-earch director should occupy a position of higher executive authority than i? demanded by the labora tory work alone. Twenty-four of the-e men graciously found time to reply to the questionnaire. Their evidence, is re produced in thi? article. It is presented here as a cold and unaltered report of the belief of these authorities uneditorialized. unshaded, and unempha-ized. Their direct statements speak with more elo quence than any adornment of editorial rhetoric could evoke. The Record naturally believes this recognition of the research man s all-importance is and should be forthcoming. It will always champion the cause of the research man and is proud to offer this authoritative evidence that industry is finding a place for him amung the directing heads of the bu-ine?;. Specific Instances of Recognition ELSEWHERE on the puges of this article are listed the known instances where research or laboratory director? have been advanced to orticer?hip- or directorships in their companies. Seven of the 24 men who participated in this eouseti-us in terview took the trouble to -et down known ca?eRead them over. The list is merely a beginning It will sugge?t dozen? of omission? to you. If you think of them, send them in to The Record. Dr. L. H. Baekeland points out that "there are uaniemu- iu?tance? of prominent re-enreher? alio occupied foreniu?l po?i(ion? in (he euierpri?e~ "ith which they were connected. In quite a munler of case? they were pre-idem- "f their <-or]ioi'u(inn?. J have only to |*iiut to ?uch men a- Aclic?ou. Sperrv, Dow. Xnrthrup. Chnrlc* F. Burge--. Edward We-ton, Elihu Thomson, and many others. "In other enterprise? they were taken from the laboratory to become directors or vice president?, for instance. Whitney of G. E^.. Redman of Bokelite Cor poration. Kettering of General Motors. Reese of du Pom. Mee- of Eastman Kodak." Dr. Baekeland goes on to make this wry re-ervation: "Of course, all this depends on the qualifications of the research worker. Some of them are good enough on labora tory problems, but worse than u?de??. even danger ous. in practical matters or as executive?.'' Offering Further Proof A"FEW othe'r general expressions were elicited by . the questionnaire which de-erve quotation: F. R. McMillan. Director of Research. Portland Cement Association--"The Indu.-try ho? emtinued t support our research work in a most gratifying man ner considering the extremely unsatisfactory condi tions that have prevailed." J. C. Hostetter. Director. Development ami Re search. Cornine Glass Works--"Our company is verv thoroughly sold on the value of re-earch and we have technically trained men throughout our entire or ganization/' C. E. K. Mees, Research Director, Eastman Kodak Company--"The relatiou of the research depart ment to the executive authority in any business must depend very much upon the nature of the business, and each business will undoubtedly find its own solution. In the case of the Eastman Kodak Com pany. my functions are definitely related to research and development, and I have no other responsibilities except those uri.-iug from my position on the board/' W. D. Bigelow, Director. National Conners' .kssociatiou Reseurth Laboratories--"In manufacturing corporations men are going out from the laboratory to the sales department and other departments all the time und some of these men reach executive posi tions. I know, too, that some of the research direc tors have been made members of the Board of Direc tors of their respective companies." Harden F. Taylor. President The Atlantic Coast. Fisheries Company--"The Re-earch Department ;s repre-euted on the official staff of the Company. It li.is alway? been and is now a policy of this cmnpjnv lu cmplov the -emre. knowledge, and skill ot a? !:rector f re-earch m the general management m :is affair?.' 46 RrEeCcooVrJ>dC. ,JNolvaebmobreart.o1r12y2 PRODUCED S/C/M/Ms" Laboratory'i Part in Purchaioi pany places u|*m the lab iratorv tlie rc-pnii-ihility THE it-1..ii itic procedure ami ilie part flayed by the Ini h .iai i iry director in am In. rizinii or in- for purchase- of material and equipment for all uf our firnc(..iej which have not been thoroughlv -tand- riiieucmi; pu iv 11 u-r- umienal- ami equipment tor ardized In n-pect to tlie-e item-, and thi- ro-pon,j. llu- l.il-w.il-tv .< 1111 _ 11 n- plant pic-cut an i n Ktc- I in g bility i- vanjimcd until the prin t-- can l>e turned ami vari. d -.-i -d ciicinii-tuiive-. * >t l'' tTpiii- to this question three -liowed that the dir.-cmr n , mrutl' purchn-e- for the over completely in the operating department, and even after that |>eriod. all raw materials are uindvzt-d and all bntche- produced in the plant are aualvzed lalioiat"iy milv: tive iir/miffy antlf,,izr purchn-e* for liefore lieing u-ed. in the fir.-t ca.-e. or liefore -hipped llie Ial'i'nt`>r\ only: two mithoiizr hah laboratory tait. in the -evoml case. This =v-teni hn- rt-ulfed in and plant purclia-es; six 'tnthnriit lahorutory pur a very marked improvement in quality of products chase- mid <n/fin-iic* plant purchases through con sultation. advice and testing operations, and two ami ims hel|>ed u. in the standardization of our treatments." definitely h1" ' nothing to <lo with laboratory or plant purchases. Detailed explanations of the methods pur-ned are quoted below Fredf.hu k A. Mel.moth. Research Director. The Detroit Steel Casting Company--"While in my ex Dr. Normax a. Shepard. Director ori Chemical Research. The Firestone Tire and Rubber Com pany--"We authorize purchn.-es of our own equip- ment and materials for the laboratory. As far a- the plant goes, the approval of all material- is handled by the control laboratory, which tests all the-* mate perience the laboratory has not had direct control of rials to specification and approves the sources -if -up- such purchases, yet their opinion nnd advice is al most invariably sought in these days. Manufacturing control really demands that this be the case, and I would look rather for an extension of the practice. M e feel, of course, that it is just as essential to exert intelligent control over raw materials as it is over the ply. The research deportment enters into this phase of purchasing only on new and unusual materials which have not been previously purchased, or when there is some controversy regarding the quality nf ;1 regularly used material. The research laboratorv and research director act largely in an advi-orv resultant product, and only by bringing the labors- - capacity at Firestone. ,' torv into clo-e cooperation with the purchasing de partment can this be accomplished." G. E. Johnson. Manufacturing Division. Fair banks. Morse & Company--"Our Laboratorv Direc Hanoi-D R. Murdock, Director of Research De tor approves, but doe* not authurize the purchased partment. The Champion Fibre Company--"In re material used in our equipment. In other word'. ..ur gard to authority of purchases, the writer takes the laboratory operates as a part of our Engineering De re-poiisibility for laboratory equipment, but equip partment and is under the supervision of that de ment f..r plant operation is divided in its purchase." partment. which department likewise works very Dr. L. M\ Blau. In Charge of Geophysics Re-ean li. Humble Oil Jt Refining Company--"I believe it to Ite general practice that the director of the laboratory authorizes all purchases of materials for the laboratory. This is the practice in the Geophysics Research Department of the Humble Oil <fc Refining Company. closely with our Purchasing Department in the specifications of any materials or equipment m be u.-ed in our product or our plant." James C. McFarland. Technical Superintendent. The M'adswonh Watch Case Company--"In our plant the Laboratorv Director authorizes parch.L-e* of material and equipment for the laboratorv and Dr. F"-ter D. Snell. Foster D. Snell. Inc.--"It i- our practice that the laboratory director authorizes all purchases of materials and equipment for his laboratory. Our account executives specify to clients .-els and enforces specifications for material- pur chased for the plant. I believe that this practice is somewhat general in this territory." (Dayum. Ken tucky.) the -ource- from which they are to buy materials and equipment. We therefore recommend materials and equipment to probably a greater extent than the aver age laboratory." Charles A. I.t'NN. Chief Chemist. Consolidated ( bi- C"nipaii v of New York--"Our laboratory does nm attempt to -pecifv the source of purchase if tlie item i.- of -f.indnrd quality or covered by specifica tion. We do indicate the source of purchase of perial item- nut falling within the above classification and I |>er-nnollv feel this to be a wise and justified Dr. W. H. Bassett. Metallurgical Manager. TinAmerican Brass Company--"The director of r<-*.inh propose* the material which is to be purdnc*-! b.r lulaliorutory and advises in regard to purtlm-vs hw the plant but gives no authorization." Dr. Meen. "Research Director. Eastman K -lak Company--"The final authorization of parch.l-.- i--r the laboratory and the plant lies with the gem ml manager ruther than with the director of the lai-.m- torv." practice From a ronipauv standpoint I feel that it i- desirable to eut-'iirnge conipetition in purchase* to whatever extent i* warranted, but this should involve considerations of rehabditv and -ervice .l- demon Dr. Arthur D. Little. Arthur D Little, lm -- "The re-earch director does ordinarily pa-- -m cha.-e- of equipment and materials for his iats-ru t\ To what extent he may do -o for ihe room 1 strated by prior dealings. G J Fink. Director of Research. National Humi liate Corporation--"I am glad m -av that "nr mm- know, but I would exjiect (hot oniin.tr.i' -t in other hands except in those -t>eciai relate to equipment fur new price--e- - II \ri i- n K. Taylor. Pri-ident. The Atlantic C"u.-t 1' i-ht-in- <.'< 11ij>(i11\*--"Tlie research department doe: ii'.i |n-rl y111 routine oii.ilvtical limcti"ii.- f"f check in- tin- 1'iiu In,.,. ,,( W'c find it cheaper m li.o.- ilu- .i i in I \ i ic:i| m.rl; i|.iii(. mil-idr l"r -mil I!- 1111 t- :i- f i,iI. |..i|.rr. and the like. and emplny 1 --*-:!ri-l 1 1 I' l'in tlm iu a- ;| Re-e;trch Department "Illy for any "t tin- new piuci:--e~. which usually specifies (he kind ami qmditv of material- in lie u-ed. E. 'kinnf.f. As-i.-tant Direelor of Engineering. M i-iiujjiou-e Electric <!i: Manufacturing Cumpniiy-- "The executive in charge of our Research Lab*>rutorie' ha- always l>een responsible for the purchase <>f equipment ami material for the laboratories under the budget provision, but the budget is. of course, alway- -ub.iect to the approval of the executive of ficer- of the Company." Dr. Charles L. Reesf.. Vice President and Direc tor. E. I. du Pout de Nemours Ji: Company--"Direc tor "f Research is usually authorized to purchase equipment and materials for his laboratory up to cer tain limit-, ami his authorization is often required for purchase of equipment in plants." I>k. H. E. Barnard. Director. Corn Industries Re search Foundation--"I assume that even- director who i- directing anything has pretty complete au thority in the matter of purchasing equipment and material- for his laboratory. When it comes to pur chases for the plant the situation is changed some what. but an intelligent management will naturally con-nit the n-earch director." URESEARCH LABORATORY RECORD. NOVEMBER. II 47 D- E. Rei-loule. Chief Engineer. De Fore-t Radio < "inpauy--"All new materials used in our plant arc dc-igned and ordered by the re-earth engineer. Routine re-orders of material- arc taken cure of l,v die Purclm-mg Department. In mir own plant ami in other plant.- we contact we find there i.- an iticrea-- mg tendency for the research man or engineer to -|iecify the materials he intends to u-e--often -perifying the particular company in which lie has the gtoate-t confidence. It is only in this way we are able to foresee dilficttltie- that may lie encountered bv the introduction of new material or change- in materialin the plant." A. L. Brown. Director. Inspection Department. Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Com panies--"In our own laboratories the director mu-t authorize the purchases of all materials and equi|meut. In our case we do not have occasion to pur chase nmterials. for manitfacturing or plant pur[Mv-es.'1 Othar Proofs of Rasaarch Man's Importance IN' ADDITION to the elevation of the re-earch man- to positions of executive importance in in dustry some, of the replies to the.questionnaire pro duced other interesting indications of this trend towards recognition of his growing importance. Dr. Little offers os a strong bit of evidence "the exceed ing frequency with which research directors are in vited to speak before organizations and gatherings nf business men. clubs, etc.; the appearance "f such Ixmks as `Industrial Explorers.' by Holland : 'Science SOME RESEARCH DIRECTORS ELEVATED TO COMPANY OFFICERSHIPS I | S- J*w*tt, Vic* Rr*i*d**t in CWq* of D***lopm*#t end ir***o d* Pont. Vic* Ckirmo* of lord. E. 1. 0* Pont d* ! ftt*rch. Am*ric** T*Upko*o *d T*l*qr*pk Company. N*mour* 4 Cow'p*ny. i| -<JM ** Or. 0. uni*. i i W*J*r S. londit. VU* Rrotid*** *nd Cki*f Tockrioloput. Amtricin Cy*n*mid Company. A. H. Cook*. Vic* Pr*tdflt for Enqin^ffrin^ nd ft*rch. TK* Atloofic C**ft Fiik*rio* Comp**y. I W. C. 'Wkitk*r, Vice PrwidMt. Cy***mid C*m- i^Cir** *r W*iw 9. Ti*r. ! P"Y- S. M. Xi*btf, Vie* Proid*ot to Ckory* of W*t* | I LH. B*k*lnd. Rr*id*nt. |k*JiH Corporation. io^booM Eiocfne od MoMf*twriit9 Cooipoy. --<tM * br. C. t. Utu*. ^ ' Willi* R. Wbitwoy. Vic* Pr*id*nt i* CWg* of R****rck. n. IN THE 0U fONT ORGANIZATION ALONE: ; I *r*l EUcttic Company. WilUom P. All**. Vic* Rr*id**t **d 0ir*ctor. 1 | L4raci V. Vic* Rr**id*nt and Dir*tor f R***rch. H. fl*tek*r l/*w*. Vic* Rridoot *d 0ir*ctor. \ ' 8*k*lit* Corporation. J*pr L Cr**, Vic* Pr*td**t. 0i/*ct*r *d M*mb*r of *K I Ckrl*t L R*t, O'roctor. E. I. 0* R**t d* N*mo*n i C*- Ei*utt* Commrtt**. ' j pT- W. f. Hrri*qt**, Vic* Prid**t, 0ir*cf*r **d Mmbr *f tK* { j Ck*rf* M. A. Sliii*. Oiractac and Vic* Pratidan*. . 1. 0u Pont Esocwtrv* Commrtt*#. i | 4 N*t*or* 4 Company. fi* Sprr, 0<r*ct#r. ' i G*i9* O. Cum*. Jr. Vic* Pr*id*nt. Crbid* nd C*rbo* E. G. t*bi**o*. G***ri M***|*r *f Orq*ic Ck*mi<#li. Cbm<c*ii Corporation. J. W. McCoy. G*ri M**qor of Explo*isr 0p*rtmnt. OurUt f. Ktf*ring. Vic* Pr*tid*nt. G*nrl Motoa Corpora -<!( to Pr. CUrw u *- tion. C. J. ^H*ne*. Off?c*r, Compboil. Tqqrt l*ki*q Induttry. I Ejn P. St***n*o Vic* Pr**d**t nd Oirtctor Arfhyr 0. Littl*. G. Cwlln Tkor*t. Vic* Pr*td**t. Gn*rl Mill*. Inc. Inc. -OIM *T Or. m l. rur< 48 RESEARCH LABORATORY RtCORO. NOVEMBER. 1111 r vo^/ wM/Ms iu Action, by W ei'lloiit uml Humor: Cliemi-try in 1.liner A. >perry wa- made pre-idem nf the Indu.-try. by Howe. He refer* also (o die 193<1 and 10:!] tour- nrcunized by ihe Nutionnl Rv-cnrrh Coun . Ha ru.m "<ict\ of JleeJuiiiieiil Engineer- and chairman nf the American Committee of (he World cil fr die purp'-e "f inking b.inker* uml cwetitivein imlu.-iii.il r~*-;ircli 1:11 r;i( >-ti, --. 'l' 1 it-ci- me muiiy Engiiircmtg (.imgrcs-. held in Tokyo, leader of the inn-t di-lnigui-hed delegation ,.f ] r**fv~.-i<11i;tl en ivu.'oii> why ii i- .i.lv.iimi^'- -n- i i ,i ini|i.uiilioii to gineer- e\er to leave thi- enmilrv in a hndv. advance its re-euri li iliivvinr in ;iu executive |Mi-ition I>r. Little wn- elected pre-idcut of the Sncietv of or to u diroetnr-liip." -late- 1 *r. Lit tic. "Porhnp' the f liemienl Iudu.-try ( Loudon), one of few Americans fnmlamrtilal one i- lhut lie bring- i.. cither office the to lH- -n honored. He has received the Perkin mesial eioutific point nf view mul a -pc-eialiied knowledge mid the degree of Doctor of Science from Tuft- Col nf die technicul a-pcet- of the company N affairs, lege and Columbia Univer-itv. While in England [irnce--c- and products. in 1 f2ft lie received the -amp degree fmm Manchester Takinc the op|i.i-ite view L>r. Ba.-sett -tales that. "A n-carrh director tnuy l>e pronmted to a jiosilion 1 tiiver.-ily and was made Honorary Associate of ihe Manchester College of Technology. of higher executive authority, but if thi.-? is done he would I* unable to conduct his regular line of duty." In the opinion of Hr. Reese, "every larce company Harden F. Tnylnr. who wa.- vice pre-idem of At lantic Coast Fisheries at the time the book was writ ten. lias been advanced to president. with a number of directors ,-hottld have at least one Dr. Ba.-sett. a year or two after tlte hook wa- writ chemist mi it- hoard of director-, and also on its ten. wa- made president of th$ American Institute executive committee, since many que-tiem.- naturally of Mining it Metallurgical Engineers and is vice (nine up which reiptire the knowledge and experience pre-ideni of the American Society for Testing Ma of a chemi-t. Of course these cun be discussed with terial-. the chemical director; by a tion-technical hoard, but E. C._Sullivan. vice president of Corning Glass in it i- much belter to have men on the board with ex charge of research at the time the book was written, perience to enable them to discus; these questions, lias since been made pre-idem of that company. mu as an advisor, hut ns an nctunL member. Dr. Barnard, president of American Institute of Dr. Barnard believes that. "A research director Baking at the time was later appointed to the dis whose field of work is limited to ffie~ laboratory tinguished post of director of The White House Con operations would not be ft successful director very ference on Child Welfare. long. His vnlue may be in part due to hi; scientific Cilice the date referred to Dr. Rev-* has been ability but even more important is the successful application of what he knows and what he discovers elected vice president of the International Union of Chemistry; vice president of the Print Club of to factory production." Philadelphia; member of the Raven Society of Uni Recognition of "Industrial Explorers" versity of Virginia; honorary member of the British Institution of Chemical Engineer*: fellow of the THIS entire subject of indications of the growing importance of the research man grew from a Royal Society of Arts: member of the Visiting Com mittee of the Bureau of Standard;: and chairman of conversation in which conjecture was made os to the the Board of Directors of the American Chemical -urprisina advance- made since 1923 by the subjects Society. of Maurice Holland s and Henry F. Pringle s "In George D. McLaughlin. Director of Research of dustrial Explorers." When this volume appeared in the Tanner's Council of America, was called to an the Fall of 1923 it was extensively reviewed through important post as an executive in the Tanning In out the technical trade and lay press. Some 300 dustry. dippings are on file in Mr. Holland's office at Divi- C. E. Skinner has received other recognition -ince -ion of Engineering and Industrial Research of the 192S. He wns sent as a delegate to the World En National Research Council.--an unusual publicity gineering Congress. On June 1931 he was awarded volume for a class reader book. It is interesting to the Lamme Medal, given by Ohio State University follow the history of the men whose place in their to nn alumnus of Ohio State College of Engineering respective niches in the Hall of Fame was noted in for meritorious achievement in engineering. It was the chapters of this remarkable book. The discovery the first presentation of the Medal after its establish of the advances made by the subjects since its issu ment by the will of the late Benjamin G. Lamme. ance four years ago is the best possible proof of the Class nf 1338, Ohio State, and for many years chief growing recognition of the research man. both engineer of the Westinghouse company. Mr. Skin through public hoimr and acclaim as well as through ner also wus elected president of the American In- promotion within their own companies. Here are a -titme of Electrical Engineers for the 1931-32 term. few indications: This possibly does not report every honor and ad In tlte year following the appearance of "Indus vancement that came to each of the subject; of Mr. trial Explorers." Dr. .Jewett was awarded the Edison Holland's book, but it serves to strongly indicate the Medal of the American Institute of Electrical En trend toward recognition of the leadership of re- gineer; for distinguished achie'.enient in the rieid of -e.irch men.* i communication;. He has also been awarded ihe Honorarv Degree nf Doctor of science. L niverstty of Chicago" Honorarv Degree of Doctor of Law;, Miami UmverMtv. and the Third Order of the tracred Tiensire. Empire of Japan F..r laOor*tlon of thi topic ' I'reimi inti L. H. Juurnl u( iiwtnuai r.d"- anon. \ '* * UikT*-- '.49 Tbc ' Hardm F. Tarlor li.iium*i Explorer*. ' Maurtr* Hullod 4QU H + nej F. FfittiM* >< if nee in At nun * H'eplletn and llimor i >iuiiirr in loduacrr. Ilue / RESEARCH LABORATORY 'I RECORD. .NOVEMBER, mi 49T/'. STIEGLITZ THE INVESTIGATOR Juligi By Prof. RALPH H. McKEE Department of C^emicel Engineering, Columbia Univertity. KelpK H. McKee HE preparation of >iieglitz f'r a life "f re- tions. rate; of reaction.-. pH relations, rather than T-eurcii ivl- the be;t the world afforded .it the time, in the eightie--the public -chool- of preparative methods were important in ihe-e re-earches of Stieglitz and hi- -indents. N'ew York City, the gyinna.-iutu of karl-ruhc. Ger Honored, but overworked, bv the mnnv -mdciii- many. and the L*niveoity of Berlin. who wi.-h him to direct their rt-earchr- Ir.idiug m The New York City training in his formative (lie degree of Doctor of Philo-aphy. he ha- for more vear? gave him the American viewpoint that made than thirty years continued with ihcir help and that him the natural choice of the American -Chemical nf-srfpw-specially trained iiV-i-t.uit- the -tudy of the Society for its President in the year of America'; general mechanism of organic reaction.-, the the-wv entrance into the Great ^ ar. The year1 in the of indicator color changes, and the study of new Karl-ruhe gymnasium gave hint disciplinary train organic medicinal;. ing in the fundamental; of clear and intelligent thinking--ft practice he has continued to this day. In the University of Beilin, then the world center of chemistry, he attended the lectures of eminent chemist; but his real interest was in his research work under Profe-.-or Thiemann. Dr. Stieglitz has ascribed much of his -ucce-s in solving chemicol problems in the complex field of organic chemistry nut only to (he thorough training of the German gvmnasiuni but to initiative and the feeling of responsibility for his own advancement and success that were developed by freedom from direction while carrying on hi- theris work. On his return to America he worked for Parke. Davi- a; Company but indu*trial work proved un How He Challenges Work LWAYS low voiced find never in n hurry, often Al encouraging but rarely critical, he can get j remarkable amount of work from the student. The writer recalls a conference d-1 years ago when cer tain work was planned and os he left. Profes-or Stieglitz quietly said. '"You can finish this by the last of next week." It was not nil order. It was a challenge as well os n statement of what was ex pected. To fail would imply that the student had insufficient ability and the failure would be a dirappointment to the professor. With such inspira tion every effort was put forth to complete the work by the date suggested. congenial and he soon resigned and took a minor l>o-iiion in the Department of Chemistry of Clark His broad knowledge of chemistry and its various phases has brought him to believe it the most impor University. When The University of Chicago was founded and in 1892 took the leaders of the Department of Chemi'try from Clark University to temporary lalioratories at Chicago, the young Stieglitz -en-ed the important role that the new university would tant of the sciences. This view is well expressed in his statement that ``chemistry as the fundamental science of the transformation of matter must be u.-e-J more and more to insure progre-s." His view of one of the Mipreme problems before the chemists of today may best be given in his wn play in the chemicol world and went along though lie was not offered a regular position. He was given the opportunity to work and teach, but without snlarv as a Docent. How many young men who words. "Its goal is to discover or prepare pure specifics to destroy invading germs mid thus mre disease . . . Any advance made is nmde for all time, for the benefit of all . . . Is not the whole history if have bad ihree vear* of chcmicai experience bevond civilization . . . evidence that the mind of m.m. the doctor's degree lod.ty .-tk leaching po-uioii; directed on ideals, is more powerful in aile\:ai.::2 without salary.1 ill than Nature ever was or is, in the blindue.-; if Dr. Stieglitz'; cariv teaching at Chicago was in her work?" in.iivucai chemistry but In- re-earche; "ere priniar- F.ihtor Note -- Tht D'r'"ih'r in*tuUmr"t ' iiv and preferably ;n (he field of organic ch*-mi;trv iri/f fa.I )r Karl T. 'inipl.m. pin.i-I " iiore the new and for" arh-iooktng ideas of phv- )lium\ch Iiffttt Institute oi Ttch nolnij.j, anting ....... I -ical ihemistry couid be applied. Equilibrium reac Dr. H`iyh Titylcr. 50 ff^StRCH LABORATORY RECORD. NOVEMBER. IJ2 PRODUCED S/C/M/Ms THIS LABORATORY LITERATURE By A. W. ANDERSON Swpvrviior. Ut*r*twr lwich I Lamb Optic*! Company. RITING sale* literature may win a little Wfar-removed from the usual activity of the Research and Engineering Staff of a maim- inI? firm is not always in touch with the factory pro duction schedules. It remains the duty of some one division with access to the necessary information to facturinc concern, and often the members of tln- coordinate the Development. Production. Sales. Ad divi-imi wi-li it could be farther removed. There vertising and Printing Departments, so that litera arc included in the various types of literature pub- ture will be on schedule. li-hed bv manufacturer', two broad mediums through With our company the Research Division takes the which a meiniier of the Re-earch Department may initiative in the establishment of new products and expie*- hi- ideas to distinct advantage: namely cata also originates the move for new printed matter. log- mid directions. The descriptive leaflet or catalog When the last step is taken in the official authoriza de-crib*- iu detail the product available for the pros tion for manufacture of a new product, there is issued pective purchit-er. Directions for u.-e go to the from the office of the Research Manager, and directed vii'tiaiier with the item and tell him how to use it. to the designer, a form (Fig. 1) giving some history Sale- viiliiine is affected to a mnrked degree by the relating to the progress of the project, with a reque-i tv]a> nf printed material that precedes us well as for certain literature. When the Production Depart aicuiiipanit- the delivery of the product. The mag ment has received a promise date from the fuctory. nitude nf the -ale- volume may be used as a conveni the information is relayed to the Research Manager - ent type "f vardstick enabling the research director office. If literature has not been submitted by the to mc.t-uie in a way the productivity of his division. time the promise date is received, the same furtn i.- From this it is apparent that the Research Depart again sent out. with the added information regarding ment -hould be willing to accept its share in the the factory promise date. This serves as a gentle re re-|iOMSiiiili(v of writing -ales literature. minder that time is getting short and the mami-cripi The task nf producing literature is by no means must soon be -ubmitted. a -imple one. Writing the manuscript is one phase Advertising material is not entirely technical iu of the project, hut maximum value of printed matter its nature and therefore the write-up as supplied by i- ,.ur,v,,| when it i- distributed at the proper time, the Research Deportment is not taken as a finished h i- advi-ai'lc. therefore, to utilize some sort of fol product and io put in print. The Sales and Adver low-up in "i-der to prevent any possibility of the tising Departments contribute their share in the product remaining inactive on the shelves due to number of points that have been set up as a guide to lack of di-mbuiioii of printed matter. the editing of the company's sales manual. Four teen points have been listed under two heading-, System of Preparing Literature namely Technical Data and Sales Data. The fir-t request is for the Technical Data, which is to be writ THE Oau-cli A: Lomh Optical Company couducia wide program in the development of scientific ten by the Research Department, and is exacted m embrace the following points: iu.-mimriii- In addition to the -pectncle len.- and frame -nit-, it enjoy- the sole of a large variety of highly technical in-trninent~. -erving practically all proii--imial. educational and industrial needs. The i1"111'.i11v li.t- in "I'craiimi an effective "'stem of pre paring ami nailing niaiui-cript- necessary for miro- 1. Definition and General Description 1. Purpose and General Functioning d. Distinctive Features i Equipment Application References and Bibliography diu'.iu; ael .iccuupauviug new products. Thi.- -v -- The manuscript covering the foregoing points i- lew le'iumiig out little effort, -ucceed- in producing ilicn -ubmitted to the Research Director s office. It ; 11 rlalll K- a nil a c"li - e ie rai i e degree ef .- a 11 - fa I -11' > 11 i- 11l-xt foru.irded lo ihe Sritles Department with a re- aM*i j*i "iiipt in--- '|uc-( that -tc[>s be taken to add to this Technical I;i 11 t.11. tlie ad\ern-iug -luff of a maimf.n inr- I Jiiia material of -mil a nature that it wiil complete 'PRCCH.'U = u --/ *\ research laboratory RECORD. NOVEMBER. Ill: rnt ^ Docrlption of Laboratory WRITES THE SALES A tv** C Ofutdl /-jr. *,.! Scientific Suraau Research SUIT: B. Rtyton. eleven optical engineers and seven aaslatanta. llie r-iiirv. 1 In- point, ihut -liould receive cim.-iilerali'.in ore li-tcd a, follow-: fi- Market. Prospective L%ers. Buyers . Equipment Photo- with Legend S. Accessory Photo- with Legend 9. Sales Points with Advantages 10. Comparison with Competitors Product; 11. .Meeting of Objections 12. Demonstration Method 12. Specifications, Terms, Price and Delivery 14. Placing of Order The reque-t is made by u;ing the -nine form as li'iwn in Figure 1. and give; the Sale; Department further date- ;o that they know when the literature must be ready. Using the Technical Data as a bnsi; aud supplementing it with the Sale; Data supplied a ^ Research Work: Development and uae of optical apparatus, ophthalmic optica, photographic and projection apparatus, range Anders and all typea of optical measuring .nstrumenia. Cjie**iicl Leberctocy Research Staff: F. P. Kolb, three cbem'ata and two assistants. * Research Work: Emery and rouge washing and grading, grind ing sod polishing, experiments, cements. Allen, glais sashing, glass silvering, metal plating and all progress control problems of chem ical natuYe. Ceramic Laboratory Research Staff: M. R. Scon, one ceramic chemist and one assistant. Research Work: Problems con nected with the manufacture of op tical and colored glass. .Jjy the Sales Department, it i; now -ent to the Ad- vertuing Department, who whip it into final shape. ----- Thi- rtep cry-tallize; the write-up- and result; in the attractive leaflet, booklet, folder or the sort of thing the firm need; to advertiie it; new product. The Advertising Department is advised by the ductiutt of printed matter. This i; derived rrom in formation received by the Sales Department fn-m the Research Manager - office. Sale, Department to the date de-ired for the pro- Research Department Supervises Literature To i The Dfnpnrri Subject prottet in caie) Unit Proqrtu SstuiiHt Appro'*J...................... FLalrutit Appro'll .............. Authorisation Approved Proportion l*nml***l Oiractiofta for U*a Kratuir^i .................. Nut Renutreii .............. >iti<itUtrl ................. ToKnf Dot* R*iviral ............ Not Revmrat - - Romarki tPtcklnf. Uopocklof and SatMo*up iTnefeolqot aod MaalpuUtloo (lillaitlif (Trouble Sbootloc iDefloltlooi aod Oanaral I>uriptloo (Purpnaa tad Ootral Functloolof iDlitlocrlra Fntum (Enulpmtac Application* tEeferror* aad Blblkocrapb? SaUi 0at Figure (Market. Prospective C'eem. ISurrri C*(ulpment Pbotoa with Legen*l (AiTorT Tbotoa *ltb Le(*n( i S I m pf'lnr* and Ad'antieea i'\nipartoo *itb Competitor* Mrednc of Objection* i remuneration M*tbol i NpeciflfitMnn*. Term*. A L llrerr < (Marine uf (hr Order Pru* THE question might be raised a* to where the Ad vertising Department comes in. Advcni-ing specialist; produce excellent literature in numcrmi- and attractive forms. But the advertising eiutf i- ii"t always in a position to be fully conversant with the more technical side of a particular new product "r the technical tie-in with other product; of the firm. The man who writes copy cannot be expected to l>e a research associate and know the new product ufamiliarly as does the scientist who ha- worki-d. played and dreamed his problem for a omi-ideralile period of time. It is a reasonable request to make when asking the scientist to develop or improve an item in the -alelisting. that he also consider writing the descriptive mutter for that development. Obviously, thi- man knows the item better than anyone else, and -Imuld. therefore, be drafted to write the manuscript. The scientist must exercise judgment when a ril ing for his familiarity with the product may ail-m him to leave out many pertinent thought; that ap pear unnecessary to mention. These thought- mat appear obvious to the technical man, but are ju-i i In- items necessary for the purchaser to help him make up his mind. It is sometimes possible that the -i- dener is prejudiced to the extent that he may mai.i- rate or over-rate his own work. The thought w. ' the research worker must hold uppermost in hi- mum while writing is the degree of technical devempm- of the person who is expected to ure the pru-iu-' Literature should not be printed -n far am the production of the product that ndcrrn-ing - 2 labobatout V "" becord. NOVCMBCK. 1112 J 'PRODUCED S/C/M/Ms~ iiivpiitury i tuMtlli--iy intri'ii-t'il before there is u-e f'*r the nuueriiil. m- ... Hun prn-peitive purclm-er- ">u;t W ii.lvj.,.,1 receiving literature til .it the pp"hut will nut l.<- iiviiibihlf until ;"ine l iter due. In like in.inner, lii. rintrr -li>m! I n<>t he drl.iyiil - 1 ih.ii .i.irk ti.-. i< |\* . 11 Hu* uiirrh"ii-e -helve* until tin* -li. iit - ili -iin ii eie it.' rhr leiiin11.1 in*i*e---nry f*1 r iii'.v- iui; the pt'i'liiet. 1'iiiiluetiuii pmini-e 'lute-, us *up- plie.l l.v tin- R.-. aii li Mummer - urtieo. in mi iitteiupt tn eiHii'iliiuiie Sule-. Ailveiti.-ini; mill Pi'intiuu De- piuimeiit- i- i.iie wuy nf n.-.-uriitg the prmiipt -upply .if literature. It i- up to the Sule- Department to iletennine the i|Uatitity nf printed matter tn he made up. Thi- is ulitiiineil from u complete nuuline li;t that i> kept netive l.v the Sale; Department. This list is divided by the type of purelne-er -n that one group get; one type uf literature, a -ee uid group gets a second type and a third group may get both types, etc. Writing Direction* for U*e PRODUCTS -huuld be accompanied by appro priate "Direction; for Use" whenever the product i- of -iich a nature that direction; are required. The-e direc tions must lie ready to go out with the in-trument when the product is ;hipped. Nothing is more disconcerting to a purchaser than to receive Hie product and not know how"t6~pfbperlv`;et itlip'b'r how to operate it correctly, or put it into adjustment. These four points are covered by the directions: 1. The packing, unpacking and setting up. 2. Technique and Manipulation. 3. Adjusting. 4. Trouble Shooting. It is obvious that if these point; are to be adequately and correctly covered, the member or members of the Re-earch Department responsible for the devel opment of the new product must write them. Requesting manuscript for the Directions and the subsequent writing of the manuscript is done in the same way as for the sales literature. Sometimes the Directions are utilized as sales literature and in that case the mnnu.-cript is turned over to the Sales De partment. -o that they can make distribution of this combination piece of literature. However, in most case- the directions are considered as part of the specifications of the instrument itself. They should be attractive, but not necessarily showy so that they are in competition with the descriptive literature. They ;hould be made up ns a serviceable card, book let. or whatever the need indicates. Directions must be accurate. Cure should be taken not to have the directions written in such a manner as to be over the head of the operators. On the other hand, it must not be made too elementary, thereby insulting the intelligence of the purchaser. The use of photo graphs always enhances the value of directions for use. The photographs are of a different type from tho-e u-ed with the sales literature, in that they should be action picture;. For instance, in photo graphing instruments, it is well to show the hands inserting a part or making some adjustment. Line drawings and schematics are aLso valuable to the di rections for use. In the same way that judgment -1 t"u 111 lie u-ed in the writing <>f technical iLitn the -all- literature, the prejudice- of the de-iguer mu-t lie overlooked, -n that cerium feature- of Hie iu-tnmicnt. a> far a- operation i- cotniTncd. are not favored. Submitting fo Other Departments AFTKIi the direction.- for u-c have Ihvmi completed ly tlte di^igner. they -huuld l>e .-ubmiued to other pi-ople in the organization: for iti;timce. tvile- I'apart incut ami the Iii-|ievtton Department, for their impartial mnl valuable critici;m. Having other- look over the direction- will help in-itre ugain.-t the fault of having the direetiiui; apply only t" the re-enrch tyjie of individual, a; was tile writer. The bale; Department cun watch for pci;-ible addi tion; of notes and use of auxiliary items, and in the -ante way the Sales and Sale- .Service Departments can camion and correct the u.-e of language which may nrouse unwarranted sales re-btiincc. Tlte nme follow-up system is used to itt-urc get ting the direction- for tire out with the instrument nt the proper time. One feature in the printing order for directions differs front that of the -ales literature, in that the ordering is done by the Pro duction Department from specifications, as is the ordering of the instrurnem.Jnstead ofthe Sale- Pcpnnment originating the order. This is done to prevent a large stock of obsolete directions from ac cumulating, because it is sometimes considered just as cheap to print 20.001) as -500. Quantity printing is economy if no changes will be evident on ordering the second lot of the instrument in tlte factory, but often direction* must be altered, as well as the in-trument, after the first lot has been out and sugges tions have come front the field. This leaves the cor rections of instruments and directions up to the Specifications Department. There tire other types of literature in which the Re'eurch Division is also interested, such as the periodic publications of scientific abstracts. A good many time* the research man or the designer writes tech nical articles for technical papers and presents them before various technical organizations. Also, maga zines. or the house organ, require articles written in the language of the interested layman. These items, being of a special nature, do not require any type of systematic follow up service, as do the items di;cu.-sed in the foregoing paragraphs. Following the rather simple procedure outlined in the foregoing paragraphs, the Bausch <k Lomb Op tical Company produces well-prepared literature writ ten in the language of the consumer, and available on time. It has come to be considered not only a responsibility, but an added privilege of the Research Department. Ambiguity and misunderstanding deal ing with technical subjects is prevented from finding its way into our literature and in their stead we hjve accurate and frank discussion of scientific achieve ment. The set-up as briefly described here may not be applicable to all firms, but we find that our re-uit; have justified our continuing the system, and e hope others may find some -uegestion; of merit in the foregoing. the STANDARDS PR,i v/% W' : - 1 ' IS RESEARCH LABORATORY RECORO. NOVEMBER. 53 Special Editor, Charles A. Marlies, School of Technology, College of the City of New York STANDARDS OF TEMPERATURE AS IS well known. tom | era dire expi'c-es ilie degree of warmth nr coldness of a body. Two A- -R- bodic* are 'aid tn be nt different tempera tures if nno hs-conte- holler ami ilie other cmler when brought in contact. Tlie la-t -tati-ment is a simple definition of teni|-rature. That is. temperature con trols the flow of hem. and it is sometimes defined as the intensity fat-tor t>f heat etiergv. ju.-t as voltage, controlling the How of electric charce. is ml led the inten-ity factor of electrical energy. Chance of temperature produces a great variety of change' in a body. The color. size. pre-sure if the body i- confined, electrical resistance, magnetic prop erties. contact electromotive force--all undergo chances -nith the change of temperature and have all been tt-ed to measure temperature chance. In deed. to date, the only property of a body which has not l>een found to chance on heating or cooling is its mass: and from Einstein's nm.-s-eiierey equation, theoretically, even the moss should invrea-e on ri.-e of temperature, but the increment is far too -mull to be detected by our present methods of measuring mass, delicate thoueh they may be. This universal influence of temperature on physical properties em phasizes the necessity for temperature measurement and control in all scientific measurement- and indus trial processes. Establishment of a Temperature Scale WO conditions are e-s-eiiiiai to the e-tablishment Tof a temperature scale: 11) Two bodies nt different temperatures must be available and it must be possible for any com petent and properly-equipped observer to reproduce the-e two temperatures at any time and place. tJl The temperature interval between the-* two fixed temperatures must be divided into a convenient numlier of steps, or degrees. An instrument used for interpolation between the fixed points is termed a thermometer if used at ordinary temperatures and a pyrometer if used nt elevated temperatures, although these terms are by no menus universal. Thus thermoelectric pyrometers are commonly called thermocouples. The temperature measuring instruments in ordi nary u-e depend for their action upon the change of some physical property with tempernture. It might be pointed out that another sy-tem of thermometry is posstole. one founded upon the measurement of quantities of heat rather than upon the change in some phv-icai propertv of a -ubstance >ucli a method is too incuuvenient for ordinary u-e. al though it should be noted that the thermodynamic scaie of temperature i -ee Iwlowi is b.isr-l on -nt h a method and tins scale has the verv Jcstr.ihle pra-env of being independent of the particular phy-u-.d prop. ertn-s wild the chnracteri'tic' of 11 u- .-ub-ianrr. The two fixed temperature- u.-ed in the e-tahli-h- metii of all temperature scales are the freezing afid leiiling points of water under standardized condi tions. The-e were fixed early in the development of tlicnuouivtcr-cult-', ihoothi r-. *uvh a- the h-mpi-ralure' of summer and winter, the temperature of melt ing butter, etc., having been tried and discarded for otic reason or another. Fahrenheit, the 'iermun milker of meteorological instruments, was the fir-t to u.-e the fixed points of freezing and boiling water. The inconvenient numerical values of his scale are a 'tirvivnl from one he used in some earlier work- in which a mixture of ice. water and -ea salt (0:Fi and the body temperature (appr. ICO*P) were used as the fixed points. The Centigrade scale was intro duced about 100 years later, in the middle of the eighteenth century hv an Astronomer. Celsius, and has supplanted all other types in scientific work and is in common use everywhere except in the English -peaking countries, where the Fahrenheit -cuie *till prevails, and in Germany, where a scaledue "Id Rcaumer which divides the range lietween the freez ing and boiling points of water into b0 parts is ex tensively used. A certain tempernture may lie expressed on the three scales as follows: ' - 5/9 ft - 32) - 5 -t'r The universal use of the Centigrade -vale in the laboratory along with the common u.-e of the Farenheit scale in the plant has made the .quick conversion from one scale to the other a decided convenience. Therefore chans and table* for such conversion are in common use. One of the be-t methods is that used in the Sauveur tables, w-hich use* three columns of figures, the middle set being the temperature to lie converted and the left and right the corre-ponding *C and *F respectively. Liquid in ^iais Thermometers THE temperature measuring devices in common est use are liquid in glass thermometers. Their wide u.-e is due to their compactness and low cot of manufacture. Furthermore, since liquids in gen eral have much greater coefficients of expansion than solids, such thermometers can he made of almost any desired sensitivity merely by proper choice of size of bulb and capillary stem by which the expansion is made apparent. For such thermometers mercury is used in prac tically all cases for ordinary temperatures because of its large and fairly uniform volume coefficient m expansion, its low freezing point (-40*0 and high boiling point (oo6*C) making a wide working range, its high surface tension -o that it dn- not cling to the gla--. us opucitv and high rcrteitmg power -o thnt it is readily vi-ible. For low temperatures toluene, alcohol or pentane 54 mcrHi.RCM LABORATORY RECORD. NOVEMBER. 1131 PRODUCED S/C/M/Ms' iiimv Irf' u-d iii-1,.1,1 ,,f 11irv. die freezing p i111- made an exhaustive -tudy of clinical them.... .. which arc -`-'Hr. -ll-i'C ;,n,i -JfiOT respectively. the magnitude of their error- and the mo-t common \ -mall .miMimt ,|yo i- trcijut'll11milled to render defects. Specific-minus were -ot up and theriuonicti-r- die 1 i 11 u i < 1 vi.-ilil.-_ pa.--iuc the test were given a certificate. Thi- work >iim- iiii ii-.i-.- ..f pi.--mi.- r:ii-t- die hniliug point di-tinctly improved the quality of the clinical ther f n liquid, die upper i'iiiigc uf die mercury tiier- mometer.- made in this country as wa- -h"w n be the lliiiliieler III.IV lie ext.... led Iwvnnd 3->*>'C by filling fact that the correction* found after tilt* standard had die upper pnrt "f the tlu-rmutnetcr with mi inert liven in iqieratioii a few year; were very much -mulb-r ::;i'. Tlii- i- ii.-uidly ilmic liv filline with nitrogen than the corrections of thn*e submitted at the H-gin- mid -ruling nt ii Imv temperature. An the mercury uitig. This standard with -light modification- h.t- expand- mi 1 i-;iii11ix the nitrogen i* enmpres-ed. the bccti adopted as mandatory by -everal -talc- and bv pie--ure inereiiNid mid consequently tlie boiling point the federal Specifications board. A C"tiiiitriruil of die mercury rai-cd. For very high temperature* Xandard for Clinical Thermometers wa.* -et up in special Imni-iliciite gla.-s or even fused quartz must 102-S and revised in 1932 (llie effective date for new In- used as die container, becaa-e ordinary glasses will production was June 1, lOi'-J. i Thermometer- pu.-- often and ln'oune siretched under the high pressure. ittg this standard are accompanied by a certificate of Ily this mean* the upper temperature limit of mer the manufacturer to that effect. cury thermometers may be extended to t>*>0*C which The American Society for Testing Materials Iul- is a cherry red heat. Recently a gallium in quartz -et up specifications for the various tlieiTiiometer- thermometer has been made which enn he used from u*ed in its standards. Some of these are total immer- 3n*C. the freezing point of gallium, to 10fiO"C. the -ion. others partial, depending upon the u-e to which "ftening imiiit of quartz (gallium boils over it is put. In setting up a new standard in which a IdiMfC). thermometer is required, one alreodv in u.-e i- de-ig- Liquid in glass thermometer- is subject to many nated wherever po-sible. Thus Standard Method- of errors. Thus the capillary bore is never uniform so Test: that calibration at several points must be resorted to: D 20--30 Distillation of Bituminou- Material*-- the gins.- of the bulb is very thin so that its volume is D S6--10 Distillation of Gasoline, etc. affected by the external pressure, although in mo-t D "24('--30 Distillation of Creosote Oil ca-i- this error is appreciable only when the differ all u.-e the same thermometer--A.S.T.M. High Dis ence in pres-ure from normal is half an atmosphere tillation Thermometer. All A.S.T.M. thermometer-, >r more. Furthermore, due to hysteresis and/or with but one exception, are - mercury-in-gln--: the ocular changes of the bulb and capillary the volume exception being the Low Cloud and Pour Thermom "f the bulb, the length of the stem and the diameter eter. a toluene-in-gloss instrument. f the capillary may chance slowly, necessitating fre The Federal Specifications Board ha- -et up a quent calibration. Finally, under the usual condi -tandard for Industrial Thermometers, which i- man tions of graduation whereby the distance between the datory for all Government Department.-. E--eutiallv initial calibration points, e g. 0* and 100*. is divided the same standard has been adopted by the X-ieu'ific into equal part-, the thermometer must be used with Apparatus Makers' Association. The thermometers all the mercury at the .-ume temperature. If not. described are the familiar mercury-in-gln.-* tyi*. and a correction must be applied for the temperature of in addition various holders dnd sockets are -pecified. the emergent stem. adapting the instrument for industrial me. A-= a consequence of vlie-e corrections and sources For many years the Bureau of Standard.- ha- ac of error the liquid-in-glass thermometer has been cepted thermometers for test. Thermometer- which abandoned as an m-lrument of high precision. This are free from defects of design, material nr mu-tnic- lut- re-ulted in the use of partial immersion ther tion. and are correct within reasonable tolerance- are mometer.-. graduated and standardized for a particu given certificates. If a thermometer is not eligible lar depth of immersion, thus avoiding the necessity for certification, a report giving the result nf the te-i of determining and applying the correction for the is issued. Thermometers which receive certificates .-uicrgcnt -tern. These thermometers are standard from the Bureau of Standards are probably a- pre ized for -lom teitqieraiuro- corresponding to the aver cise as *urh instruments can be made. If -itch a age likely to o<-cur in the use of the thermometer. thermometer is properly used, provided the calibra tion is recent and all corrections ure properly applied, Standards for Thermome+ars a temperature measurement may be made with a limit nf accuracy of 0.1 the graduation interval, i.e. TO DATE tlie only industrial standards for therm'luii icrs which have been set up in the L'uited to 0.0l*C if the thermometer is graduated to O.l'C. Such accuracy is possible only with total iniiner-mu >tatc- are ( oucerned with liquid-in-glo--- instrument-. thermometers. Differential thermometers, e g. Beck a 111 eh ihe American Society of Mecluntcnl En- mann type, which are graduated to 0.01*C can under gunwT- give- m it- Power Test Codes a description pruper conditions give u temperature difference accu and ria--iric-.iiioii of >ther :ype of temperature meas rate to 0.001'C. uring devices, iheir accuracy, correction; and instai- This article will be concluded in the next issue 1.iiion rule-. wiili a ili-cus-iou of the other in-tniment- u-ed mr Hip rir-< of ilic-c -taudnrrls w.i- promulgated be ii mperuture measurement, and the establishment M die llunuu of "standard- -horde after it; organiza the Thermodynamic Temperature Scale and the ln- tion. In r(-|ni-e to numerous mquine-. the Bureau ipniati'inal Temperature Scale, and li-t of -i.uniard- 'PRODUCED S-U.lv, .15' ( REfEARCH LABORATORY V RECORD. NOVEMBER. 1IU 55 OUR NOVEMBER AUTHORS Dr. Vanncvar Bush--Vice-President and Dean of the School oj Engineering uj the Massachusetts Institute oj Tech nology. Xoted jor achievements in re search and contributions to technical education. ,-J native of Everett, Mass., the son oj the late Rev. R. Perry Bush, for JO vears a clergyman in the vicinity of Boston. Graduated from Tufts Col lege in 1913, and in 1916 awarded the degree of doctor oj engineering from Harvard University and Technology. In 1932 received honorary degree of doctor of science from Tufts. Has taken particular interest in the design of scientific calculating instruments. For development of product integraph was awarded the Levy Medal of the Frank lin Institute in 1928. Recently won wide recognition for design of an intri cate calculating machine called the dif ferential analyzer, which greatly -in-, creases the accuracy and speed oj engi neering calculations. Also known for contributions to the development of vacuum tubes and for investigations in electric power transmission. Under his direction there has been built at Tech nology an instrument known as the network analyzer. On this device a great power nerxork covering several states may be accurately reproduced and its operating characteristics studied under the most satislactory conditions. Has also carried on important studies of transients in machines and dielectric phenomena. H'aj invited to join faculty of Institute in 1923 to undertake com prehensive study of undergraduate cur riculum in electrical engineering and to develop most efficient methods of teach ing in this field, working closely with Professor Dugald C. Jackson, head of the department. Has also been profes sor of electric power transmission. Career as a teacher has been no less notable than work in research, and has been tor some time in charge of gradu ate studv and research in the depart ment. His appointment as Vice-President and Dean ot the School of Engineering of the Institute was announced March 10. 1932. At the same time was elected member ol the Corporation of Tech nology. Early m his career Dr Bush held a position in the test department of General Electric Company, and then returned to Tuits as instructor in mathe matics. Subsequently was promoted to assistant professor at electrical engineer ing In 1917-18 carried on important research m submarine detection for the special board on submarine devices o' l . S. Xavv. XOW holds commission ot lieutenant commander in U. S. X aval Reserve Forces. Is an enthusiastic yachtsman and during the summer makes along-shore cruises on his yacht, the Caribou. Following the World War, was consulting engineer jor American Radio and Research Corporation. Is a director of Spencer Thermostat Com pany and of Raytheon, Inc. Dr. Bush is a Fellow of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Physical Society. Is a mem ber of the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education, and of Alpha Tau Omega, Tau Beta Pi, Kappa Eta Kappa, and Phi Beta Kappa fraterni ties. Author of "Operational Circuit Analysis", and joint author with Pro fessor W. H. Timbie of "Principles of Electrical Engineering", one of the most widely used books_in its field. Has also contributed numerous articles to scien tific and engineering publications. In 1916 Dr. Busk married Miss Phoebe Davis of Chelsea. They have two sons, Richard D., who is Id, and John H., 10. Dr. Bush makes his home in Bel mont, Mass. Dr. W. J. McConnell--Graduated from St. Louis University, School of Arts and Sciences and School of Medi cine. With outbreak of war, was com missioned First Lieutenant in the U. S. Medical Corps, serving with Field Sig nal Corps in France 18 months. Pro moted to Captain and then Major. Is still Major in Army Reserve Corps. At the close of the war, entered the U. S. Public Health Service. Office'of Indus trial Hygiene. In 1921 appointed Sur geon of U. S. Bureau of Mines engaged in research on physiological effects of heat. As Medical Director of Philadel phia Health Council and Tuberculosis Committee, promoted health service in groups of small industrial plants. Was also medical director ol several large in dustrial concerns. In addition to his present work as Director in Charge of Industrial Health Service of Policyholders' Service Bureau. Dr. McConnell is Consulting Physiologist to the U. S. Bureau of Stines and Industrial Con sultant to Philadelphia Health Council. Has published several articles on dif ferent research phases oj ventilation and industrial health service. II' Anderson -- Member of Ameri can Society ot Mechanical Engineers. Member ot Rochester Section. Optical Society of America. Graduate of Wor cester Polytechnic Institute, BB. *in Mechanical Engineering, 1922. Equip ment Engineer, Western Electric Co., Hawthorne Plant, 1922-1923. Instruc tor, Machine Drawing and Descriptive Geometry, Armour Institute ot_ Tech nology, Chicago, 1923-1924. Instructor Applied Mechanics and Strength of 31aterials. Mechanics Institute, Rochester, 1924-1929. Engineering and Research Department, Bausck 6- Lomb Optical Company, 1929. Alfred V. de Forest--Consulting Engineer, American Chain Company, Bridgeport, John Chatillon Or Sons, Sew York, Spang Chalfant and Com pany, Pittsburgh. Research Engineer, American Chain, 1919-28. Previous to tkat time. Associate Research Engineer, Union --Metallic--Cartridge -Company^ instructor, Princeton University and draughtsman. Sew London Ship 6- En gine Company. Class of 1911 at Massa chusetts Institute of Technology. In ventor of several methods of magnetic testing used in industry one of which received the Dudley medal in 1928. In vented fatigue testing methods for springs and wire; a magnetic method of measuring stress; a magnetic strain gauge; the Isothermal electro-magnetic method of measuring wall thickness. Formed the A. V. de Forest Associates to apply the Magnaflux test for surface de jects. Contributor to AS.TM.; Interna tional AS.TM., ABS.T., AJMMJE., and many trade papers. Secretary, com mittee on Magnetic Analysis and chair man committee on Xon-Destructive Testing, AJM-MS. Charles ,-J. Marlies--Bom in Xew York State. Studied at the College ot the City of Xew York and Colum bia University. Degrees: BS., Ch.E.. C. C. X. Y.; AM. Columbia. Carried on industrial research and consulting work in several fields among which are: Corrosion proof electrodeposits and lu bricating oils and greases. Present posi tion: Department ol Chemistry, School of Technology, College of the City of Xew York, giving courses in Physical Chemistry, Electrochemistry and Tech nical Analysis. Member: American Chemical Society, American Society for Testing Materials, American Standards Association, The Electrochemical So ciety, Xrw International issocutinn for Testing Materials. Fellow o' tne American Institute ol Chemists 56 ?fJCA*CH laboratory ACCORD. .VQVTMBER. ! PRODUCED S/C^wr' | NOTES ON LABORATORY EQUIPMENT - _____ - ____ ____________________ _ A Novel Recording Strain Seuge lr A. V. deFOREST Leeuweoboeck. (be first man to dis cover tb* world o( living micro-organlion, on June l. 1674, wrote to the Royal Society re porting the discov ery of corpuscles in blood. "Blood cor puscles are 25.000 times smaller than a grain of sand." In laboratory work, perhaps more than In any other suliere of activity, measurements are the basis of knowl edge. Nearly all laboratory activity centers about the making of measure ments. and the development of special methods aod Instruments tor new and Deiter measurements are very gen erally the most time consuming and expensive part of a research develop ment. Logical design of any mechanical structure requires a knowledge of the loads to be Imposed, and the ability to calculate (be stresses which will be set up by such loads. In many cases of static loading this process Is simple. In many other coses, especially with dynamic loading. It Is difficult on ac count of the uncertainty of load dis tribution. The familiar examples are the Indeterminate and redundant structures used tor avoided l In bridge design. If sufficiently cheap and simple recording strain gauges were available, the degree of uncertainty could be greatly reduced. A more difficult problem lies hidden In every structure or machine. What are the accidental load factors In ad dition to the regular assumed normal conditions' The accidental factor usually occurs so Infrequently (bat measurement Is difficult unless recording Instruments can be oaed over considerable periods of time. With the novel method here described, however, records can be made extending over a sufficient time to include the tccidents. In other cases tests can be set up and aynthetlc 'accldenta' produced. Meas urements of stresses in airplanes dur ing drop tests and In rough landings are of tbla type I'sually some stand ard of "accident" must be set up. but usually the loading Is dynamic and the resulting stresses d fficult or Impos sible lo calculate A record of strains in all important members during the test, win ususlly tJlow simplified cal culations for the next design, which id mrn may be refined by further tests. Another Important function of such testing Is the reduction in weight of low- ttreised parts. In the develop, menc of any structure, for Instance an automobile, the parta which are too weak are readily found by experience: but those too heavy and too strong are very generally Ignored. Well conIdered stresi measurements at peak overloads would allow- weight reduc tion without the expense of cutting below, and then strengthening above, the danger point. We may smile at Leeuwenboeck'a grain of sand as a basis for measure ment. but In very many rases >e find that design is baaed on estimates of load quite as loosely conceived as the dimensions of t casual aand grain. As In the 17th century, a great sense of virtue la obtained by measuring with a good degree of accuracy the figures which correspond to the factor "25.000". Careful and accurate figures are used for stress calculations based un loose assumptions of load and Its distribution. A concrete problem. The Autoglro _Comp_any_pf_Amerlca.wished to know, 'the bending and direct atreases In the rotating wing span of their "fly ing windmill." The Instrument must here operate at accelerations up to 80 g.. withstand Impacts, be self contained, weigh al most nothing, and coat very little. As an answer to the problem, the deForest scratch, extensometer was Invented. This device produces a full site record of the strain In (he mem ber to which It Is attached, thereby eliminating optical, mechanical or electrical systems of multiplication of motion. The resulting record la mag aided and measured, or photographed with any metallographlc microscope. In this ay a single multiplying sys tem is used in conjunction with a Additional Information about these Items' Furnished on Request number of simple Individual recorders. Inatead of using time as a coordinate of the record, a component of the change of motion to be measured Is utilized.* This Is done by providing a light adjustable friction which re straint a spring from moving the tar get crosswite under the recording diamond. As a relative motion be tween gauge polnu scratches the rec ord of deformation, ihe difference be tween static and moving friction allows the spring to traverse the target under the diamond, so that a second deforma tion leaves Its record alongside.instead _ of on top of the first. For occasional or Intermittent phe nomena. this Is an Ideal arrangement: no record Is made except where the translebt appeara. For stresses re treated at known Intervals (be arrange ment U almost equivalent to s time basis, except [hat the scale Is propor tional to the stress changes- There is only one moving part, and this niav be made exceedingly light, so that high accelerations do not cause difficulty Extenaometers or strain gauges, hitherto In use. measure only distance between two points. The present Inttrumenl w-||| record motion of one pair of gauge points relative to the other pair in whatever direction It takes place. For cases of combined To^--Scratch &rtensometef. commercial type. luilt by leldwin-Soethwert Company. Weight 0.1 oi. Center--Record of bonding stresses in Autogiro Kotor. Rough eir condition end variable loads, loftom' -lending stresses end combined bending end torsional variations in shift. PP.Ol'UCSD S*>'t.vs.is RESEARCH LABORATORY RECORD. NOVEMBER, till ^ O/ longitudinal nd torilon stress. the frequency relation. and enent of both components ran be measured. In llatea. pressure vessels. stressed akin structures. etr.. where me direction uf principal stress la unknown, a single record *'111 rover both shear and di rect stress In any two dimensions. This feature Is a great saving In time and expense o'er laborious and fre quently misleading ralculat.ons of sec ondary stresses. In the case of the Autoglro spars, no slgnlfitaot torsion "as present. The record gave complete readings under various "ind loads and maneu vers of all kinds. The commercial In strument shown In the Illustration la the latest development of this record ing device. The record shown is taken from the Autoglro testa. New Terminal Type Thermo Regulator The Red Top Terminal Type Ther mo-Regulator. announced by Hlergesell Brothers. Is a development re sulting from demand In the field of accurate temperature control, for a device that will control any desired temperature to a variation of 1 10th of one degree, within a range of from u3 to 30UC F. The following features of the In strument are pointed out In descrip tive announcements: The mercury is purified through a special process. The capillary and reservoir Is filled with dry hydrogen to dampen spark at contact point. The electrodes, or contacts, sre of a special alloy metal, expressly designed to contact on top of mercury. Terminals for connecting control circuit, eliminate danger of breaking of old style, delicate "pig tall" leads to electrodes. Outer glass shell, completely enclos ing dellcste parts, adds rigidity to the completed Instrument. Relays are ao designed as to operate within 12 mllllamperee at HO volte. <0 cycles, through protecting condenser and resistors, which are mounted on one base. Relays can be furnlahed Id three types of enclosing cases. Relay contacts will carry loads up to 30 amperes (3,000 watu l at 110 volts. A. C. For Testing Tentile-8reeling Strength For laboratory testing a new tensile breaking strength tester for a variety of materials Is announced by (he Amthor Testing Instrument Company, Inc. The manufacturers claim the vir tue! of accuracy, simplicity of opera tion. and rapidity of teat. The-dial la 8H Inches diameter. Is graduated directly In fractions of either pounds or kilograms, and Is hand tallbrsted for accuracy. The dynamometer spring movement is specially designed tor tensile testing tnd Is so constructed that proper test sensitivity and elimination ot frlctloa sre assured by free-floating movement throughout. tVhen the specimen breaks, the |>olnter remains at the ten sile strength reading. Jaws snd |i trsvel ran be had In conformity with standard test methods for any ma terial such as paper, cordage, wire, etc., it la staled. New Instrument Concern Formed The Parr Instrument Company baa recently been organized by H. L. Parr and other assoclitea of the late Profeeeor 3. 'V. Parr and haa acquired the scientific Instrument business of tbe Burgess-Parr Company. The new or ganization Is fully equipped to menufacture and'provide the laboratory merket with the entire line of BurgessParr laboratory apparatus Including coal calorimeters, sulfur bombs, tur bidimeters. apparatus for catalytic hy drogenation. equipment for melting point determinations, goggles for glass blowers and special chemlcala for sul fur. carbon and calorimetric determin ations. In addition, new developments will be Introduced at a later, dace. Burgess-Parr Company will continue tbe manufacture of Illlum castings for the chemical procees Industries. RESEARCH IN REVIEW Coolidqa New Head Institute of Technology. Dr. Coolldge of G. E. Laboratory was made aaalatant director In 1901 and aaaoclate director In 1928. His Important contributions to In dustry are well known to the reeearch workera of the world. Some of them. U) review, are: Ductile tungsten as a filament ma terial for the Incandescent lamp: the wrought tungsten target lo the X-ray cube; wrought tungsten electrical con tact-points for make and break devlcea. eg., automobile Ignition systems: the bot-csthode type of X-ray tube, which bean hla name: various types of X- ny generating equipment: the so- called ~C-Tube". listening device for submarine detection and under-water signalling: modifications which have greatly Increased the poa-er of the original Lenard catbode-ny tube. Dr. Coolldge Is s member of most of (he Important scientific societies sod so honorary member of many of (he foreign societies. He holds hoo- onry degrees from I'nlon College and Lehigh I'nlverslty and has been awarded tbe Rumford Medal, the How ard \. Potts medal, the Lewis Edward Levy medal, the Gold .Medal of tbe THE reward ol valued services csme lo Or. 't'llllam David Cooltdge. who upon 'be retirement November 1. American College of Radiology, the Hughes medal from the Loodon Rovsl of Society and the Edison medal. Dr tvuils R. Whitney. berime direc tor of the research laboratory of Gen- Or. SVhitney Retires? PooH eral Electric Company Dr. Coolldge From Tk* Sun was elevated from bis post as senior "Tbe General Electric Compsny an associate director by appointment of nounces (list Dr. Willis R. WhHney President Gerard oope. bts retired.' It means mil he has Brougnt io the laboratory by Dr. been relieved of ihe obligations that Whitney lo 1905 from Massachusetts devolve on tbe betd of Its research laboratory. In one of bis numerous enlightening asides Dr. Whitney, peaking for humanity at large, has said that "we are lamentably bound by words." The aarporatlon bulletin Illus trates the truth of hie Incidental dec laration. "Dr. Whitney In seclusion. Dr. Whit ney In retreat. Dr. Whitney with drawn from circulation--these sre un thinkable. The Whitney Intellect has served knowledge too long to be sus pended In Its operations by a mere re arrangement ot opportunities. The Whitney curiosity bat so persistently projected into the abysi of mao's Ig norance that no shifting of titles can restrain It from future excursions Into that fascinating, unplumbed gulf. The WhHney utilitarianism Is loo robust to be manacled by assignment to nonroutine duties. Tbe Whitney spiritu ality Is too pervading to be definitely engrossed on a scroll and filed sway In a cabinet, no matter how trtistlcilly the engrossing be done or how ele gantly the cabinet be fashioned. "And. ultimately. Dr. Whitney pos sesses s sense of humor and s quality of wit which veto the notion that a useful man should or can retire. ' Research Produces New Heating Substance Resetrrb has placed st the service of Industry a new besting substance whose cheapness and rase of control may benefit methods of melting snd heating substances "bleb must be bandied in a range between ISO snd (Commued on pope 59) I SI Q RCSCARCH LABORATORY X.-w, *' VJ RXCORD. .NOVEMBER. ItJJ ' PRODUCED S/C/M/Ms The New Univertal HOYER-KREUTER TECHNICAL DICTIONARY In Three Volumes Edited by DR. ALFRED SCHLOMANN Price Any one Volume, SI9.50 Any two volume*, $57.50 Three volume*, $55.00 plu* postage Trtli fsr psrticmlsrt a imitsllmrst psymswt pism Book Deportment HENLEY'S TWENTIETH CENTURY BOOK OF RECIPES. FORMULAS AND PROCESSES Edited by GARDNER D. HISCOX, M. E. AsslytUsl Cbrmutt 800 pages 6x9 Bound in Cloth - $Price 4.00 P^u> Pottage Book Department PATENT LAW for Chemists, Engineers end Executives Prsftusr By FRED H. RHODES ludmttnsl Carwli Uusviruty 207 page* )'/i I 1 $Price 2.50 Ptul Pott*S* Book Department IThen ordering books advertised on this page, please clip and mail the coupon belou. BOOK DEPARTMENT Research Laboratory Recoro 461 Eighth Avenue. New York. N. Y. Enclosed piet< find $ for copy of F irm Name \ddrt VIBRATION PREVENTION in ENGINEERING by A. L. KIMBALL Crmsrsi ZUtiric Csmpsmy 145 pages Price $2.50 6x9 Plu` Pott*Se Book Department PHOTOCELLS and their APPLICATION By VLADIMIR K. ZWORYKIN and EARL D. WILSON Kstssrck Vfttingksmta Psmrck Lsksrstsrlsg Second Edition 3 31 pages $Price 3*00 P,ut Pott*!e Book Department ELECTRONICS By RALPH GORTON HUDSON / Eitctriesi a|iMma|, Hsnsebnstttt Imtlituis sf Ttcbsslsgy $ ePrice 2 00 P^ut P0,taSe Book Department PROFITABLE PRACTICE in INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH Edited by MALCOLM ROSS With the collaboration of Maurice Holland and William Spararagen, Division of Engineering and Industrial Research, National Research Council. $Price 2(.00 Plu1 P0,,a^, Book DtpnrtmenC If .vJl- C ' 11 ' i.j ? / RtSIARCB LABORATORY V RECORD- .NOVEMBER. Un C r\ 59 Research in Review (ConU^uf^ /row pnpe oT ). TOO according to tnoounc*' orni by 'be ^Diversity of Michigan UtpArioirnt of Engineering Research. bere experiments developing Us use fulness were csrrled out. This cbemlcsl Is diphenyl, wax-llke, gershlum odored. noa-polsonous sad Inexpeoslve. hl<h may be used over and over without deterioration or In jury to (testing equipment, according to a recent bulletin. Dlpbenyl has al ready been shown by test to be suit able for besting asphalt. Similar com mercial applications are said to be open In many related Industrial Helds. The development of a new and sav ing heating metbod In aspbalt working alone Is of considerable economic Im portance. since S55.000.000 worth of native and petroleum asphalts are produced annually and used In such varied ways as road surfaces. rooHng. dips, acid resisting coatings, putty and varnish. Several advantages of diphenyl are pointed out--In the report of the ex periments. It was found to be so stable chemically that It could be used under commercial conditions at 750 degrees without substantial deteriora tion. Its boiling point being 756 degrees at 150 pound* preasure. while under normal pressure Its boiling point Is 492 degrees. In addition, very accu rate beat control was found possible, avoiding uneven heating and coking, and the rate of heat transfer from the dlpheayl Ailed colls to the substance being treated was found to be unusu ally btgb. Urges Larger Research Appropriations .Much larger appropriations towards the support of research by the whole textile Industry was urged on attend ants at the third annual meeting or the t'olted States Institute for Textile Research, held In New York this month, by Professor H. B. Millard of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "A very small contribution on a per centage baata by all of ibe textile manufacturer* would provide a huge sum for scientific research." he ar gued. Other speakers pointed out the growing appreciation In all branches of the textile Industry of the close re lationship between research and the ever-changing problems of production. Oenslager to Receive Partin Modal in January George Oenalager of the B. F. Good rich Company Laboratories, distin guished chemist of the robber Indus try, win be presented with the Perkin Medal for 1933. for valuable work In applied chemistry, at a Joint meeting of the American Cbemlcal Society, the American Electrochemical Society, the Amertcan Institute of Chemical Engineers, and the Socletle de Chlmte Industrlelle of France, in New York. January S. Hli selection was based on hit pioneering work for the rubber In dustry on organic accelerators and other chemical reeearch contribution!. Chemical reeearch on organic accelera tors alone has achieved a saving of at least 350.000.000 a year to motorists, it has been estimated. Dr. Langmuir Awardad Nobel Chemistry Prixe The greateet recognition any scien tist csn receive came to Dr. Irvio* Langmuir, associate director of the General Electric Research Laboratory, with the award to him tbla month of the Nobel Award In Chemistry. Reiaareh Leads Pattarson Into Hosting Raid As a result of Intensive research aod experimental work The Patterson Foundry k Machine Compeny Is pre pared to enter the heating field about January 1. according to their Novem ber announcement. Studlee were made In preparation for the manufacture of a complete line of conditioned sirbeating systems, air conditioners, oil burners, domestic stokers sod gas fired equipment for all types aod sixes of beating loads. Railway Association To Expand Its Rasaarch On recommendation of the Board of Directors. The American Railway As. soclatloo. at Its annual meeting No vember 11 In New York, directed the various divisions of the Association to make a surrey of their vartoua re search activities and possibilities of new fields of endeavor, with a view of recommending what further work csn be undertaken In the Interest of ob taining still greater safety, economy and efficiency in railroad operaiioo. Reach for a -SL1PST1CK" Instead of a Pencil That New Product. . . . . . . tekmt mr* gom going to do teitk itf Make Your Calculations with a Vest Pocket Slide Rule Let it Die an unnatural n death for want of a market f M in ...... "i ; ...A. ..H...... ..-................ m s! - ' i * | 1 e|-e Kill it, because you don't know what to do with it? 1 1 c I .............. Wbitt Ctlluloia 3S' Loot l* Thlct *! Smmrr%lt Forget it, because too much money has already been Laboratory Men spent in its development? Technicians, Engineers U ftm cwrt UttU i* prob- Uivii of vtt cottt, pr*Wwcfi scMddvi. vriqhti making fltany rapid aatimatas r%^ytrad i* day * ANY ON| CAN LEARN to m* (Jo rvla a miautai by following Jiroctioot. Each n*l GomgiAo Laathar Caia sad look of Oirootie**-- $2.50 Postpaid or $2.52 C. O. 0. Or are you going to make it ropay you for the untiring dtvotion you havo spent in its evolutionl Perhaps we can help you determine what course to take. We've solved difficult marketing problems before: our solution, probably, may be the one you have been loosing for. At eny rate you'll be under no obligation whatsoever to find out. HOMER H. ELDER 3652 Main St. Flushing, N. Y. TECHNICAL MARKETING SERYICc (Isdividualaad markatinq sfld ad*ar*iiq far tachsxal sad pf4v<ni 226 Williams Street New Tori. N. T. Jt produced 5/C/MMs ftfi RESEARCH LABORATORY \ RECORD. NOVEMBER. Itll / TO HELP YOU IN YOUR WORK. INFORMATION REGARDING THE FOLLOWING LABORATORY ITEMS WILL BE SENT FREE UPON REQUEST v ^ It is a good prac tice to check this j list regularly because ; new subjects are be ri ing added constantly. AIturI* r* A< IdKr-lstlof Material* Adapter* Agate War* Agitators Aibumlouuicters Alio* m Aatmeter* Analytical Apparatus Aunuomet er* Aprons. Rubber A-iw-to*. Par* .t-Mdrators Aut>n laves r.alunrvt and Welcbt* lUHHru Instruments [lilli i (or bull imllsj K*romrer* Kami*. Tumbling Hik*tt. Laboratory Wait* Hath* l<attrli. Storage H'ilrn Beocb**. Work lUhllograpbie* Mlower* Klowplpe* I'..ati. Combustion Hollers. Horradl* Bomb'*. Calorimeter. Catalytic Hooka Booster* Borer*. Cork ltttl*. all type* Bridge*. Electric. Slide-wire Hrii'be*. eU type* Burin* Bulb*. fvjeldabl. Nitrogen, N**on r.UfMtr* I'uruT* Ku* Kan rMn#M. laboratory 'nl-*rioirtar i '.laiersis. Scl^ortflc upuciror*. Static <~apule*. Silica Fused arono Dioxide Apparatus '.irl*rs t 'a*erole* Centrifugals. Laboratory 'urrifuce* laboratory Chargers. Battery < hart* herutnls Chemists. Consulting hrunocrapb.* Clrniu Breaker* < lamp* r..iu. Electric ''lor Analysers i'ol<<r.Fattaeaa Teaten -d.trimeter* Combustion Apparatus ( Wniparn'ora t 'olii|>MiiQJa t 'Mmpre*ors 1 '.mjen^cra Conductivity Apparatus t\ue*. Filter Cooler* Counter*. H*od Tall) t ruclblr* i rusher* Cupa. Testing livRki. Laboratory Digestion Apparatua iMUtnmeter* I Hit Hit off Apparent* irntn Hoards Dryers. Labormtur) Fbull1o*rpes Lie, trod-- Emulsifier* Ertcioeer*. Consolting Eudiometer* Extraction Apparatus Filter Presae* Filter* First Alt! Outfit* Fixture* Flues Fuooel* Furnace*. all type* Furniture Gaum Gouge Tester* i lalvaootneten GGaesnoemraettoerr*s GL*s Glass Apparatus GU**ware Goniometer* Gravttometere Grtnd*r* Guards. Burner Gurten Heater* Hem ary tom*ten Hoods Hoot. Rubber Hot Plate* KnlroftO'loa Apparatus Hydrometer* Hygrometer* tocabaror* Indicator* Instruments (ttuglarors Interferometer* Jure. Glass, I'orrelato. etc. Jets L*mp*. Quit fit. ftpectroscope Driivi. I'hutugrapbic Leo<we. Projection Level* Macnet* * Magnifiers Manometer Meter*. Flow. Recording Mlcrofaradmerer* Micrometer* Microscopes aod Accesaorle* Microtome* Mtlllumeter* Mllllvoltmetera Mill*. Grinding, Pulrerixlng Mixer* Moisture Testers M..rr*r sod Pestel* Motor Generator Seta Muffle* Nepbelometer* Mrrocen-determlnatloc Apparatus Noailes 0*rlllograpbs Ovens Pans Paper. FUtvrfnf Photometer* Photomicrograph* Phot ora irrnacoplc Apparsto* Pipettes Pistes. Filter Platinum Laboratory Ware Polarlcode* PuUrtscvpe* Porcelain Ware Potent lonietera . Pres*ea Prism* I'ercbrometer* Pruumlvpe*rtter* Pycnometers Pyrometers Quarts Apparatus RsrU Refract ometer* Refractone* ReruUtors Kealatanre* sad Resistor* Retort* Rheostat* Sacrbsrimeten 9ules s.-|#r'0|*e* Sinrifters Screens ~ Shelviug Slete* Sifter* si U,-a sinks SIHe Rule* slides. Laotero sillies. Microscopic spatula* Stectometrlc Equipment Mefe-.prlcon* sterilisers Stills Stoneware stopper* Stop W*cbe* Xorsce System* strainers s# rotMjstopes suhlltnstor* Supetbeater* Support* sa'ltvbe* Synebronotcope* Sipboo* Table* Tachometer* Tank* Telescope* Teosooeters Tet Tube* Testing Apparent* Therao>Aecuiator Thermocouple* Tbermorrafto* Tbenunbydrometer* Tbermotueten Thermostat* TFntomerers Titration Apparatus Tnop* Tray* Trlaosle* Trougo*. Table Ttthe*. *|| rrpes TorMdlcuefrr* Turbine Sifters Tweeaen Cltra-rioiet Ray Apparatua Visroslmeter* Voltmeters Watte Can* Waste Jan Wattmeter* Wire X-Ray Equipment a. MAIL THIS COUPON *Regrding Any of The Above Item* mmm 'If yow pre/er to Seep thit pe* Inrsci re^tutt thU fn/oemsnon on ferrsrAssJ. RESEARCH LABORATORY RECORD 461 Eighth Avnu, New YorE, N. Y. Pleasd lend me without obligation Information on the following: Name Sfreer ................................. Laboratory ..................... City................ State ..J