Document eE1wqxBpOY8JL79og18YZjv4

i <T DSW 441719 > o o 3o o2 2 w td 03 ft -tr2 2 fret 2 0\0 <i \J1 >- ft O c+ 2 03 03 S'!-1 ft >-t ft < M P- VC O r\: STLCOPCB4056254 Hovesiber 30, 1966 Morris E Stokes, Esq, Moser# Marsalek, Carpenter# Cleary & Jaeolcel 330 Pierce Building St* Louis# Missouri 65100 Dear Morris* Res Dorothy Berry# et al. vs. Monsanto Company Enclosed are 16 signature pages for use In appending to Answers to Interrogatories put to Monsanto in the io pending lawsuits in the Court of Cooson Pleas# Washington County, Pcniiaylvania. To expedite their execution here# you will note that we retyped the execution page# in it saking an Indication that Hr* Mahoney# who is executing the Answers > _i to the effect that Monsanto Company wm formerly nested Mon santo Cheaioal Company, desirable. The necessity for this change In our answer or the desirability of suggesting on the record In the various lawsuits that this change in our name has occurred we leave to your Judgment and the thoughts of local counsel in Pennsylvania. We have pencilled In the names of the various lawsuits in the upper right hand comer of these completed signature pages and have retained the set of Answers to Interrogatories in the Barrett ease for our files. Zf you have any further questions or problem* concerning our Answers please let as* know. Sincerely# JPSiajs Ends. John P. Stapleton Attorney DSW 441720 STLCOPCB4056255 Morris E. stokes# Sag. P&fit0 fOK Baves&er 30, 1966 wi Nr* Charles H. Bovard, Claims Supervisor Liberty Mutual Jfesurs&o* Coop&ny 4650 Haapton Avenue 3t. Louis, Missouri 63109 r. H. 0* Blofcens Hr, R* B* Chapman Hr, V. F. Vayohoff DSW 441721 STLCOPCB4056256 TMK: e r 2-10-66 L IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF WASHINGTON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA DOROTHY BERRY . Plaintiff VS. ) ) ) ) No. ) 520 February Term, : ] 1964, A. D. ; B. F. DRAKENFELD & CO.,INC., a corporation, and MONSANTO ) No. ) ) 521 February Term, 1964, A. D. ' ' CHEMICAL COMPANY, a .) : corporation ) : Defendants ) ) ; ! TO: INTERROGATORIES MONSANTO r.HEMF.AT. rnun^TV, . and H. GILMORE SCHMIDT, Esquire 438 Washington Trust Building Washington, Pennsylvania The following Interrogatories are addressed to you pursuant to ! Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure No. 4005 (a) and are to be answered by : you as required by Rule No. 4006: ! 1. Do you now manufacture and sell products known as Aroclor compounds ? 2. If the answer to question No. I is yes, when were Aroclor compounds first manufactured and sold by you? 3. At the time the Aroclor compounds were first put on the market by you, state the chemical ingredients contained therein and the proportion of each ingredient. DSW 441722 STLCOPCB4056257 | A.i,,., ' OtiJX 4. Have any changes been made in the chemical ingredients contained in the Aroclor compounds or the proportion of such ingredients from the time they were put on the market until the present time ? (a) If so, state the date of such changes, describe such changes, and state the purpose or purposes of such changes. 5. Before the Aroclor compounds were first put on the market by you, was a study made by you or at your request of the available technical and medical literature to determine whether or not Aroclor com pounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using such compounds ? (a) If so, state the time when such a study was made. (b) If so, list the names, addresses and occupations of whoever made such a study. (c) If the results of such a study are in writing, attach a copy hereto. (d) If the results of such a study are not in writing, state the substance thereof. 6. At any time after the Aroclor compounds were first put on the market by you, was a study made by you or at your request of the available technical and medical literature to determine whether or not Aroclor compounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using such compounds ? (a) If so, state the time when such a study was made. (b) If so, list the names, addresses and occupations of whoever made such a study. (c) If the results of such a study are in writing, attach a copy hereto. -2- DSW 441723 STLCOPCB4056258 i, ilOj ' otjsx! J. L\ (d) If the results of such a study are not in writing, state the substance thereof. 7. Before the Aroclor compounds were put on the market by you, were any tests made by you or at your request to determine whether or not Aroclor compounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using such compounds ? (a) If so, state the time when such tests were made. (b) If so, state the names, addresses and occupations of whoever made such tests. (c) If so, describe the testing procedures used. (d) If so, describe the results of such tests. 8. At any time after the Aroclor compounds were put on the market by you, were any tests made by you or at your request to determine whether or not Aroclor compounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using such compounds? (a) If so, state the time when such tests were made. (b) If so, state the names, addresses and occupations of whoever made such tests. (c) If so, describe the testing procedures used. (d) If so, describe the results of such tests. 9. Before the Aroclor compounds were put on the market by you. did you request and receive the opinion of any medical doctor or doctors as to whether or not Aroclor compounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using Aroclor compounds? (a) If so, state the time such opinion or opinions were received 3 DSW 441724 STLCOPCB4056259 bo ii a AtlOo 03X| i \ OU3X (b) If so, state the names and addresses of the doctors, ! (c) If so, and the opinion or opinions were in writing, attach a copy or copies hereto. ' :: (d) If so, and the opinion or opinions were oral, state the : substance thereof. ; 10. At any time after the Aroclor compounds were put on the > . market by you, did you request and receive the opinion of any medical doctor j or doctors as to whether or not Aroclor compounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using Aroclor compounds? ; : (a) If so,state the time such opinion or opinions were ' !. received. I (b) If so, state the names and addresses of the doctors. j : j : (c) If so, and the opinion or opinions were in writing, '< ;' attach a copy or copieshereto. i ! ; (d) If so, and the opinion or opinions were oral, state the j i substance thereof. j 11. At any time eitherbefore or after the Aroclor compounds were first put on the market by you, was any work done by you or at your j I j : request, not covered by questions 5. through 10. , inclusive, to determine whether or not Aroclor compounds could cause injury or disease to workers ! C ' in industry using suchcompounds? j (a) If so, describe what, when and by whom such work was done. ; 12. Before the Aroclor compounds were put on the market by you, was any research done by you or at your request concerning methods of prevention of injury or disease to industrial workers from use of | ii 1 j i i) ! -4- i DSW 441725 STLCOPCB4056260 A.J< i > OU'JX pA tJJO3Xj ;j ' AilOj Aroclor compounds? (a) If so, state the time when such research was done. (b) If so, state the names, addresses and occupations of whoever conducted such research. (c) If so, and the results of such research are in writing, attach a copy hereto. (d) If so, and the results of such research were oral, state the substance thereof. 13. At any time after the Aroclor compounds were put on the market by you, was any research done by you or at your request concerning methods of prevention of injury or disease to industrial workers from use of Aroclor compounds? (a) If so, state the time when such research was done. (b) If so, state the names, addresses and occupations of whoever conducted such research. (c) If so, and the result of such research is in writing, attach a copy hereto. (d) If so, and the result of such research was oral, state the substance thereof. 14. Have any claims been made against you prior to the date of the filing of this suit in which the claimant asserted that the use of Aroclor compounds caused him or her to suffer injury or disease ? (a) If so, state when and by whom such claims were made. 15. Did you publish any literature which contained any reference to the toxicity of Aroclor compounds? (a) If so, attach copies hereto. -5- DSW 441726 STLCOPCB4056261 Ls ' OUJX 16. Did the packages or containers in which Aroclor compounds were shipped to customers have labels ? (a) If so, attach copies of the type or types of labels. 17. Did the packages or containers in which Aroclor compounds were shipped to customers contain directions for use? . (a) If so, attach copies of the type or types of directions for use. 18. Did you sponsor any advertising of Aroclor compounds? (a) If so, state the name of the publication in which such advertising appeared and the date of the issue of such publication. 19. Did you sell Aroclor compounds to B. F. Drakenfeld St Company ? . (a) If so, state the type of Aroclor compound sold. (b) If so, state the date of sale and amount sold. 20. Did any of the packages or containers in which the Aroclor compounds were shipped to B. F. Drakenfeld 8t Company contain directions for use of the Aroclor compounds by B. F. Drakenfeld & Company? . (a) If so, attach copies hereto. 21. Did any of the packages or containers in which the Aroclor compounds were shipped to B. F. Drakenfeld St Company contain labeling : for use of the Aroclor compounds by B. F. Drakenfeld & Company? (a) If so, attach copies hereto. 22. In connection with the sale of Aroclor compounds to B. F. : Drakenfeld St Company, was any literature sent to B. F. Drakenfeld St Company by you which referred to the toxicity of Aroclor compounds? (a) If so, attach copies hereto. -6- DSW 441727 STLCOPCB4056262 A'lO i ou:x A.KJj'l OU3*' .Oti'JX 23. Did you know the use or uses of the Aroclor compounds by B. F. Drakenfeld & Company? ' (a) If so, state when such knowledge came to you and the extent of such knowledge. 24. Did you ever furnish any instructions or suggestions to B. F. Drakenfeld & Company concerning the labeling to be used by them on their product? (a) If so, and the instructions or suggestions were written, attach copies hereto. (b) If so, and the instructions or suggestions were oral, state the substance thereof. 25. Did you ever furnish any instructions or suggestions to B. F. Drakenfeld 81 Company concerning the directions for use to be published by them in connection with their product? (a) If so, and the instructions or suggestions were written, attach copies hereto. (b) If so, and the instructions or suggestions were oral, state the substance thereof. 26. State the name of each person who was primarily responsible at any time during the period of years set forth in the Complaint in this case for the manufacture of Aroclor compounds by your company. 27. State the name of each person who was the principal assistant of each of the persons named in response to Question 26. above during the same period of time. 28. State the name of each person who was primarily responsible at any time during the period of years set forth in the Complaint in this case for the chemical composition of Aroclor compounds manufactured . -7- DSW 441728 STLCOPCB4056263 otrjx L OOldX L I OU3X by your company. 29. State the name of each person who was the principal assistant of each of the persons named in response to Question 2S. above during the same period of time. 30. State the name of each person who was primarily responsible at any time during the period of year's set forth in the Complaint in this case for the marketing of Aroclor compounds by your company. 31. State the name of each person who was the principal assistant of each of the persons named in response to Question 30. above during the same period of time. . 32. State the name of each person in your company who was primarily responsible at any time during the period of years set forth in the Complaint in this case for the marketing of Aroclor compounds to B. F. Drakenfeld & Company. 33. State the name of each person who was the principal assistant to each of the persons named in response to Question 32. above during the same period of time. 34. State the name of each person who was primarily responsible at any time during the period of years set forth in the Complaint in this case for the labeling and preparation of descriptive literature concerning the Aroclor compounds manufactured by your company. 35. State the name of each person who was the principal assistant of each of the persons named in response to Question 34. above during the same period of time. 36. State the name of each person who was primarily responsible at any time during the period of years set forth in the Complaint in this DSW 441729 STLCOPCB4056264 ooax; ;oaax case for the advertising of Aroclor compounds manufactured by your company. 37. State the name of each person who was the principal assistant of each of the persons named in response to Question 3 6. above during the'same period of time. /S'/ / 7> __Jh. r-- 1 0-7t_ . 7 Patterson, Crawford, Arensberg & Dunn Adolph L. Zeman Zeman and Zeman -9- DSW 441730 STLCOPCB4056265 TMK:er 2-10-66 oajx oujx IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF WASHINGTON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA MILDRED BARRETT ) Plaintiff ) ) No. February Term, 1964, A. D. vs. ) 519 ) No. " February Term, 1964, A. D. B. F. DRAKENFELD & CO., INC., a corporation, and MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation ) ) ) ) Defendants ) ) TO: INTERROGATORIES MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY. and H. GILMORE SCHMIDT, Esquire 438 Washington Trust Building Washington, Pennsylvania The following Interrogatories are addressed to you pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure No. 4005 (a) and are to be answered by you as required by Rule No. 4006:1 2 3 1. Do you now manufacture and sell products known as Aroclor compounds ? 2. If the answer to question No. 1 is yes, when were Aroclor compounds first manufactured and sold by you? 3. At the time the Aroclor compounds were first put on the market by you, state the chemical ingredients contained therein and the proportion of each ingredient. . DSW 441731 i STLCOPCB4056266 AWO.)''- OtJJA ' A iO^> 03X J. L IjoAa.I3OKJ L !... > OU3X 4. Have any changes been made in the chemical ingredients contained in the Aroclor compounds or the proportion of such ingredients from the time they were put on the market until the present time ? (a) If so, state the date of such changes, describe such changes, and state the purpose or purposes of such changes. 5. Before the Aroclor compounds were first put on the market by you, was a study made by you or at your request of the available technical and medical literature to determine whether or not Aroclor com pounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using such compounds ? (a) If so, state the time when such a study was made. (b) If so, list the names, addresses and occupations of whoever made such a study. (c) If the results of such a study are in writing, attach a copy hereto. (d) If the results of such a study are not in writing, state - the substance thereof. 6. At any time after the Aroclor compounds were first put on ' | the market by you, was a study made by you or at your request of the available technical and medical literature to determine whether or not ; Aroclor compounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using such compounds? (a) If so, state the time when such a study was made. (b) If so, list the names, addresses and occupations of whoever made such a study. . ; (c) If the results of such a study are in writing, attach a copy hereto. -2- DSlV 441732 i i i Il i I STLCOPCB4056267 OtJJX ouux (d) If the results of such a study are not in writing, state the substance thereof. 7. Before the Aroclor compounds were put on the market by you, were any tests made by you or at your request to determine whether or not Aroclor compounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using such compounds ? (a) If so, state the time when such tests were made. (b) If so, state the names, addresses and occupations of whoever made such tests. ' (c) If so, describe the testing procedures used. i i (d) If so, describe the results of such tests. i 8. At any time after the Aroclor compounds were put on the market by you, were any tests made by you or at your request to determine i whether or not Aroclor compounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using such compounds? I (a) If so, state the time when such tests were made. (b) If so, state the names, addresses and occupations i of whoever made such tests. (c) If so, describe the testing procedures used. i (d) If so, describe the results of such tests. 9. Before the Aroclor compounds were put on the market by you, did you request and receive the opinion of any medical doctor or doctors as to whether or not Aroclor compounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using Aroclor compounds? i i i I II (a) If so, state the time such opinion or opinions were received. -3- I j I I DSW 441733 OA.U,* iix1 ; _______i- A . KJ ' L (b) If so, state the names and addresses of the doctors. : (c) If so, and the opinion or opinions were in writing, attach a copy or copies hereto. (d) If so, and the opinion or opinions were oral, state the substance thereof. : 10. At any time after the Aroclor compounds were put on the ' market by you, did you request and receive the opinion of any medical doctor ; or doctors as to whether or not Aroclor compounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using Aroclor compounds? ! (a) If so, state the time such opinion or opinions were ! received. j (b) If so, state the names and addresses of the doctors. 1 (c) If so, and the opinion or opinions were in writing, attach a copy or copies hereto. i : (d) If so, and the opinion or opinions were oral, state the j substance thereof. j 11. At any time either before or after the Aroclor compounds were first put on the market by you, was any work done by you or at your request, not covered by questions 5. through 10., inclusive, to determine whether or not Aroclor compounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using such compounds? . (a) If so, describe what, when and by whom such work was done. 12. Before the Aroclor compounds were put on the market by j j 1 ! j ! j I | I ! | you, was any research done by you or at your request concerning methods of prevention of injury or disease to industrial workers from use of -4- J I 1 i | ! ! DSW 441734 STLCOPCB4056269 J. k Aroclor compounds? (a) If so, state the time when such research was done. . (b) If so, state the names, addresses and occupations of whoever conducted such research. j (c) If so, and the results of such research are in writing, attach a copy hereto. ' !. (d) If so, and the results of such research were oral, state ! the substance thereof. 1| 13. At any time after the Aroclor compounds were put on the market by you, was any research done by you or at your request concerning j ' methods of prevention of injury or disease to industrial workers from use . of Aroclor compounds ? 'i ; (a) If so, state the time when such research was done. i !. (b) If so, state the names, addresses and occupations of whoever conducted such research. : i (c) If so, and the result of such research is in writing, i . ! attach a copy hereto. i I (d) If so, and the result of suchresearch was oral, i state the substance thereof. 14. Have any claims been made against you prior to the date of ! the filing of this suit in which the claimant asserted that the use of Aroclor ! compounds caused him or her to sufferinjury or disease? ; (a) If so, state when and by whom such claimswere made. ; 15. Did you publish any literature which contained any reference ` ! ji j ! I to the toxicity of Aroclor compounds? , (a) If so, attach copies hereto. j j DSW 441735 STLCOPCB4056270 oActJcOjx,> 16. Did the packages or containers in which Aroclor compounds were shipped to customers have labels? : (a) If so, attach copies of the type or types of labels. 17. Did the packages or containers in which Aroclor compounds ; were shipped to customers contain directions for use? ' (a) If so, attach copies of the type or types of directions s for use. 18. Did you sponsor any advertising of Aroclor compounds? : (a) If so, state the name of the publication in which such ! advertising appeared and the date of the issue of such publication. I 19. Did you sell Aroclor compounds to B. F. Drakenfeld Sc ! Company ? (a) If so, state the type of Aroclor compound sold. ji ! (b) If so, state the date of sale and amount sold. i 20. Did any of the packages or containers in which the Aroclor ; compounds were shipped to B. F. Drakenfeld Sc Company contain directions j for use of the Aroclor compounds by B. F. Drakenfeld Sc Company? (a) If so, attach copies hereto. j i j 21. Did any of the packages or containers in which the Aroclor compounds were shipped to B. F. Drakenfeld Sc Company contain labeling ' for use of the Aroclor compounds by B. F. Drakenfeld Sc Company? (a) If so, attach, copies hereto. 22. In connection with the sale of Aroclor compounds to B. F. t j i ! i JI i i j Drakenfeld Sc Company, was any literature sent to B. F. Drakenfeld Sc Company by you which referred to the toxicity of Aroclor compounds? j jI (a) If so, attach copies hereto. j -6DSW 441736 itioo: Od3XJ l: OAtitdU)X,/ 23. Did you know the use or uses of the Aroclor compounds by B. F. Drakenfeld & Company? (a) If so, state when such knowledge came to you and the extent of such knowledge. 24. Did you ever furnish any instructions or suggestions to B. F. Drakenfeld Sc Company concerning the labeling to be used by them on their product? (a) If so, and the instructions or suggestions were written, attach copies hereto. (b) If so, and the instructions or suggestions were oral, state the substance thereof. 25. Did you ever furnish any instructions or suggestions to B. : F. Drakenfeld Sc Company concerning the directions for use to be published by them in connection with their product? (a) If so, and the instructions or suggestions were written, attach copies hereto. (b) If so, and the instructions or suggestions were oral, state the substance thereof. . 26. State the name of each person who was primarily responsible at any time during the period of years set forth in the Complaint in this case for the manufacture of Aroclor compounds by your company. 27. State the name of each person who was the principal assistant of each of the persons named in response to Question 26. above during the ; same period of time. 28. State the name of each person who was primarily responsible at any time during the period of years set forth in the Complaint in this case for the chemical composition of Aroclor compounds manufactured "7" DSW 441737 STLCOPCB4056272 ... u- ociux: i' L ' ibJ k... > i OtiJX by your company. 29. State the name of each person who was the principal assistant of each of the persons named in response to Question 28. above during the same period of time. \ 30. State the name of each person who was primarily responsible at any time during the period of years set forth in the Complaint in this ; . case for the marketing of Aroclor compounds by your company. I 31. State the name of each person who was the principal assistant ' of each of the persons named in response to Question 30. above during ' the same period of time. . ! ; 32. State the name of each person in your company who was primarily responsible at any time during the period of years set forth : in the Complaint in this case for the marketing of Aroclor compounds to \ B. F. Drakenfeld & Company. : 33. State the name of each person who was the principal assistant to each of the persons named in response to Question 32. above during the ; same period of time. ' j 34. State the name of each person who was primarily responsible i at any time during the period of years set forth in the Complaint in this case for the labeling and preparation of descriptive literature concerning ! the Aroclor compounds manufactured by yourcompany. : 1 ; 35. State the name of each person who was the principal j i ! j assistant of each of thepersons named in response to Question 34. above j ' during the same period of time. , : 36. State the name of each person who was primarily responsible - at any time during the period of yearsset forth in theComplaint in this : : -8- ' j i | i i j \I DSW 441738 STLCOPCB4056273 1L case for the advertising of Aroclor compounds manufactured by your company. 37. State the name of each person who was the principal assistant of each of the persons named in response to Question 36. above during the same period of time. Patterson, Crawford, Arensberg &c Dunn Adolph Li. Zeman Zeman and Zeman i I i -9- DSW 441739 STLCOPCB4056274 ouaxf MK: e r i-66 OtiBX ; oa_jx IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF WASHINGTON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA DOROTHY BERRY, Plaintiff ) No. 520 ) VS. ) No. 521 ) B. F. DRAKENFELD & CO., INC., ) a corporation, and MONSANTO ) CHEMICAL COMPANY, a ) corporation, ) Defendants ) ) February Term, 1964, A. D. February Term, 1964, A.D. INTERROGATORIES TO: B. F. DRAKENFELD & CO. , INC, and FRANCIS H. PATRONO, ESQ. Tron Ward Building 80 East Chestnut Street Washington, Pennsylvania The following Interrogatories are addressed to you pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure No. 4005 (a) and are to be-answered by you as required by Rule No. 4006:1 2 3 4 1. Do you now manufacture and. sell high-fire glass enamels con taining ingredients known as Aroclor compounds ? 2. If the answer to question No. 1 is yes, when were these glass enamels first manufactured and sold by you? 3. Have you ever manufactured and sold high-fire glass enamels containing ingredients known as Aroclor compounds? 4. If the answer to question No. 3 is yes, when were these glass enamels first manufactured and sold by you? DSW 441740 STLCOPCB4056275 OJUUiO3XJJ, loan* L. OaUX 5. At the time these glass enamels were first put on the market by you, state the chemical ingredients contained therein and the proportion of each ingredient. - 6. Have any changes been made in the chemical ingredients contained in high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds or the proportion of such ingredients from the time they were put on the market until the present time ? (a) If so, state the date of such changes, describe such changes, and state the purpose or purposes of such changes. 7. Before the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds were first put on the market by you, was a study made by you or at your request of the available technical and medical literature to determine whether or not high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using such enamels? (a) If so, state the time when such a study was made. (b) If so, list the names, addresses and occupations of whoever made such a study. (c) If the results of such a study are in writing, attach a copy hereto. (d) If the results of such a study are not in writing, state the substance thereof. 8. At any time after the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds were first put on the market by you, was a study made by you or at your request of the available technical and medical literature to determine whether or not high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using such enamels? . -2- DSW 44174A STLCOPCB4056276 otJJx) L (a) If so, state the time when such a study was made. . (b) If so, list the names, addresses and occupations of whoever made such a study. (c) If the results of such a study are in writing, attach a copy hereto. (a) If the results of such a study are not in writing, state the substance thereof. 9- Before the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds were put on the market by you, were any tests made by you or at your request to determine whether or not high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using such enamels ? (a) If so, state the time when such tests were made. (b) If so, state the names, addresses and occupations of " whoever made such tests. (c) If so, describe the testing procedures used. (d) If so, describe the results of such tests. 10. At any time after the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds were put on the market by you, were any tests made by you or at your request to determine whether or not high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using such enamels? (a) If so, state the time when such tests were made. (b) If so, state the names, addresses and occupations of whoever made such tests. (c) If so, describe the testing procedures used. -3- DSW 441742 STLCOPCB4056277 A.IUOl ounx: J. lOUIiX ; OUJX (d) If so, describe the results of such tests. 11. Before the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds were put on the market by you, did you request and receive the opinion of any medical doctor or doctors as to whether or not high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using such enamels? (a) If so, state the time such opinion or opinions were received. (b) If so, state the names and addresses of the doctors. (c) If so, and the opinion or opinions were in writing, attach . a copy or copies hereto. . (d) If so, and the opinion or opinions were oral, state the -- substance thereof. 12. At any.time after the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds were put on the market by you, did you request and receive the opinion of any medical doctor or doctors as to whether or not high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds could, cause injury or disease to workers in industry using such enamels? (a) If so, state the time such opinion or opinions were received. (b) If so, state the names and addresses of the doctors. (c) If so, and the opinion or opinions were in writing, attach a copy or copies hereto. (d) If so, and the opinion or opinions were oral, state the substance thereof. 13. At any time either before or after the high-fire glass enamels -4- DSW 441743 - *v mi STLCOPCB4056278 L ! AiU>_ oaax containing Aroclor compounds were first put on the market by you, was any work done by you or at your request, not covered by questions 5. through 10. , inclusive, to determine whether or not high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using such enamels ? (a) If so, describe what, when and by whom such work was done. 14. Before the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds were put on the market by you, was any research done by you or at your request concerning methods of prevention of injury or disease to industrial workers from use of high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds? (a) If so, state the time when such research was done. (b) If so, state the names, addresses and occupations of whoever conducted such research. (c) If so, and the results of such research are in writing, attach a copy hereto. (d) If so, and the results of such research were oral, state the substance thereof. 15. At any time after the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds were put on the market by you, was any research done by you or at your request concerning methods of prevention of injury or disease to industrial workers from use of high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds ? (a) If so, state the time when such research was done. (b) If so, state the names, addresses and occupations of whoever conducted such research. ' -5- dSnN 441744 STLCOPCB4056279 ._ otj*: _ iL ajoj! oaaxj .... ,___ , ,'AdOj [Oujx (c) If so, and the result of such research is in writing, attach a copy hereto. ' (d) If so, and the result of such research was oral, state the substance thereof. 16. Have any claims been made against you prior to the date of the filing of this suit in which the claimant asserted that the use of high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds caused him or her to suffer injury or disease? (a) If so, state when and by whom such claims were made. ' 17. Did you publish any literature which contained any reference .to the toxicity of Aroclor compounds? (a) If so, attach copies hereto. 18. Did you publish any literature which contained any reference to the toxicity of high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds ? (a) If so, attach copies hereto. 19. Did the packages or containers in which the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds were shipped to customers have labels ? (a) If so, attach copies of the type or types of labels. 20. Did the packages or containers in which the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds were shipped to customers contain directions for use? (a) If so, attach copies of the type or types of directions for use. 21. Did you sponsor any advertising of Aroclor compounds? -6- DSW 441745 STLCOPCB4056280 oXo.iOiiOx (a) If so, state the name of the publication in which such advertising appeared and the date of the issue of such publication. 22. Did you sponsor any advertising of high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds? (a) If so, state the name of the publication in which such advertising appeared and the date of the issue of such publication. 23. Did you sell high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds to International Bent Glass Company? (a) If so, state the type of enamels sold. (b) If so, state the date of sale and amount sold. 24. Did any of the packages ot containers in which the enamels were shipped to International Bent Glass Company contain directions for use of the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds by International Bent Glass Company? (a) If so, attach copies hereto. 25. Did any of the packages or containers in which the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds were shipped to International Bent Glass Company contain labeling for use of such enamels by International Bent Glass Company? (a) If so, attach copies hereto. 26. In connection with the sale of high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds to International Bent Glass Company, was any literature sent to International Bent Glass Company by you which referred to the toxicity of Aroclor compounds? . (a) If so, attach copies hereto. -7- DSW 441746 STLCOPCB4056281 w ; oanx 27. In connection with the sale of high-fire glass enamels . containing Arocior compounds to International Bent Glass Company, was any literature sent to International Bent Glass Company by you which referred to the toxicity of high-fire glass enamels containing Arocior compounds ? : (a) If so, attach copies hereto. 28. Did you know the use or uses of the high-fire glass enamels . containing Arocior compounds by International Bent Glass Company? (a) If so, state when such knowledge came to you and the extent of such knowledge. 29. State the name of each person who was primarily responsible at any time during the period of years set forth in the Complaint in this . case for the manufacture of high-fire glass enamels containing Arocior compounds by your company. 30. State the name of each person who was the principal assistant of each of the persons named in response to Question 29. above during the same period of time. 31. State the name of each person who was primarily responsible at any time during the period of years set forth in the Complaint in this case for the chemical composition of the high-fire glass enamels containing Arocior compounds manufactured by your company. 32. State the name of each person who was the principal assistant of each of the persons named in response to Question 31 above during the , same period of time. ; 33. State the name of each person who was primarily responsible . at any time during the period of years set forth in the Complaint in this : case for the marketing of high-fire glass enamels containing Arocior < -8- . DSVV 441747 STLCOPCB4056282 A.IOw>' Od3XJ (AtlOj 'OU'JX ou_jx compounds by your company. 34. State the name of each person who was the principal assistant of each of the persons named in response to Question 33. above during the same period of time. 35. State the name of each person in your company who was primarily responsible at any time during the period of years set forth in the Complaint in this case for the marketing of high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds to International Bent Glass Company? \ 36. State the name of each person who was the principal assistant to each of the persons named in response to Question 35. above during the same period of time. 37. State the name of each person who was primarily responsible at any time during the period of years set forth in the Complaint in this case for the labeling and preparation of descriptive literature concerning the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds manufactured by your company. 38. State the name of each person who was the principal assistant of each of the persons named in response to Question 37. above during the same period of time. 39. State the name of each person who was primarily responsible at any time during the period of years set forth in the Complaint in this case for the advertising of high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds manufactured by your company. 40. State the name of each person who was the principal assistant of each of the persons named in response to Question 39. above during the same period of time. /Sf )b. i/ 42 . Patterson, C rawford, . Arensberg &: Dunn Adolph L. Zernan Zcrnau and Zeman DSW 441748 STLCOPCB4056283 IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF WASHINGTON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA MILDRED BARRETT Plaintiff ) ) No. 518 > ) No. 519 ) B. F. DRAKENFELD & CO., INC., a corporation, and MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation, . February Term, 1964, A. D. February Term, 1964, A. D. . Defendants INTE RROGATO RIES TO: 3. F. DRAKENFELD & CO.. INC, and FRANCIS H. PATRONO, ESQ. Tron Ward Building 80 East Chestnut Street Washington, Pennsylvania The following Interrogatories are addressed to you pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure No. 4005 (a) and are to be answered by you as required by Rule No. 4006: 1. Do you now manufacture and sell high-fire glass enamels coni taining ingredients known as Aroclor compounds? 2. If the answer to question No. 1 is yes, when were these glass enamels first manufactured and sold by you? 3. Have you ever manufactured and sold high-fire glass enamels containing ingredients known as Aroclor compounds? 4. If the answer to question No. 3 is yes, when were these glass enamels first manufactured and sold by you? DSW 441749 STLCOPCB4056284 A*lj * oix:- . AtlOO otjax; iI oAadaOxJ k\ > | OttUX 5. At the time these glass enamels were first put on the market by you, state the chemical ingredients contained therein and the proportion of each ingredient. 6. Have any changes been made in the chemical ingredients contained in high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds or the proportion of such ingredients from the time they were put on the market until the present time ? (a) If so, state the date of such changes, describe such changes, and state the purpose or purposes of such changes. 7. Before the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds were first put on the market by you, was a study made by you or at your request of the available technical and medical literature to determine whether or not high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using such enamels? (a) If so, state the time when such a study was made. (b) If so, list the names, addresses and occupations of whoever made such a study. (c) If the results of such a study are in writing, attach a copy hereto. (d) If the results of such a study are not in writing, state the substance thereof. S. At any time after the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds were first put on the market by you, was a study made by you or at your request of the available technical and medical literature to determine whether or not high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using such enamels? . -2- DSW 441750 STLCOPCB4056285 > .i< I oo x* k.to.j j otinx} w I OCJJX (a) If so, state the time when such a study was made. (b) If so, list the names, addresses and occupations of whoever made such a study. (c) If the results of such a study are in writing, attach a copy hereto. (a) If the results of such a study are not in writing, state the substance thereof. 9- Before the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds were put on the market by you, were any tests made by you or at your request to determine whether or not high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using such enamels ? (a) If so, state the time when such tests were made. (b) If so, state the names, addresses and occupations of whoever made such tests. (c) If so, describe the testing procedures used. (d) If so, describe the results of such tests. 10. At any time after the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds were put on the market by you, were any tests made by you or at your request to determine whether or not high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using such enamels? (a) If so, state the time when such tests were made. (b) If so, state the names, addresses and occupations of whoever made such tests. (c) If so, describe the testing procedures used. -3- DSW 441751 STLCOPCB4056286 Otl-lX o3x J, loaax k I A.iO.1 ; ou^x (d) If so, describe the results of such tests. 11. Before the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds were put on the market by you, did you request and receive the opinion of any medical doctor or doctors as to whether or not high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using such enamels ? (a) If so, state the time such opinion or opinions were received. (b) If so, state the names and addresses of the doctors. (c) If so, and the opinion or opinions were in writing, attach a copy or copies hereto. (d) If so, and the opinion or opinions were oral, state the substance thereof. 12. At any time after the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds were put on the market by you, did you request and receive the opinion of any medical doctor or doctors as to whether or not high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds could, cause injury or disease to workers in industry using such enamels? (a) If so, state the time such opinion or opinions were received. . (b) If so, state the names and addresses of the doctors. (c) If so, and the opinion or opinions were in writing, attach a copy or copies hereto. (d) If -so, and the opinion or opinions were oral, state the substance thereof. 13. At any time either before or after the high-fire glass enamels -4- DSW 441752 STLCOPCB4056287 OOJX : :OttJX ; OtJJX containing Aroclor compounds were first put on the market by you, was any work done by you or at your request, not covered by questions 5. through 10.,' inclusive, to determine whether or not high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds could cause injury or disease to workers in industry using such enamels ? (a) If so, describe what, when and by whom such work was done. 14. Before the nigh-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds were put on the market by you, was any research done by. you or at your request concerning methods of prevention of injury or disease to industrial workers from use of high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds? (a) If so, state the time when such research was done. (b) If so, state the names, addresses and occupations of whoever conducted such research. (c) If so, and the results of such research are in writing, attach a copy hereto. (d) If so, and the results of such research were oral, state the substance thereof. 15. At any time after the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor . compounds were put on the. market by you, was any research done by you or at your request concerning methods of prevention of injury or disease to industrial workers from use of high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds? . (a) If so, state the time when such research was done. (b) If so, state the names, addresses and occupations of whoever conducted such research. -5- DSW 441753 U STLCOPCB4056288 oa'jKl ; oujx (c) If so, and the result of such research is in writing, attach a copy hereto. (d) If so, and the result of such research was oral, state the substance thereof. 16. Have any claims been made against you prior to the date of the filing of this suit in which the claimant asserted that the use of high-fire glass enamels containing .Aroclor compounds caused him or her to suffer injury or disease ? " / ' (a) If so, state when and by whom such claims were made. 17. Did you publish any literature which contained any reference to the toxicity of Aroclor compounds? (a) If so, attach copies hereto. 18. Did you publish any literature which contained any reference to the toxicity of high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds? (a) If so, attach copies hereto. 19. Did the packages or containers in which the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds were shipped to customers have labels ? (a) If so, attach copies of the type or types of labels. 20. Did the packages or containers in which the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds were shipped to customers contain directions for use ? (a) If so, attach copies of the type or types of directions for use. . 21. Did you sponsor any advertising of Aroclor compounds? -6- 441?S4 STLCOPCB4056289 V Go J * U oa'Jx kJ AiJOJ iOjx (a) If so, state the name of the publication in which such advertising appeared and the date of the issue of such publication. 22. Did you sponsor any advertising of high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds? (a) If so, state the name of the publication in which such advertising appeared and the date of the issue of such publication. 23. Did you sell high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds to International Bent Glass Company? (a) If so, state the type of enamels sold. (b) If so, state the date of sale and amount sold. 24. Did any of the packages or containers in which the enamels were shipped to International Bent Glass Company contain directions for use of the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds by International Bent Glass Company? (a) If so, attach copies hereto. 25. Did any of the packages or containers in which the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds were shipped to International Bent Glass Company contain labeling for use of such enamels by International Bent Glass Company? (a) If so, attach copies hereto. 26. In connection with the sale of high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds to International Bent Glass Company, was any literature sent to International Bent Glass Company by you which referred to the toxicity of Aroclor compounds? (a) If so, attach copies hereto. -7- DSW 441755 ^1. l< ou j*.: 27. In connection with the sale of high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds to International Bent Glass Company, was any literature sent to International Bent Glass Company by you which referred to the toxicity of high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds ? . (a) If so, attach copies hereto. 28. Did you know the use or uses of the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds by International Bent Glass Company? (a) If so, state when such knowledge came to you and the extent of such knowledge. / 29. State the name of each person who was primarily responsible at any time during the period of years set forth in the Complaint in this case for the manufacture of high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds by your company. 30. State the name of each person who was the principal assistant of each of the persons named in response to Question 29. above during the same period of time. . 31. State the name of each person who was primarily responsible at any time during the period of years set forth in the Complaint in this case for the chemical composition of the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds manufactured by your company. 32. State the name of each person who was the principal assistant of each of the persons named in response to Question 31 above during the same period of time. . 33. State the name of each person who was primarily responsible at any time during the period of years set forth in the Complaint in this case for the marketing of high-fire glass enamel's containing Aroclor -8- sw 441756 STLCOPCB4056291 otiux I J. i Oti_lX compounds by your company. 34. State the name of each person who was the principal assistant of each of the persons named in response to Question 33. above during the same period of time. 35. State the name of each person in your company who was primarily responsible at any time during the period of years set forth in the Complaint in this case for the marketing of high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds to International Bent Glass Company? 36. State the name of each person who was the principal assistant to each of the persons named in response to Question 35/above during the same period of time. 37. State the name of each person who was primarily responsible at any time during the period of years set forth in the Complaint in this case for the labeling and preparation of descriptive literature concerning the high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds manufactured by your company. 38. State the name of each person who was the principal assistant of each of the persons named in response to Question 37. above during the same period of time. 39. State the name of each person who was primarily responsible at any time during the period of years set forth in the Complaint in this case for the advertising of high-fire glass enamels containing Aroclor compounds manufactured by your company. 40. State the name of each person who was the principal assistant of each of the persons named in response to Question 39- above during the same period of time. Adolph L. Zeman ZcuiUii and Zeman DSW 441757 O'**-- STLCOPCB4056292 GARFIELD 1-5364 MORRIS .STOKES MOSER, MARSALEK, CARPENTER, CLEARY & JAECKEL ATTORNEYS AT LAW PIERCE BUILDING ST. LOU IS, MO. DSW 441758 Ui STLCOPCB4056293 by LEONARD GREEN8URG, Executive Director : Division of Industrial Hygiene, New York State Deportment of Labor posure to vapors or fumes from the process. There is no clear evidence our experience although it is pcnsihlc clui EASED ON A GENERAL STUDY of the whole problom and especially on expert ence gained from two recent outbreaks of dermatitis and liver damage in cable plants using these materials, the Now York State Department of Labor offors some skin absorption may produce syncin', poisoning. Physiologically we vc reason why this is not possible. H:wcvrr. most dermatitis cases do not develop liver specific recommendations for safe practice in working with chlorinated naph damage. thalenes and diphenyls. The following is a digest of a report by Dr. Groonburg which oppeorod in full in the October 1943 issue of "The Industrial Bulletin," published by the Division of Industrial Hygiene at Albany. And finally, I should like to call attru. lion to a group oi recommendations wh\h were agreed upon by all of the groups ir. volved in the last outbreaks of possor.ii:* rI^HK CIII.ORIXATED naphthalenes JL comprise a group of chemical sub During the past year the Division of Industrial Hygiene of the N*ew York as being of utmost importance in control of this hazard. stances made by (lie addition of various State Department of Labor has conducted ' <4 Rtcusmendatieftt amounts of chlorine to a naphthalene base. an investigation in two cable plants using L Unless there is a very good reas r. The amount of chlorine may vary from chlorinated naphthalenes and diphenyls. for using the hot method of impregnate, three to six or possibly more atoms, pro* In this investigation, many cases of der all new installations should use the rr.jg . viclintr compounds from trichlornaphtha- matitis were found, and several deaths due . or solvent meth<*I of impregnation w.v Icn.- ti> hexachlornaphthalene. to liver damage among workers in the chlorinated naphthalenes and diphenyl? In the same manner, the varying industry. Where the hot method i> now being uxd amounts of chlorine arc added to a di- The examination of workers in the two it should lx changed over to cold, if p&.. jihiuyl base providing a group of com- factories showed relatively few cases of sible, or surrounded with every*, knowc. |u*und> of varying chlorine content. enlarged liver--five in all. on pa'pation. protective measure. , A> a rule, the final substances, as used Comparison in these two plants showed 2. General hygienic measures should in industry, are mixtures of differing a very much higher incidence of acncform be followed but in no case should these >r chlorinated naphthalenes; Earlier, these dermatitis in one of the plants as com allowed to suixrsede engineering cocur-d . were, as a rule, possessed of a lower pared with the other; namely 21 per cent of the primary source of the exposure, tco degree of chlorination, and later on the as compared with CO per cent, the former operations in the plant compounds were usually of a higher de- being in the cold process establishment The following hygienic measures prec of chlorination with varying amounts and the latter being in the establishment be considered good practice where the* . uf chlorinated diphenyls added. employing the lvt process only. The der compounds are handled, These substances are rvx new. Per- . matitis appeared to take place on the av a--Two lockers for each worker expo*-*! ch'ornaphthalene was used in Germany during the last war. These groups of compounds are manufactured by approxi erage in alxmt seven and onc-half months in the hot process plant as compared with 10 months in the cold process plant. to chlorinated waxes (one for workir.c and one for street clothes). b-pAll work clothes above the undmvor mately five companies in the United States and tlx*)* arc sold under varying . trade names by the manufacturers. Conclusions As a result of our general re-study of should l*e provided and laundered m least twice a week by the macugemen: c--The workers should change to ele.vi : The chlorinated naphtlialcncs and di this whole problem and our experience underwear at the end of each shift b> phenyls are valuable industrial products. Briefly, their properties are as follows: 1. Resistance to water and alkali. . in two recent outbreaks, as well as sev eral isolated experiences we are able to draw several basic conclusions: fore petting into their street clothe*, d--Supervised cleaning. 1--At noon the workers should remove 2. High insulating value and dielectric 1. Chlorinated naphtlialenes and di clothing and scrub hands and face constant. phenyls arc in general highly txic com under supervision. . .1. Thermo plasticity. pounds and must be used`with extreme 2--At the end of the shift they should 4. Ouite stable chemically. care. Industrial hygienists should make lx required to take a supervised 5. Flame resistant. every effort to see that such exposures shower before changing back For these reason*, they are of value arc controlled, insofar as humanly pos street clothes. in the making of electric condensers and , sihlc. In this effort, we do not believe e---Protective skin creams or protective in the insulation of wire and cable. it safe to rely on limiting atmospheric clothing should lx provided by the Eaperiac in Industry concentrations hut rather to depend on a maximum of maintenance and engineering management at the discretion of the foreman, nurse, medical, or plan' The chlorinated naphthalenes and di control. superintendent. phenyls are applied in industry by two 2. Toxic exposures may be more read f--All departments handling chlorinated methods. ily controlled where the cold or solvent synthetic waxes should be thoroughly 1. A cold nxthod in which the material . inetlmd of impregnating cable is employed cleaned according to a prearranged is dissolved in a solvent usually a mixture than where the Hot process is used. schedule. This should include the re- of petroleum naphtha and toluene and. 3. Of the known cases of liver disease moval of all deposits of waxy ma 2. A hot method wherein the material . in our experience, the available history . terial, from the machines, floors and is rendered plastic by heat. .and experience generally points to pc* . surrounding objects. Workers doing the a : ?.n Attachment to Ido. 6 (b) and (c) DSW 441759 STLCOPCB4056294  OU IX| __I. wi "->..... I Om:ix leasing should be provided with pro the taking ot a lull clinical h!tory with ever, that (he cantor plant' generate more tective clothing and supplied air or gallic vapor masks where exhaust ventilation is inadequate or. not possible* 3. The foremen of all departments special emphasis on gastro-intrstinal dis`turbances and dermatitis. In addition, the skin should be carefully examined periodi cally and the more reliable liver function tests performed. Gastrointestinal com- - enzymes than arc needed for their own sustenance and growth and that this sur plus of enzymes might be the explanation for the stimulation of growth, the healthy condition, and the acceleration of maturity tt-ju-re this material is handled should be a?pfiscd of the toxic nature of the materj| and instructed in safe handling pro cures. These men should make it their plaints developing in a worker at any time should be a signal for an immediate medical check-up. A history of liver disease, jaundice, or antisyphilitic treat in the crops on which castor insecticides are sprayed. Chlorophyl, which is an other of the component parts of the spray, might add to these beneficial effects. duty to check up on the workers in their ment should automatically exclude a The Woburn Chemical Corp. has re departments and instruct them in safe practice. 4. Precmployment and periodic physi ol examinations should be made of all fpscd'workers. These should include worker from jobs involving a possible toxic exposure. Pregnant women should not be employed where there it a possible exposure to the synthetic chlor inated waxes. . cently opened a now plant in Marylmd for the production of castor insecticides. However, several iactors prevent tlie de velopment of this industry to meet all market requirements at the present time. The demands far castor oil in war pro jsNat&rVw srih/aflwes 8M duction and the shipping difficulties en countered in bringing in the crops from Brazil and Mexico curtail the supply of available raw materials. The Commodity sit!"Pgrpis@ Credit Corporation has limited consider ably the acreage of the castor bean crop in this country in its apportioning land (iHEMURGY is giving increased im cantor extractives. Chemical literature petus to the development of insccti- docs not provide laboratory irehniq ics for adcs of domestic vegetable origin to sup such determinations. However, some in plant imported materials such as rotenone teresting collateral benefits haye been izA pyrethrum that are now scarce or obtained from the use of these materials cuvailable. - in insecticides. Which of the component One of the more recent of these is a parts produces this result is not known, product made from the castor plant. but it was noticeable first in the orange Csing extractives from the castor leaves groves of Florida, and. later, on vegetables and other portions of the plant, Woburn and fruit trees, that plants on which this Chemical Corp. is cow in quantity produc spray has been used appear to he more tion on its insecticide. Spra Kast. which it vigorous and healthy than those on which area of crops to favor the edible grains which are of primary importance in the nation's vwrtimv 10**1 nroMeinv The curbing of supply results likewise from State Department adherence to provisions of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements an important part of our good neighbor for eign policy, by which it attempts to keep the production of castor Ix-an* in the hands of South and Central American producers. However, the fact that the . castor leaves cannot be shipped great dis claims will control a Urge majority of some other insecticides have been used. tances in their natural state, since tliey the insects that eat up our food crops. Furthermore, it seems to accelerate the begin to decompose very quickly after they - The insecticide is made in two types, 2-C maturity of the crops. That may be due are harvested, argues for a future crop . for use on citrus fruits and 2-A for to enzymes from the plant, although it production in this Country sufficient to vegetables. has not been proved. It is known, how supply the leaves necessary for insecticide. Type 2-A provides quick kill in addi-1 ion to prolonged effectiveness, although od vegetables it is not necessary to provide Caster leaves being fed to chopper hi first step hi recovery of derivatives the same degree of prolonged effective- oess because of the more frequent spray ings required to cover the continuous new growth. In combination with sulfur or copper, it has been used in commercial applications for the control of red spider, purple mite, six-spotted mite, rust mite, mclanose and many soft-bodied worms infest vegetables. Particularly effective results have been obtained on net nacrosis on potatoes when in combination with neutral copper. The castor extractives will not kill all inserts. In some cases they act as a repellent, in other cases as a contact poison on tucking insects such as aphids, thrips, lice, mealy bugs, leafhoppers, and red bugs; they control chewing insects wh as beetles, leaf rollers and cater pillars. The insects infesting beans, beets, cabbage, cucumbers, potatoes, spinach, tomatoes, melons, squash, lettuce, and peas have been reported controlled by the insecticide. It has been somewhat difficult to deter mine chemically the exact nature of these January, 1944 / OU.JX "J ^*1 *' .. ; %\\'x .......... .. DSW 441760 STLCOPCB4056295 .. .. . .. %4 ` OtJ tx J. "SAFETY MEASURES FOR USE OF CHLORINATED NAPHTHALENES AND DIPHENYLS IN -------------------- INDUSTRY --------------- INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE Ad Article by Leonard Gr* euburg, .W.D.. Executive + Director, Division of Industrial Hygiene The chlorinated naphtha'cnes comprise a group The first concise publication which definitely at of chemical substance* made by the addition of tributed the acne to chlorinated naphthalenes a various amounts of chlorine to a naphthalene base. publication by Waucr* in 1918. This was followed The amount of chlorine may vary from three to six on the continent by a number of confirmatory pub or possibly more atoms providing compounds from lications. trichlomaphthalene to hcxachlornaphthalcne. In the United States, Sulzberger* and his co . In the same manner, the varying amounts of workers in 1934 reported three cases of acne from chlorine arc added to a diphenyl base providing a contact with "hot oils and waxes.** Sulzberger did group of compounds of varying chlorine content. not specifically identify the chemical substances res As a rule, the final substances, as used in industry, ponsible for the production of the acne. In 1935 arc mixtures of differing chlorinated naphthalenes. Schwartz in a paper read before the American Earlier, these were, as a rule, possessed of a lower Public Health Association, described the typical acne degree of chlorination and later on the compounds form eruptions and attributed them to exposure to were usually of a higher degree of chlorination with the chlorinated naphthalenes and diphenyls. This varying amounts of chlorinated diphenyls added contribution was published in the American Journal thereto. of Public Health in 1936. Fulton and Matthews*" These substances are not new. Perchlomaphthalene of the Pennsylvania Department of Labor reported was used in Germany during the last war. 101 cases of dermatitis due to chlorinated naphtha It is to be clearly understood that these groups of lenes and diphenyls in a wire insulating plant. Jones compounds are not manufactured by any one com and Aldcn? reported similar findings in the Archives pany but rather by approximately five in the United of Dermatology and Syphilology in the same year. States and they are sold under varying trade names In 1938, Mayers and Silvcrberg described acne- by the manufacturers. form skin eruptions in workers making electrical The chlorinated naphthalenes and diphenyls are condensers/ . valuable industrial products. Because of certain Space does not permit a discussion of the histology `properties which they possess, we may briefly state of these dermatological changes produced by this these valuable properties as follows: , substance. .. 1--Resistance to water and alkali. '. . - 2--Ki^h insulating value. They possess high di- V. electric constant. 3--Thermo plasticity. . 4---Quite stable chemically. f Flame resistant. In general, it can be said with a fair measure of certainty that these changes are brought about in the skin, primarily by the contact of the skin with . the vapors of these compounds or by actual contact with them in the form of solid or particulate matter. We have found, for example, that workers expend For these reasons, these substances possess much to fumes have more acne than those exposed to dust value industrially in the making of electric con alone and we have also found that workers expo<ed densers and in the insulation of wire and cable, etc. to the solid material or its particulate form have developed dermatitis. In this connection, the report . Method of Use in Industry The chlorinated naphthalenes and diphenyls are used in industry by two methods. . . 1--A cold method in which the material is di- solved in a solvent usually a mixture of petro; leuxo naphtha and toluene and, :` * 2--A hot method wherein the material U rendered - plastic by heat. of Fulton and Matthews is very interesting. They picture and describe a case of an infant, two and one-half years of age, who developed the dermatitis as a result of contact with the soiled working clothes of its father who was in the habit of playing with the child prior to changing his clothing. More recently, Schwartz* has described cases of dermatitis among cable strippers employed at ship Tome Effects The toxic effects of the chlorinated naphthalenes building establishments and working with cables which had been impregnated with these compound'. and diphenyls have been known for a long time. Systemic Effects In the interval between 1899 and 1901, reports in In the United States, systemic effects in the form both the French and German literature indicated an of acute yellow atrophy of the liver were reported association between exposure to chlorine and acne by Flinn and Jarvik,A in 1936 among men working and even though in some cases wax-like materials with tetra and pentachlornaphthalcne. These find were a portion of the exposure, the general belief was ings were verified by animal experimentation. In that chlorine was more or less responsible for the 1937, Drinker, Warren and Bennett11 reported >ueh acne. At the 1901 Congress of the German Derma liver changes among animals exposed to the material tological Society, Hcrxhdmer1 pointed out that by inhalation and similar findings were obtained chlorinated hydrocarbons might be the etiological with the chlorinated diphenyl compounds These cause for the acne and in the same year Bettmann* latter authors also mention four non-fatal cases stressed the possible effect of chlorinated hydrocar among humans and the three fatal cases previously bons. , .` cited by Flinn I**'*"1.......... ` :: C*| 11'j,ii1 DSW 441761 U'' STLCOPCB4056296 I Lu/u!d like to cite two or to*" ix eases which we concentrations but ration depend on a maximum '^vc'CiKOuntcrcd in our own experience1* and which of maintenance and engineering control. ' oay be of interest from the point of view of duration 2-- Toxic exposures may be more readily controlled cf expo urc prior to this type of poisoning. A girl where the cold or solvent method of impregnating 17 years of age was engaged in soldering electrical cable is employed than where the hot process is used. oadensers which were impregnated with tri- and 3-- Of the known cases of liver disease in our ctrachlomaphthalcne for a period of approximately experience, the available history and experience ncven months. The autopsy for this case showed generally points to exposure to vapors or fumes from cT.d to severe degeneration of the liver and presented the hot process. There is no clear evidence in our a clear picture of what is generally known as acute experience although it is possible that skin absorp yellow atrophy. It was apparent in this case that tion may produce systemic poisoning. Physiologi the latter organ displayed areas of healing and new cally we sec no reason why this is not possible. areas of pathology. However, most dermatitis eases do not develop liver & In the second case, a man 24 years of age de damage. veloped jaundice after five months of exposure in the And finally, I should like to call your attention to coating of wires with wax containing the higher a group of recommendations which were finally . chlorinated naphthalenes. He was away from work agreed upon by all of the groups involved in the last for a period of time and four months later the outbreaks of poisoning as being of utmost importance ' jaundice became quite intense with general malaise in the control of this hazard. "and loss of appetite. After two months more of -.work he was sent to the hospital where he rather, Recommendations rapidly passed away. The autopsy in this case 1-- Unless there is a very good reason for u>ing the showed extensive areas of necro>is and fibrosis of the hot method of impregnation, ail new installation liver with regeneration. should use the cold or solvent method of impregna In a third case, published by Drs, Mayers and tion with chlorinated naphthalenes and diphenyls. Scath11 of the staff of the New York State Depart- Where the hot method is now being used it should cot of Labor, Division of Industrial Hygiene, an be changed over to cold, if possible, or surrounded 13 year old girl became ill after five months of ex with every known protective measure. panse in the soldering of electrical condensers. The 2-- General hygienic measures should be followed races in this case were composed principally of but in no case should these be allowed to supercede tnchlomaphthaiene. She was hospitalized and re engineering control of the primary source of the covered after a long and slow period of convales exposure, the operations in the plant. cence. The following hygienic measures may be con Recent Industrial Experience sidered good practice where these compounds are During the past year the Division of Industrial handled. Kygiene of the New York State Department of Labor has conducted an investigation in two cable plants using chlorinated naphthalenes and diphenyls. -In this investigation, many cases of dermatitis were a--Two lockers for each worker exposed to chlori- nated waxes (one for working and one for street clothes). b--All work clothes above the underwear should be ' provided and laundered at least twice a week ' - - found, and several deaths due to liver damage anxmg workers in the industry. by the management. c--The workers should change to dean underwear at the end of each shift before getting into his . The examination of workers in the two factories ' street clothes. showed relatively few cases of enlarged liver--five d--Supervised cleaning. in all, on palpation. . , Comparison in these two plants showed a very much higher incidence of acneform dermatitis in 1--At noon the workers should remove outer . clothipg and scrub hands and face under supervision. 2--At the end of the shift they should be re one of the plants as compared with the other; namely quired to take a supervised shower before 21 per cent as compared with 60 per cent, the former being in the cold process establishment and the latter bring in the establishment employing the hot process ^ changing back to street clothes. e--Protective skin creams or protective clothing should be provided by the management at the discretion of the foreman, nurse, medical, or wily. The dermatitis appeared to take place on the plant superintendent. & average in about seven and one-half months in the hot process plant as compared with 10 months in the cold process plant. f--All departments handling chlorinated synthetic waxes should be thoroughly cleaned according to a prearranged schedule. This should in clude the removal of aU deposits of waxy Conclusions As a result of our general re-study of this whole problem and our experience in two recent outbreaks, as well as several isolated experiences we desire to material from the machines, floors and sur rounding objects. Workers doing the cleaning should be provided with protective clothing and supplied air or organic vapor masks where exhaust ventilation is inadequate or not pos sible. draw several basic conclusions: 3-- The foremen of all departments where this l--Chlorinated naphthalenes and diphenyls are material is handled should be apprised of the toxic- m general highly toxic compounds and must be used nature of the material and instructed in safe hand with extreme care. Industrial hygienists should make ling procedures. These men should make it their every effort to see that such exposures are controlled, duty to check up on the workers in their departments insofar as humanly possible. In this effort, we do and instruct them in safe practice. not believe it safe to rely on limiting atmospheric 4--Preemployment and periodic physical exaraina- 405 >'; Sr fov K-?. 'y;>'Yl , ' 0si?(i2 STLCOPCB4056297 , t^;;.u!d be made of all exposed workers. These should include the taking of a full clinical history with special emphasis on gastro-intcstinal disturb ances and dermatitis. In addition, the skin should be carefully examined periodically and the more reliable liver function tests performed. Gastro intestinal complaints developing in a worker at any time should be a signal for an immediate medical check-up. A history of liver disease, jaundice, or antisyphilitic treatment should automatically exelude a worker from jobs involving a possible toxic exposure. Pregnant women should not be employed where there is a possible exposure to the synthetic . chlorinated waxes. : 5---Engineering control of plant operations cannot be over-emphasized but specific recommendations are not applicable to all cases. It would be wise for a plant using this class of materials to check their control measures with the State industrial hygiene . agency, the insurance carrier and some competent, consultant before occupational disease occurs. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 Herxhelmer (VII Congress of the German Dermatological Society, 1901) explain*! that chloroxtdo or chlorinated hydrocarbon* may bo the cauae. a Beurnann (Chloracno, Deutsche Med. tYochschr.. 1001. ' No. 37 and at the Con^rcaa mentioned above) streamed ' the effect of chlorinated hdyrocurbon*. Wauer: GewerbHche crXrankun^Tcn durch jfechlorto ' KohlinwaiaarjtoJe (Fernukrankhrit). Zentralblatt f. Gewerbehygfona. Vol. VI, p. 100. 1318. . 4 Sulzberger, SLB.. Rai^nberK, A.I. and Sher, I.t.: Acneforra ' eruptions. N. Y. State J. Mod.. Vol. 34. 833. 1934. . s Schwartz, L.: Dermatitis from Synthetic Reulna and . Waxes. Amor. Jour, of Public Hoallh. Vol. 36. p. 686. ' Pulton, W.S. and Matthew*. I.t*: A preliminary report of . - tho dormatolo-jlcal cl<1 ayetvmic effect* of oxpoaure to hasachlcrnaphthalcno and chlorodlphonyL l'enh. Dept, of Debar. Bull. No. 43. 1936. . T Junta, J.W. and Aldcn. H.S.: Arneform dermatcrgoslat - Arch. Dermatol, and Syphll. Vol. 33. p. 1033. 1936. ; . Mayer*. JLR. and SUverberp. M.G.: Skin condition* re suiting from oxposuro to certain chlorinated hydrocarbons. ' Jour, of Ind. Hyg. & Toxieolnjry. Vol. 30. i>. 344. 1938. , Schwartz. I*: An outbreak of halowax acne ("cable rash") ' ornor)" clcctriclnno. J.A.M.A.. Vol. 132, p. 156, 1943. t# Flinn. N.B. on<l Jarvlk, N.E.: Action of certuln chlorl- noted naphthalenes on the liver. l*roc. Soc. Exptrr. LlioloK- . . tvr.U Med- Vol. 35. 115. 1936. ; Flinn. K. B. and Jnrvlk. N.E.: Liver lesions caused by . chlorinated naphthalene. Amer. Jour. Hygiene, Vol. 27. 19. 1338. ii Drinker, C.K.. Warren, M.F. and Bennett. G.A.: The problems of possible systemic effects from certain chlori- . nated hydrocarbons. Jour, of Ind. Hyg. and Toxicology. Vol. 13. p. :$3. 1937. l* Creenburj, I*. Mayers, M.R. and Smith. A.Tt.: The sys- . temic resulting from exposure to certain chlorinated hydrocarbon*. Jour, of Ind. Hyg. and Toxicology. Vol. 21, P. . 1383. l alay<era. M.R. end Smith. A.R.: Systemic effects from expouum to certain chlorinated napnthalenoa. Ind. Hy giene, Industrial Bulletin. N. Y. State Labor Dept.; January. 1342. DETEhMIKATION OF BENZENE IN THE PRESENCE OF TOLUENE, XYLENE AND OTHER SUBSTANCES* S7 B. H. DOLIN, MA. Table II illustrates the results obtained with test solutions compared by the alternative visual method of standards comparison. A scries of standards cor responding to the range of 1 to 10 per cent benzene with unit intervals was first used. The color was then reproduced simultaneously with several stand ards of concentrations with increments corresponding to 0.1 per cent of benzene varying from the standard most closely matching the test solution. Whenever * Continued from - page 876. September 1948 Jaaue of Tkt Bullrlin. . the concentration of the test solution appeared to be greater than 10 per cent benzene, the test solution was diluted tenfold with alcohol, the color reds, vclopcd, and the comparison repeated. The determinations listed in Tables III and IV were made with the aid of the graph in Figure 3. The errors found when differences in reading* be tween the five- and 15-minute intervals were con siderable were greatly minimized by the use of empirically derived (directions. The correction a7> plied in Tabic IV as well as the final results wis* multiplied by 10, since the test solutions were diluted tenfold. The formula, used in computation for the series in Table III was benzene % = C - (3- A-25) 0.005; the formula used for the series in Table IV. was benzene % = 10(C - {B -- A -- 25 ) 0.005). C is benzene per cent corresponding to reading B on galvanometers. B and A are as given under "Pro , cedure.** Accuracy and Sensitivity The presence of petroleum naphtha, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, isobutyl alcohol, acetone, toluene, and xylene did not interfere with the determinations of benzene in the experiments tabulated. Reasonable accuracy, with a mean error of 1.6 '.* cent, wu attained when the intensity of color produced matched without the aid of a colorimeter. Greater accuracy was attained with the aid of a photoelectric colorimeter where a mean error 0.9 per cent for a similar range of concentrations was in evidence. Con centrations less than 0.2 per cent benzene could not be determined with the naked eye, whereas conccntra* tions down to 0.01 per cent benzene could be determined by the use of a photoelectric colorimeter. The errors involved at concentrations less than 02 per cent benzene, however, were considerable and amounted to 10 per cent at 0.05 per cent benzene and more at lower concentrations. The 10-mi. aliquot of solution used for color dc* velopmcnt represents 0.01 ml. of the sample of 0-50 ml. taken for analysis and diluted to 100x5. Since 0.01 per cent benzene can be detected, the method . appears to be sensitive to 1 x 10-* ml. or 8.8x l0-; g. of benzene. By visual comparison, in the absence of a photoelectric colorimeter or when an error above 1 per cent is not pcrmissablc, the sensitivity is reduced to 2 x 10-* ml. or 1.8 x 10-1 g. of benzene. The concentration of benzene vapor in air may be determined by the above method after the vapor has been transformed from the gaseous to the liquid fj $phase. This may be accomplished by absorbing or dissolving the vapor in petroleum naphtha or alcohol. The concentration of benzene In the resulting solution may then be determined as prescribed. Without diluting the ether extract, but using the total nitrated material in alcoholic solution, 8.8 x 10-7 g. or 0.27 p.p.m. may be detected on a sample of one liter of air. Concentrations of 1.8 x 10-4 g. per liter of air or 5.6 p.p.m. may be determined with an error less than l per cent. By sampling 10 ml. portions of air, concentrations down to as low as 8.8 x 10-* g. of benzene per liter of air or 27 p.p.m. should be possi ble of detection. The significance of this may be realized when it is perceived that numerous samples of air may be taken in a comparatively short time and that many small portable containers may be used. 406 T J V. DSVV 441763 STLCOPCB4056298 MilJi C V&L.SStTSo.S O \ il AUG2J2 IS43 1 ^aimsi Gsa, a mm l mtr. o m ans mm Dopertasoat of Ptihology, Whit* Plains Hospiiol, mtvi tko Uoportmomt of HoaUk, JPostchottor County, Soso York ?7*OK over twenty years chlorinated naphthalenes have i3 been extensively used for insulating wire and in the * manufacture of certain electrical equipment. Chlor- mated naphthalenes and chlorinated phenyls (sold under the trade names of Halowax and Arochlor) have marked electrical, heat and moisture resisting proper* tics and are practically non-inflammable Their use in the manufacture and preparation of many types of elec- '.ncul equipment Has been tremendously increased. due to :he enormous increase in the use of such equip- moot tor the prosecution of this present world war. In >tme mills ho: concentrated Haiowax is used to <iiura;e wire insulation, while in other mills the com* Pund< are dissolved in organic solvents, the solutions then being used cold to saturate the insulation. In both these processes the wet insulated wires are dried in drying tules or ovens. l>uring this drying process dangerous concentrations of chlorinated compounds are given off. It has been known for many year* that these com- pounds cause acne-like eruptions. In recent years seri_^ *iu HcAith. w<chr*r.Cot>ir x. y . ous systemic effects have been recognized. During the past year many cases of skin eruption and in addition six fatal cases of a peculiar type of subacute yellow atrophy of the liver have occurred among the worker* . in two wire and cable mills. At the request of the management of one of these nulls and in cooperation with the Department of Health of WcMchrMcr ' 'oumy ( \\ V.), one of the authors undertook an utvrMigatton of the mill in order to advise the ni.tnag^mcnf and i/u Department of Health as to means of prevention of the cutaneous lesions and *vMemic effects resulting from these toxic hydrocarbons. This null used the c*M process for saturating the wire insulation. As the study progressed, it became apparent that the . toxic lesions resulted from inhalation b\ men working in <*r near the drying ovens and al.-w* bv some other method of absorption, picMinublv through liu* skin, This fact was dearly shown, because many of the acneform eruptions occurred among the men ojnrrating the saturation baths and not exposed to the inhalation hazard. A few* of the acnc*form eruptions occurred among workmen handling the cold finished wire in a mill-room far removed trom any po>sibie inhalation 4)9 I. DSW 441764 STLCOPCB4056299  otj_iK i . - t . oo:ih ' , Ctiu inluunl. v- Tiirn -orkiug uic Mint m:li wish ihc .itft.c-- n-:i .huur.l no -ii.mi crj[.i:..n.- of thc-e 'flurn handled the toxic -ub;arcev An 'n^ngition wa begun to determine what -v-- Veir.ic effects mu1U result from the administration of these -ubai^mer- to cNjH*rinu*ni;ii animal- bv inhalation. .ngoti*.u i>v .yurface application of the >ub.-i:ncc> l. the >km j M' article describes pathological change.- observed ^3 Tiwii and experimental animal- resulting ft.^n absorption of thec toxic substance.-, and -uggeM- mean- 01 preventing,,ihi- absorption. Cstxcd Lehmann .m 19J9//J io;;nd that animal- which tre led or \vhi*^i. inhaled chlorinated naphthalene* lost ap petite and death showed jH-culiar lesions in the liver. Flinn ar>t "arvik (2i ;n ]V.V> reported three ca-es of yellow atru^.-ry oi the liver occurring in ihr-c widclv separan-d p;*nts. Experimental studies ** rabbi;-, using- dinenm: compound- 01 chlorinated naphthalenes, indicated :^-t the toxicity wt thc-c compound- in creases w. rt.T .:;c increasing decree- of chi*-rination. Rum Jarvik f*/ later re)*orted nnc ca>c< oi yellow atn.^iTiy of the .liver occurring in mill- where chlorinated sphthalenes were being used to impregnate wire and rr electrical equipment. They concluded that the cas<^ of yellow atrophy of the liver occurring among the employees were probably due to exposure to chlorinates: naphthalenes. Lhnnkcr. ^!strren and lienxutt (4) in 193d de-cribed the nx)rphci*e3pical changes in t)ie livers of rat- exj*o%<*d to chloruiaard na;hihalcncs and chlorinate*! phenyls. These invcsctgsuors administered the toxic substances by inhalation. i-evding and subcutancou- injection. Thcv found that Tms in and tetra chlorinated naphthalenes produced ocif*- slight pathological changes in the liver, unless extremely high concentrations were u-cd. How ever. anunais -exposed for .-ix weeks to the higher chlorinated sspAthalene- in low concentrations regu larly showed -marked liver damage, even though they gave no clinurai evidence of such toxicity before death. The toxicity <nf each comjn/und seemed directly related to its degree or chlorination. Widespread liver degeneration can exist for several months witfSkaut producing any evidence of ill-health <n the amrr_ai.sk. suggesting that the alteration? take place slowly. AamnaU given a suhlethal dose of chlorinated compound.-. wnum given a very small dose of carbarn tetrachloride immediately died, even though -uch a small dose *-*c xsrlon tetrachloride given to a normal animal wouii- t.oi materially affect it. Exposure of rats to either hx^fto* chlorinated naphthalenes or chlorinated dipheml rxsit in a iyje of liver injury differing con siderably fmffi ahe user lesions resulting from carbon tetrachloride 6t and chloroform (71 poisoning. The chan^ resulting from ex|*osurc to the com- p<und> empttswerd in their .-ftidy involved all portions of the liver ioiLuie. even though the initial morpho logical ciutn^r- were more pronounced in the liver cells nearest the hematic veins The change- were degen erative in nartunr, ttrsr cloudy swelling then fatty infil tration and r-crrr degeneration. C lanplctc disimegra- tior* of the cHl'rr. with areas of necrosis finally resulted, regardless *s she method of aduiini.-tration. This de generation w-af* charactefiaed by accumulation- of Urge amounc-v *n acidi*philic hyaline material. The characteristwr* tf ihc liver change- produc<*d can be marked!) altrrel. juantwatixciv and ijuahtaiivclv. hi varying the degree ri expo-urc. examination dur:ng life revealed no significant abnormalities, and the injurious effect.- of these cotn;*ound- were mam- fe-led -olelv in the liver. The in\c-tigntors concluded from their **xperinic:i:> '.hat lower air conc-ntrations mu-t he obtained ;n the ca-r of the more highly chlorinate*! naphthalenes and ihlonn-itcd diphenyls, than for trichlnrinated naphtha lene-. if a -are environment for workmen is to In* S ured. Varglou. Sand.- and nrinkerf'y re;*rting on the \entilation of wire impregnating tank- using chlori nated hvdroearbons. showed that the requirements for the ventilation of such tanks varied greatly with the a- well As with the size of the tank They sug gest that an exhaust slot about 2 inches high extending along the full length of the Lank with lateral ventilation wa- the most effective method of ventilarng such rank-. For any given concentration nt chlorinate*' naphthalene the degree of chlorination had no ,q>prer ib!e effect on ventilation requirements. f'lrccnbufg. Mayers an<l Stniih rVy in 1^39 reported tiirce case- showing the occurrence of -imdar higical changes in the liver in throe vnung adultj . known to have been working with chlorinated naphtha lenes ;tn<l diphenyls. They hnedy summanicd the systemic effects resulting from this exjwisurc and made recoimnen<lati<n.- for prevention. Oritiker (10) in 1939 re|K>rted further observation* on the jHs-iblc svstemic toxicity of certain of the chlor inated hydrocarbon-. From this study he concluded that the |>ermissible limit for air contamination with trichlor naphthalene was lOmgm. per cu. ;n.; for tetra and pcnla chh/r naphthalene. 1 nigm. ;<r cu. m.; for pe*nta and hexa chlor naphthalenes. 0 5 nigm. j*cr cu. . m.; and tor the various chlorinated diphenyls O S mgm. pi*r cu. m. Cleary, M der and Hitching* (ID in 1938. reporting on the metabolism of chlorinatctl naphthalenes, stale*l that no significant storage of the material could be dr- tcCted n lung, liver, skin or kidney, nor was any sig nificant amount excreted in the urine. Both the rat and the dog apparently were able to remove and ex crete the chloride promptly. A rise in the urinarv ethereal sulphate fraction, but no significant change m the neutral sulphur excretion, was noted after chlor- ^ mated naphthalene feeding in the dog. Riley (12) in 1943 stated that poisoning may result from inhalation of vapors, from prolonged skin con tact with the vapor, liquid or solid phax, and from in gestion 01 the chlorinated material. Cranch (12) in a recent personal communication to one of the authors, stated that the effect of these waxes on the skin resulting in the appearance <f acne is not determined bv the presence of chlorine alone, but 1- duc rather to the comjjoumi cHYii f chlorine and a ' tar derivative. No such marked tendency to acne for- , mation results fnun exposure to chlorinated petroleum derivatives, such as chlorinated paradm. \\*hcn chlor* mated naphthalene is combined with chlorinated di pheml. a n*re active acne i-produced. Liver damage . is not likely to occur following exposure to chlorinated * naphthalene alone, but may occur from exposure t`* 1 chlorinated diphenyl combined with chlorinated naph thalene or other tar derivatives. The -everity of the acne is not correlated in any way with the degree of liver damage which might occur. ^ Cranch suggests that other factor- are probably in 420 . .. ROBBER ACE. AUGUST. * DSW 441765 STLCOPCB4056300 tit the shusving li\ef dani.ig* inside.* e.\ posurc Jo chlorinated "a\t> alone. The po:nt brought oui in th:* coninviti'Cation wa* ?oc fact th.it skin reaction* with acne jnrmation ha\** leen noted m men handling only the fini*hrd prndmt, with :>* appreciable \;qxir exposure. As far n* he knot, no liver case* had U*en attributed to skin absorption. He sugge>t* that th* absorption of the*c material* ihrough the *ktn i* ver\ slow ^* compared with tnhala* .t<n absorption. L ranch al*o >ugge-l> that prc\cntmn dcj**nd< first **n the greatest |**ssiblc reduction of vapor exposure and >km contact; second. on protection of the skin by means of cold creams am! adequate bathing.. Tea Kcsts b da E;a.'2 fra Ei^scra It has lung been known that chlorinated naphth.i Imcs and diphenyls are skin irritant* The lesions have been described by Schwartz (It) and others. The effort* arc first noted on exposed part*--either from fumes or from direct contact with the chemical.*. Contamination ot clothing results in more generalized distribution of the irritant effects. In worker* with greasy skin* and hvpcrtrophied sebaceous glands, the effects are more frequent and prompt. After exposure of about six months, few workers fail to develop lesions. The skin affection usually begins as a generalized folliculitis. Occasionally there is diffuse pigmentation of the skin of exposed areas. Later comedones, acivelike pustules and- sebum cysts, develop. These latter lesions tend to be chronic and on healing may leave permanent scars. Generalized papulo-pustular erup tions have been described. In the cases observed in this mill the skin lesions have been confined to the ex tensor surfaces of the arms, the back of the neck, the mandibular surfaces of the face, and along the hair margins. The lateral surfaces of the thighs have fre quently been involved. In addition to the skin lesions, symptoms of sys temic poisoning have appeared in some workers. The first complaints are digestive disturbances, burning of the conjunctivae. and in some instances sexual im potence and haematuria. It is.not known just how frequently fatal poisoning results from absorption of these chemicals. It is worth noting, however, that six workers, formerly employed in these two mills, have been studied post mortem. One of the post mortem* was performed by one of us and the other five by pathologists in this industrial area. We have had the privilege of examining the pathological material from some of these necropsies. In these six cases, death was in every instance due to subacute liver necrosis. >`incc subacute liver necrosis is an uncommon disease and since all six workers had lk.*cn exposed to absorp tion of the chemicals in Halowax and Arochlor. it is logical to suppose that these chemicals were the cause of the liver necrosis. In all these cases the livers were much reduced in size. Their weights ranged front -KX) grams to 1100 grams. A review of the pathological changes in the autopsy material shows nothing of much significance, except in the livers. The hepatic lesions varied in character and intensity in the different cases, apparently depending upon the susceptibility of the different subjects, or possibly upon the length of time of exposure to the toxic agents. All the liter* were markrdK ru-d m ha;*e. :o.ir*el\ granular and molded in wllow .md red. Kr ihr nio*r part they were wry firm, although -me -'lowed large *oft red area*. < >n action, their cut *urlace* varied from mottled veliow and red with M'atJcrid necrotic area* to large vellnw-grav area* sIwav Mg *n:al! necrotic center*. In our case, there wa* a complicated melange of liver necrosis and ctrrho-i*. In all ot the cases, however, there were large area* ot degeneration and necrn*iv The distinctive feature of ihi* chemical intoxication is. clear!), liver necrosis The . cirrhou* and scarring are apparently attempts at re]air In the autopsy material it is difficult to determine what }H'>rtinn of the liver lobule i* primarily affected. In Himr the whole lobule is involved, while in other* the lobules are so deformed that definite localisation i.* impossible. In general, it appear* that in the more acute ea*e>. necrosis of the liver cells is the prime feature. In the nxre chronic cases the liver necrosis was <nrq>bcated by scarring repair ami regeneration of liver lobules. Matcrujls employed: In the animal experiment* which we have conducted, the chemicals uked were iho*c regularly employed in and supplied to us by the mill for this purpose. They were Halowax and Ar<r , cbior in concentrated state and dissolved in naphtha and troluoil. The effects of the solvents alone (naphtha and troluoil) were also studied. In these experiments white mice, guinea pigs and rabbits were employed. Three routes of introduction of the chemical* have been used--t*ic." bv inhalation, by ingestion and by ap . plication to the skm. The first two avenues of absorp tion have been extensively investigated by other work ers. but to the best of our knowledge there has been no systematic study of the systemic effects of skin absorp tion of these chemicals. Observation at the plant leads us to the conclusion that the skin is an important av enue of absorption of these chemicals. Therefore we have in our experiments directed particular attention 10 this^mode oi absorption. The inhalation and feed ing experiments which we have carried out have con formed to the methods outlined by Becneti. Drinker and Warren (4). They have proven useful, as con trols. in gauging the importance of lesions produced by skin absorption. . The skin absorption experiments were performed for the most part with rabbits. Approximately 9 square inches of the hair on the backs of a series of rabbits was removed with clippers, the remaining hair haved off and the resulting small skin abrasions al ' lowed to heal for three days. These experimental ani mal* were kept in cages alongside normal control rab bit.*. x/2 ml.. 1 ml., and \ Vj ml. of diluted Halowax and Arix'hlur. containing 0.8 gnn. drv Halowax per . ml. and 0.0 grm. Arochlor per ml., respectively, was dropped on the shaved areas by means of a calibrated syringe. After allowing the chemicals to partially dry for about five minute*, the animals were returned i< their cages. The substances were administered daily, in the above-described manner. Because of possible criticism that some of the chemicals might have been absorbed by ingestion or inhalation, this entire series of experiments was duplicated, following the same pro cedure cited above, but with the precaution of covering the application areas with molded celluloid guards. RU88SR AC. AUGUST. 1943 421 DSW 441766 STLCOPCB4056301 ' i-un-V. J. * K . pci jx : , .. * *. ' .' : ' j J 1 ; \ ; : J ; J[ ; j ! \ j i J* j , I > j I t | 1 J j . 1 ( ! j ! These Celluloid guard* were made by cutting rtid bending sru-ct celluloid into proper shapes and b:;r-bug their sharp edges with adhesive tape. Alter each daily skin application the guard* were replaced and iirrnl\ strapped in place with adhoric tape passing complete ly around the animal* l**iie*. This procedure. we Ik-* lie\e. precluded any i^Mbility of inhalation or mgr-- non of the toxic substances In no instances wire the guards removed or loosened by the animals' movements in their cages To avoid >kin irritation the ::n*-r *urface* of the guard* which might come in contact with . the skin were coated with vaseline. ' A third series of >kin ah*orption cxjK-rimetu- w.a* conducted in a similar manner, except (hat before the daily skin applications were made the shaved areas were covered with a thin layer or I'rotek. Thi- sub- stance is a cheap and .apparently efficient type ot cold cream used by mill workers. After experiments with naphtha and troluoil ;done. extending over lour months, no animal showed am skin lesion resembling those cau*ed by Hahmax or Arochlor. either by inhalation. ingestion or skin ale sorption, and no animal died of whatever mild effect* these substances might have caused. We therefore frit that the acne and the >y>;emic effects observed in . the remaining experimental animals could not have been caused by cither naphtha or troluoil. The results . of all three methods of absorption with both chemicals showed essentially the same type of skin lesion and liver necrosis. It was found that the rabbits were more uniform in their reactions, and the dosage could be . more easily evaluated. Therefore, all the last experi. merits were made on rabbits. The extent of th* skin * lesions and liver necrosis depended on the size, fre' quency and number of inoculations. Animals inoculated with large doses every day, whether by inhalation, feeding or skin absorption, died before definite liver necrosis developed. Animals inoculated with moderate and small daily doses lived for longer periods, and at necropsy showed skin lesions and subacute yellow atrophy of the liver, simu. lating the lesions observed in man. Animals *acrificed after a short series of small doses, showed slight to moderate degrees of liver degeneration, evidenced bv fatty infiltration. Four to five days after the first dose of chemical , was dropped on the skin, all regrowth of hair was com pletely destroyed. The skjn l>ecame markedly reddcrurd. small papules and blisters formed, and finally the external epidermal layers desquamated. Some pustular lesions developed which were very similar to those seen in man. On necropsy, the livers of the ani mals were the only viscera showing am definite changes. The animai liver* varied in appearance. l\xtemally they were.mottled in red. yellow and brown. They were finely to coarsely granular, and showed no marked abnormality in dze. On section, the liver* of the animals receiving the smallest dosage -bowed only a change in color. leing more .r less diffusely yci low with no gross evidence of necrosis. In animal* receiving larger or more numerous doses of the toxic -ubstances, there were opaque yellow areas of necrosis scattered throughout the liver -ub-tance The lesions were definitely degenerative in tyjn\ ranging from rm-lerate dvgn-*-- **i tatty tiegem-ratioii to marked hepatic degeneration and necrosis. Those resulting from skin absorption of Halowax and Arochlor were essentially identical to the lesion* produced . by inhalation of these substances; The rabbit? treated with 1 'roicK 1* toj c application of the chmucais to ;hc:r --n. were `partiallx protected and the chemical absorp tion retarded. There were similar but milder skir an liver lesions. Normal control animals kept in identical environment as the cNfxrrimvnia! animal* developed nc *kin le-iops and showed no fatts degeneration or rver nrcro-i- at autopsy. itstisis Szczzzzzzizi ta Safejuirf viaiizn Exfsssd ta EtslaateS (tepSfcstass vii OI^ks/Ss The tir-i >tep taken should l>c the formation A working committee consisting of the s^iH-rintciidem. the chief engineer, the chief chemist and the consulting or plant phvsician of the mill This committee should formulate practical change*, wherever found nrtc-sin to a- far as possible protect the worker* from the huz aril.s of these toxic eomjiound* because of [he urgent need fur these critical war material*, no change* -h.-uld t/c advicatcd which w;!l jn anv wav slow down or pre vent the greatest |*-.*-ible productivity of such :m:'nr- tant mills. Protection :r.u>t gon-i** of prevention from mhaia- :ion. ingestion and skin absorption of these chemical* Skin ab-nrption, while long recognizee as causing acne-form eruptions, has nor in our opinion received proper consideration from the standpoint of systemic effect*. Toxic effects from inhalation are without qucsdmn the most imjjonant because of the speed of absorption and. the probjble high do>age of toxic -uh-tance* ab- -orlwd. Therefore, adequate ventilation is the primary* consideration in any mill. The mill ro..m* and mixing house >hould be ventilated by intake and exhaust fans of sufficient volume and vel'K'ity to remove the ma jority of the fumes. The drying tul/e* and drying ovens should be ade quately ventilated and sealed as nearly air tight as prac ticable. To accomplish this, large intake vents should be placed near the door in the doors of the dry ing oven* l-urge high-velocity exhaust fans and an ade quate number of large exhaust stacks leading up above the roof of the mill should be installed. After the steam in the drying oven* h is been turned off. iresh coo] air from the mill room should U- pumped through the owns for a sufficient time, in sufficient volume and of a velocity of approximately 2000 cub. ft. jvr minute, to bring down thv temperature of the drying oven* to that of room temperature, t*eiore opening their door* to unload. * Daily analysis should be made of the .or in these oven*. They should not be opened for unloading until chemical analy*i,* reveals less than 0.5 ingm. of chlor ine. expressed as Halowax or Arochlnr. per cubic meter of air. The drying tube* surrounding the wet impreg nated cable should be ventilated by suction applied at the far end of the tubs* The .dr Mow through the ruin--* -hould l*e sufficient to c-.i th saturated cable t** a temperature at which no significant amount <(' vaj-r given ff from the cable after it leu\v-> the drying uiIn*. The impregnating vat* -hould have permanently hinged cover* fitted with things* that extml down ward ni-idc the rank, to avow! soiling the "Ut>;de of the tank from dripping Thc*c xats should l*e completely enclos'd in a ventilation hood, with a hinged dror in from, The*c h<XHJs should Ik* ventilated through a projerU eon*tructrd lateral eNhaust Nentilation *y*tm Varglou. Sanls and Drinker f sV recoir.nwnd an <-x- *22 RUBBER ACE. AUGUST *} DsW 441767 STLCOPCB4056302 -lot approximately 2 incho high xten-hn*; along ihv l*ack. the full length of the unk. *-! approxi mately o iruhcN al*ovc the level of the liquid wax :n the ;t:;*r^^lution vat. Various >jK*c<b of txhau>t should U tried until the prnj*cr >jecd is indicated bv chemical .n:lyd* of the air m front of erich hood. in the Cwld pr'-Cc*-. Halovvax and Arochlor are di->- ydved or diluted with yilwnu m mixing \.u>. The Haiouax and Arochlor *hiuM t>e introduced irrt* the>e .ai> with a> I'ltle manual handling as *`S>ih!c. The vats show It* l>c kept Covered at all times with a hin^etl cover, except when actually being filled. The work men should not t#e allowed to place their hands inside these vats, even for l.iking the specific gravity of the mixture*. This can easily be accomplished by a long- handled glass thief intr.*luced through a small opening in the cover of the unk. The specific gravity should he observed outside the unk. after removing the thief. The chemicals should be pumped outside of the mixing hf>u>e to a loading platform through permanent pij/e* lilted with proper gate valves. Such f>ipc> should In- connected by proper couplings to tank trucks. The tank trucks filled with the chemicals should then be driven to the felting' mills, where they are emptied into conveniently located distribution tanks. The chemical compound should then be pumped or led by gravity from the distribution tanks to the impregna- lion vats through appropriate sized pipes, not less than 2 inches in diameter. Separate lead pipes >houM ex tend downward to the vats from the main feed lines. Each pipe, just before it empties into the impregnation vats, should have a gate valve the full size of the pipe and of simple design so that it cannot become clogged by the mucilaginous fluid. After the fluid chemical in the impregnation vai> becomes contaminated by too much asbestos debris, the sludge remaining in the tank should be exhau>trd through exhaust pipc> at least 4 inches in diameter, connected at or near the bottom of each impregnation vat. Such exhaust pipes should be attached at an angle leading out from the back of the vats and extend into receiving sludge vats with a simple gate valve the full size of the pipe placed near their lower ends. The remains of the asbestos sludge, which docs not flow FIG. J--//himo*i Liver: Lute ejects of liver ne crosis. Bile ducts and capillaries, ho liver cell regeueratier*. PIG. 2--Human Liter: Right half of the field shows destroyed Ik'er lobules xAthout repairf the left half of the field shows regenerated and degenerate j liver ceils. FIG. 2-- Rabbit Liver: Ejects of skin absorption of .4rochlor--moderate dosage--half of the liver cells are opague and granular, the other half contains large fat droplets. The darker areas arc haemorrhage. FIG 4--Rabbit Liverr Ejects of inhalation of //abnofljr--2^ doses-shtneing complete liver necrosis. FIG. 5--Rabbit Liver: Ejects of skin absorption of Halowax, showing Complete liver necrosis. FIG 6--Rabbit Lix`cr: Ejects of skin application * of Halmvax after application of Protek, showing par tial liver necrosis. UBfiR ACS, AUGUST. 19*3 423 DSW 441768 through the pipes, should l* scraped ouf of the vai* and pushed into the sludge vats by mc*ns or a iim.g- hzndied square-tended steel paddle. If the exh..i;>t pipe should become clogged by the thick mucilaginous substance, a 4*foot long steel push rod with a d-inch fiat bell at its end should be used to push the obstruct* ing sludge into the receiving vat. Itoth the paddle and the push rod should be stored in a vertical metal con tainer. The sludge vats should be of tin; correct capacity to receive the largest amount of sludge that may be ex hausted into them, and of appropriate height and di ameter, so as not to obstruct the passage ways. All such vats should be interchangeable. The tops of these vats should be constructed so that their entire top, with the exception of a l*inch overhang rim, is open. A slide sleeve should l>c placed in this over hang rim. A strong metal sliding cover should Ik* pro vided for each vat. An oj*ming to receive the metal pipe should be placed in the slide cover, fitted with an angle extension to receive the solid 4-inch pipe from the saturation vat. , After the sludge vats have sedimented for an ap propriate time, the gxxl fluid Halowax should be pumped into receiving tanks through a pipe containing a gt&ss observation window. After all the good chem ical has been removed from ihc sludge vats, the re maining _ sedimented sludge should be dumped into burial ditches by placing the vats in an automatic dumping machine, so that no hand will have to touch thi edges of thC'Vat*. The vats should not be cleaned out catil their inside surfaces become covered with* too much hardened chemical. The hardened sludge is then softened with an appropriate solvent and serajx-d off the rides of the vats with a long-handled squareended sled paddle. Elbow-length, thin, impermeable gloves should lxused by the men when they adjust the nuts and screws of the mechanism in the vats. They should he taken off immediately, when the men have finished the job. to avoid excessive perspiration. The outsides of the impregnation vats should he frequently washed down with a proper solvent, to keep them free from the toxic chemicals. _ After the above recommendations have Iweu followed out, the personal factor has been'almost completely eliminated. .Clean working clothes, consisting of lung sleeved overalls fastened at the neck and wrists,.should be provided. These clothes should be laundered fre quently, daily if possible. AH eating of lunches, etc., should he forbidden in the workTOC^ipy^Cnndy, cigarettes, chewing gum and oilier ventjh'.'^.r^'.^such nature should lx* placed in rccs:/ v '''"C-houkI be provided for the work er:/" . v ' shower baths should Ik ia:-, . . ./J'Wpykmcn coining to work lease the outride locker room and jm>> through the ri'^wer room to the in>ide locker room, where they put on their clean work clothes and cover their hands, faces and necks with some iv;k* of cold cream or skin lotion. They should then lx* checked out by a checking system Indore they are allowed to go into the mill. When leaving work for lunch, they should l>e checked back through the msidc locker room, where they should thoroughly wash their hands, faces and necks with soap and water before going to lunch. If they are going home they should also check through the inside locker room, where they leave their soiled clothes, take a complete hot soap shower bath (there- tore sufficient show'er hath* should be provided) an<l are then checked out to the outer locker room. Here they put on their street clothe* This not only protects thr workmen, but also their families, as it ha'- been shown (H\ that wives handling and washing such clothes and children playing with their f.'Uher whd* he was wear ing the soiled work clothes acquire the same type r .-kin lesion as the workman themselves. All new workers slxiuld t>c exaimne<l by the null physician, and all men and women with a history of previous jaundice, liver diseases or >km diseases should bo rejected or should be placed in department* where toxic substances are not handled. All workers in the mills where cables saturated with chlorinated naphtha lenes and phenyls, whether wet or dry, are handled, should be periodically examined for skin lesions and systemic effects. No women who are pregnant should Ue allowed to work in these rooms as they are notably wry susceptible to liver toxemia. All workers in these mill rooms and all new employees should have irequeue ]x*rtodic laboratory tests made to determine whether or not any liver disfunction is present. Such labora tory examinations should include Hanger's (.'ephalincholesterol flocculation test, bilirubin content of the blood serum, and icteric index. It anv'one of the three show* iv>sults exceeding the normal limits, the worker should he re-tested within one week and if such abnor mality persists or increase* such workman should removed from this toxic hazard at once. As it is a known fact that other conditions. such a> gastro-intcstinal upsets, etc., may cause one or more of these rests to show transient moderately abnormal findings, the first test should not be considered conclu sive. nor should such workmen l>e barred from their work until such abnormal findings persist or increase. At present the New' York State laws relating to health in industrial plants are placed under the juris diction of the State Detriment of l-dor and the local health department. Where a county health department has been established or where a properly functioning city department exists most of the health hazards in industry could be handled more readily by the local department than by the state. This is due to the tact that the state has but few employees to cover a large area, while the local health department is immediately available and often more familiar with loc.d condition* and lienee able to keep in closer contact with the indu-- try and over a long period of time if necessary. 1 mIWs should lx* passed making it necessary tor medical directors of industrial plants rejNirt at once all toxic disease conditions relating to industrial ctnplox meat directly to the local health department, who would then make an investigation of existing conditions and. if possible, arrive at the solution of the ditlicultv. then. make the necessary recommendations to the industrial plant, also furnishing the Nate Department of I.ahor a rejKirt of the inxestigation .uni the recommendationmade. In cases where the investigation discloses that more extensive work is needed or the services ot specialists required, the Department *i l-iU>r should then lx* called upon to Complete the work. in ihi* manner the state could be saved Considerable time .md trouble and lx* able to de\oie itself l** more intensive work in other plants where it- service** were more urgently needed. The responsibility for the enforcement of the law- relating to protective measure* in industrial plants riinuld be placed ujHin the local health departments . . , j | * j * ^ * ; ; * ! j 424 ?vjefiR ace. aucust \ DS*176, STLCOPCB4056304 In localities where no competent or responsible health department exists, the investigation and enforcement should be made by the Department of I-abor. At present in Westchester County there is a sanitary code established by the County Health Department which covers the regulations relating to food handling, food inspection, dish washing, management of cafeteria in general, together with sanitation and water supplies. . These regulations are enforceable by the County health authorities and are in addition to those covered in the state sanitary code. Only by compulsory reporting of all toxic industrial conditions and the cooperation of the state and local departments with the industry can these conditions be eliminated. The plant management must be assured that the aim of such procedures is to aid them and that production will not be interfered with. For over twenty years reports have been published dealing with the toxic hazards of chlorinated naphtha lenes. Every one agrees that definite systemic effects can occur from inhaling or ingesting these toxic sub stances. There is also general agreement regarding the acne-form eruptions that are caused by skin contact to them. To our knowledge no one has stressed the importance of the systemic effects caused by skin absorption. Therefore this publication is primarily concerned with the systemic effects caused by skin absorption. It is very difficult in humans to prove that systemic effects occur from skin absorption, because the work men quite naturally are subject not only to skin absorption but also to the hazards of ingestion and inhalation. Workmen in mills far removed from inhalation hazards and working only with the cold finished impregnated wires and cables, have in many instances acquired acne-form eruptions due to these chlorinated r.aphtltalenes and chlorinated phenyls. None of these workmen, as far as we can ascertain, have showri recognizable systemic effects due to their absorption. This is understandable, as we know that liver function tests only show definite results when an appreciable fiver degeneration has occurred. None of the six fatal cases showed any evidence of jaundice or other systemic effects until a few days to a week be fore hospital admission. They were in contact with these toxic substances for periods ranging from two months up to nine months. They all died within one to three weeks after hospital admission. All of our experimental animals showed definite liver degeneration or necrosis in varying degrees, whether or not they were protected by Prolek. when liquid chlori nated naphthalene or diphenyl was administered by dropping it on their shaved skins. Every precaution possible was taken to safeguard these animals against the toxic effects of inhalation and ingestion. Parallel experiments were conducted by inhalation, bv feeding and by- skin absorption. All three series of animals showed the same type of liver degeneration The difference in liver lesions found depended entirely '/n dosage and number of inoculations. During these experiments, none of the animal- showed recognizable systemic effects until a few days lieforc death The animals killed during the ourc of the experiments showed no rccognizuidc efiect*. Every animal killed showed some degree of liver degeneration Normal control animals showed no liver lesions. The exjicrimeiits cited indicate that chlorinated naphthalenes and diphenyls cause systemic effects in animals whenever they absorb these toxic substances, whether by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption. It would therefore seem probable that if experimental animats react in this way, man will also. Because of the aforementioned facts, recommenda tions were made to the mill and were to a great extent followed out. For the past five months, not one single ease of skin eruption or systemic disease, attributable to these toxic compounds, has occurred in this miil. Two deaths and lietwccn fifty and one hundred cases of acne-ionn eruptions occurred in this mil! within the previous six months, before these changes were insti tuted. Therefore, the practical evidence would seem to indicate that if the above recommendations arc carried out workmen will be almost completely pro tected. The cost of such changes will be quickly absorbed by the saving in man-hours, lowering of insurance rates and greater efficiency of the workers. The relations of the workers towards the management must of necessity be vastly improved. 1. Studies concerning the toxic effects of chlori nated naphthalenes and diphenyls on experimental animals arc reported. 2. These studies were undertaken because of the occurrence of acne-form eruptions and deaths among workmen in two wire and cable mills where these compounds were being used. 3. The compounds experimentally studied were administered to animals by inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption. 4. Liver degeneration in experimental animals is caused by skin absorption of either chlorinated naph thalenes or chlorinated diphenyls. 5. Histological examination of the viscera of these experimental animals showed that important toxic effects art manifested only in the skin and liver. 6. The liver degeneration has been described and illustrated. 7. The degenerative effects in the liver have been shown to be essentially identical regardless of whether the toxic substances were administered by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption. 8. Methods are recommended to safeguard workers in mills using these toxic compounds. 9. Laws should be passed making it compulsory for all mills using toxic chemicals to adequately safeguard their workmen from such toxic hazards. 10. Inspection of the plants and authority to enforce protective measures should be placed under the I leparinteiu of Health. REFERENCES (1) Lehmann, K. B. : "Kurzc* Lchrbuch tier Arbeit und GewcrlK-hygiene," S. Hirrd, Leipzig, 1919 (p. 251). (2) Flinn. K. It . and Jarvik, N. E.: Action of Certain Chlonnaied Naphthalene* on the Liver, Free. See. E.rp Piol nmf .Urd, 35. Ilk (19.56). (J) Flinn, F ft., and Jarvik, N\ E-: Liver Lesions Cau*ed bv Chlorinated Naphthalene*, ,-fmer. your. Hyp.. 27, D (Wh). (4) Bennett, (V A.. Drinker. C K.. and Warren, if. F.: Morplmlomcal Change* in the Liver* of Rat* Resulting front X\[-,Mirv to Certain Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, /. lrdu'1. Hyp. & Tux. 20. 2 (19JS). . I Continued on Follotany Page) SU68R ACt. AUCUi f. I 9a t 425 DSW 441770 STLCOPCB4056305 Oujxj H>V *.isr.*r. Ci. K.. drove. R. 0.. R. k- Marie. E. T^omjr^n, M I. WcH. H S. 2tki Lan>H<n, *P. D.: SnaAc* ri* l*a;hJo{pcaI { Kxprn- . , RtentaJ Carl** Tetrachloruie Pwxoctftji. fimJ; J*h*4 26. \07 i JV25j (o) (<. R-. arid Kxrunaraav. W A. E . lark<i Tetrarhioride C irrho*i% in KriaiHiO lo Liver Keircnera- lion. J Path. & Beet., <2. \ < I93o). <7> Wtup^e. Cm. H, and S^rry, I A.: C'hlorW<*rm }*..,<- cr*: Liver .\*cro>i* and Reisur. Bull Johns Hottvu /W.. 20. 273 /NO9* (K) \iftiou. C K, Sand*. F. \\ _ and DrinJerr. I*.. Vcntiia- ben of Wire Impregnating Tmk> C'bnt: cThlonnaieU HydrocarUxu, J. Indnst Hf*i ,7\x . 29. 401 UV5* A . H Ij ou'.jx llOj fill (12) nil <14) `iftvi.UiTj^ L.. Maters. .\I K. ami '*mitf .a K Systemic Effect* iron; Expoure u> <Vf\am thU-rmaied. H><Jrocarhon. Jmdoji Jlyy. IS. M il^i Drinker. C. K.: Further <>Wrvat;t*n* vn ti* Sy*icmic T"Xict> oi Certain of the Chl*rmaicl Hohv ^rt**s with Sujzgesiuxv iur Prmi*'iiIe i undent ra- um** in tiic Air of \\ orkrnvxn'. J /ndust }iw ," J,,x 21. 155 11 Wi. `* vVarj. K. Maier. /, am) << H Tl* Mcuboii*m m <*hIor>naici Naphthalene'. J Hi. (htm 127:440 (19^). kilo. E. C.` JuJ. Bn!I. 22. 5<> `IWjj t ranch. A. < : Personal communicate-n Schwarz. L.* Dermatitis ir-.rr. Synthetic Ke-.ui* aixl Waxes. A**sr J,Hf Put' //ra//. 26. 53o iNcOi id1 a'ninuj'ii & NEW method uf bunding natural or synthetic rubi-i ber to metal, or plastics ro metal, recently announced by the U. S. Stoneware Company, Akron, Ohio, manu facturers of Tygon synthetic materials ami corrosion* resistant equipment, is reported to mA wnly do away with ccstfy brass plating processes, but to develop a bond /reen three to' live times as strong. The nev. cx&od, known as the Reunite Bonding f*rocc*. de velops a bond between rubber and metal ranging from 900 ibs./sq. in. to as high as 1200 lbs. sq. in. on a jiull test. This compares with bonds ranging m>m 25<J t< <00 1bs./sq. in. obtained by present methods. \^*hile the bond develops its maximum Mrengih at room temperatures, its strength over a range <-t --40 1;. To as high as 300F. is said to be substantially stronger than bonds obtained by conventional procc'M>. A national independent research laboratory, using im-thod*similar to those pccihed bv ASTM, rej^ned a> fol lows: "Discs of rubber, half an inch thick, were vulcasixcd between two steel discs, two square mche> in area, which had been cleaned ami coated with Reunite cement. The direct pull neccsary to tear the a>Mrmbl\ anart was then determined ia at r<*om tem)>eraturc. (L) immolcitcly alter immer>ion in U*ilng water for fKc minutes, and io after heating for 30 mmuio in an oven at 3003F. The following figures :rr typical oi tests marie <)uring the year, although in a Considerable numt<r of cajw* still higher hgures were obtained.** reparation of the Un<S occurred under putl* well .dx-ve 300 j*funds. The proCe> i* simple in application. The surfaces to l>e joined are brushed, sprayeil or dip^/ed with kear.tte After being permitted to dry for an hour the *ur:aces are joined an-1 tl>e unit vulcanized by any the con ventional methyl*. It may also lie used to Umd uK-:.d to mcul, or leather or m*d to metal or to each other The l>/nd-- metal to metal- ranges from 1.00C) pounds to a* high a* 3.(rfX) lbs. in. mi .1 combined hear-pu!l test. On Umd* fomted l<twccn synthetic rubber and metal, plastics and metal, or \c**l .tn.l metal, the ma terials thexnt*elvc gave wav before the lnd. The Keanite j</ini i unaffected by fresh or -al: water is iion-corr<isiv4* to metals. j***sc"e* excellent corr-'ion- re-iktance in itself, and ha* high dielectric trength. While Keanite is formulated thr<ugh cyclic mMiihc.*i- tions of materials high on the critical list, it 1.* available for immediate shifmient tor essential cnd-u*e*. Pre.-en: applications include fabrication of airplane **cmbhc* motor mounts, sound and vibration dani{<uer*. iutru- iiicnt mounts, comfxxite u^etalln and plastic unit*, and tank lining assemblies . OtiJX I ? s. I r ti+riHSjj ,*/ ( $U`*ttt VI > 30. Tl'.ST tn iUiXI* Sl \-W..iN <"* -,m strength ./ Asu'ntf>ly ' (in Rstom Tempetatut,' 2/2 / IKK? 1012 *i* *<j *4<\ M4) .w,; 212 The Kcanite Ikmding l'ruC*%* suitable t<r.l*n*lin.' natural or synthetic rubl*er. or platc^. i alnuot ai! metals,, iron, >tcel. Mamie-:* >(ccl. magnesium, alumi num, aluminum alloy.-*, copfier. bron/e or bra>. I lie ` acc<xn(an>ing illu-ifdtM.n >h<-n> a te**t sample aluniinum. in long by l1, in. wide b> 1 1#* in thk'k bonded to tire tread fublxT `4 in. thick 'flu ruW>er was cut away iron. . of the .iluniman. Mrip, and Conventional Ime^puU tcM* were applied. Mandard s|ecihcation call for *uch an a^wmbly t* with-t^n*! a direv't pull of 1^ [**unds. < >n ihi' te^i Test Mtuf'e ff otiwiwnn\ .**4 i*t /.-iw /**. 1' . I*v / /o o Hn- k. *' -w/c./ /.j tit, U^l's t / i in !> 't'i'tu << i \ (u* / f * .' h< lU.' t, i( 1 sk" ::.ft; Stfuriitn'it- /' /.. *>*: Ci J uihf. t s//.,* a^ *;,- 1 426 RU8SE ACE AuCu5T DSW 441771 'c-, STLCOPCB4056306 I. HAZARDS IN INDUi 1 ztlAL USE OF CHLORINATED ' NAPHTHALENE AND ' ' -- - DIPHENYL INDUSTRIAL - HYGIENE Article by Edward C. Riley, M. D,, Division of Industrial Hyiitne Rapid industrial expansion tor war has provided How Poisoning Occurs increasing opportunities for industrial poisonings from certain toxic chemicals. A recent increase in cases of occupational dermatitis, "chloracne," and acute or subacute yellow atrophy of the liver, has been attributed to compounds in the chlorinated naphthalene and diphenyl group, commonly sold under the trade name of "Halowax"* and "Aroclor." , For this reason, a brief resume of the uses, potential 1 health hazards, and control measures is presented at this time. Cases of injury to the health of workers "from exposure to these substances, have been reported upon, from time to time, in the past by the Division of / Industrial Hygiene. Poisoning may result from inhalation of vapors or fumes: from prolonged skin contact with the vapor., fume, liquid or solid phase | or from ingestion of the ' chlorinated material. In industry these compounds are handled in several ways: In some plants the material is melted in a heated tank where it may he used to saturate electric products or mixed with other compounds to form plastics or protective coal ings. The hot melt gives off vapors and fumes whicli are very toxic and must be removed from the atmos phere by efficient exhaust ventilation. In other cases the compound is dissolved in organic solvents at room . temperature. The solution may be used to saturate Properties and Industrial Uses electrical products or mixed into compounds used ' The increased use of these compounds in industry is dependent primarily on certain physical and chem ical properties which nuke them suitable for diverse/ applications. . The lower chlorinated compounds are for waterproofing and flameproofing fabrics. It is usually necessary to drive off the solvent in a drying oven before the product is completed. During the crying process dangerous concentrations of chlori nated compounds: may be driven off along with the ' ; ' M. viscous fiutdsi whereas the higher chlorinated compounds are resinous or waxy solids at room temperature. The most highly chlorinated waxes are almost insoluble but the liquid and resinous products are, soluble in most of the common organic solvents,; thinncrs, and oils. As a group they are resistant to. ; solvent, and ovens should be adequately ventilated .with fresh air. In the manufacture of electrical condensers, there is also exposure to the fumes released when leads are soldered on to impregnated condensers, as well as skin contact with the cold wax. the actions of.water and alkalies; do not oxidize and , Manifestations of Disease . will not support combustion; are good electric insula jy-`. ' A- tors with high dielectric, constants, and remain per- atanently thermoplastic. ' , At present most of the material produced in this , . country is used by the electrical industry to impreg nate cable coverings and radio condensers. In certain lacquer and varnish finishes the material is used in small amounts as a plasticiser. Some of the com !, pounds may also be used in mold lubricants, high . pressure cutting oils, fire resistant fabric coatings. : plastics, and . in. synthetic rubber substitutes. New uses for these materials are being sought continually . : and new applications, may be introduced at any time. Many compounds : sold under a variety of trade , names contain high percentages of. these materials and the user may have no knowledge of the composi- don and potential-health hazards/ Experience has v. .>, shown that wherever these compounds are handled without adequate control measures, industrial disease /. has resulted. . .... .1- `. /: ' Two distinct manifestations of industrial exposure may l>e seen.. The fumes, as well as prolonged con tact with the cold substances, may cause a diffuse eruption of small pimples and sometimes a dark pigmentation of the skin of the exposed areas. When the compounds penetrate or soil the clothing, they may cause similar lesions on the covered parts, the shoulders, arms, abdomen, back, thighs and legs. The lesions begin as small comedones or pimples and may develop into cysts under the skin; some of these may become secondarily infected and go on to sup puration. The pustules resemble acne vulgaris and heal slowly often leaving permanent scars. : A second, less frequent condition which may resulr from industrial exposure is toxic destruction of liver substance, This indicates systemic poisoning which may result from inhalation of vapors or fumes, from absorption through the skin, or from ingestion. Whenever chlorinated naphthalenes or diphenyls are absorbed into the system, the liver is the organ most Chemical Composition and Toxicity ' : affected; however, other vital organs may be dam Napthalenc which has been widely used in moth aged when the exposure has been great and poisoning severe. Frequently liver damage is detected only balls has the formula Cu>H8. Diphenyl, CisHjo , after months of exposure when the patient has which is made by combining two molecules of benzol, developed jaundice and is seriously ill. is similar to naphthalene but has no common use. Chlorine can be made to replace any number of hy- '-: : '" Warning Signs 1 .. . drogen atoms in either' of these compounds. In' general, the more chlorine atoms introduced into the ; compound the. greater the toxicity. On the other hand the volatility and solubility decrease`With an increase in combined chlorine.' 1 - 1 : The appearance of a shin rash with pimples and pigmentation of the exposed areas in a formerly dear skinned person is often the first indication of an industrial exposure. , The condition may develop soon or after months or even years of exposure to *-MKalowuM i> an amibiuoua d*ignation bcaua the Halovax or contact with these materials and is difficult to clear Corporation aanu/acturet aubacancca othr than th chlorinated : - aapnfhoJenca and dipEeoyU. . . up as long as the exposure remains. The exact 80 lillpfSl i-i C A T ; 1 ; : f Vd?A'; fl'st.V:':i.A. A!- /, ' 1 t in ' DSW 441772 STLCOPCB4056307 relation of ihe rash to systemic poisoning is not BIBLIOGRAPHY known bn: it is known that they arc both manifesta The I'.-i.l.Irm a( po**ihle .'vscrinaiic enc<t from r^riain chlori* . n-trl hviru.-.-.rirfm*. Cecil >. Iirinicf. M-<1cleire Field Warren tions of cx[>Qsurc to these chlorinated compounds, and that most persons suffering from skin eruptions mui t.r;.nv,iir A. (lennett. J. Inl. 11}^. & Tvxicol&zy. Vol. IV, No. Jtfi ^ 10.17J. M; i jikoluyicki chanKcs in the livers of rats resulting from rx;>o$ure do not develop systemic poisoning. The symptoms which should make one suspicious of systemic poisoning are: Lassitude, ioss of apjieiite, to ic'ioin whlonnated hydrocarWm*. flranvillc A. Benfl-u. Cecil K. Drjnker an<i Madeleine Field Warren. J, Ind. Hyr. 4 Toxicology-- Vol. 20, No. 2, j>. 9? (1938). . Skin conditions resulting from exposure to certain c'ttiorinated hydrocarhorti, MayR. Mayers and Mabel C. Silverber*.--N. Y. State loss o: weight, restlessness, headache, nausea, vomit ing. intestinal cramps and jaundice. Jaundice may Ind. Bulletin. Voi. 17--Nos. 8-9. Aug. i Sept. 193* . The syneroic effects resulting from exposure to certain chlori nated hydrocarbon.*. Leonard Crrenbury. May R- Mayers, and fce one of the first signs or it may not be observed Adelaide Kms Smith, J. Ind. Hyc- & Toxicology--Vol. 21, No. 2, p. 29 (1939). until.the patient has been driven by other smptoms to see a doctor. Whenever it occurs it is an indi Further observations on the possible systemic toxicity of cert-in of the chlorinated hydrocarbons with suggestions for permissible concentrations in the air of workrooms. C. K. Drinker. J. Ind. cation that serious liver damage has taken, place livg. A Toxic'-logy. Vol. 21--No. 5, p. 155 (1539). Systemic eilects from exposure to certain chlorinated naphthalenes. and competent medical advice should be sought at May It. Mayers and Adelaide Rosa Smith. N. Y. State Ind. Bulletin. Vol. 21--No. 1. ;an. 19*2. . . Preventive Measures . . Mechanical: . , TOXICITY OF METALLIC SILVER 1-- Where possible impregnating machii.es and BY H. HEIMAN. M. D. drying ovens should be completely enclosed and a negative pressure maintained to prevent leakage out. 2--Where this is not possible, sufficient exhaust ventilation should be provided to control vapors and fumes at the point of generation. - . 3--Provision should be made for cleaning all ma chinery and buildings periodically to prevent accumu lation of deposits and secondary exposures. This should be done only by experienced crews with adequate personal protective equipment. : The present report is a review of .the toxicity of the metal, silver. This is prompted by the appear ance ot metallic silver in many industrial plants in the country, which, heretofore, had used the metal in very small aiune.ms or not at all. It is the purpose of this review to discuss the toxicity of silver with the object of preventing injury to the health of the worker handling ft in industry. For many years silver has been used in the arts for which use its physical characteristics have made Medical: ' " ...... .. ' \ it highly desirable. On the other band, althiugh 1--Pre-employment and periodic medical examina these and other physical characteristics made it a tions should be provided for all workers exposed metal of choice in industrial applications, the cost to chlorinated naphthalenes and diphenyls, A his liness of silver was such that the less expensive tory of liver disease, jaundice, or anti-syphilitic metals were used. . The present world crisis has treatment should automatically exclude a worker created the situation wherein the cost of a metal is from jobs involving a possible toxic exposure. Preg'-; no bar to its use since some of the less expensive uant women should no: be employed for this type of . metals are becoming increasingly scarce. This atti work. ' . ' ' ' . : ; tude has received sanction from the Federal govem- 2-- Workers should be encouraged to report all mental authorities who have released a large portion skin conditions and other signs of injurious exposure of their silver for industrial use. Of this metal which to the plan: management and their family physicians. is released to industry a large part will- lie returned ' 3--Skint cases should be seen daily at the plant after the present war. Some of it, however, is to he dispensary ar.d if the condition does not clear up utilized in such a manner that its reclamation will be promptly with the best available control measures, ' difficult or uneconomical. the worker should be removed entirely, from work with these materials. ` , .. Physical and Chemical Properties Hygenic: ... " ' ' Silver is a white metal with a specific gravity of 10.53. a melting point of 961' C., a boiling point of 1--Each worker should be provided with two 1955 C,, and an atomic weight of 107.8ft.1 It is lockers, one for his street clothes and one for -his insoluble in water, alkali, and organic acids, resists work clothes. These should be separated by a wash oxidation, and is the metal best suited for conduction room provided with showers, where the worker is of heat and electricity. required to clean up under supervision at the end. of each shift. ; Industrial Uses 2--Protective clothing ` should fie supplied and maintained by the management. ' ; . .. \\here solvent is used, gloves, aprons, etc., of im- ' permeable material should be provided. These properties ol silver make it highly desirable for industrial use, and it is therefore found in the following:' - 3--Suitable skin creams may prove helpful and 1--Process Industries--For the lining of tanks, may be used at the discretion of the plant physician, vats, and pipes in food manufacture, and as a catalyst or nurse. . .. :. to accelerate chemical action in the form of gauze, <--At least twice a week, a complete set of clean sponge, or mossy silver. . ' work clothes should be provided for every- exposed 2--Bearings and Electrical Contacts--As a coat worker. .' ' . ' ing for steel in aviation bearings and as electrical 5--^Either the employee or his foreman should contacts in telephone and telegraph instruments and be apprised of the toxic nature of the material and for conduction of high amperage electric current faith should be instructed in sate handling procedures. (bus bars). ; 81 DSW 441773 STLCOPCB4056308 T=a r*^j--c=T) dr. coiirra: rorsox;no by caLoiyxATso XAPaTtiAUSNs '.Jan. 1G, 1843 cubjcctcd. To ccmo extent ita rcqrircmcBt^ coem to iivo bcoa anc-i by tho iaotifcatioa of a regular intervalb^iw'cca fcsidj. r>robc^>>7 by cfl'ordinj; relief vvluin : Tula mechanism, hero called the draught reflex, u susceptible to interference and conditioning. Tho early suppression of milk secretion h commonly associated with overloading of tho breasts in tho fir*t wcokx of lactation. This state of ^ngorzemont may involve frustration of tho draught reflex. yc^s CCO St itivo pinco to 0 hourj, cjuJ l&sor otill to 4. A rc:Zoz nudedccAa oa^ thb la unlikely to bo suited by oriltcary mcasurcc of thin nature. Further ctudies mr.y well reveal that aomothin.'r fundamentally different is celled for* during ike cixllect dayj if the danger of overiced Ls to be avoided \ end management may need to bo adopted far more clocolv to tho individual woman. Too investigation reported kora vaa undertaken in I am indobtod to tho maternity and child-wclforo commit!^ of tho Cambridge borough oouncil for leavo to obtain of milk from wozxon attending tho council'* infcr.twelf*r centres ; to tho modical offioe? of health and hi* assistant f,r their corporation ; to Dr. John Hammond for advico and f.* permitting the fat estimations to be rr.ado by Mr. W. Oxley u, the laboratory of tho Combridge School of Agriculture; and to ilia* E. Roynham Smith for collecting milk samples. tho kepo of finding come cluo to the frequent early failure of lacvetLon. Tho draught rofiux, v/hioh ie eo oncracter- POISONING BY ictio a feature one feeding U established, does not coom CHLORINATED NAPHTHALENE to come into effective operation when the breasts first fce^Ia active secretion, a time which soeaia particularly Edward Cozj.o, m b orasc, d h ii appropriate to its appearance. In multiparous women WOKXa UEOICAL orvicaR " who have ducotajfully nursed their babies, eocrstion and .expulsion cometlmca coincide, in which case tho child obtaisn large quantities of milk from, tho outset and the continuance of lactation is seldom endangered. In primipai-vx), on tho other hand, the reflex if present must often do frustrated almost at once. In them the breast often seems incapable of achieving a balance between secretion and outflow, so that stasis and overloading result. These are liable to be followed within a short time by oil tho involutionary changes seen when nursing `Oda at the normal time and tho child is weaned. \Ve are, in fact, confronted by tho curious phenomenon of a gland secreting against obstruction to outflow, andpeiMisting up to a point when its activity is summarily brought to a close. During tho state of engorgement, when the breasts may contain enormous quantities of milk, even the strongest baby may bo able to obtain virtually nothing. A fre quent ana unfortunate result of its efforts to -food is camago to tho nipples, involving the woman in great suffering and exposing her to tho risk of acute infective mastitis. The pain may have a further inhibitory influence on the reflex, for many refer to it as won** Mum the pangd of labour and oonfcaa it makes them dread the feed times. This typo of Injury is almost limited to tho first weeks of suckling and I suspect is dependent on oedema of the epithelium covering the nipple which In April, 1941, the Home Office issued an order vxlon.ling the list of scheduled industrial disoAeos under the Workmen's Compensation Act to include poisoning bv chlorinated naphthalene or its aequebs. It is therefor* important for medicAl practitioners in general, and f'-r industrial medical officers, examining factory surgeon, and medical referees appointed under'the terma of iiw act in particular, to know the toxic effects which chlorin ated naphthalene can produce. The following case.-. 12 of dermatitis and 1 of acute yellow atrophy oi lh liver--among workers in an engineering cstAbjUhme: exposal to the fumes and dust ofchlorinated naphtkuller.-. may be of Interest. K&pbthalon*, (Cl#H) which is obtained from the durilLti-.. of cool tar has chemical properties akiu to benzeue and extremely volatile. It is commonly used for impregnate,c wood in the manufacture of firelighters and is itself r.on-to*,, Whon naphthalono is chlorinatid h wax-like suhntaace >. produced, used in industry os an insulating coat on wire. oloctrical apparatus, or on xnotal bars to circunewrib* t ], action of plating processe**--for example, in chromium platn.k-. Tho wax is usually melted In a bath and the articles may dipped in the hath directly, or the wax applied to them i.v moans of a brush. Poisoning by chlorinutcd naphthalene may take tv., results from engorgement. It is surely a misreading of forma : damago to the akin, producing an acne, parii- tho pathology of uiis lesion to consider that tho nipple * must bccomo accustomed to suction by the child before it is sccuro against trauma. Tho swollon watery aurfuco cularly of the face ; and toxic jaundice produced >> either an acuto or subacute necrosis of tho Uvor, or l<> acute yellow atrophy of tho liver. * scon at thU stage is in striking contrast to tho dry purched Appearance it assumes soon after outflow from tho brenata bocomes free. Nino out of ten acute rtbacossca . AOS, DISTRIBUTION AND SKVEH1TY OF CBAOKACNC IN A sxausa or 12 i ambs of the braast occur within the first month after delivery and a high proportion ore in primiparous women. Wo badly need to know what proportion of early failures arlse from intrinsic defects in tho structure of tho 8UoiasoltoUu nit stltelessoiofnfsloat Dost, breast and nipple, from faulty performance by tho child, or from omo artefact in tho management of tho lying-in period at variance with physiological requirements. I behove wo shall sco a satisfactory reduction in the number of th*so early failures, which arc responsibleior many babies having to bo artificially fed at tho most dangerous ago, only when wo learn to prevent, or at least curtail, the initial over-filling of the breasts, and can ensure that tho draught reflex comes promptly and effectively into action. The fat contents of milk set out here call for a recon sideration of tho advicooftcn given that a baby should bo put to .only one breast at each feed. The notion under SO 36 j Autflo law, rt. . Sides, taco and occk. 10 U 1 Lt. oar, side, nock j Both tide* taco Kacv.neci!,fon'<tnn* ui Anglo Juw, rt. * * Ut. *UU;. neck ?K?aldoeo*,. DnCeeiikk ' '4 A ` Both shies, faco : Bides, fiu<o and neck; I nhouMcn* ' 2> AukIo bothJawj Ssides, foot' and noek ? [ U. nnouldor, axilla 'i ! Angle, Jaw, rt. Side*, face and oeck U 6 . li.t...s.i.d.e..u.e.c.k 3i i Angle jaw, rt. Sides, face H) . Hi. aldo. face lying this advice is that only ao doe* it obtain milk containing tho requisite amount of fat, but tho figures hardly justify this assumption. Moreover, with the 4-hourly regime usually practised, this plan by exposing each breast to a delay of 8 hours before, its milk is DAMAOB TO TRK 6XIN Jont-b {1W4U hAB alroatly di-anribed 27 0051*1* of chi acne among workeru employed in a chemical indii-'M withdrawn favours overloading. Applied in the early which jnauufactured chlorinated naphthalene. T> - weeks it is so often followed by a decline in tiu* total yield typical akin condition, caused by exposure to the d>.-: and regressive changes that it cannot b* justified. or fumeM of chlorinated naphthalene, ntarta on the fn -. around the angle of tho jawn ir over tho malar pnn.;i. SUMMARY enceu (new figure), and from there ajireada on to the m-i. > Evidence U presented for tho existence of a reflex of the face and on to the m<Iok ami back of the n<-. k. mechanism governing the out flow of milk from the breast The akin leaUMia in a typical case are comedones, papu.- analogous t< one already know'u to exist in animals. puatulea, and in oovero caacm small cynt*. In oome of jv i. ws - DSW 441774 STLCOPCB4056309 B , Ta* sjuiocrj ua. coujxa; raisoxtxA by chi/iri.vated .vnpHrs.vLSNe fjAS. 16, 16-13 73 ti<ru ww al*o & spread on to the ahouldesa and -j/vansa. *d in oao ease into the left axilla. ' During Sa-ptoniber tad October, lflcl, there was aa ,s,threat of ohJoracno of varying degrees of severity jnioho eniployeea in the chromium plating depart- uH-nt, who were exposed to the dust or fumes of chlorin,,.d naphlhaione ; 2 were young women. The relevant fru in etch cceo were as shown in the table. ttrv"T fiL'-V^r; :; 'I l jl- .. M. 6 Hi:-' . - .CV j a:'-s i..-- o'- V.V ' ' V. J - ..V- -> j.V >s. 'y4 fc$ & af ch* ikJa. A. Show*** that Uaies* b{ln on <h* *J<J of (K j- j ttcA: ooco ts* fw liionf <* tb lor*Jw*d *n4 o*. A. frofvM p) eo U<C tii* offact. P No cases hod a previous history of acne and no case llifcxi. at any time, been taking bromide* tv* iodides, in l-JrLvwHii'ying the severity of the coses, Bloch's method Has }t*N*u utilised: B Slight -- A-2Q oomedotw*. Moderate -- 20-50 comedunew or papules aod i'U*tu]ew. (r f Scvero -- 60 or more oomedonen or papule* and pustule*. j;j 3-4-months before the onset of these fc-\-****< there luui been technical dinicuitics about getting exhaust Ventilation for the fumes rising from the in which the chlorinated naphthalene was being fc^it''h*Hl. The onset also coincided with a period of warm. r3iitt>id weather which hod lasted several weeks. During ^C.K'h weather the skin gland* are active, and the chloriu- I naphthalene du*t is trapped in the secretion. KTnr-'or White (1934) considers that the chlorinated f.i.ipMk*Iciin fumes or dust Jiuve a direct external, f bribdmK effect on tho skin and this view U supported r }.\* 11.M. Chief Inspector of Factories (1930). The oil ^ ^cia *r dermatitis seen iu workers in engineering facp'.Aori' - in also regarded as being caused by a direct external EVrit.iriou. Jones considers that where workers neglect cleanliness, the chlorinated naphthalene dust yif hinu's irritate the aehaccous glands of the skin, causing ti)/>''<'-IN to proliferate and produce an excess of secretion, the glands become piuggi^d. Cleanliness is thus a ir of prime importance in prevention, p j In .<11 my ca*es the faces were affected. Only a few* wore present on foreheads and none was seen on No case was seen with an eruption on the chest. Kiuf.t.v.'c* handling the cold wax never develop ->ulur:w`IW. U-i .nul fumes of chlorinated naphthalene. CAhK-UJnTGHY _ Tit. |Niii'fti was a woman of 41 working in tho chromium <h|ummrnt in which the cuars of chloraone ocourroti. .3j.. .'^rted work in the department on June V, 1041, and waa ' jt in cutting cold chlorinated naphthalene wax off whaII ..;hrt oiti'r tho*o had been <lip;>ed in tho bath in which tho - -'j,,j.;mtcd naphthalene was melted. 81ie was never actually in dipping M and <<he never come in very clow .^limits' with tiie fur>w* of the melted ohloriimiod naph* W4\, in cutting i*1Ttho wx, however, aha was soured < /* i-,-i ir,m tho both, and worked then* during tho wholo nf t-i t *oe of tho technical <iiAicultios in constructing alUcient ventilation for tho fumes corning from the bath. i-.'-b.u* dm was exposed to whatever conoontration of fumcn f.v*-cch her from Juue u#*Beceml*er, when the t<*<*hiiical $ - -- u a difivuities were overcome and the oxhAuxt veattlatian was pronounced to be cotisfuotory. Other four womon engaged on tho came tusk And tented at tho oarne table havo not boon aiTooted in any way. She coaxed work on Doe. 2d, when she come undor tno ccro of her own doctor, who treated her till J&a. 17, 1342, as a case o&oatarrhAl jaundice. As she was making no improvement, she was then admitted to the Western Infinuary. On admission sho gave an # weeks history of fcx^Ung off oolour, and of swelling of the feet, ankles and eyelids towards the end of the day. About 2 weeks later she noticed slight brcuthlcssnCrtA on oxertion ; 4\ weeks ticforo adminsiou she was becoming slightly jaundiced And heg^n to have trouble- mMoa nau&ea. Khe noted Vbat her uriuo wam dark oral her atools greyish, looter tho nausea was sccom|muiod by vomit ing. Her only other complaint wax of incrourtod thirst. There was no pain and no toe* of weight during the illness. An attack of acute rheumatism 0 years before had left, her with An ondocarditis. In addition to icterus she had a pur puric nmh of the logs and lowvr aMoinen. There ws* no free fluid m tho pontonoat cavity^* The Miperftcjul ar*tt of liver dullness was 4^ in. On Jim. 20 she was sick arid drowsy after . breakfast. About noon she bc^amo unconscious. Muncular twitchiugs of all limbs were not.?d, hut tho.only other abnor mality of the central nervous ayst<*m-wos a alight dilatation of tho pupils. A patchy brownish discoloration of the akin developed ; liver dullncaa 3^ in. talucoso Halino was given intravonoualy and the muac'Ular twitching* stopped, hut othorwiae the condition was much the same until death. All thia tune the liver dullness was d<*crooming, until no dullm.** could bo detected on Jan. 22, when nlie died. Tho following investigation* wero carried out : Urine : deeply coloured ; containctl hile. Fractional test-meal: high total acidity with no free hydro chloric acid; blood present in all uj>cciniens. StooU: yellowish; contained occult blood, liiood-rmird : alight IcucOcytosh*, otherwise normal. Blood.urea : within normal limits. Van dor Borgh : immodiato positive direct reaction. At autopsy there were 2 pints of straw .coloured fluid in tho peritoneal cavity, Tho liver (050 g.) was very small and the cApsulc appeared wrinkled ; conuUlan< w v**ry ><>ft with moderately hard lumps throughout, varying in iz* from i to J in. in diameter. The cut surface showed Jargc areas whore the parenchyma had disappeared and tho liver tiasuo was represented by dark rc-d areas of sinusoids. The moder ately firm lump* were arou* of surviving hver t issue, yellowish and slightly lobular appearance. Histological examination showed th- acute stagox of acuto yellow atrophy. Heart; moderate hypertrophy of the right ventricle, with chronic valvular diftCAsc. All other organs normal. OlSCUSStON I am of tho opinion that tho damage to the heart may have produced Home damage also to the liver, which made that organ more Miaceptiblo to the toxic properties of chlorinated naphthalene than it would otherwise hav teen. .Drinker and his coll*Jtgui\-i (1937) state that chlori nated naphthalene attack* the liver alone of the internal organ*. Orccnburg (1939) ha* described throe deaths cau*<*d by liver damage. Iu a Home Office memorandum (19(1) on poisoning by chlorinatcil naphthalene 2 fatal cases of joundico aro mentioned, one in 1935 and the other in 1938. In each caae the worker had been exposed to chlorinated naphthalene in a radio factory, t hough it wah not definitely e*tabliKb<*d in either -caso that the death was duo to tho employment. Later 2 more fatal ca*es of jaundice in different factories were traced, in both of which there waa some history of exposure to chlorinated naphthalene; and localised exhaust ventilation and other precaution* were enforced to prevent worker* from coming into contact with it and inhaling the fume* or duet. Notwithstanding th6e measures, 2 further deaths have recently been reported (November, 1919, And January, 19(1). American workers have reported 9 eases of Mubacutc necrosis of the liver dua to exposure to chloriuated naphthalene wax. JVereririiv Tn<vi*i/rc*.--Overhcuting of*the wax causes i/iTea*`d miantltie* of fume* to be evolved. Tho wsr therefore should not be ov<Th*Hted ; a temperature of lo 15 * <\ in excess of the melting-point will be found quit* sufficient to produce a mobile fluid. A* it i* usually molted in open bath* and tho fume* or diut arc therefore iihernii'd into the atmosphere, it i* imjiortAnt to provide *u cflloient oxhAuat ventilation at the point where the DSW 441775 74 TW* LaNGET] xa. DuLACSY AND OYHfcttd7 ttULPHAPY2umxiS ANURIA f^AX. lb, fiH.'i fume* or du&t art* evolved. TJ^ medical offic&r. with the oodpe.rnUon of the bead of the department, should /vcrutiaice the plant at ruguiar intervals to injure himself that it i* working elUciently. Ail workers should bo instructed on the protection afforded by . person^ cieauliarua. Ample washing facilities, with hot and cold water, nail brushes, soap and towel* &hould bo provided. Thu general cleanliness of the industrial establishment should lx of a high standard. General ventilation sUo xhould be go<si. Medical examination of now applicant** who will ho working with chlorinated naphthalene is; also important. Those who have a previous history of acne or soborrhrcH should be excluded becaiux of thel? susceptibility, and so should all those with a history of liver trouble--cirrhosis or jaundice-- and of heart disease. Regular medical examinations at weekly inter vals should bo undertaken in all workers who are exposed to the fumes or dust of chlorinated naphthalene. Any omployce showing signs of an incipient acuo should be immediately transferred to other employment. Liver function tests should be performed also on all employees thr&9 days, which wo now consider to have beoa danj^rou^ tong. At tho end of this time the child's gtsr.vrai condiii.^ w&a alarming, with increasing drorsr&ic-cao. vomiting. general <adema. Lumbar puncture whowed that tho cn*atn?jtu hod subsided. but tho CUK urea wait Du rog. per 100 fj|., It wo* now obvious that the child would di* unlou immedim* rolurf could be givoh. ' Lroteri*? cathotoritation* woa considered first m the cvui,. lisbod method of treatment but was rejected for rcaa.i.. which are diseuated lator. We next considered biioter*; decapsulation of- the kidnoya with tho pojuajo of bougie, down tho urotocs, an operation which baa huen carried i-m onoe hi America, though wo have boon unablo to <liv>vt*r it. This, too, <i rejoctr-d becaou* we did not think K^ child would Hurvivo a long operation. Taao*b (IbZii) sug;rra(i<,h of (7 hiUtorul) nephrostomy was ol*o diwcussxxi (wo could ti1K1 no record of its ovor having beca performed), but it aeemei poesible that the eimpler operation of unilateral ucphroaUum might relievo tho symptoms temporarily and allow any furti^V nocosaory procedures to bo ccxried out wloon the chii-j. condition hod improved. We hoped that tho renal tuu i<. who begin to complain or anorexia and vomiting, or who wwo not irreparably domogod and that nephrostomy . show signs of early jaundice. drain the kidnoy above tho level of comploto obetruotks.. MUVXARY Poisoning by chlorinated naphthalene may result in chloracac of the face, particularly of the sided of tiie face ; 12 auch cases arising among workers who were exposed to the fumes or dual of chlorinated naphthalene are reported. It may also produco acute yellow atrophy or necrosis of the liver. In a typical cane with systemic effects, the liver is usually the only organ showing damage. One fatal cjlhc is described fully. If cases of poisoning arc to be prevented, the wax must not be overheated, and the fumes and dust must be properly carried away by exhaust ventilation. Workers must be instructed in the importance of personal cleanli ness, and must be medically examined every w<ok for signs of acne or jaundice. inoo there was so reacoa to expect that one kidney -w4. more sffbetod than tho other, ;the Uftundney vu oxpo.-M. . It Gddumatouii and triable and both it end the ptlvi *-r. - at loaa't five times the normal site. No e?non;tio/u -** 1 actually felt in tho pelvis. A naphrobtomy tub* was j into tho pelvis ana the wound closed, the whole opcrai^ l boiug completed in loss than tea minutes. No urine fiou*; ] through the tube at the time of operation. Tbo child return. . to the wani appan-ntly moribund but within 4 hours the dr*v, i ixvg was *oako<l with clear urine and within 12 hours ck- { uriuo was also passed in targe amount* per urethram. A f.-. houn> later the child was Hitting up and asking forfwod end '. bloodurea was found to be 24 mg. p^r 100 c.m. Shu was discharged quite well a fow weeks afuie operstm. Hoforo diAchorgo her urino and blood-urea were both nor'u*. An intruvenous pvclograin showed a nonnal urinary imu the right side, while tho only ahnorrmility sosn nn the loft I wish to thank Dr. W. R. Snodgrass of the Weatom that the ronal pelvis waa 1J times tho siro#of tho normal Infirmary, Glasgow, for permission to publish clinical data pelvis. Excretion of the dye was normal on l>oth side*. relating to the fatal case. '. HKKKHKNCEH Drinker, C. VC.. Wattcii, M. K. and Hsonctt, f< A. (1037)./. tn4u*Jr. MW, 1*. Greralmnr. L., Mayers, M. H. slid Smith, A. K. (1030) Jbid, 31, VO, Jones. A. T. (1041) ibid, 33, Xttli. . JUik /mrp. Fast. <103K). White, R. 1*. (1034) The ltcn&ateivus< or OcenpaUuiMd Affection* *.*( the Skin, huidon. DlACUBaiOX We Huggebt that a reasonable course of treatment adopt- in caacs of Hulphonamide anuria in as follow's. Ah soon um macn>6Copic hjvmaturia appears the dr-^ should of course be withdrawn, if this has not alivadv been done, and now scorns to bo tho time t4 consider thcautiouH administration of intravenous fluids, includir., mAgn*fiium sulphate. If suppression of urine uev-rtlj,. SULPHAPYRIDINE ANURIA TREATED BY UNILATERAL NEPHROSTOMY less occurs operative procedures should be ado^tpj before the patient's general condition has had tim <leteriorata, and we suggest that if anuria baa la&tc i Gerald DeI^a< ey. n m: walks. f u c h ' OKSIOKRT sCROK'AL OKTICKH hours cystoHCopy and xxreteric catheterisation should )done. It should not be supposed, however, that ure^-m . Richard H. L. Coken M It C 8 AKslIUCNT MtfUICAl. OmCKK ' John Shkncer MRCt>, UPH PaTIIOMKJIkT KINO (JF.OSOE HOSPITAL, ILFORD cAtheterisution will Always t>e nuccessful. Carroll and others (1940) have Abown pyclogran'.-* j; which the calyces as well as the pelvis and ureters an fuL of concretions and they say that at least half an b**ur,3 ureteric lavage must bo carried out. Carson .n,c j It is at present impossible entirely to eliminate the renal complications of sulphonamide therapy, especially in infants Ami young children, Mid it is therefore import ant that the treatment of sulpiiapyridino anuria should be established on a definite basis. In our view ureteric catheterisation should never lx regarded ah the lust resort. On the contrary, wo think it should be attempted Stowart Smith (1042) record a fatal case in which fc operation was attempted. At autopoy thoy found ;i.. s ureters and pelvis full of concretions and they think t hxt | \ireteric catheterisation would not have been kucci*>^^.. % T*ao gives details of an autopsy in which a probe *uu;.i(j not be paaseti from the bladder into either up ter- ^ orifice. I.'reteric catheterisation, even when there i> i h early, and if it fails, as is likely in some cases, other, such obstruction, often presents extreme teclmio K operative procedures should lx adopted without delay.** . difiiculty. Dourmashkin and \Vortn (1941) such a case in which the catheters had to be left m k M CASK-RECORD . ureters for 24 hours, and Williams (1941) reports Uei'P A girl aged 2 year* was admitted to hospital with corwbro* which tie CAtlieter could not be passed uj one \h-*n R spinal fevor And was treated with full donos of Hulphapyrkhne. until, the tliird attempt in 5 days, lienson and IV*-ifv5 Two days after admission a gUKiocuni test performed on the (1942) report a ease in which at cystoscopy b*itli ur. i.-r. k urine void<*d in the bt<l showed a jx>*iUvo reaction. Tho drug orifices were extremely oedematou/* and the right <iii;i- u.: v{ was imnuxiiutoly withdrawn and the ususl administration of to locAte, while the catheter was passed up the left urri. a intravenous duids, including magnesium sulphate, instituted, only with difficulty. in the UilUcult case but in pi c of this who procoe<h`d to complete anuria. (.Vthetorisatioii after 12 hour* anuria pr<*iuced ouly a fow c.ctn. of almost pure bloo<i mixed with eolluiar debris. During the next 12 hours two HjHK-iroan* of dear urine, each of alnuit 2 c.cm.. were pawned naturally, but after thin wupjxoAsian was complete and remained so until after operation, a period of experience and equipment are reipiirvd which aj.* available iu the larger hospitals. Moreover, t)er - seft circumstance* in which ur.*teric catheterisation and p:>- fj longed lavage may be impossible--f*r instajoee in iniaU.-fl It seems, therefore, that some method of ti'eatne nt if| needed for tlwiee cases iq which ureteric eatheteri- H DSW 441776 STLCOPCB4056311 102 ,, ' DliKMA Tl TiS--MORRIS A.\'D TAllliliSlLm' J"-;V'lVv rcncc (if 11ic psychosis hut did not furnish ru.y men strual data. Kraincs2a in discussing this condition, states tltat. "in those patients wherein the menstrual l>criod is associated with emotional disturlsinces, testos terone propionate has Iteen found useful.'' The action of this hormone would Ik- the same as that of proges terone as regards their relationship to the estrogenic hormone. 1'hysiologically. progesterone would he the indicated Itonnonc for treatment. In the 2 other cases familiar l<> me the psychosis per sisted for eight months, during which time menstrua tion did not occur, ft is quite likely that the recstnlt... lishment of.the menstrual cycle in the case refs tried, was rcsjxmsible for the psychosis liecoming jteriotlic. It may be suggested that in the treatment of llie continuous psychosis an attempt lx: made to reestablish the un-iistrual cycle by the use of the suitable endocrine therapy, large doses of progesterone being given during that particular phase. The rationale for this is quite . apjarem. Time may prove the inqioruucc of the corpus lutcum hormone in this as well as in other conditions. It no doubt plays the principal role in keeping the patient stable and probably accounts for the feeling of wclllteing csqiericnccd by some during pregnancy as comjared to a nervous tension in the nonpregnant slate. It is the pmltable cause for the absence of migraine during pregnancy. The use of the hormone is certainly indicated for the control of minor emotional disturbances frequently noted following delivery. The early use of it may prevent the development of a psychosis. I'rof, gestcroue may lie of definite value in the treatment of j certain psychopathic conditions not associated with V pregnancy. . In a review of the literature I was unable to find any case TC[ort in which the corpus Uueum horuumc was used as sjicrific therapy for jxistpartum psychosis. Realizing that 1 case does not constitute definite proof, I submit this report with my impressions so that more complete work may be done by the men who care for these unfortunates, so liadly treated by nature. Clinical llotes,. Suggestions and New Instruments kAMI" A NOTK <.V A NKW ('J.ftAXSiXi; MIXTIKK K. M*Kio>t anii Jvim; K. Tamkhamaw. M.i)., |U. "Cable rash" <ir "Ihdowax dermatitis" lias been known 10 tin* medical profession for more than twenty-five year*. Vrt in this i>eriod of war. as in 1(MN( cases are Indus; seen of iniraeuhlc "clduraeue"1 occurrinu in uavj yard worker-* :il* both seacuasts, despite the use of the most modern protective creams ami ointments. This type of dermatitis is mvu a]--, in those engaged in the manufacture of the chlorinated naph thalenes and diphenyls, as well us in men in other occupation-. SUMMAkV The constant precipitating factor anil the favorable prognosis for recovery indicate that |xistpartum psy chosis is a clinical entity and is due to some disturbance of a physiologic nature resulting from the sudden termination of pregnancy. ; The recurrence of the psychosis associated with the menstrual cycle in the case retried suggested that the condition had some relationship with the hormone lialauee. The most pro!able disturlancc of the balance would likely be due to the sudden loss of a super ' abundance of progesterone furnished by the placenta. Excellent results were obtained by the administration, of this hormone. ` The loss of a large amount of progesterone at delivery and its accepted relationship to premenstrual tension indicate that the psychosis probably results from an excess of this estrogenic hormone in the circulation. It is suggested that adequate dosage of progesterone lie used in the treatment and that the menstrual, cycle be reestablished it necessary. *12 I roit>|>;>jilivo n-ull- !' cIc.-ui-inK nitxltirc iti'wi -i. 2. xulfnuMiM castor nil -iiuir j|:l<wM* Mill j-rc-cm .n 'kin; l<ui>l stearate {nllnwt-d l> au<l water, and 4, wni and waicr--nnte Halnwax still in llt* skin. in which these substances arc employed. Such cable ra-m-v arc thought t he due at least in jart to the hbwkiuj; oi tinpores by the synthetic wu.xlike substances whose fumes ** >1 i*lify when they reach the skin. Acute yellow atrophy of the liwr has hecn described as occurring from these chlorinated sub stances. but the present brief note is not concerned with this phase of their toxicity. We feel that the removal of all the solid waxlike panicle* from the skin at the end of each work jM-riod would proludily prevent the occurrence of this lyjK* of dermatitis; with this in mind we have experimented with the removal of these substances from the skin. 12. Xrainc*. S. H.: Treatment of Psychiatric State* Following Ptrtf* From the UivUiuii of OccuiMiioiul Hygiene, Commonwealth <0 ' nancy. JUxmu M. JL *0(200 <Scp(.) 1941. ' MaxuachutclU. ' : OUJX 4 D3W 441777 STLCOPCB4056312 OU 1/ Pf* * . x.uisi. O/J.JX} \ OHJX COIIXCU. OX I'll. JAM/,)> .-'i.w; ClIEM 1STKY m A Mark chlorinated naphthalene (Hah.veas) wa* dissolved in Hdoroform and ruhbcd into the skin. Vanou* mixtures of *<*ap*. welling Agents and organic solvents were tried, and in/n the beginning it was obvious that snap and water would not completely remove the wax from the skin. It was finally found tliat butyl stearate would remove the wax from the pores; this could then Ik* washed off with soap and water, leaving .the skin clean. Since this involved two maneuvers, namely, first rubbing the oil well into the skin1 and then washing with soap and water, it was deemed more practical to evolve a one maneuver cleansing agent. . Such an agent consists of NEW AND NONOFFICIAL REMEDIES CnK 70/.LOW ISO AIUHTI'iNaI. AIUI 0.1 IIAV7. *!r.N AKf'.f'TH A* ri|V i <* Ul NO TO till ttt'i.F* ur HI f. Clil'*| 11. II s 1*H UMAI I A Mil (* Mill BY tUf AuKiU AN M HlKAI, /\k0(IAJIIjN fl>N AJ'MIhMfiM llj )N` IIV ASH .VoNomriAi. kiMH.iis. A lorv or tiir. ci.*. os winm tux (lue.st.tL sak:k ns aitiox mij.i. . ms') \ Arri.irAi to*. ' Ai'min K. Sviiii, M {>., SoUtiy. DEXTROSE fSec Xew and Xoiiofhcial Remedies, 1 942, p. 418). ' The following products have U<u accepted; . Pacific Coast Stkjui.j; Soi.cmons Cxi., Uis Anof-lks. . dm, <r (V White corn me^l.............................................................. 50.0 Butyl stearate.................................................. J2.5 Sulftinated cakt'.r ml.................... (75 jer ecui .il) 22.5 4 *leic acid............................................................................................ 5.0 Mis ihr <jiU w.gftlier and then add die corn nie;k This mixture is to Ik* rubl/cd onto tiic skin and then removed with water. The procedure should lx* rejH-aicd. .Dutyl stearate ba* lcen to 2k* a bland, nonirrilating substance, and no tases m ilcrmatitis from its vise have l#ocn retried. At `nin temperature it is a clear, colorless, odorless, stable oil with a eltemical formula CnCOOLbH* At a temi>crature below 6H K it is a solid waxlike substance. It is imjiortanL to use castor oil which contains 75 ]>cr cent of sulfnnated oil and 25 per cent of inert material, for oils with greater percentages of inert materials have been found less effective. The accomj>anying illustrations show the efficacy of this method as cornered with the use of soap and water alone or of sulfonated castor oil alone. \VV suggest that this mixture Ik* tried as a cleansing agent both by workers iK'fore the acne develops ami by those suffering from the disease. 23 Joy Street. ___ Cornell on Pharmacy and Chemistry ^ Dextrose S% W/V in Distilled Water: I.fKXi cc. hottk. Kjieh hundred cubic centimeters contains 5 (Sm. of dextrose. Dextrose \0% W/V in Distilled Water; 1.000 cc. . Ivach hundrcil cubic Centimeters eonu ins lo f.m. . i dxtr..-c. Dextrose 5% W/V in Isotonic Sodium Chloride Solution:^l,tKH) cc. hollies. Each Imndred cubic centimeters t.iius 5 (ini. of dextrov<* an<l 0,<j fin*. ,f s*>lium chlorulc-U. S. I'. Dextrose 10fa W/V in Isotonic Sodium Chloride Solu tion: 1,000 cc. iFittles. i*jich humired cubic centimeter* c*n . tains 10 fim. of dextrose and d.i/ (jm. oi .solium chloride-1\ v*. I'. THEOPHYLLINE WITH ETHYLENEDIAMINE (See .Yew an<l XoiVirtirkil Kemedus, 1V-IJ, p. 552). The following additional dosage iTrm* have been accejited: II. K. DriiiN I-AHon.vnmiKs, Inc., Nkw Yoiik. Ampules Solution Aminophyllin: 0.4S (ini. in 20 cc. Tablets Aminophyllin;'0.2 (hn. (3 grains). Tablets Aminophyllin: 0J i'*m. (3 grains) (ICmeric Coated). VITAMIN A (Sec Xew and XonoOieial Keiuedics, 1042, p. 539). * The following pn!uet lias Um acceptel: White Lakohatoiuks. Ivc., Newauk, X. J. White's Oleo-Blcnd Vitamin A Capsules: I-^eli capsule eumains 2.\0<K; L. S. 1\ unit*-of viiamin A derivel fr<m li*h liver oil*. PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE COUNCIL Tii: Chi'M'il m.*s Afnoiirn t-enyir Arms or iiik H'l.i.owino cnk- UMiwrv rpiki. Ai'stim K. Sjmiii, Secretary. ASCORBIC ACID-U. S. P. (Sec Xew and XonoiVicial J<einedie>a 1942. j. 5fi4;. 1 he lollowing do*age form* have .lx.cn accepted: Waukkk Vitamin Piumrgvs, In*;., Mol'NT Vkrnon, N. Y. Tablets Ascorbic Acid: 25 mg., 50 mg. and IfX) mg. STAPHYLOCOCCUS TOXOID (DIGESTMODIFIEDJ-LEDERLE SuilyIoc<H'i us Toxoid (Digc*t*M<*difcd)-l.cde'lc was pre sented by i.cdefle I .almra lories. Pearl Kivcf, X. Y.. as "staphy- li:xdis toxin treated with pepsin until it will no longer hemoly/e rabbit erythrocytes or produce necrosis in the skin of a susceptible ralthit/* for iltv prophylaxis or treatment of infec tions caused by the staphylococcus, The linn Mibmittcd labels, lockage insert and advertising circular and a galley proof of an article entitled "Staphy lococcal Toxoid IVcparcd by IVptic Digestion'* by 1. A. Parfentjev, Frances l.. Clapp and A. Wald- x limidt. which, when presented by the hrm, was to np|<car in tlie Jtnifuui ttj hiwiiiiti<lu'/y. The firm claims tKfa the use of peptic digestion of staph} lo- CiACtis toxin decreases the jM*ssibility of allergic reactions and allows inerea/cd dosage of staphylocixvus toxoid with less local or general reaction. However, the amount of evidence sub mitted at the time of presentation does not appear to warrant tl:ec claims, and further investigation seems advisable. In view* of this, the Council voted lo issue a preliminary Matement asserting that at tbc present time there is insulucicnt evidence to warrant acceptance of Staphylococcus Toxoid (Digest-Modified)-l.odcflc for inclusion in Xew` and XonoAicial Remedies. as it appears tc* l>c an unessential modification of a toxoid for which the firm is already licensed, but tliat further consideration will lx* given to this particular preparation when additional evidence is available. . ISOTONIC SOLUTION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE (See New and XonoOieial Rerntdie*, 1942, p. 425). 'I'lur following pr<*luci Juis lieett accepted: pACint: (Ioa.st SiEmi.i*: Soi.ltiovs Co.. I.os ANdHUcs. Isotonic Solution of Sodium Chloride: ].0<XJ cc. U.ttlc*. Kach Imndred cubic eentimetir.* contain* 0.9 (im. of mhIuuii chloride-U. S. J*. NICOTINIC ACID-U. S. P. (Sec Xew and XonoOieial Remedies, 1942, p. 5dl;. 'l'he following do*age forms have Ixen accepted: Wai.kku Vitamin I'uouuctx, Inc., Mocnt Vkunon, N. Y. 'Tablets Nicotinic Acid: 2d mg., 50 mg. and )d(j mg. SODIUM ASCORBATE (Sec Tin: Jo*hnai., Julv 10, 1942, p. KK3). - The billowing d<*agc form hu Inen acceptv<l: Gkoiujk A. Hukon <k>., Inc., Kansas City, Mo. Ampul Solution Sodium Ascorbate: 500 mg. in 10 cc. SULFANILAMIDE (See New and XonoOieial Kcnwdic*, 1942, p. 142).' *Thc following dosage form lu* lcen accepted: Hokton 5: r.ONVKUSK, 1-OS Anoklxh. Sulfanilamide Tablets: 0J24 <im, (5 grains). DSW 441778 STLCOPCB4056313 INDUSTRIAL HUQILNL DIVISION or INDUSTRIAL HUUILNL, NEW yORR STATE, DEP(5RTALAT OP LAPjOR LEONARD CREENBURG, M. D,, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Reprinted from The Industrial Bulletin issued each month at Albany, by the Industrial Commissioner of the State of New York, Vol. 13; No. 11, November, 1930 SYSTEMIC EFFECTS FROM EXPOSURE TO CERTAIN worked up, so that the clinical disease entities resulting from CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS* such exposure can become .-further clarified and thus more By Leonard Green'ourg, M.D., May R. Mayers, M.D., and Adelaide Ross Smith, M.D. These three cases show the occurrence of similar patho logical changes in the liver in three young adults known to have been working with chlorinated naphthalenes and diphenyls--all were exposed directly or indirectly to the higher chlorinated hydrocarbons. In all three cases,_ a most careiul investigation failed to reveal any other predisposing cause for the condition. In the firs: case in particular,. that readily recognized in the future. Fewer errors in the diagnosis and management of these cases would occur, and workers' lives could undoubtedly be saved in this way. 2-- Persons suffering from the typical apneform eruptions should be removed from further exposure. 3-- Persons who have, at any time in the past, had any liver disease--even a mild catarrhal jaundice--should not work with these substances; nor should workers with a of a healthy young girl on her first job, the absence of any history of typhoid fever, malaria, gall-stones or other conditions predisposing to liver damage either preceding or diseases known to affect the liver adversely. following her exposure to the substances in question is 4-- Persons receiving arsphenamine treatment for syphilis*; especially clear. or those who are taking drugs believed to be injurious to It is of interest to note that two of the cases apparently the liver in *uicc;.lible per.vjns; Tiould not t-,: farther had suffered from at least one previous attack of hepatitis exposed in their work to potential liver poisons. followed by a certain degree of improvement before the- onset of the fatal attack. In view of the fact that Drinker, Warren and Bennett found no lesions in organs other than the liver in their experimental animals, it is noteworthy that such lesions were conspicuous in all three of the cases here reported. Such lesions, are, indeed, usual findings in cases of. acute yellow atrophy of the liver in humans regardless of etiology. On the basis of present knowledge, it would be impossible to say whether they are the result of primary intoxication or arc merely secondary to liver damage. In the light of the animal experiments, however, one would incline to the latter view and speculate as to the part played by length of exposure, in the final pathological picture. It has been mentioned that, in Drinker's* experiments, rats with no evidence of clinical disease while being exposed _ 5--Persons working with the chlorinated naphthalenes and diphenyls, if requiring a general anesthetic for an operation, should not be given chloroform or avertin, and vice versa, individuals who have recently received such anesthetics should not immediately thereafter go back to their former work or to work with other substances believed to be potentially toxic to the liver. < 6--Pregnant women should not be exposed because the liver, in pregnancy,- appears to be peculiarly susceptible to injury. 7--Experience seems to indicate that by proper attention to ventilation and medical supervision of workers the chlorinated naphthalenes and diphenyls can be used in in dustry with safety. Summary to the chlorinated naphthalenes, promptly died from acute Tlie systemic effects resulting from exposure to certain yellow atrophy of the liver when given doses of carbon chlorinated naphthalenes are discussed, and the literature of tetrachloride so small as to be harmless to control animals. the subject briefly - summarized. Three liver deaths in This prompts speculation as to whether death from acute workers handling these substances are presented in some yellow atrophy of the liver in workers similarly exposed detail, with autopsy findings. Recommendations for pre occurs only in those having some pre-existing substratum of vention are given. liver damage--such as might follow an attack of catarrhal jaundice, for example--and that this might account, in part at least, for the fact that only a very occasional worker out of a large group will suffer from systemic effects of exposure to these substances. In the three cases reported, Bibliography . . 1--Mayors, M. R.. and Silverberjr, M. C.: 5kin conditions result -ini' from cxpo.Mtre to certain chlorinated h drocurlxtiis. 'I he /rfa.c- trial Bulletin. J93S. however, no history was given suggesting that any hepatic disorder prior to exposure had occurred. . The presence of a papulo-pustular eruption in two cases 2-- Lehmann. K. B,; Kurzes I.chrbuch der Arbcits--untl Gcwerbehygiene. i>. Hirzel, Leipzig,. 1919, 0. 251. 2--l:linn, F. B,, and J.trvik, D. K.: Action of certain chlorinated naphthalenes on the liver. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol, and Mod., 35. is of interest. In one it antedated the systemic symptoms. This type of eruption is characteristic of the dermatitis caused by chlorinated naphthalenes, and until recently was 11* (19.UA. 4-- Drinker. C. K.. Warren, M. F., and Bennett. G. A.: The prob lem of pos- iblc systemic effects from certain chlorinated hydrocar bon,. J. ind. Hy. 19. 2S3 (1937). the only disturbance attributed to them. The presence of "aggregations of comedones" such as 5--Courtcis-Sumi: Etude sur I'intoxication professionnclle par le trichlnronanhthalene.. Ann dc med. legale, 14. 422, (1934). Abstr. of pa<r by Tourainc, A., and Menctrel, R.: Dermatoses protc*- were found in Case 1 is also characteristic of the skin * .domiciles par le naphthaline ct scs derives. Prat. med. franc., 15. eruptions produced by these substances. The question as to whether or not the skin eruption in such a case is in any way connected with the onset of systemic effects cannot be answered, since thus far no correlation has been established 335 (1934). .. 6-- Schwartz. L.: Dematitis from synthetic resins and waxes. Am. J. Pub. Health, 26. 536 (1936). ---------- ---------- between skin lesions and,systemic disease1. HEALTH CONSERVATION IN TUNNEL It is interesting, therefore, that in Case I the skin eruption ' CONSTRUCTION apparently antedated all evidences of systemic disease. Had the girl been promptly removed from further exposure . when it was first observed it is possible that her life would have been saved; or had the physicians first called upon to treat the jaundice (of whatever origin) in her case, or in the second case here reported, recognized the danger of continuing exposure to the chlorinated naphthalenes, these deaths might possibly have been averted. " Recommendations For Medical Control Dust is generated in tunnel construction by the rock drills, in blasting and during the shovelling and removal of broken rock (mucking). Smoke and toxic gases arc formed during blasting and fog frequently forms at the heading when the drills are in operation. The contamination of the tunnel atmosphere by these several substances creates health and accident hazards which must be controlled in order to maintain good working conditions. This is the object of Industrial Code 33 on rock drilling and of the various I--The authors wish to stress the need for the con regulations issued by the Industrial Commissioner. scientious reporting by physicians of all illnesses occurring The control of these contaminants involves new procedures among workers exposed to the chlorinated naphthalenes and in tunnel ventilation never before attempted in New York diphenyls, particularly cases which have been' carefully on the scale required by the Delaware Aqueduct. Indeed, Continued from page 346 of the October 1939 isnue of The Industrial Bulletin, . in certain respect, the regulations are wholly new and without precedent. DSW 441779 STLCOPCB4056314 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 'U'j ^?JON OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE, NEW YORK STATE 'A DEDEPARTMENT OF LABOR . . . LEONARD GREEN BURG, M. D,, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR . .' --- 1 ........................... : ........................ -- -- = . `Reprinted from The Industrial Bulletin issued each month at Albany by the -- "' Industrial Commissioner of the State of New York, Vol. 22; No. 10; October, 1913 ene as " SAFETY MEASURES FOR USE OF CHLORINATED ' NAPHTHALENES AND DIPHENYLS IN INDUSTRY : By LEONARD GREENBCRG. JI.D. ; The chlorinated naphthalenes comprise a group 1 of chemical substances made by the addition of various amounts of chlorine to a naphthalene base. The amount of chlorine may vary from three to six or possibly more atoms providing compounds from . . trichlomaphthalene to hexachlornaphthalene. : In the same manner, the varying amounts of . chlorine are added to a diphenyl base providing a group of compounds of varying chlorine content. As a rule, the final substances, as used in industry, are mixtures of differing chlorinated naphthalenes. : Earlier, these were, as a rule, possessed of a lower .' . degree of chlorination and later on the compounds were usually of a higher degree of chlorination with 1 varying amounts of chlorinated diphenylsadded | thereto. v These substances, are not new. Perchlomaphthalene was used in Germany during the last war. e It is to be clearly understood that these groups of compounds' are not manufactured by any one com . pany but rather by approximately five in the United ; States and they arc sold under varying trade names : by the manufacturers. ; " The chlorinated naphthalenes and diphenyls are valuable industrial products. Because of certain . properties which they possess, we may briefly state 1 . these valuable properties as follows: I 1--Resistance to water and alkali. . i. 2-*-High insulating value. They possess high di ' electric constant. ' ; 3--Thermo plasticity.^ 4--Quite stable chemically. ............... '5--Flame resistant. . For these reasons, these substances possess much ' value industrially in the making of electric con i densers and in the insulation of wire and cable, etc. 1 Method of Use in Industry : The chlorinated naphthalenes and diphenyls are : used in industry by two methods. 1--A cold method in which the material is dis solved in a solvent usually a mixture of petro leum naphtha and toluene and, 2--A hot method wherein the material is rendered plastic by heat. Toxic Effects The toxic effects of the chlorinated naphthalenes and diphenyls have been known for a long time. In the interval between 1899 and 1901, reports in both the French and German literature indicated an association between exposure to chlorine and acne and even though in some cases wax-like materials were a portion of the exposure, the general belief was that chlorine was more or less responsible for the acne. At the 1901 Congress of the German Derma tological Society, Hcrxheimer1 pointed out that chlorinated hydrocarbons might be the etiological cause for the acne and in the same year Bettmann3 stressed the possible effect of chlorinated hydrocar bons. ' The first concise publication which definitely at tributed the acne to chlorinated naphthalenes was a publication by Wauer3 in 1918. This was followed on the continent by a number of confirmatory pub lications. In the United States, Sulzberger4 and his co workers in 1934 reported three cases of acne from contact with "hot oils and waxes." Sulzberger did not specifically identify the chemical substances res ponsible for the production of the acne. In 1935, Schwartz5 in a paper read before the American Public Health Association, described the typical acne form eruptions and attributed them to exposure to the chlorinated naphthalenes and diphenyls. This contribution was published in the American Journal of Public Health in 1936. Fulton and Matthews* of the Pennsylvania Department of Labor reported 101 cases of dermatitis due to chlorinated naphtha lenes and diphenyls in a wire insulating plant. Jones and Alden7 reported similar findings in the Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology in the same year. In 1938, Mayers and Silverberg described acne- form skin eruptions in workers making electrical condensers.8 Space does not permit a discussion of the histology of these dermatological changes produced by this substance. In general, it can be said with a fair measure of certainty that these changes are brought about in the skin, primarily by the contact of the skin with the vapors of these compounds or by actual contact with them in the form of solid or particulate matter. We have found, for example, that workers exposed to fumes have more acne than those exposed to dust alone and we have also found that workers exposed to the solid material or its-particulate form have developed dermatitis. In this connection, the report of Fulton and Matthews is very interesung. They picture and describe a case of an infant, two and onc-half years of age, who developed the dermatitis as a result of contact with the soiled working clothes of its father who was in the habit of playing with the child prior to changing his clothing. ` More recently, Schwartz0 has described cases of dermatitis among cable strippers employed at ship building establishments and working with cables which had been impregnated with these compounds. Systemic Effects In the United States, systemic effects in the form of acute yellow atrophy of the liver were reported by Flinn and Jarvik10 in 1936 among men working with tetra and pentachlornaphthalene. These find ings were verified by animal experimentation. In 1937, Drinker, Warren and Bennett11 reported such 1LM W; if sly?r: v - :v, rf YiAOSih:!'?!;.'.! V:v : V..wsr 1^: j: ^ il ;!> itSS-?; t DSW 441780 STLCOPCB4056315 A.U-. V? oj ; >. i< 1.1 oo m ' j^Pthangcs among animals exposed to the material , inhalation and similar findings were obtained with the chlorinated diphenyl compounds. These 'latter authors also mention four non-fata1 cases among humans and the three fatal cases previously, cited by Flinn and Jarvik. I should like to cite two or three cases which wc have encountered in our own experience12 and which may be of interest from the point of view of duration of exposure prior to this type of poisoning. A girl 17 years of age was engaged in soldering electrical condensers which were impregnated with tri- and tetrachlornaphthalene for a period of approximately seven months. The autopsy for this case showed mild to severe degeneration of the liver and presented a clear picture of what is generally known as acute yeilow atrophy. It was apparent in this case that the latter organ displayed areas of healing and new areas of pathology. In the second case, a man 24 years of age de veloped jaundice after five months of exposure in the coating of wires with wax containing the higher chlorinated naphthalenes. He was away from work for a period of time and four months later the jaundice became quite intense with general malaise and loss, of appetite. After two months more of work he was sent to the hospital where he rather rapidly passed away. The autopsy in this case showed extensive areas of necrosis and fibrosis of the liver with regeneration. In a third case, published by Drs. Mayers and Smith14 of the staff of the New York State Depart ment of Labor, Division of Industrial Hygiene, an 18 year old girl became ill after five months of ex posure in the soldering of electrical condensers. The waxes in this case were composed principally of trichlomaphthalene. She was hospitalized and re covered after a long and slow period of convales cence. Recent Industrial Experience During the past year the Division of Industrial Hygiene of the New York State Department of Labor has conducted an investigation in two cable plants using chlorinated naphthalenes and diphenyls. In this investigation, many cases of dermatitis were found, and several deaths due to liver damage among workers in the industry. The examination of workers in the two factories showed relatively few cases of enlarged liver--five in all, on palpation. Comparison in these two plants showed a very much higher incidence of acneform dermatitis in one of the plants as compared with the other; namely 21 per cent as compared with 60 per cent, the former being in the cold process establishment and the latter being in the establishment employing the hot process only. The dermatitis appeared to take place on the average in about seven and one-half months in the hot process plant as compared with 10 months in the cold process plant. Conclusions As a result of our general re-study of this whole 'problem and our experience in two recent outbreaks, as well as several isolated experiences we desire to draw several basic conclusions: 1--Chlorinated naphtha'1'. j in general highly toxic com21. . ..A *r ; with extreme care. Industrial.*-- j. ' . j every effort to see that such expdsui \ ;. 1 insofar as humanly possible. In thc\.; not believe it safe to rely on iimitie-X ; ; concentrations but rather to depend dH^iftssL. . of maintenance and engineering control. ' 2-- Toxic exposures may be more readily controlled where the cold or solvent method of impregnating cable is employed than where the hot process is used. 3-- Of the known cases of liver disease in our experience, the available history and experience generally points to exposure to vapors or fumes from ' the hot process. There is no clear evidence in our experience although it is possible that skin absorp tion may produce systemic poisoning. Physiologi cally we see no reason why this is not possible. However, most dermatitis cases do not develop liver damage. And finally, I should like to call your attention to a group of recommendations which were finally agreed upon by all of the groups involved in. the last outbreaks of poisoning as being of utmost importance in the control of this hazard. Recommendations 1-- Unless there is a very good reason for using the hot method of impregnation, all new installations should use the cold or solvent method of impregna tion with chlorinated naphthalenes and diphenyls. Where the hot method is now being used it should be changed over to cold, if possible, or surrounded with every known protective measure. 2-- General hygienic measures should be followed but in no case should these be allowed- to supercede engineering control of the primary source of the exposure, the operations in the plant. The following hygienic measures may be con sidered good practice where these compounds are handled. a--Two lockers for each worker exposed to chlori nated waxes (one for working and one for street clothes). ' b--All work clothes above the underwear should be . provided and laundered at least twice a week by the management. c--The workers should change to clean underwear at the end of each shift before getting into his street clothes. _ d--Supervised cleaning. *1--At noon the workers should remove outer clothing and scrub hands and face under supervision. 2--At the end of the shift they should be re quired to take a supervised shower before changing back to street clothes, c--Protective skin creams or protective clothing should be provided by the management at the discretion of the foreman, nurse, medical, or plant superintendent. f--Ail departments handling chlorinated synthetic waxes should he thoroughly cleaned according to a prearranged schedule. 'Phis should in- elude the removal of all deposits of waxy material from the machines, floors and sur rounding objects. Workers doing the cleaning should be provided with protective clothing and supplied air or organic vapor masks where exhaust ventilation is inadequate or not pos sible. 3--The foremen of all departments where this 405 r ; OtlJK DSW 441781 STLCOPCB4056316 if t i / t . _ / ' -V' i y-^*' A.U... Oil-IX; A . t\K} - Ofl.lX be apprised of the toxicfi- ' ; >.d instructed in safe handf";.._a--se" men should make it their . i ; on the workers in their departments ' ' Ji in safe practice. ; ;yment and periodic physical examina..____ ce made of all exposed workers. These -siiouid include the taking of a full clinical history with special emphasis on gastro-intestinal disturb ances and dermatitis. In addition, the skin should be carefully examined periodically and the more reliable liver function tests performed. Gastro intestinal complaints developing in a worker at any time should be a signal for an immediate medical check-up. A history of liver disease, jaundice, or antisyphilitic treatment should automatically ex clude a worker from jobs involving a possible toxic exposure. Pregnant women should not be employed where there is a possible exposure to the synthetic chlorinated waxes. 5--Engineering control of plant operations cannot be over-emphasized but specific recommendations are not applicable to all cases. It would be wise for a plant using this class of materials to check their control measures with the State industrial hygiene agency, the insurance carrier and some competent consultant before occupational disease occurs. responding to the range of 1 to 10 per cent benzene with uni: intervals was first used. The color was then reproduced simultaneously with several stand ards of concentrations with increments corresponding to 0.1 per cent of benzene varying from the standard most closely matching the test solution. Whenever :he concentration of the test solution appeared to be greater than 10 per cent benzene, the test soludon was diluted tenfold with alcohol, the color rede veloped, and the comparison repeated. ` The determinations listed in Tables III and IV were made with the aid of the graph in Figure 3. The errors found when differences in readings be tween the five- and 15-minute intervals were con siderable were greatly minimized by the use of empirically derived corrections. The correction ap plied in Table IV as well as the final results was multiplied by 10, since the test solutions were diluted tenfold. The formula used in computation for the series in Table III was benzene % = C- (B-A-25) 0.005; the formula used for the series in Table IV was benzene % = 10(C - (B - A -- 25) 0.005). C is benzene per cent corresponding to reading B on galvanometers. B and A are as given under "Pro cedure." . Accuracy and Sensitivity The presence of petroleum naphtha, ethyl acetate, BIBLIOGRAPHY i Herxhelmer (VII Congress of the German Dermatological Society, 1001) explained that chloroxldo or chlorinated hydrocarbons may bo tho causo. a Hcttmann (Chloracno. Deutsche Med. Wochcchr,, 1001. No. 27 and at tho Congress mentioned above) stressed the effect of chlorinated hayrocarbons. Wauor: Geworbllche erkrankungon durch gcchlorto Kohlcnwasserstofie (Pernakrankheit). Zontralblatt f. Gewerbchygiene. Vol. VI, p. 100, 1918. 4 Sulzberger. M.B., 2-toscnberg. A.I, and Shcr, I.I.: Acneform eruptions. N. Y. State J. Med., Vol. 34. S99. 1934. Schwartz. I*.: - Dermatitis from Synthetic Resins and Waxes. Amcr. Jour, of Public Health, Vol. 26, p. 586. 193 F'ulton, W.B. and Matthews, I.L.: A preliminary report of the dermatological and systemic effects of exposure to ' hcxachlornaphthalene and chloroalphenyL Penn. Dept, of Labor, Spec. Bull. No. 43. 193G. i Jones, J.W. and Alden, H.S.: Acneform dermatergosla. Arch. Dermatol, and Syphll. Vol. 33, p. 1022, 1936. Mayers. M.R. and Sllverberg. M.G.: Skin conditions re sulting from exposure to certain chlorinated hydrocarbons. - . Jour, of Ind. Hyp. & Toxicology. Vol. 20. p. 244. 1938. Schwartz. L,: An outbreak of halowax acne ("cable rash'*) among electricians. J.A.M.A.. Vol. 122, p. 158. 1943. io Flinn. F.B. and Jarvik. N.E.: Action of certain chlori nated naphthalenes on the liver. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biolog. and Med.. Vol. 35, 115. 1936. Flinn. F. B. and Jarvik, N.E.: Liver lesions caused by chlorinated naphthalene. Amer. Jour. Hygiene, VoL 27, ' 19. 1928. u Drinker. C.K- Warren, M.F. and Bennett. O.A.: Tho problems of possible systemic effects from certain chlori nated hydrocarbons. Jour, of Ind. Hyg. and Toxicology. Vol. 19. p. 283. 1937. is Greenburg. L-. Mayers. M.R. and Smith, A.R.: The sys temic effects resulting from exposure to certain chlorinated hydrocarbons. Jour, of Ind. Hyg. and Toxicology. Vol. 21. P. 29. 1939. is Mayers, M.R. and Smith, A.R.: Systemic effects from exposure to certain chlorinated naphthalenes. Ind. Hy giene. Industrial Bulletin. N. Y. State Labor Dept, January, 1942. butyl acetate, isobutyl alcohol, acetone, toluene, and xylene did not interfere with the determinations of benzene in the experiments tabulated. Reasonable accuracy, with a mean error of 1.6 per cent, was attained when the intensity of color produced was matched without the aid of a colorimeter. Greater accuracy was attained with the aid of a photoelectric colorimeter where a mean error 0.9 per cent for a similar range of concentrations was in evidence. Con centrations less than 0.2 per cent benzene could not be determined with the naked eye, whereas concentra tions down to 0.01 per cent benzene could be determined by the use of a photoelectric colorimeter. The errors involved at concentrations less than 0.2 per cent benzene, however, were considerable and amounted to 10 per cent at 0.05 per cent benzene and more at lower concentrations. The 10-ml. aliquot of solution used for color de velopment represents 0.01 ml. of the sample of 0.50 ml. taken for analysis and diluted to 100 x 5. Since 0.01 per cent benzene can be detected, the method appears to he sensitive to 1 x ICV ml. or liJlx 10-' g. of benzene. By visual comparison, in the absence <A a photoelectric colorimeter or when an error above 1 per cent is not permissable, the sensitivity is reduced to 2 x 10-" ml. or 1.8 x 10-" g. of benzene. The concentration of benzene vapor in air may be determined by the above method after the vapor ----------- o-------------------- has been transformed from the gaseous to the liquid DETERMINATION OF BENZENE IN THE PRESENCE OF TOLUENE, XYLENE , AND OTHER SUBSTANCES* By B. H. DOLIN, M.A. ' phase. This may be accomplished by absorbing or dissolving the vapor in petroleum naphtha or alcohol. The concentration of benzene in the resulting solution may then be determined' as prescribed. Without diluting the ether extract, but using the total nitrated Table II illustrates the results obtained with test material in alcoholic solution, 8.8 xlO-7 g. or 0.27 solutions compared by the alternative visual method p.p.m. may be detected on a sample of one liter of of standards comparison. A series of standards cor- air. Concentrations of 1.8 x 10-" g. per liter of air or 5.6 p.p.m. may be determined with an error less than i * Continued from page 376, September 1943 issue of Tks Industrial Bulistitu - 1 per cent. By sampling 10 ml. portions of air, 406 [;.v I', 0sm,^)?82 \ OW-IX STLCOPCB4056317 z!> !' jJi'c.:C0m'1.0i-Ci & UO j/ \ /CL j-P --------------------- ' 1 ---------------- 'Sn' -X-Y.-3--tiX . --' i-r CITY ,X ?> S O' / i rt ra STATE 7"o 7 .4_X .5 YEAR 1 QUANTITY ' A-MOUNT 1940 1941 30 ___ / .. o a ___ 1942 __ _ -- 1943 --- --.. QUANTITY AMOUNT //, 3,) / Oon f non ____ 2.S f.1 P "7a. on c? C"i0 n n -- QUANTITY cZ o on I SOr, AMOUNT QUANTITY AMOUNT XV f>. oo p.Pr.oo _ .X fj.0 2/ 2. HO --- QUANTITY i AMOUNT /0 O /on / Oo\ d. / 7 3. 6 '/ . L i-- 1944 1945 1946 1947 \ -- -- . MS IP ____ _ ___ -- " U _ -- ___ _ _______ ^ iT - _______ Pooo C r ' ///:?.0 4? 6UJU fs*/. X................... ----------- v-7*n /) 'Ts P- A.f. o n ------ -- ___ _ y~<S XV'S>0 X-rU-L, X -----^ 1 I i -1 ______ _ ` ' YEAR | QUANTITY i AMOUNT 1940 ----- - -- OUANT1TY A' Amount _____ QUANTITY _ AMOUNT - QUANTITY AMOUNT \QUANTITY * 1941 1942 1943 1944 P7 c _____ ____ 2.JTo X ro - 3 2. -- -- s: <l -_ -- -- ___ /oo _ - x. / . 1945 1946 1947 ______ - _______ --- -- _____-- --i 'i .-- - APC ?. :S~ -- ________ I__________ L_l____________ MONSANTO CHEMICAL CO.--ST. LOUIS ACM* 309>Q MASTER SALES CARO F Drakenfield & Go Inc' * | V/a shins`con AMOUNT \ ___________ /.A.jio-r 3/o__ 0A J),r- J / ^ f. n YEAR 1943 1949 . 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 4> \ QUANTITY | AMOUNT >3.Cv>J L r n r,A f n oo 3 nno __ 1 | o / 7. >r , 7 *?.1 " r> n ___ ___ I . nr>t ' 0 >-I ) - .! . ......... ^ QUANTITY j AMOUNT ( QUANTITY v. r o i i AMOUNT 1 -- \ " / rp ? , r on Pono U .-c o mS'C r /.* / + V 0-nn / 1 9/. 7 - /1s.; " 93,-r.co 1 / ,o | .-- -- - ! -1 /, JT.o -- - -- / 0 '+0-3 :3 ! 0+0- J!rf: - - - -w | / -... QUANTITY i i -r a --. AMOUNT / i> . - , -^v-,- t o QUANTITY i AMOUNT ! i --------------------1--------------------1 i ! r~o Jp j~. on |________ | YEAR 1948 1549 1950 1 QUANTITY j AMOUNT 1 QUANTITY | AMOUNT | -------------------- ji------------------- 11--------------------1 1 | QUANTITY [ I 1 1 1951 1952 ! l__________________ ^ j 1 1953 1954 p 0. U n i J"o >X. Cl r- ~ S' 1 /oo af^> AD 1555 AMOUNT 7- ^ /y.A'j QUANTITY MONSANTO CHEMICAL CO.-ST. LOUIS MASTER $ALES CARO AMOUNT QUANTITY j AMOUNT : ACC 479U-9 l ! Attachment to 19 (b) DSW 441783 STLCOPCB4056318 r. Arthur kelson Dr. Castrina Dr. F. G. Pernoud Dr. Cecila Reickart Dr. Janes Disk ; ': 112.50 i 1 i 1 1 35.00 152.50 . 25.00 -35.00 10.00 * V'i 45.00 ' ' ; j1 I 1 *| i ( ii i ; i i i | I i i ! i ! : 1 ' ' . ' i :f i i `| . ; i , ; i !; ! [ ! i ! .| ! ! t i ! ! i i ! ! 1 : 'i 1 50.00 i 75.00 - ,, DSW 441/0* . j, ' -1 . 25.00 1 i 1 STLCOPCB4056319 sk Dr. Clyde Milster . . . ^ Johannes Tate Pharmacy 143.85 "1 1213.70 j 1 100.61 i j < 151.91 1j i ! i; i . 734.23 ;~ 157.92 i i i i -- i 138.48 i 1847.08 i ^i ;i ;I i1 "It j; ;f 1c 15.00 40.00 - ~=-l6.17 145.81 1f ;j i i 121.47 !1 i !i ;i * ii 1 l Antles Madison St. Pharmacy L. Weitman Prescription Pharmacy i Allen Laboratory Beaumont, Pharmacy- ) i i* ; \ 1 ! ; j 1 j* Ii ;: i {i 1 !" i i| ! -i 66.80 - ! 'j l 1 't -! . - i ; / r j j i j i i oo m r-{ i i i ij 6.12 ' 25.00 156.47 ! i ! 1 1j : i: ' 1i DSW 441785 ; - ,1 ._ j j STLCOPCB4056320 * - T'OUIS jJ ^ ~~T STLCOPCB4056321 j2 _ , ' / Sa siSr r ~C7 STATE OF MISSOURI COUNTY OF ST. LOUIS ) ) SS: ) Before me, the undersigned authority, personally appeared , who being duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he isof MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, and its duly authorized agent in this behalf; that the statements of fact set forth in the foregoing Answers to Interrogatories are true and correct to the best of his knowledge, information and belief. Sworn to and subscribed before me this day of., 1966. Notary Public My Commission expires; SW 441787 STLCOPCB4056322 STATE OF MISSOURI COUNTY OF ST. LOUIS ) SS: ) Before me, the undersigned authority, personally appeared , who being duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is ___________________________of MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, and its duly authorized agent in this behalf; that the statements of fact set forth in the foregoing Answers to Interrogatories are true and correct to the best of his knowledge, information and belief. Sworn to and subscribed before me this day of, 1966. Notary Public My Commission expires: SW 441788 -6- STLCOPCB4056323 jj/r t' tc* . -? _ ?. STATE OF MISSOURI COUNTY OF ST. LOUIS ) ) SS: ) ' Before me, the undersigned authority, personally appeared_________ , who being duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is of MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, and its duly authorized agent in this behalf; that the statements of fact set forth in the foregoing Answers to Interrogatories are true and correct to the best of his knowledge, information and belief. Sworn to and subscribed before me this day of, 1966. Notary Public My Commission expires: -b - DSW 441789 STLCOPCB4056324 X^ V STATE OF MISSOURI COUNTY OF ST. LOUIS ) ) SS: ) . ' Before me, the undersigned authority, personally appeared , who being duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is of MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, and its duly authorized agent in this behalf; that the statements of fact set forth in the foregoing Answers to Interrogatories are true and correct to the best of his knowledge, information and belief. Sworn to and subscribed before me this day of __, 1966. Notary Public My Commission expires: SW 441790 -6- STLCOPCB4056325 STATE OF MISSOURI COUNTY OF ST. LOUIS ) ) SS: ) Before me, the undersigned authority, personally appeared , who being duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is __________________________of MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, and its duly authorized agent in this behalf; that the statements of fact set forth in the foregoing Answers to Interrogatories are true and correct to the best of his knowledge, information and belief. Sworn to and subscribed before me this day of, 1966. Notary Public My Commission expires: DSW 441791 -6- STLCOPCB4056326 STATE OF MISSOURI COUNTY OF ST. LOUIS ) ) SS: ) Before me, the undersigned authority, personally appeared , who being duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is of MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, and its duly authorized agent in this behalf; that the statements of fact set forth in the foregoing Answers to Interrogatories are true and correct to the best of his knowledge, information and belief. Sworn to and subscribed before me this day of, 1966. Notary Public My Commission expires; SVV 441792 STLCOPCB4056327 STATE OF MISSOURI COUNTY OF ST. LOUIS ) ) SS: ) . ' Before me, the undersigned authority, personally appeared , who being duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is of MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, and its duly authorized agent in this behalf; that the statements of fact set forth in the foregoing Answers to Interrogatories are true and correct to the best of his knowledge, information and belief. Sworn to and subscribed before me this day of, 1966. Notary Public My Commission expires: DSW 441793 STLCOPCB4056328 Z'-L * ,.L. STATE OF MISSOURI COUNTY OF ST. LOUIS ) ) SS: ) Before me, the undersigned authority, personally appeared , who being duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is __of MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, and its duly authorized agent in this behalf; that the statements of fact set forth in the foregoing Answers to Interrogatories are true and correct to the best of his knowledge, information and belief. Sworn to and subscribed before me this day of, 1966. Notary Public My Commission expires: DSW 441794 -6- STLCOPCB4056329 _*- -si-' STATE OF MISSOURI COUNTY OF ST. LOUIS ) ) SS: ) Before me, the undersigned authority, personally appeared , who being duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is ' of MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, and its duly authorized agent in this behalf; that the statements of fact set forth in the foregoing Answers to Interrogatories are true and correct to the best of his knowledge, information and belief. Sworn to and subscribed before me this day of, 1966. Notary Public My Commission expires; -6- SW 441795 STLCOPCB4056330 STATE OF MISSOURI COUNTY OF ST. LOUIS ) ) SS: ) Before me, the undersigned authority, personally appeared , who being duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is of MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, and its duly authorized agent in this behalf; that the statements of fact set forth in the foregoing Answers to Interrogatories are true and correct to the best of his knowledge, information and belief. Sworn to and subscribed before me this day of, 1966. Notary Public My Commission expires: DSW 441796 -6- STLCOPCB4056331 , ^/A STATE OF MISSOURI COUNTY OF ST. LOUIS ) ) SS: ) . Before me, the undersigned authority, personally appeared , who being duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is of MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, and its duly authorized agent in this behalf; that the statements of fact set forth in the foregoing Answers to Interrogatories are true and correct to the best of his knowledge, information and belief. Sworn to and subscribed before me this day of, 1966. Notary Public My Commission expires; DS^441797 -6- STLCOPCB4056332 f<-L' STATE OF MISSOURI COUNTY OF ST. LOUIS ) ) SS: ) . Before me, the undersigned authority, personally appeared , who being duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is of MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, and its duly authorized agent in this behalf; that the statements of fact set forth in the foregoing Answers to Interrogatories are true and correct to the best of his knowledge, information and belief. Sworn to and subscribed before me this day of, 1966. Notary Public My Commission expires: SVV 441798 -O - STLCOPCB4056333 . c' STATE OF MISSOURI COUNTY OF ST. LOUIS ) ) SS: ) . Before me, the undersigned authority, personally appeared , who being duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is of MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, and it^ duly authorized agent in this behalf; that the statements of fact set forth in the foregoing Answers to Interrogatories are true and correct to the best of his knowledge, information and belief. Sworn to and subscribed before me this day of, 1966. Notary Public My Commission expires: DSIV 447799 -6- STLCOPCB4056334 STATE OF MISSOURI COUNTY OF ST. LOUIS ) ) SS: ) Before me, the undersigned authority, personally appeared , who being duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is of MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, and its duly authorized agent in this behalf; that the statements of fact set forth in the foregoing Answers to Interrogatories are true and correct to the best of his knowledge, information and belief. Sworn to and subscribed before me this day of, 1966. Notary Public My Commission expires; -6- DSW44180o STLCOPCB4056335 STATE OF MISSOURI COUNTY OF ST. LOUIS ) ) SS: ) . . Before me, the undersigned authority, personally appeared , who being duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is ' __________of MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, and its duly authorized agent in this behalf; that the statements of fact set forth in the foregoing Answers to Interrogatories are true and correct to the best of his knowledge, information and belief. Sworn to and subscribed before me this day of, 1966. Notary Public My Commission expires: DSW 441801 -6- STLCOPCB4056336 ' /?< Z(A: '{ STATE OF MISSOURI COUNTY OF ST. LOUIS ) ) SS: ) . Before me, the undersigned authority, personally appeared_________ , who being duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is of MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, and itg duly authorized agent in this behalf; that the statements of fact set forth in the foregoing Answers to Interrogatories are true and correct to the best of his knowledge, information and belief. Sworn to and subscribed before me this day of, 1966. Notary Public My Commission expires; si/v 441802 -6- STLCOPCB4056337 'Drs. Burkhart , Dr. William Stryker and .Knight Plaintiff and McKee ' Case No. in Feb. Term, 1964 Dr. James Allen Dr. A. H. J Dr. Louis Conrad i Keller 1i 1| 513 Mildred ->I9 Barrett 223.00 520 Dorothy 521 Berry 2003.00 522 Walter F. | 523 Miller ` 257.00 524 Hazel 325 Schneider 526 Charlotte 527 Shoemaker 339.00 . 1925.00 528 Ronald 529 S linos on 438.00 530 Martha 331 Syler ' 921.00 )32 James A. '33 White 34 Thelma 35 Wieners 294.00 36 Mary 37 Chaoman 2129.00 38 Marie 39 Clifford 161.00 tO Theodore rl Czarnecki 545.00 r2 Rita B. -3 M inn: -4 Verge 1 A. 5 Haness 277.00 6 Bessie T. 7 Boyd 3 Ruth: ...__ ,, 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 102.00 80.00 . .40.00 40.00' ^ . 40.00 40.00 40.00 34.00 1!, : u ! !. ! i: | :! |j 1 . 1 1 20.00 i 1 ; 25.00 1 25.00` 1 : 25.r : : 25.0 .. 10.00 : i ! 25.00 _ ; 15.00 4 ! I 1: i s 1 i 23.00 ! i i 263.00 j 25.00 50.00 25.00 15.00 D5W 441803 .. . 1 STLCOPCB4056338 STATE Of MISSOURI) ) SS CITY OF ST. LOUIS) IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY Of ST. LOUIS STATE OF MISSOURI THEODORE CZARNECKI, Plaintiff, ) ) ) ) v. ) B. F. DRAKENFELD AMD COMPANY, ) ) a corporation, and MONSANTO ) CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation,) Dafandante. ) ) Ho. 47809 Div. No. 1 ANSWER OF DEFENDANT MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY TO INTERROGATORIES PROPOUNDED BY PLAINTIFF Comas now dafandant Monsanto Chemical Company and makes answers to tha following interrogator Icq propounded by plaintiff: 1. Yaa. 2. Approximately 1929. 3. Aroolora oonaiat of tha dhawlcal elements hydrogen, oarbon and chlorlna. Tha hydrogan and carbon elements appear in two ring atruoturaa, oallad bi-phenyls and tar-phenyls, which oan ba chlorinated to varying dagreaa. 4. No changes in elements or structure. Degree of chlorination ia varlad dapending on properties desired. (a) No answer required. 3. No one oan recall such a study being made prior to preparation of tha first aroclors. DSW 441804 STLCOPCB4056339 6. Yea. (a) Sometime prior to May, 1939. (b) See study. (o) See study. (d) No answer required. 7. No one oan reoall suoh a study being made. 8. See answer to question 6. Tests have continued periodically and almost continuously in connection with newly suggested applications of the various Aroclors. 9. See answer to 7. 10. See answer to question 8. 11. Interrogatory deleted. 12. This defendant has no record of any specific research done concerning methods of prevention of injury or disease before Aroclor was first marketed. However, it was generally known that as an industrial practice, ventilation should be provided in any use of the products in which the product is volatilised. On Defendant's earliest available labels, in use from before 1947, it was recommended that pro** longed skin contact be avoided, breathing of fumes and vapors be avoided, and adquate ventilation is recommended. 13. See answers to questions 3 and 10. 14. The Medical Department has searched its records and finds no record of claims against this defendant in which claimant asserted that the use of Aroclors oaused the claimant DSW 441805 STLCOPCB4056340 to suffer injury or disease, other than the suits described below. The Legal Department has one olein in suit (in addition to suits brought by employees of International Bent Glass.) The style of that suit is Charles Kamer vs. Monsanto Chemical Company, pending in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of Bronx, summons issued April 12, 1962. 15. Yes. See attached copy of Monsanto Teohnioal Bulletin No. PL-311, Revised April, 1962. Defendant published literature eontaining reference to the toxicity of Aroclor prior to 1940. 16. Yes. (a) See attached photostat. Labels were generally red on white, earlier were probably black on white. 17. None other than precautions on label. 18. Yes. Advertised in "Chemical Week," "Chenioal & Engineering News," a weekly trade journal, "Modern Plastics," a monthly magazine. This type of advertising has appeared periodically approximately during the past five to seven years. 19. Yes. (a) 4465, a chlorinated ter-phenyl, and 1248, a chlorinated bi-phenyl, 1262, a chlorinated bi-phenyl. (b) See records. 20. None, other than precautions on label. 21. Monsanto did not prepare labels for use by Drakenfeld on its finished product. DSW 441806 STLCOPCB4056341 22. In making calls cm B. F. Drakenfeld & Company, this defendant's salesman undoubtedly left literature of the type referred to in this interrogatory, but there are no reeorda available. 23. Presumably someone at Monsanto knew from the inception of sales to Drakenfold, the general nature of Drakenfeld's use of Aroelors. A more detailed knowledge was eventually obtained through salesmen'8 visits to Drakenfeld. The extent of the knowledge was simply that Monsanto's representative was informed that Aroolor was used in some type of enamel or ink intended to be applied to glass for printing purposes. 24. Monsanto had no right to instruct Drakenfeld. The subjects of volatilisation under heat, and the necessity for adequate ventilation, were dismissed by and between Monsanto and Drakenfeld representatives. The specifics of labeling were not discussed, orally or In writing. Monsanto did not prepare, or advise in the preparation, of Drakenfeld*s labels. 23. See answer to 24. STATE OF MISSOURI) ) SS CITY OF ST. LOUIS) Elton L. French, of lawful age, being duly sworn, upon his oath, stataa that he le an attorney for defendant DSW 441807 STLCOPCB4056342 Monsanto Chemical Company and as such is authorized to make the above and foregoing answers, and that they are true, to the best of his knowledge, information and belief. ^ Elton L. French S Subscribed and sworn to before me this 7,c. day of L -Tin *niirT^l.i Notary Public My commission expires \/^7 Copy of the foregoing mailed this ____ day of . 196__, to Messrs. Guilfoil, Caruthers, Symington & Montrey, Attorneys for Plaintiff, 430 Paul Brown Building, St. Louis 1, Missouri, and to Messrs. Gray & Jeans, Attorneys for Codefendant, 721 Olive Street, St. Louis 1, Missouri. M. E. Stokes MOSER, MARSALEK, CARPENTER, CLEARY & JAECKEL Attorneys for Defendant Monsanto Chemical Company 330 Pierce Building St. Louis 2, Missouri gt GArfleld 1*5364 SVV 44180s STLCOPCB4056343 JlSBr SERVICE OF PROCESS TRANSMITTAL FORM / -Jj&s* m Copporo-Mon Tpmj n^ompany C T Co>rp<oirai tion Syatom dJ Ataocla^d npiitUs Tr) ' Mr. E. J. Putzell, Jr. c/'o Monsanto Chemical company oOu norm Lindbergn .boulevard su. .Louis 66, Missouri St. Louis,, Missouri (City) (State) June 17, 1963_____________ (Date) (xxx) VIA CERTIFIED MAIL ( ) VIA CERTIFIED AIR MAIL ( ) VIA MESSENGER RE: PROCESS SERVED IN TS-IE STATE OF MISSOURI FOR MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY (Name of Company) DELAWARE (Home State) Enclosed are copies of legal process served upon the statutory agent of the above company as follows: 1. Title of Action: Vergel A. Manessvs. B. F. Drakenfeld and Company and Monsanto Chemical Company 2. Documents) Served: Summons and Petition 3. Court: circuit Court, City of St. Louis, Missouri No. .56079 E, Division 1 4. Nature of Action:Damages for alleged personal injuries - two Counts amount each Count $45,000.00 5. On Whom Process was Served: q rp Corporation System, St. Louis, Missouri 6. Date and Hour of Service: 7. Appearance or Answer Due: 8. Plaintiff's Attorney(s): 9. Remarks: June 17, 1963 at 11:00 a.m. Within 30 days after service Guilfoil, Caruthers, Symington & Montrey 430 Paul Brown Building St. Louis 1, Missouri FFB:jm KINDLY ACKNOWLEDGE RECEIPT BY SIGNING AND RETURNING TO US THE ENCLOSED CARBON COPY OF THIS TRANSMITTAL FORM. Signed C T CORPORATION SYSTEM Per /V / " Address Sl4 North Broadway St .Foul s f Missouri. KJ290-Y 1-42 50M Sail DSW441809 STLCOPCB4056344 STATE 02? MISSOURI ) ) CITY CF ST. LOUIS ) SS. IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF. ST. LOUIS, STATE OF MISSOURI VERGEL A. MANESS, Plaintiff, vs. B. F. DRAKENFELD AND COMPANY, a corporation, 45 Park Place, New York 7, N.Y., Serves Secretary of State, Jefferson City, Missouri, and MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation, Serves C. T. Corporation Service, 314 No. Broadway, St. Louis 2, Missouri, '' . Defendants. } ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) } ; } ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Cause No. Division No. PETITION COUNT I Plaintiff, for cause of action in Count I of this petition. states: (1) Defendant B. F. Drakenfeld and Company (hereinafter called "Drakenfeld"). is and was a foreign corporation duly organized and existing under law at all times hereinafter men tioned; as hereinafter more particularly alleged, Drakenfeld has committed a tort against the person of plaintiff, in the svv 441810 STLCOPCB4056345 City of St. Louis, State of Missouri, and has thereby agreed that the Secretary of State of Missouri shall be its agent for the service of process, all as is provided in V.A.M.S., 1949, Section 351.630. (2) Defendant Monsanto Chemical Company (hereinafter called "Monsanto") is and at all times hereinafter mentioned was a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, having a registered agent and office in the City of St. Louis, State of Missouri, and having its principal place of business in the State of Missouri. (3) Defendant DrakenfaId is engaged in the business of manufacturing, preparing and distributing into the channels of trade paints and enamels, and among the various products so distributed by said defendant is an enamel known as 24-013 enamel in 487 oil. (4) Defendant Monsanto is engaged in the business of manufacturing and preparing chemicals, chemical products, oils and thinners and distributing said products into the channels of trade, and among the various products so manufactured and distributed by said defendant is the product known as Aroclor 4465. (5) Defendant Drakenfeld prepares the aforesaid product 24-013 enamel in 437 oil by combining various other materials with Monsanto's product Aroclor 4465. (6) Both defendants herein did know and intend that said products would be used by the consuming public and would be DSVV 441811 STLCOPCB4056346 handled, dealt with, touched and the fames thereof would be inhaled by the public, and both defendants placed said products in the channels of trade with such knowledge and intention. (7) Both defendants herein did impliedly warrant and represent that the products 24-018 enamel in 487 oil and Aroclor 44S5 were fit and safe for such use by the public; but both de fendants and each defendant knew that such oroducts contained chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated triphenyls, with a high* amount of chlorination; said defendants, and each of them, knew that said products would from time to time be heated or baked in ovens, and that use by the public cf said products was likely to cause liver damage, shin eruptions, rashes, acne, cysts and l dermatitis of various kinds. (8) Plaintiff, beginning in the year 1958 began to make use of said products in his employment with International Bent Glass Company, Inc. at St. Louis, Missouri, bundling suchproducts, touching the same, and inhaling the fum.es thereof, all in reliance on the skill and judgment and aforesaid warranty of both defendants, being wholly unaware of the tonic and dangerous qualities of such products. (9) After a period of such use of such products, the same, contrary to and in breach of the warranty of both defendants, directly and prowirately caused, plaintiff to become ill and diseased, in that plaintiff suffered eruptions of plaintiff's skin over and about plaintiff's neck, shoulders, chest, back, buttocks, face, ears and eyelids, said areas have become covered DSW 441812 STLCOPCB4056347 with comedones, cysts, acne, infectious lesions, papules and a condition known as chloracne; plaintiff's eyelids and periorbital skin became erythematous, edematous and scaly; plaintiff's liver was injured, damaged and diseased; these conditions are painful, irritating and embarrassing; all of said conditions are permanent. (10) Plaintiff has become obligated for large sums of money for medical attention for the aforesaid conditions and will be come obligated for additional such sums in the future, in an amount not now ascertainable. WHEREFORE, the premises considered, plaintiff prays judgment against the defendants and each of them, on this Count I of the petition for Forty-Five -Thousand Dollars ($45,000.00) , and for plaintiff's costs. runt II of this petition, states: . (1) Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every allega tion in paragraphs (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6) of Count I of this petition. (2) Both defendants and each of them kne*w, or in the exer cise of ordinary care si raid have known that said products, con taining highly chlorinated biphenyls and triphenyls, arc, and for many years have beer., known to be of a tonic and dangerous nature in that they were reasonably likely to causa abnormal reactions, skin eruptions, rashes, liver damage, dermatitis and ~"* ' sach of them were under a dutv to DSW 441813 STLCOPCB4056348 who used such products, hut both defendants and each of then negligently breached said duty by failing and omitting to give an adequate warning of such dangers and risks. (3) Plaintiff began to make use of such products in 1958 in his employment at St. Louis, Missouri, with International Bent Glass Company, and as a direct and proximate result of the defendants' negligence, plaintiff was injured in thoseparticu-- lars alleged hereinabove in Count I paragraph (9) . (4) Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every alle gation in Count I, paragraph {10},, WHEREFORE, the premises considered, plaintiff prays judg ment on this Count II of this petition against the defendants, and each of them, in the sum of Forty-Five thousand Dollars ($45,000.00) and for his costs. ' KS St. Louis 1, Missouri GArfield 1-2777 AYTORREYS FOR PLAIRYIFF DSW 441814 STLCOPCB4056349 Form No. 75 Circuit Court for die City of St. Louis Stats of Missouri Vergel A. Haness Plaintiff.. vs. B. F Drakenfeld and Co , et al No 5079.E... Div....................1. Defendant. / SUMMONS Monsanto Chemical Company, a Corporation The State of Missouri to Defendant........................................................................"........................................................ You are hereby summoned to appear before the above-named court and to file your pleading to the petition, copy of which is attached hereto, and to serve a copy of your pleading upon............................................. ...........................................................9"^^ for plaintiff..... , whose address is................................................430"-PatlT-Brown-Bld:g-;....................................................................... all within 30 days after service of this summons upon you, exclusive of the day of service. If you fail to do so, judgment by default will be taken against you for the relief demanded in the petition. Dated...................................................................., 19......... PHELIM O'TOOLE Circuit Clerk. (Seal of Circuit Court) Deputy Clerk. DSW 441815 U'nuux- STLCOPCB4056350 RETURN ON SERVICE OF SUMMONS ' I hereby certify that I have served the within summons: (1) By delivering on the...........................................day of...................................................................... ...................., 19. a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition to each of the within-named defendants........................... (2) By leaving on the..................................................day of............................................................................................ 19. for each of the within-named defendants........................................................................................................................... a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition at the respective dwelling place or usual place of abode of said defendants with some person of his or her family over the age of 15 years; ' (3) By.................................................................................................................................................. All done in. County, Missouri. Sheriffs fees: Summons........$ Sheriff of. .County, Missouri. Non est............? Mileage............$ Total................$ By... Deputy Sheriff. DIRECTIONS TO SHERIFF A copy of the summons and a copy of the petition must be served on each de fendant. For methods of service in all classes of suits see Sec. 27 Civil Code. 3< ?O Z 9...E o> s OQ *! g.z 2i P <3 U W O <D VI CO u <u g 1--1 ' I a c c} s .'s. .. t t -^ \ - 'T * 4- g a T3 G o o Q aj .c o wa U 3 o *3 o o GO CO O 55 Eh aO V w Eh og CO | DSW 441816 STLCOPCB4056351 SERVICE OF PROCESS TRANSMITTAL FORM -orpofa^on Hrusi"oEjp.ay C T Corporraa-t}ion ^yetcia aoJ A<ocia7f^jJ4 VJ^ocnpdnI9 70: Mr. E. J. Putzell, Jr. ' c/o Monsanto Chemical Company oOO North Lindbergh Boulevard St. Louis 66, Missouri St. Louis . Missouri (Cify) (State) June 17. 1Q6^ (Date) (xxxal VIA CERTIFIED MAIL ( ) VIA CERTIFIED AIR MAIL ( ) VIA MESSENGER RE: PROCESS SERVES IN. TE^i STATE OF ____Mis_s_o,yRi FOR MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY (Name of Company) DELAWARE (Home State) Enclosed are copies of legal process served upon the statutory agent of the above company as follows: 1. Title of Action: James A. White vs. B. F. Drakenfeld and Company and Monsanto Chemical Company 2. Document(s) Served: Summons and Petition 3. Court: Circuit Court, City of St. Louis, Missouri No. 56080 E, Division 1 4. Nature of Action: Damages for alleged personal injuries - two CountsAmount each County $45,000.00 5. On Whom Process was Served: C T Corporation System, St. Louis, Missouri 6. Date and Hour of Service: 7. Appearance or Answer Due: 8. Plaintiff's Attorney(s): 9. Remarks: June 17, 1963 at 11:00 a.m. Within 30 days after service Guilfoil, Caruthers, Symington and Montrey 430 Paul Brown Building St. Louis 1, Missouri FFB:jm KINDLY ACKNOWLEDGE RECEIPT BY SIGNING AND RETURNING TO US THE ENCLOSED CARBON COPY OF THIS TRANSMITTAL FORM. Signed C T CORPORATION SYSTEM '/ Per /'.r' Address qi4 North Broadway St. Louis., Missouri. NJ290-Y l-<52 SOM S* DSW 441817 STLCOPCB4056352 STATE OF MISSOURI ) ) CITY OF ST. LOUIS ) ss,, IN THE CIRCUIT COURT O'. THE CITY OF ST. LOUIS, STATE OF MISSOURI JAKES A. WHITE,' Plaintiff, vs. 3. F. DRAKENFELD AND COMPANY, a corporation, 45 Park Place, New York 7, N.Y., Serve: Secretary c State, Jefferson City, Missouri, and MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation. Serve; C. T. Corporation. Service, 314 No. Broadway, St. Louis 2, Missouri, mt ) ) ) \ J ) \ J \ J ) 3 / ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) j ) Cause No. Division No. PETITION /- -vr-.r.-rm T Plaintiff, for cause of action in Count I of this petition, states; (1) Defendant 3. F. Drakenfold and Company (hereinafter called "Drakenfeld") is and mas a foreign corporation duly organised and cuiscing under lav; at all tines hereinafter men tioned; as hereinafter more particularly alleged, Drakenfold has committed a tort against the person of plaintiff, in the D3W 441318 STLCOPCB4056353 City of St. Louis, State of Missouri, and has thereby agreed that the Secretary of State of Missouri shall he its agent for the service of process, all as is provided in V.A.M.S., 1949, Section 351.630. (2) Defendant Monsanto Chemical Company (hereinafter called "Monsanto") is and at all times hereinafter mentioned was a corporation organised and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, having a registered agent and office in the City of St. Louis, State of Missouri, and having its principal place of business in the State of Missouri. (3) Defendant Drakenfeld is engaged in the business of manufacturing, preparing and distributing into the channels of trade paints and enamels, and among the various products so distributed by said defendant is an enamel known as 24-018 enamel in 487 oil. (4) Defendant Monsanto is engaged in the business of manufacturing and preparing chemicals, chemical products, oils and thinners and distributing said products into the channels of trade, and among the various products so manufactured and distributed by said defendant is the product known as Aroclor 44 S 5. (5) Defendant Drakenfeld prepares the aforesaid product 24-018 enamel in 487 oil by combining various other materials with Monsanto's product Aroclor 4455. (6) Both defendants herein did knew and intend that said products would be used by the consuming public and would be DSW 441819 STLCOPCB4056354 handled, dealt, with, touched and the fuses thereof would he inhaled by the public, and both defendants placed said products in the channels of trade with such knowledge and intention. (7) Both defendants herein did impliedly warrant and represent that the products 24-01S enamel in 487 oil and Aroclor 4465 were fit and safe for such use by the public; but both de fendants and each defendant knew that such products contained chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated triphenyls, with a high amount of chlorination; said defendants, and each of them,.knew that said products would from time to time be heated or baked in ovens, and that use by the public of said products was likely to cause liver damage, skin eruptions, rashes, acre, cysts and dermatitis of various kinds. (3) Plaintiff, beginning in the year 1S53 began to make use of said products in his employment with International Bent Glass Company, Inc. at St. Louis, Missouri, handling such products, touching the same, and inhaling the fumes thereof, all in reliance on the skill and judgment ana aforesaid warranty of both defendants, being wholly unaware of the toxic and dangerous qualities of such products. (9) After a period of such use of such products, the same, contrary to and in breach of the warranty of both defendants, . directly and proximately caused plaintiff to become ill and diseased, in that plaintiff suffered eruptions of plaintiff's skin over and about plaintiff's neck, shoulders, chest, back, buttocks, face, ears and eyelids, said areas have become covered DSW 441820 STLCOPCB4056355 with comedones, cysts, acne, infectious lesions, papules and a condition known as chloracne; plaintiff's eyelids and periorbital skin became erythematous, edematous and scaly; plaintiff's liver was injured, damaged and diseased; these conditions are painful, irritating and embarrassing; all of said conditions are permanent. (10) Plaintiff has become obligated for large sums of money for medical attention for the aforesaid conditions and will ber come obligated for additional such sums in the future, in an amount not now ascertainable. . WHEREFORE, the premises considered, plaintiff prays judgment against the defendants and each of them, on this Count I of the petition for Forty-Five thousand Collars ($45,000.00), and for plaintiff's costs. Plaintiff, for cause of action in Count II of this petition, states; (1) Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every allega tion in paragraphs (1) , (2) , (3) , (4) , (5) and (S) of Count I of this petition. (2) Both defendants and each of them knew, or in the exer cise of ordinary care should have known that said products, con taining highly chlorinated biphenyls and triphenyls, are, and for many years have been, known to be of a tonic and dangerous nature in that they were reasonably likely to cause abnormal reactions, skin eruptions, rashes, liver damage, dermatitis and diseases, and defendants and each of them were under a duty to give an adequate warning of such dangers and ricks to the public DSW 441821 STLCOPCB4056356 who used such products, hut both defendants and each of then negligently breached said duty by failing and omitting to give an adequate warning of such dangers and risks. (3) Plaintiff began to make use of such products in 1953 in his employment at St. Louis, Missouri, with International Bent Glass Company, and as a direct and proximate result of the defendants' negligence, plaintiff'was injured in those particu lars alleged hereinabove in Count I, paragraph (9). (4) Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every alle gation in Count I, paragraph (10). WHEREFORE, the premises considered, plaintiff prays judg ment on this Count II of this petition against the defendants, and each of them, in the sum of Forty-Five Thousand Dollars ($45,000.00) and for his costs. . SYMINGTON Record H. Caruthers 430' Paul Brown Building St. Louis 1, Missouri GArfield 1-2777 ATTORNEYS FOR PLAINTIFF DSW 441822 STLCOPCB4056357 Form No. 75 arcuit Court for die City of St. JLoms Stete of Missouri James A. White ............... 4..... vs. Plaintiff.. B. F. Drakenfeld & Co., et al j0......... 5.9.9.30 E Div... Defendant.. _ SUMMONS The State of Missouri to Defendant....9.ir.f?.frih...... You are hereby summoned to appear before the above-named court and to file your pleading to the petition, copy of which is attached hereto, and to serve a copy of your pleading upon............................................ ,..............G.uiirQil<....Caru.thers,...B.yningtoK,- ..eh -al.............................attorney........for plaintiff....... , whose address is.....................................h>3& -Paul -Brown--314-g-*................................................................................... all within 30 days after service of this summons upon you, exclusive of the day of service. If you fail to do so, judgment by default will be taken against you for the relief demanded in the petition. Dated..........June 12....................................., 19............ 63 ' .................................. ?HELIM 0;T00LE.......... Circuit Clerk. ^ (Seal of Circuit Court) b,..2SSv. Deputy Clerk. DSW 441823 STLCOPCB4056358 RETURN ON SERVICE OF SUMMONS I hereby certify that I have served the within summons: (1) By delivering on the...........................................day of..........................................................................................., 19.. a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition to each of the within-named defendants............................ (2) By leaving on the.................................................day of............................................................................................ 19. for each of the within-named defendants........................................................................................................................... a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition at the respective dwelling place or usual place of abode of said defendants with some person of his or her family over the age of 15 years; (3) By...................................................................... .................................................................................. All done in...................... County, Missouri. Sheriff's fees: Summons.......$ Non est...........$ Mileage............$ Total................$ Sheriff of. .County, Missouri. By... Deputy Sheriff. DEFECTIONS TO SHERIFF A copy of the summons and a copy of the petition must be served on each de fendant. For methods of service in all classes of suits see Sec. 27 Civil Code. I 0809? o z; > 5 m. z a g! S-s <3 CD u .5 c3 E t>o %' Vi : DStV 441824 o A l-H Ph o to D 3O t-* 3 o o CO CO U C/2 V-t o OO t-i U o >> H G H <: H CO - 'ir STLCOPCB4056359 JOHN F. EVAN3 JOHN R. DIXON WM. W. EVANS JAMES V. GALLEN JOHN C. SHEPHERD EDWARD W. WARNER RALPH C. KLEINSCHMIOT EUGENE K. BUCKLEY ROBERT M. EVANS HENRY D. MENGHINi PAUL V. GILBERT ALBERT J. SCIER ROBERT d. ROBINSON EVA NS & DIXON ATTORNEYS AT LAW COTTON BELT BUILDING III NORTH FOURTH STREET SAINT LOUIS October 25, 1962 Monsanto Chemical Company 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard Saint Louis 41, Missouri O. F. Drakenfeld and Company 45 Park Place New York 7, New York Re: Virgil Maness vs International Bent Glass Company (Virgil Maness, International Bent Glass Company and ' United States Casualty Company vs Monsanto Chemical ' Company and D.F. Drakenfeld and Company) Gentlemen: This is to advise that this firm represents the employer and insurer in the above styled action, wherein Virgil Maness, an employee of International Bent Glass Company, asserts he sustained injury and damages as a result of an exposure or contact with certain chemical products, all by reason of the negligence of the Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F.Drakenfeld and Company. Under Missouri statutes, the employer and insurer are subrogated to the extent of any compensation or the expense of any medical aid paid to or on behalf of the employee under our Workmen's Compensation statutes. This subrogation right extends to the recovery on the part of the employee against any third party, by reason of suit or settlement. Kindly'consider this letter a lien against any possible recovery on the part of Mr. Maness as noted, and acknowledge receipt of same. Thank you for your cooperation. Yours vetyi tru EWW:ram Edward W. Warne STLCOPCB4056360 JOHN r. EVANS JOHN R. OIXON WM. W. EVANS JAMES V. OALLEN JOHN C. SHEPHERD EDWARD W. WARNER RALPH C. KLEINSCHMIOT EUQENE K.BUCKLEY ROBERT M. EVANS HENRY O. MENGHINI PAUL V. GILBERT EVANS 5. DIXON ATTORNEYS AT LAW COTTON BELT BUILDING III NORTH FOURTH STREET SAI NT LOUIS October 25, 1962 Monsanto Chemical Company 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard St. Louis 41, Missouri MAIN 1-7755 D. F. Drakenfeld and Company 45 Park Place New York 7, New York BE: Mary Chapman vs. International Bent Glass Company (Mary Chapman, International Bent Glass Company and United States Casualty Company vs. Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F. Drakenfeld and Company) Gentlemen: . This is to advise that this firm represents the employer and insurer in the above styled action, wherein Mary Chapman, an employee of International Bent Glass Company, asserts 3ie sustained injury and damages as a result of an exposure or contact with certain chemical products, all by reason of the negligence of the Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F. Drakenfeld and Company. Under Missouri statutes, the employer and insurer are subrogated to the extent of any compensation or the expense of any medical aid paid to or on behalf of the employee under our Workmen's Compensation statutes. This subrogation right extends to the recovery on the part of the employee against any third party, by reason of suit or settle ment. Kindly consider this letter a lien against any possible recovery on the part of Mrs. Chapman as noted, and acknowledge receipt of same. Thank you for your cooperation. EWW-vbp CC- Moser, Marsalek, et al, Attys. at Law, 330 Pierce Bldg.St. Louis 2,Mo. CC- Caruthers and Montrey, Attys. at Law, 818 Olive St.,St. Louis 1, Mo. CC- U. S. Casualty Company, Western Dept., 175 West Jackson Blvd., Chicago 4, Illinois. DSW 441828 STLCOPCB4056361 JOHN F. EVANS JOHN R. DIXON WM. W. EVANS JAMES V. GALLEN JOHN C. SHEPHERD COWARD W. WARNER RALPH C. KLCINSCHMIDT CUOCNE X.BUCKLEY ROBERT M. EVANS HENRY 0. MENOHIN PAUL V. GILBERT EVA NS & DIXON ATTORNEYS AT LAW COTTON BELT BUILDING III NORTH FOURTH STREET SAINT LOUIS October 25, 1962 Monsanto Chemical Company 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard St. Louis 41, Missouri MAIN 1-7755 D. F. Drakenfeld and Company 45 Park Place New York 7, New York RE* Martha Syler vs. International Bent Glass Company (Martha Syler, International Bent Glass Company and United States Casualty Company vs. Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F. Drakenfeld and Company) Gentlemen* . This is to advise that this firm represents the employer and insurer in the above styled action, wherein Martha Syler, an employee of International Bent Glass Company, asserts she sustained injury and damages as a result of an exposure or contact with certain chemical products, all by reason of the negligence of the Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F. Drakenfeld and Company. Under Missouri statutes, the employer and insurer are subrogated to the extent of any compensation or the expense of any medical aid paid to or on behalf of the employee under our Workmen's Compensation statutes. This subrogation right extends to the recovery on the part of the employee against any third party, by reason of suit or settlement. Kindly consider this letter a lien against any possible recovery on the part of Mrs. Syler as noted, and acknowledge receipt of same. Thank you for your cooperation. EWW-vbp CC-Moser, Marsalek, et al, Attys. at Law, 330 Pierce Bldg. St. Louis 2, Mo CC-Caruthers and Montrey, Attys. at Law, 818 Olive St., St. Louis 1, Mo. CC-U. S. Casualty Company, Western Dept., 175 West Jackson Blvd., Chicago 4, Illinois. DSW 441827 STLCOPCB4056362 JOHN F. EVAN S JOHN R. OIXON WM. W. EVANS JAMES V. GALLEN JOHN C. SHEPHERD COWARO W. WARNER RALPH C. KLEINSCHMIDT EUGENE K. BUCKLEY ROBERT M. EVANS HENRY O. MENOHINI PAUL V. GILBERT ALBERT J. SEIER ROBERT J. ROBINSON EVA NS & DIXON ATTORNEYS AT LAW COTTON BELT BUILDING III NORTH fourth street SAINT LOUIS October 25, 1962 MAIN 1-7755 Monsanto Chemical Company 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard Saint Louis 41, Missouri D.F.Drakenfeld and Company 45 Park Place New York 7, New York Re: Charlotte Shoemaker vs International Bent Glass Company (Charlotte Shoemaker, International Bent Glass Company and United States Casualty Company vs Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F.Drakenfeld and Company) Gentlemen: This is to advise that this firm represents the employer and insurer in the above styled action, wherein Charlotte Shoemaker, an employee of International Bent Glass Company, asserts she sustained injury and damages as a result of an exposure or contact with certain chemical products, all by reason of the negligence of the Monsanto Chemical Company, and D. F. Drakenfeld and Company. Under Missouri statutes, the employer and insurer are subrogated to the extent of any compensation or the expense of any medical aid paid to or on behalf of the employee under our Workmen's Compensation statutes. This subrogation right extends to the recovery on the part of the employee against any third party, by reason of suit or settlement. Kindly consider this letter a lien against any possible recovery on the part of Mrs. Shoemaker as noted, and acknowledge receipt of same. Thank you for your cooperation. Yours veiiy Edward WJwarne EWW: mm cc: Moser,Marsalek,et al,Attorneys at Law,330 Pierce Bldg.,St. Louis 2, Mo. cc: Caruthers and Montrey, Attorneys at Law,818 Olive St., St. Louis 1, Mo. cc: U.S. Casualty Company,Western Dept.,175 West Jackson Blvd.,Chicago 4,11. DSW 441828 STLCOPCB4056363 JOHN F. CVANS JOHN R. DIXON WM. W. EVANS JAMES V. GALLEN JOHN C.SHEPHERO COWARD W. WARNER RALPH C. KLEINSCHMIOT EUGENE K. BUCK LEY ROBERT M. EVANS HENRY O. MENOHINI PAUL V. GILBERT EVA NS & DIXON ATTORNEYS AT LAW COTTON BELT BUILDING III NORTH FOURTH STREET SAINT LOUIS October 25, 1962 Monsanto Chemical Company 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard St. Louis 41, Missouri MAIN I-77S5 D. F. Drakenfeld and Company 45 Park Place New York 7, New York RE: Ronald Simpson vs. International Bent Glass Company (Ronald Simpson, International Bent Glass Company and United States Casualty Company vs. Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F. Drakenfeld and Company) Gentlemen: This is to advise that this firm represents the employer and insurer in the above styled action, wherein Ronald Simpson, an employee of International Bent Glass Company, asserts he sustained injury and damages as a result of an exposure or contact with certain chemical products, all by reason of the negligence of the Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F. Drakenfeld and Company. Under Missouri statutes, the employer and insurer are subrogated to the extent of any compensation or the expense of any medical aid paid to or on behalf of the employee under our Workmen's Compensation statutes. This subrogation right extends to the recovery on the part of the employee against any third party, by reason of suit or settlement. Kindly consider this letter a lien against any possible recovery on the part of Mr. Simpson as noted, and acknowledge receipt of same. Thank you for your cooperation. EWW-vbp CC- Moser, Marsalek, et al, Attys. at Law, 330 Pierce Bldg. St.Louis 2,Mo. CC- Caruthers and Montrey, Attys. at Law, 818 Olive St., St. Louis 1, Mo. CC- U. S. Casualty Company, Western Dept., 175 West Jackson Blvd., Chicago 4, Illinois DSW 441829 STLCOPCB4056364 JOHN F. EVANS JOHN R. DIXON WM. W. EVANS JAMES V. GALLEN JOHN C. SHEPHERD COWARD W. WARNER RALPH C. KLEINSCHMIDT CUOCNE K.BUCKLEY ROBERT M. EVANS HENRY D. MENGHINt PAUL V. GILBERT ALBERT J. SEIER ROBERT J. ROBINSON EVA NS & DIXON ATTORNEYS AT LAW COTTON BELT BUILDING 111 north fourth street SAINT LOUIS October 25, 1962 Monsanto Chemical company800 North Lindbergh Boulevard Saint Louis 41, Missouri MAIN 1-7755 D. F. Drakenfeld and Company 45 Park Place New York 7, New York Re; Mildred Barrett vs. International Bent Glass Company (Mildred Barrett, International Bent Glass Company and United States Casualty Company vs. Monsanto chemical Company and D. F. Drakenfeld and Company) Gentlemen: This is to advise that this firm represents the employer anc. insurer in the above-styled action, wherein Mildred Barrett, an employee of International Bent Glass Company, asserts she sustained injury and damages as a result of an exposure or contact with certain chemical products, all by reason of the negligence of the Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F. Drakenfeld and Company. Under Missouri statutes, the employer and insurer are subrogated to the extent of any compensation or the expense of any medical aid paid to or on behalf of the employee under our workmen's compensation statutes. This subrogation right extends to the recovery on the part of the employee against any third party, by reason of suit or settlement. Kindly consider this letter a lien against any possible recovery on the part of Mrs. Barrett as noted, and acknowledge receipt of same. Thank you for your cooperation. EWW:dl cc: Moser, Marsalek, et al., Attorneys at Law, 330 pierce Bldg. (2) cc: cc: Caruthers and Montrey, Attorneys at Lav/, 818 Olive Street (1) U. S. Casualty Company, Western Department, 175 west Jackson Blvd., Chicago 4, 111 DSW 441830 STLCOPCB4056365 JOHN F. EVANS _ JOHN R. DIXON WM. W. EVANS JAMES V. GALLEN JOHN C. SHEPHERD COWARD W. WARNER RALPH C. KLEINSCHMIOT EUGENE K.BUCKLpY R08ERT M. EVANS-. HENRY D. MENGHINI PAUL V. GILBERT ALBERT 0. SEIER ROBERT J. ROBINSON EVA NS & DIXON ATTORNEYS AT LAW COTTON SELT BUILDING III NORTH FOURTH STREET SAINT LOUIS October 25, 1962 Monsanto Chemical Company 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard St. Louis 41, Missouri MAIN 1-7755 D. F. Drakenfeld and Company 45 Park Place New York 7, New York Gentlemens Re: Anna Marie Clifford vs. International Bent Glass Company (Anna Marie Clifford, International Bent Glass Company and United States Casualty Company vs. Monsanto Chemical Company ahd D. F. Drakenfeld and Company) This is to advise that this firm represents the employer and insurer in the above-styled action, wherein Anna Marie Clifford, an employee of International Bent Glass Company, asserts she sustained injury and damages as a result of an exposure or contact with certain chemical products, all by reason of the negligence of the Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F. Drakenfeld and Company. Under Missouri statutes, the employer and insurer are subrogated to the extent of any compensation or the expense of any medical aid paid to or on behalf of the employee under our Workmen's Compensation statutes. This subrogation right extends to the recovery on the part of the employee against any third party, by reason of suit or settlement. Kindly consider this letter a lien against any possible recovery on the part of Mrs. Clifford as noted, and acknowledge receipt of same. Thank you for your cooperation. EWWsnl cc: Moser, Marsalek, et al., Attys. at Law, 330 Pierce Bldg.,St.L.(2) cc: Caruthers & Montrey, Attys. at Law, 818 Olive St.,St. Louis 1, Mo. ccs U. S. Casualty Co., Western Dept., 175 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago 4, Illinois STLCOPCB4056366 JOHN r. EVANS JOHN R. DIXON WM, W. EVANS JAMES V. GALLEN JOHN C. SHEPHERD EDWARD W. WARNER RALPH C. KLE1NSCHMIDT EUGENE K.BUCKLEY ROBERT M. EVANS HENRY D. MENGHINI PAUL V. GILBERT ALBERT J. SEIER ROBERT J. ROBINSON EVANS <& DIXON ATTORNEYS AT LAW COTTON BELT BUILDING IN NORTH FOURTH STREET * SAINT LOUIS October 25, 1962 Monsanto Chemical Company 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard St. Louis 41, Missouri MAin 1-7755 D. F. Drakenfeld and Company 45 Park Place New York 7 New York Gentlemens Re: Ted Czarnecki vs. International Bent Glass Company (Ted Czarnecki, International Bent Glass Company and United States Casualty Company vs. Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F. Drakenfeld and Company This is to advise that this firm represents the employer and insurer in the above-styled action, wherein Ted Czarnecki, an employee of International Bent Glass Company, asserts he sustained injury and damages as a result of an exposure or contact with certain chemical products, all by reason of the negligence of the Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F. Drakenfeld and Company. Under Missouri statutes, the employer and insurer are subrogated to the extent of any compensation or the expense of any medical aid paid to or on behalf of the employee under our Workmen's Compensation statutes. This subrogation right extends to the recovery on the part of the employee against any third party, by reason of suit or settlement. Kindly consider this letter a lien against any possible recovery on the part of Mr. Czarnecki as noted, and acknowledge receipt of same. Thank you for your cooperation. rs very truly DSW 441832 / Edward W. Warner EWWsnl ccs Moser, Marsalek, et al., Attys. at Law, 330 Pierce Bldg.,St.L.(2) ccs ccs Caruthers & Montrey, Attys. at Law, 818 Olive St.,St. Louis 1, Mo. U. S. Casualty Co., Western Dept., 175 W. Jackson Blvd.,Chicago 4, - Illinois STLCOPCB4056367 ) JOHN F. EVANS JOHN R. DIXON WM. W. EVAN S JAMES V. GALLEN JOHN C- SHEPHERD EDWARD W. WARNER RALPH C. KLEiNSCHMIDT EUGENE K.BUCKLEY ROBERT M. EVANS HENRY D. M ENG HI N I PAUL V. GILBERT ALBERT J. SEIER ROBERT J. ROBINSON EVANS & DIXON ATTORNEYS AT LAW COTTON BELT BUILDING III NORTH FOURTH STREET SAINT LOUIS October 25, 1962 Monsanto Chemical Company . 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard St. Louis 41, Missouri MAin 1-7755 D. F. Drakenfeld and Company 45 Park Place New York 7, New York Gentlemen: Re: Dorotha Berry vs. International Bent Glass Company (Dorotha Berry, International Bent. Glass Company and United States Casualty Company vs. Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F. Drakenfeld and Company) This is to advise that this firm represents the employer and insurer in the above-styled action, wherein Dorotha Berry, an employee of International Bent Glass Company, asserts she sustained injury and damages as a result of an exposure or contact with certain chemical products, all by reason of the negligence of the Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F. Drakenfeld and Company. Under Missouri statutes, the employer and insurer are subrogated to the extent of any compensation or the expense of any medical aid paid to or on behalf of the employee under our Workmen's Compensation statutes. This subrogation right extends to the recovery on the part of the employee against any third party, by reason of suit or settlement. Kindly consider this letter a lien against any possible recovery on the part of Mrs. Berry as note<3, and acknowledge receipt of same. Thank you for your cooperation. EWWsnl cc: Moser, Marsalek, et al., Attys. at Law, 330 Pierce Bldg., St. L. 2,Mo. cc: Caruthers and Montrey, Attys. at Law, 818 Olive Street, St. L. 1, Mo. cc: U. S. Casualty Co., Western Department, 175 West Jackson Blvd., Chicago 4, Illinois DSW 441833 STLCOPCB4056368 JOHN T. EVANS JOHN R. OIXON WM, W. EVANS JAMES V. GALLEN JOHN C. SHCPHGRO EDWARD W. WARNER RALPH C. KLEINSCHMIDT EUGENE K. BUCKLEY PAUL V. GILBERT ALBERT J. SEIER ROBERT J. ROBINSON EVA NS & DIXON ATTORNEYS AT LAW COTTON BELT BUILDING III NORTH EOURTH STREET SAINT LOUIS October 25, 1962 Monsanto Chemical Company 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard Saint Louis 41, Missouri MAIN 1-7755 D. P. Drakenfeld and Company 45 Park Place New York 7, New York Re: Rita King vs International Bent Glass Company (Rita King, International Bent Glass Company and United States Casualty Company vs Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F. Drakenfeld and Company) Gentlemen: This is to advise that this firm represents the employer and insurer in the above-styled action, wherein Rita King, an employee of International Bent Glass Company, asserts she sustained injury and damages as a result of an exposure or contact with certain chemical products, all by reason of the negligence of the Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F. Drakenfeld and Company. Under Missouri statutes, the employer and insurer are subrogated to the extent of any compensation or the expense of any medical aid paid to or on behalf of the employee under our Workmen's Compensation statutes. This subrogation right extends to the recovery on the part of the employee against any third party, by reason of suit or settlement. ' Kindly consider this letter a lien against any possible recovery on the part of Mrs. King as noted, and acknowledge receipt of same. Thank you for your cooper Edward W. Warner EWW:mm cc: Moser, Marsalek, et al.,Attorneys at Law,330 Pierce Bldg.,St.L.2, Mo. cc: Caruthers and Montrey,Attorneys at Law,818 Olive St.,St. Louis l,Mo. cc: U.S.Casualty Co.,Western Dept.,175 West Jackson Blvd.,Chicago 4,111. DSW 441834 STLCOPCB4056369 JOHN F. E VAN S JOHN R. DIXON WH. W. EVANS JAMES V. GALLEN JOHN C. SHEPHERD EDWARD W. WARNER RALPH C. KLEINSCHMIOT EUGENE K.BUCKLEY ROBERT M. EVANS PAUL V. GILBERT ALBERT J. SC1CR ROBERT J. ROBINSON EVANS S. DIXON ATTORNEYS AT LAW COTTON BELT BUILDING III NORTH FOURTH STREET SAINT LOUIS October 25, 1962 Monsanto Chemical Company 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard Saint Louis. 41, Missouri MAIN I-775S D.F. Drakenfeld and Company 45 Park Place New York 7, New York Re: Walter Miller vs International Bent Glass Company (Walter Miller, International Bent Glass Company and United States Casualty Company vs Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F.Drakenfeld and Company) Gentlemen: - This is to advise that this firm represents the employer and insurer in the above styled action, wherein Walter Miller, an employee of International Bent Glass Company, asserts he sustained injury and damages as aresult of an exposure or contact with certain chemical products, all by reason of the negligence of the Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F. Drakenfeld and Company. Under Missouri statutes, the employer and insurer are subrogated to the extent of any compensation or the expense of any medical aid paid to or on behalf of the employee under our Workmen's Compensation statutes. This subrogation right extends to the recovery on the part of the employee against any third party, by reason of suit or settlement. Kindly consider this letter a lien against any possible recovery on the part" of Mr. Miller as noted, and acknowledge receipt of same. Thank you for your cooprarl-`'~=:- '" " EWW:mra cc: Moser,Marsalek,etal,Attorneys at Law,330 Pierce Bldg.,St. Louis 2, Mo. cc: Caruthers and Montrey,Attorneys at Law,818 Olive St.,St. Louis 1, Mo. cc: U.S.Casualty Co.,Western Dept.,175 West Jackson Blvd.,Chicago 4,111. DSW 441835 STLCOPCB4056370 JOHN r, EVANS JOHN I*. DIXON WM. W. EVANS JAMES V. QALLEN JOHN C. SHEPHERD EDWARD W. WARNER RALPH C. KLEINSCHMiDT CUGCNC K. BOOKLET ROBERT M. EVANS HENRY D. MENGHIN I PAUL V. GILBERT EVA NS 5, DIXON ATTORNEYS AT LAW COTTON BELT BUILDING III NORTH FOURTH STREET SAINT LOUIS October 25, 1962 Monsanto Chemical Company 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard St. Louis 41, Missouri MAIN 1-7755 D. F. Drakenfeld and Company 45 Park Place New York 7, New York RE: Thelma Wieners vs. International Bent Glass Company (Thelma Wieners, International Bent Glass Company and United States Casualty Company vs. Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F. Drakenfeld and Company) Gentlemen: ' This is to advise that this firm represents the employer and insurer in the above styled action, wherein Thelma Wieners, an employee of International Bent Glass Company, asserts she sustained injury and damages as a result of an exposure or contact with certain chemical products, all by reason of the negligence of the Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F. Drakenfeld and Company. Under Missouri statutes, the employer and insurer are subrogated to the extent of any compensation or the expense of any medical aid paid . to or on behalf of the employee under our Workmen's Compensation statutes. This subrogation right extends to the recovery on the part of the employee against any third party, by reason of suit or settlement. Kindly consider this letter a lien against any possible recovery on the part of Mrs. Wieners as noted, and acknowledge receipt of same. Thank you for your cooperation. EWW-vbp Edward W. Warner CC-- Moser, Marsalek, et al, Attys. at Law, 330 Pierce Bldg. St. Louis 2,Me CC-- Caruthers and Montrey, Attys. at Law, 818 Olive St.,St. Louis 1, Mo. CC- U. S. Casualty Company, Western Dept., 175 West Jackson Blvd., Chicago 4, Illinois. DSW 441836 STLCOPCB4056371 JOHN F. EVANS JOHN R. OIXON WM, W, EVANS JAMES V. GALLEN JOHN C. SHEPHERD EOWARO W. WARNER < RALPH C. KLEIN SCHH f DT EUGENE K.BUCKLEY ROBERT M. EVANS HENRY O. MENGHJNI PAUL V. GILBERT ALBERT o. SEIER ROBERT J. ROBINSON EVANS 5. DIXON ATTORNEYS AT LAW COTTON 3ELT 3UILDING III NORTH fourth STREET SAINT LOUIS October 25, 1962 Monsanto Chemical Company 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard Saint Louis 41, Missouri MAIN 1-7755 D. F. Drakenfeld and Company 45 Park Place New York 7, New York Re: Hazel Schneider vs International Bent Glass Company (Hazel Schneider, International Bent Glass Company and United States Casualty Company vs Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F. Drakenfeld and Company) Gentlemen: This is to advise that this firm represents the employer and insurer in the above styled action, wherein Hazel Schneider, an employee of International Bent Glass Company, asserts she sustained injury and damages as a result of an exposure or contact with certain chemical products, all by reason of the negligence of the Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F. Drakenfeld and Company. Under Missouri statutes, the employer and insurer are subrogated to the extent of any compensation or the expense of any medical aid paid to or on behalf of the employee under our Workmen's Compensation statutes. This subrogation right extends to the recovery on the part of the employee against any third party, by reason of suit or settlement. Kindly consider this letter a lien against any possible recovery on the part of Mrs. Schneider as noted, and acknowledge receipt of same. EWWsmm CC: Moser,Marsalek,et al,Attorneys at Law,330 Pierce Bldg.,St. Louis 2, Mo. CC: Caruthers and Montrey,Attorneys at Law,818 Olive St.,St. Louis 1, Mo. CC: U.S.Casualty Company,Western Dept.,175 West Jackson,Blvd.,Chicago 4,111. SW 441837 STLCOPCB4056372 9H-S; (99908) PRIORITY SERVICE... URGENT? This report is in answer to your inquiry on which you requested Priority Handling. DSW 441838 STLCOPCB4056373 28 15 50x29 SUMMARY TRADE BANKING CURRENT A- AD I JUNE 25 1962 N DRAKENFELD, B. F. & CO. INC. MNFR COLORS & CHEMICALS WHCL INDUSTRIAL 45-47 PARK PLACE DECAL PAPERS, CARBONIZING NEW YORK 7 N Y TISSUES & BRONZE POWDERS 1869 TRADE WORTH EMPLS 1 Also Washington DISC-PPT $4,500,000 + 200 ' LONG ESTABLISHED BUSINESS CONTINUES UNDER EXPERIENCED MANAGEMENT. 1961 SALES WERE STEADY COMPARED TO THE PRIOR YEAR AND OPERATIONS PROFITABLE. A LIQUID FINANCIAL CONDITION MAINTAINED WITH CASH COVERING TOTAL LIAB1LIT1ES. 1962 SALES REPORTED UPWARD THUS FAR. ...................... . . , HC 13495 12000 10000 4000 3000 1000 1000 200 50 78500 7000 4000 3000 2000 257 OWE 2000 1000 16500 1000 3000 300 36 P DUE TERMS ' 1-10-30 f-10-30 30-10-1 2-10 EOM 2-10-30 i-IOth & 25th 30 l -1 0-30 2-10-30 2-20th Prox 60 30 30 Cash on Arriv Cash 19th of mo 30 Jan 22 1962 Disc Disc Disc Disc Disc Disc Disc Disc Disc Ppt Ppt Ppt Ppt Ppt Ppt SOLD Over 3 yrs to 11-61 Over 3 yrs Over 3 yrs to 12*61 Over 3 yrs to 12-61 Over 3 yrs Over 3 yrs Over 3 yrs to 10-61 1st Salle Over 3 yrs to current Over 3 yrs to 12-61 2 yrs to H0-611 Over 3 yrs to 11-61 Over 3 yrs to 11-61 Over 3 yrs 1 yr Accounts are maintained at three local and one out-of-town banks for a number of years with substantial aggregate balances carried. Accounts are all non-borrowing and well regarded. j;: T. Moriarty, Treasurer, interviewed on June 22, 1962 stated that sales thus far in 1962 have increased compared to a similar period of the previous year and operations remain profitable. A liquid financial condition is maintained at this date with cash balances alone covering total liabilities. Tangible ii: . net worth is in excess of $4,500,000. 6-25-62 ( 543 3) LOI 9B3 3AI4 6B46 DS\N 44A 839 PLEASE NOTE WHETHER NAME, BUSINESS AND STREET ADDRESS CORRESPOND WITH YOUR INQUIRY. The foregoing report is furnished, at your request, under your Subscription Contract, in STRICT CONFIDENCE, by DUN 6 BRADSTREET, Inc. as your agents and employees, for your exclusive use as an aid in determining the advisability of granting credit or insurance, and tor no other purpose. DUN & BRADSTREET, Inc. does not guarantee the correctness of the information contained herein aria shall not be lioble for any loss or injury caused bv the neglect or other act or failure to act on the part of said corripany, its officers, agents or employees, in procuring, collecting or communicating__5gid information. 9R4-1 (30489 j STLCOPCB4056374 DRAKENFELD, B F A 00 INC 45-47 PARK PLACE NEW YORK 7 N Y A CD Page 2 MANAGEMENT ScottJ. Courtney, Pres Victor H. Remington, V Pres Irwin F. Zellier, V Pres Harold D. Miller, Sec James T. Moriarty, Treas Daniel E. Me Laughlin, Asst Sec John B. Kennaugh, Asst Treas DIRECTORS: Tristan Antell, Scott J. Courtney, C. B. Major (Chairman), Harold D. Miller, James T. Moriarty, Victor H. Remington and Irwin F. ZelIier HI STORY Started: 1869 by John Marshing & Co., partnership, including the late B. F. Drakenfeld Sr., succeeded January I, 1905 by F. B. DrakenfeTd A Co., part nership of B. F. Drakenfeld Sr. and B. F. Drakenfeld Jr. The senior partner died March 25, 1913 and the business continued by the surviving partner until succeeded by this corporation. Incorporated: New York June 7, 1913. Outstanding Capital Stock: 29,336 shares of preferred stock, par value $50 each and 29,348 shares of common stock, par value $50 per share as of December 31, 1961. S. J. Courtney, born 1883, widower, entered the employ of the predecessor company in 1896 and became Secretary of this corporation at its inception. In 1926 elected Treas urer and in 1931 elected President. Is in charge of management. I. F. Zeiller, born 1900, married. Employed by this company in 1918, subsequently elected Assistant Secretary. In 1931 elected Secretary and in 1940 Vice President. Is in charge of sales. V. H. Remington, born 1902, married. Employed by this company since 1928. Elected a Vice President in 1954 and a director in 1956. Is in charge of Washington, Pa. opera tions. H. D. Miller, born 1904, married. Employed by this company since 1925. Elected Assist ant Secretary in 1937 and Secretary in 1940. In 1942 elected a director. Is in charge of paper sales. J. T Moriarty, born 1916 and married. Employed by this company since June 1939. Sei-- ved with the O.S. Army in the Intelligence Corps receiving his discharge in October 1945. Was elected Treasurer in 1946 and director in December 1949. Is in charge of finances. D. E. Me Laughlin, born 1916, married. Employed by this company in 1933 and served U.S. Army and in 1946. Then elected Assistant Secretary and assists Zeiller in sales. J. B. Kennaugh, born 1915, married. Employed by the company since 1933, elected Assist ant Treasurer in I960. C. B. Major is the widow of the late C. A. Major, former Chairman of the Board, who died April 29, 1961. She was shortly thereafter elected Chairman of the Board and a direc tor. No change reported in the capital stock outstanding. T. Ante 11 elected a director 1959. Maintains his individual business at 40 Wall St., New York City. OPERATION Products: Manufacturer of colors and chemicals for the ceramic industries. Wholesales industrial chemicals, decalcomania papers, carbonizing tissues, bronze powders. A portion of merchandise, decalcomania paper. Carbonizing tissues, metal leaf and bronze powders is imported. Distribution: To glass, clayware, porcelain enameling, tic industries. Number of Accounts: About 3500 active accounts. Territory: U.S. 6-25-62 DSW 441840 decalcomania, carbon (CONTINUED) '. paper, plas STLCOPCB4056375 DSMM DRAKENFELD, B F & CO. INC. NEW YORK 7 N Y A CD PAGE I F I NANCE This long established businesses reported to have operated on a profitable and progressive basis over a period of years. Through a partial retention of annual earnings a sizable tangible net worth has been accumulated, a large part of which has been invested in plant and equipment. While management has not submitted financial statements, periodic interviews have indicated a sound financial condition, operating entirely on invested capital. Bank and trade relations have been excellent. J. T. Moriarty, Treasurer, interviewed June 22, 1962 exhibited the December 3|, 1961 financial statement which indicated tangible net worth in excess of $4,500,000. A liquid financial condition was maintained with strong cash balances alone covering total debt, the latter being of moderate proportions in relation to the tangible net worth. Favorable secondary support was provided by accounts receivable described as fully collectable within terms with bad debt losses nil. No long term or contingent liabilities were outstanding. Fixed assets were free and clear of mortgage or lien encumbrance. Moriarty stated that sales in 1961 were steady compared to the prior year and operations were conducted at a favorable rate of profit. Outside quarters consulted expressed the opinion that a sizable investment is indicated and regards this company as under the capable management of those long experienced in the line and maintaining financial affairs in order. 6-25-62 (CONTINUED) STLCOPCB4056376 DRAKENFELD, B. F. & CO. INC NEW YORK 7 N Y A CD PAGE 3 OPERATION (Cont'd) Employees: Terms: Net 30 day terms. Seasons: Fairly steady throughout the year. About 200. Facilities: At the caption address owns and occupies an entire five-story old type build ing maintained in normal repair and situated in the downtown business district. Premises orderly. Manufacturing plant at Washington, Pa. consists of an umber of one and two story build ings with total floor area of aboutl70,000 square feet, including office and laboratory maintained in excellent repair. 6-25-62 (543 3) DSW 441842 STLCOPCB4056377 33 SERVICE OF PROCESS TRANSMITTA L FORM The Ctrponlcoii IrUcir^uompa *y c T Corporation Syataai aad Ataacia^d C^ampialas TO: Mr. E. J. Putzell, Jr. c/o Monsanto Chemical Company 800 North Lindbergh St. Louis 66. Missouri St. LohIr, Ml K^on-ri (City) (State) July 2 f 1Q62 (Date) ( ) VIA CERTIFIED MAIL ( ) VIA CERTIFIED AIR MAIL ( XXX ) VIA MESSENGER For the Attention of Mr. E. L. French RE: PROCESS SERVED IN THE STATE OF ____ MISSOURI FOR MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY (Name of Company) DELAWARE (Home State) Enclosed are copies of legal process served upon the statutory agent of the above company as follows: 1. Title of Action: (Name of Plaintiff) attached vs. B. F. Drakenfeld and Company and Monsanto Chemical Company 2. Document(s) Served: Summons and Petition 3. Court: Circuit Court City of St. Louis, Missouri 4. Nature of Action.- Defendant Drakenfeld manufactures and distributes into channel of trade paints etc. among products enamel 24-018 enamel in 489 oil. Defendant Monsanto manufactures chemical products, etc. among same is producl Aroclor 4465. Alleges both defendants did know products would be used by*** 5. On Whom Process was Served: C T Corporation System, St. Louis, Missouri 6. Date and Hour of Service: July 2, 1962 at 11:00 A.M. 7. Appearance or Answer Due: 30 days after date of service 8. Plaintiff's Attorney(s): Caruthers and Montrey 430 Paul Brown Building St. Louis 1, Missouri 9. Remarks: ***public and heated or baked in ovens & likely to cause liver dama^ skin eruptions etc. Each plaintiff employed by International Bent Glass Company, Inc., St. Louis, Mo. & Alleges came in contact with products afores; causing skin eruptions, etc. including injury to liver, all of which are permanent. Name of each Plaintiff, amount claimed & Case No. on attached sheet. ALM:jm - KINDLY ACKNOWLEDGE RECEIPT BY SIGNING AND RETURNING I CARBON COPY OF THIS TRANSMITTAL FORM. Signed US/THE ENCLOSED DSW 441843 Address 314 North Broadway St. Louis 2, Missouri NJ290-Y 1-62 5CM Sels STLCOPCB4056378 PLAINTIFF '^Dorothy Berry i- Rita B. King /'Thelma Wieners k' Martha Syler j. Ronnie Simpson u-Mildred Barrett (/"Theodore Czamecki /-Marie Clifford SMary Chapman S'Hazel Schneider S'Walter Frank Miller >/ Charlotte Shoemaker . ^AMOUNT $25,000.00 45,000.00 50,000.00 45,000.00 30,000.00 27,500.00 45,000.00 27,500.00 17,500.00 17,500.00 17,500.00 47,500.00 ' CASE NO 47803E 47$04e 47805E 47806E 47807E 47808E 47809E 4781OE 47811E 47813E 47814E 47812E DSVV 441844 STLCOPCB4056379 STATE OF MISSOURI CITY OF ST. LOUIS ) ) SS ) IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF ST. LOUIS . STATE OF MISSOURI CHARLOTTE SHOEMAKER, Plaintiff, ) -vs- . ) ) ) H.F. DRAKENFELD AND COMPANY, a corporation, ) ) 45 Park Place . ) New York 7, New York Serve: Secretary of State ) ) Jefferson . City, Missouri ) .. ) and i MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation, Serve: C.T. Corporation .:rvic 314 N. Broadway St. Louis 2, " a.- u-ri, ' . _ Dc: .......t... i i j ) ) ) ' :' PETIT I No. Div. No. 1 . COUNT ... Plaintiff, for cause of action in Count t: this Petition, states: ;; 1. Defendant, B. F. DRAKESF3L2 .. . . PANY, (aareinafter called "Drakenfeld") is and waa t foreign corporati duly organized and existing under law at all tims3 hereinafter mentioned; aa hereinafter n.ore particularly alleged, DRAXENFELD has committed a tort against the person of Plaintiff, in the STLCOPCB4056380 for the service of process, all as is provided in V.A.M.S., 1949, Section 351.630. 2. Defendant, MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY (hereinafter called "Monsanto") is and at all times? hereinafter mentioned was a corporation organized and existing under the lava of the State of Delaware, having a registered agent and office in the City of St. Louis, State of Misaguri, and having ito principal place of business in the State of Missouri. . 3. Defendant DRAKENFELD is engaged in the business of manufacturing, preparing and distributing into the channels of trade paints and enamels, and among the various products . so distributed by said Defendant is an enamel known as 24-013 enamel in 487 oil. 4. Defendant MONSANTO is engaged in the business of manufacturing and preparing chemicals, chemical products, oils'and thinnera and distributing said products into the channels of trade, and among the various products so manu factured and distributed by said Defendant is the product known as Aroclor 4465. . . 5. Defendant DRAKENFELD prepares tho aforesaid product 24-018 enamel in 487 oil, by combining various other materials with Monsanto's product Aroclor 4465. 6. : Both Defendants herein did know and intend that said products would be used by the consuming public and would be handled; dealt with, touched and the fumes thereof would be inhaled by the public, and both Defendants placed said ' -2- DSW 441846 products in the channels of trade with such knowledge and intention. .< ; 7. Both .Defendants herein did impliedly warrant and V but both Defendants, and each Defendant knew that such products i . /7 - / contained chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated triphonyIs, i ; yith a high aaount -of.chlorination; said Deeffeernsddaannts, eenndd. each f. j,ua , v.uv/ wyotJ mtvu uy/^^u jl j. vu.i^vu r- .LjiiA.# '8. Plaintiff, Jssspfcsnxjaj in the year 1958 began to- make use of said products in his employment with International IJent Glass Company, Inc. at St. Louis, Missouri, handling such ''"oducte, touching the oar*s, snd inhaling the fuse* 2 thereof, all ih reliance on tho skill and judgrowit and aforesaid \ 'warranty of both Defendants, being wholly unaware of the toxic pind dangerouo qualities of ;juch product*. 9. After a period of such usa cf such products, the eaxic, contrary to and in breach of the warranty of both Defendants, directly and proxiiratialy caunud Plaintiff to become ill and diseased, in that Plaintiff suffered eruptions of Plaintiff's skin over and shout Plaintiff's nck, shoulders' Chestback, buttocks, face, ears end eyelids, osaid ra*a hive- become covered with cosrsedonaa, cysts, acne, infectious lseiow DSW 441847 papules and a condition known ua chioracr.e? Plaintiff's eye lids: ar.d periorbital skin became erythematous, , edematous and scaly; Plaintiff's liver was injured, damaged and diseased? these conditions are painful, irritating and embnrrassing; ' all of said conditions are permanent. 10. Plaintiff ha3 become obligated for large sums of money for medical attention for the aforesaid conditions and will baccrue obligated for additional such sums in the future, in an amount not now ascertainable. ' WHEREFORE, the premises considered. Plaintiff.prays Judgment against the Defendants and each of them, on this Count X of the petition for FCIiSY SEVSM.'THOUSAND FIVS EUK3XU3D DOX.LaRS * and for Plaintiff's costs. ' ' COUd? if ' \ ' h -Plaintiff for cause of action in Count XI of this Petition statest f . 1. Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every allegation in paragraphs1 1, 2, 3. 1 .ar.d 6 of Count I of this petition. . 2. Both Defendants and each of them knew, o1 in the exercise of ordinary care should .\x known that o,,:.q products, containing highly chlorinated biphenyls and triphenyls, are, ' and for many years have been, known to be of a toxic and dangerous nature in that they were reasonably likely to causa abnormal reactions, skin eruptions, rashes, liver damage, dermatitis and diseases, and Defendants and each of them were \ . -4- DSW 441848 under a duty to give an adequate warning of such dangers and risks to the public who used euch products, but both Defendants and each of them negligently breached said duty by failing and omitting to give an adequate warning of such dangers and risks. 3. Plaintiff began to make use of such products in 1953 in her employment at St. Louis, Missouri with International Bent Glass Company, and as a direct and proximate result of the Defendants' negligence. Plaintiff was injured in thoac particulars alleged hereinabove in Count I, Paragraph 9. 4. - Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every allegation'in Count I, Paragraph 10. WHEREFORE, the premises considered. Plaintiff prays Judgment on this Count II of this Petition against the Defendants, and each of them, in the sum of FORTY SEVER THGUSAKD jPIVE BGS.LA3S ($47,500.00) , and for her costs. DSW 441849 O STLCOPCB4056384 Form No. 75 Circuit Court for the City of St. Louis . State of Missouri Charlotte Shoemaker vs. Plaintiff. ............... No^m2..S...................... Div....................1.................. Defendant. t , SUMMONS The State of Missouri to Defendant.... Monsanto- ChomiGal .Co. r -a -Copp................................................... ' /" You are hereby summoned to appear before the above-named court and to file your pleading to the petition, copy of which is attached hereto, and to serve a copy of your pleading upon............................................... ..............................:..............................Cnruthers-A .Montrey..........................................attorney..,s... for plaintiff , whose address is....................................................... 430-.-Paul...Brown...Bldg..................................................................... all within 30 days after service of this summons upon you, exclusive of the day of service. If you fail to do so, judgment by default will be taken against you for the relief demanded in the petition. Dated............................. Ju.?e...2.?.......... ......... , 19 (Seal of Circuit Court) PHELIM O'TOOLE Circuit Clerk. By...OT\..:....^. Deputy Clerk. DSW 441850 STLCOPCB4056385 RETURN ON SERVICE OF SUMMONS I hereby certify that I have served the within summons: . (1) 3y delivering on the................................`......... day of..................................................................... ..................... 19. a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition to each of the within-named defendants.......................... (2) By leaving on the................................................ day of.............................................................................. ........r, 19. for each of the within-named defendants.................................................................................................................. a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition at the respective dwelling place or usual place of abode of said defendants with some person of his or her family over the age of 15 years; (3) By......................................................................................... ........................................ :.............................. ................................. All done in..................... County, Missouri. Sheriff's fees: Summons....... $ Non est............$ Mileage............$ Total................? Sheriff of. .County, Missouri. By.... Deputy Sheriff. DIRECTIONS TO SHERIFF A copy of the summons and a copy of the petition must be served on each de fendant. For methods of service in all classes of suits see Sec. 27 Civil Code. arj " iz; z 2e -3 P *3 CSI ^ u DSW 441851 STLCOPCB4056386  S'. STATE OF MISSOURI CITY OF ST. LOUIS ) ) SS ) IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF ST. LOUIS STATE OF MISSOURI WALTER. FRANK MILLER, ) -- . Plaintiff, -va- ) ) ) ) B.F. DRAKENFELD AND COMPANY, ) ) a corporation, ) 45 Park Place ) New York 7, New York ) Serve: Secretary of State ) Jefferson City, Missouri ) ) and ) MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, ) a corporation, ) Serve: C.T. Corporation Service ) 1 314 N. Broadway ) St. Louis 2, Missouri, ) ) Defendants. } No. , Div. No. 1 PET I TIO N COUNT ; Plaintiff, for cause of action in Jcant I of thi3 Petition, states: . 1. Defendant, B. F. DRAKENFELD AND COMPANY, (hareinaftar called "Drakenfeld") is and was a. foreign corporation duly organized and existing under lav/ at all tinea hereinafter mentioned? as hereinafter more particularly alleged, DRAKElTPTLD has committed a tort against the person of Plaintiff, in ..L\ City of St. Louis, State of Missouri, and has thereby agreed that the Secretary of St at of Missouri sn-ii be its agent . n -1- DSW 441852 STLCOPCB4056387 for the service of process, ell as is provided in V.A.M.S., 1949, Section 351.630. 2. Defendant, MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY (hereinafter ' called "Monsanto") is and at all times hereinafter mentioned was a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, having a registered agent and office in the City of St. Louis, State of Missouri, and having its principal place of business in the State of Missouri. 3. Defendant DRAKENFELD is engaged in the business of mimufacturing, preparing and distributing into the channels of trade paints and enaraelB, and among the various products So distributed by said Defendant is an enamel known as 24-018 enamel in 487 oil. 4. Defendant MONSANTO is engaged in tha business of manufacturing and preparing chemicals, chemical products, oils and thinners and distributing said products into the channels of trade, and among the various products so mnnufacturied and distributed by said Defendant is the product known as Aroclor 4465. ' 5. Defendant DRAKENFELD prepares the aforesaid product 24-018 enamel in 487 oil, by combining various other materials with Monsanto1s product Aroclor 4465. 6. Both Defendants herein did know and intend that raid products would be used by the consuming public and would bs handled, dealt with, touched and the fumes thereof would bo inhaled by the public, and both Defendants placed said 2- - DSW 441853 STLCOPCB4056388 products in the channel's of trudo with such Knowledge and intention. 7. Both Defendants herein did impliedly warrant and represent that the products 24-018 enamel in 407 oil, and ' Aroclor 4465 were fit and safe for such use hy the public? h but both Defendants and each Defondant knew that such *products contained chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated triphenyls, with a high amount of chlorination; raid Defendants, and each of them, knew that said products would from time to time be . heated or baked in ovens, and that use by the public of said products was likely to causa liver damage, akin eruptions, rashes, acne, cysts and dermatitis of various kind;?. 8. Plaintiff, Rjqricuaci? in the year 1958 began to make .. use of said products in his employment with International Bent Glass Company, Inc. at St. Douir, Missouri, handling such ' products, touching the eams, and inhaling the fuir.ee thereof, all in reliance on the skill and Judgment and aforesaid warranty of both Defendantn, being wholly unaware of the toxic and dangerous qualities c;f such products. 9. After a period of ouch ri" of such products, the same, contrary to and in broach of the warranty of both Defendants, directly and proximately caused Plaintiff to become ill and diseased, in that Plaintiff suffered eruptions of Plaintiff's skin over and about Plaintiff's neck, chould-.ora, cheat, back, buttocks, face, ears and eyelids, said areas have become covered with comedones, cyst3, acne, infectious lesion.., -3- ` DSW 441854 STLCOPCB4056389 papules and a condition known ag chioracns; Plaintiff: s cyr.- lida and periorbital akin became erythematous, , od-: mat our. and scaly; Plaintiff ` a liver was injured, damaged r.r.d clircancd; these conditiona are painful, irritating ancl oTberrrrri.ry; all of said conditiona are permanent. 10. Plaintiff has become obligated for large our-.;? of money for medical attention for the aforesaid conditions and will become obligated for additional such sums in tho future, in an' amount not now ascertainable. WHEREFORE, the premises considered. Plaintiff prays Judgment against the Defendants and each of them, on thin Count I of the petition fSKOUSAK5) FiV liOilDIild) &GiF-?i3 (U7.5Q0.00), and for Plamtirr 'a costs. . Plaintiff for enure of action in Count II of this Petition states: 1. Plaintiff restates and reallegos each and every allegation in paragraphs 1, 2, o, - , 5, and 6 or Count I of this petition. \ 2. Both Defendants and each of them, knew, or in the exercise of ordinary care should have known that arid profueft, containing highly chlorinated biphenyls and triphcnyi.r, era, and for many year3 have been, known to bo of a toxic and dangerous nature in that they were- reasonably likely to cm;.:. - abnormal reactions, akin eruptions, rashes, liver d:rr.;:r ., dermatitis and diseases, and Defendants and each of the:?. DSW 441855 STLCOPCB4056390 under a duty to give an adequate warning of such dangers and risks to the public who used such products, but both Defandante O and each of them negligently breached said duty by failing and omitting to give an adequate warning of such dangers and risks. 3. Plaintiff began to make use of such products in 1950 in hio employment at St. Louis, Missouri with International Bent Glass Company, and as a direct and proximate result of the Defendants' negligence. Plaintiff was injured in those particulars alleged hereinabove in Count I, Paragraph 9. 4. Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every allegation in Count I, Paragraph 10. WHEREFORE, the premises considered. Plaintiff praya judgment on this Count II of this Petition against the Defendants, and each of them, in the sum of SSVZI3222S TZiGUSAlID CARLr>:~R3 AND _mo: \ BiV" yf ;i / / JOHN P. MONTE / 430 Paul Brown 31dg., St. L-ouis 1, Missouri GArfieid 1-2777 ATTORNEYS FOR PLAINTIFF DSW 441856 STLCOPCB4056391 Form No. 75 Circuit Court for the City of St. Louis State of Missouri Walter Frank Miller vs. B. F. Drakonfeld & Co., et al Plaintiff.. 47314 No.. Div, Defendant.. SUMMONS Monsanto Chemical Co., a Corp. The State of Missouri to Defendant.. You are hereby summoned to appear before the above-named court and to file your pleading to the petition, copy of which is attached hereto, and to serve a copy of your pleading upon.............................................. .....................................Caruthgp.s ...Montrey.................................................. attorney...??... for plaintiff....... , whose address is....................................... .4.3.Q...Saul...Brawn...B.l.dg..................................................................................... all within 30 days after service of this summons upon you, exclusive of the day of service. If you fail to do so, judgment by default will be taken against you for the relief demanded in the petition. Dated..........June.2?......................................., 19.62 (Seal of Circuit Court) PHELIM O'TOOLE Circuit Clerk. By - -xOo, Deputy Clerk. r* DSW 441857 STLCOPCB4056392 RETURN ON SERVICE OF SUMMONS I hereby certify that I have served the within summons: (1) By delivering on the........................................... day of...........;..............................................................................., 19. a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition to each of the within-named defendants........................... (2) By leaving on the..................................................day of................................................................................... ........, 19. for each of the within-named defendants........................................................................................................................... a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition at the respective dwelling place or usual place of abode of said defendants with some person of his or her family over the age of 15 years; (3) By........................................................................................................................................................................................ ............... All done in....................... ..County, Missouri. Sheriff's fees: Summons....... $ Non est...........$ Mileage.. Total..... Sheriff of.....................................................................................County, Missduri. By........................................................................... Deputy Sheriff. DIRECTIONS TO SHERIFF A copy of. the summons and a copy of the petition must be served on each de fendant: For methods of service in all classes of suits see Sec. 27 Civil Code. co o-4 5o > CD 'si s ^fc"l -s- P <3 CD = u <D J3 01 JS 3 o J o win u fa O 4 u u W <H H W Dsty 441858 STLCOPCB4056393 STATE OF MISSOURI CITY QF ST. LOUIS ) ) SS ) IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF 3T. LOUIS STATE OF MISSOURI EA2EL SCHNEIDER, Plaintiff, ) ) ) -V3- } R.F. DSAKENFELD AND COMPANY, a corporation, ) ) ) 45 Park Place ) New York 7, New York ) Serve: Secretary of State ) Jefferson City, Missouri ) and `. ) V i MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, } a corporation, ) Serve: C.T. Corporation Ijrvice ) 3 14 N . Bronormy ) St. Louie 2, Him our i, ) He. Div. No. 1 PETITION Plaintiff, for cause cf action in Count I of thio Petition, states: 1. Defendant, B. ?. DRASCEKFELD AHD COMPANY, (hereinafter called "Dr&kenfaid") ia s.nd was a foreign corporation duly organized and existing under lav at all tines hereinafter mentioned; as hereinafter more particularly alleged, DRJCCSNF LLD ha* committed a tort against tho p.mon of Plaintiff, in tho City of St. Louie, State of Missouri, and baa thereby ngrac-d that the Secratary of State of Missouri shall ho its agssnfc a -1- DSVV 441859 STLCOPCB4056394 for the service cf process, all as 13 provided in V.A.M.S., 1949, Section 351.630. ' 2. Defendant, MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY (horcir.aftar called "Monsanto") is and at ail times hereinafter rr.ant ion-.d was a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, having a registered agent and office in the City of St. Louis, State of Missouri, and having ita principal place of business in the State of Missouri. 3. Defendant DRAXENFELD is engaged in the business of manufacturing, preparing and distributing into the channels of trade paints and enamels, and among the various products *0 distributed by said Defendant is an enamel known as 24-018 enamel in 487 oil. 4. Defendant MONSANTO is engaged in the business of manufacturing and preparing chemicals, chemical products, oils and thinnera and distributing said products into the channels of trade, and among the various products so manu factured and distributed by said Defendant is the product known as Aroclor 4465. 5. Defendant DRAKENFELD prepares the aforesaid product 24-018 enamel in 487 oil, by combining various other material with Monsanto's product Aroclor 4465. 6. Both Defendants herein did know ana intend that raid products would be used by the consuming public and would be handled, dealt with, touched and the fume3 thereof would he inhaled by the public, and both Defendants placed said 2- DSW 441860 products In the channels of trade with 3uch knowledge and intention. 7. Both Defendants herein did impliedly wjrr.mt and represent that the products 24-013 enrcal in 487 oil, and Aroclor 4465 were fit and safe for such use by thn public; but both Defendants and each Defendant knew that nuch products contained chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated triphonyIs, with a high amount of chlorination; said Defendants, and each of them, knew that said products would from time to time be heated- or baked in ovens, and that ae by tho public of said products was likely to cauaa liver damage, skin eruptions, r.ashea, acne, cysts and dcruaticas of various Xinda. 8. Plaintiff, IscijcirciSCk in the year 1953 began to make use of said products in his employ.:-~nt with International Bent Glass Company, Inc. at 3t. Louis, ilissouri, handling such products, touching the same, and inhaling the fumes thereof, all in reliance on the skill and judgment and aforesaid warranty, of both Defendants, being wholly unaware of the toxic and dangerous qualities of such products. ' 9. After a period of such use of such products, the same, contrary to and in breach of the warranty of both Defendants, directly and proxirsataly caused Plaintiff to become ill and diseased, in that Plaintiff suffered eruption,'; of Plaintiff's akin over and about Plaintiff's neck. shoulder", chest, back, buttocks, face, ears ar.d eyelids, said arena have become covered with ccwedonas, cyats, acn*, infectious iruic :c, -3- DSW 441861 STLCOPCB4056396 papule* and a condition known as chloracne; Plaintiff's eye lid* and periorbital akin became erythematous,, edematous and .o *caly; Plaintiff's liver wai injured, damaged and diseased; these conditions are painful, irritating and embarrassing; all of said conditions are permanent. 10. Plaintiff haa become obligated for large sums of money for medical attention for the aforesaid conditions and will become obligated for additional such sums in the future, iii an amount not now ascertainable. WHEREFORE, the premises considered. Plaintiff prays judgment against the Defendants and each of them, on thin Count I of the petition for SEVdldiEEEf THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS ($17,500.00), and for Plaintiff's costs. ' COUNT II Plaintiff for cause of action in Count II of this Petition states; ? . 1. Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every allegation in paragraphs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of Count I of thia petition. 2.^ Both Defend ants and each of them knew, or in tha exercise of ordinary care should have known that said products, containing highly chlorinated biphenyls and triphenyln, are, and for many years have been, known to be of a toxic and dangerous nature in that they were reasonably likely to cause abnormal reaction*, skin eruptions, rashes, liver damage, dermatitis and diseases, and Defendants and each of them were -4- SW 441862 STLCOPCB4056397 under a duty to give an adequate warning of ouch dangera and risks to the public who' used such products, but both Dedenoantf: and each of them negligently breached said duty by failing and omitting to give an adequate warning of: such dangers and risks. 3.' Plaintiff began to make use of such products in 1953 in her employment at St. Louis, Missouri with International o Bent Glass Company, and as a direct and proximate result of the Defendants' negligence. Plaintiff was injured ir. those particular!! alleged hereinabove in Count I, Paragraph 9. 4. Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every allegation in Count I, Paragraph 10. WHEREFORE, the premises considered, Plaintiff prays judgment on this Count II of this Petition against the Defendants, and each of thB, in the cum of SBVSsTSES EEGUSAT-D FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS ($17,500.00) and for her costs "A ATTORNEYS FOR PLAINTIFF STLCOPCB4056398 Fofm No. 75 Circuit Court for the City of St. Louis State of Missouri Hazel Schneider vs. Plaintiff. No............... ^?.ai.3...ii Div.................................... Defendant. , SUMMONS *....9 ^9.9?.*The State of Missouri to Defendant........ <3 You are hereby summoned to appear before the above-named court and to file your pleading to the petition, copy of which is attached hereto, and to serve a copy of your pleading upon............................................ .............................................C.nr.uthars...<Si;...iiontr.e.y.................................................. attomey.s.... for plaintiff.... , whose address is ..........................4-30-Paitl-"B-rown-B-ing-i....................................................................................... all within 30 days sifter service of this summons upon you, exclusive of the day of service. If you fail to do so, judgment by default will be taken against you for the relief demanded in the petition. Dated...... ....... dune.. 29................................., 19............ 62 PHELIM O'TOOLE Circuit Clerk. (Seal of Circuit Court) By ...... SAJ vxo3J^. eputy Clerk. DSW 441864 STLCOPCB4056399 RETURN ON SERVICE OF SUMMONS I hereby certify that I have served the within summons: (1) By delivering on the.......................................... day of..................................................................... ...................., 19. a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition to each of the within-named defendants........................... (2) By leaving on the................................................ day of......................................................................................... . 19. for each of the within-named defendants..................... ........................................... ....................................................... ' ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... I -............................................................... a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition at the respective dwelling place or usual place of abode of said defendants with some person of his or her family over the age of 15 years; (3) By......................................................................................... ................................................................................. ........................ All done in..................... County, Missouri. Sheriffs fees: Summons....... $ Non est............$ Mileage............$ Total................$ Sheriff of. County, Missouri. By... Deputy Sheriff. DIRECTIONS TO SHERIFF A copy of the summons and a copy of the petition must be served on each de fendant. For methods of service in all classes of suits see Sec. 27 Civil Code. rr\ Cp -4' o 2Q CD O *--( CD o S' c t>o 0) 5 C<0 o (0 D qj <v .:Q *3' O 3o O C/3 C/3i o -4-> w s o3 o o u w Eh <D X 3 < H c C/3 DSW 441865 STLCOPCB4056400 STATE OF MISSOURI CITY OF ST. LOUIS ) S3 ), N ', `,, IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF' THE CITY OF "'ST. LOUIS ' STATE OP MISSOURI MARY CHAPMAN, ) Plaintiff, . -vs- ) ) ) ) E.F. DRAKENFELD AND COMPANY, ) ) a corporation, ) 45 Park Place ) New York 7, New York ) Serve: Secretary of State ) Jefferson City, Missouri ) and ' ) ) ' MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, ) ) a corporation, .) Serve: C.T. Corporation Service ) 314 N. Broadway ) St. Louis 2, Missouri, ) Ho. Div. No. 1 Defendants. PETITION COUNT I Plaintiff, ior cof actj.cn in Count I of >.iiin Petition, states: 1. Defendant, B. F. DRAKENFELD AND CC.'iPAlTY', (hcreinafcor called "Drakenfeld") is and was a foreign corporation duly organized and existing under lew at all tioaoa hereinafter mentioned; as hereinafter more particularly alleged, DPJIUr.TfEL..j has committed a tort against the person of Plaintiff, in the City of St. Louia, State of Missouri, and has thereby agr. vl that the Secretary of State of Missouri shiill bo ita agent DSW 441866 STLCOPCB4056401 for the service of process, ail ns ir. provided ir. V.A.r-.S. , 1949, Section 351.630. 2. Defendant, JlCtlSAZTTO OIEIICAL CCMAMr; (hernir.aftor called "Monsanto") is and at all tints hereinafter rsut* o"fd was a corporation organized and existing under the 15 of the State of Delaware, having a registered agent and offlea in the City of St. Louis, State of Missouri, and having its principal place of business in the Stats of Missouri. ' 3. Defendant DRAKEiFELD is engaged in the business of manufacturing, preparing and dintributinc into the channels of trade paints and enamels, ana a tong the various products o distributed by 3aid Defendant in an vn./n :]. hnovrn as 24-018 enamel in 487 oil. 4. Defendant MCNOAf/vO is i-.g v.-cd in t.ha biti icons of manufacturing and preparing chnniicaia , chemical products, oils and thinnera and distributing said product3 into the channels of trade, and among the various product?.; cc manu factured and distributed by said Defendant is the product known as Aroclor 4465. 5. Defendant DSt&KELiiTLO pr rouxes the t foracaid product 24-018 enamel in 487 oil, by ccr.h.in . vario'T or.her mat-trial.': with Monsanto's product Aroclor 4;65, 6. Both Defendants heroin did knot' cud intend chat . -in products would be used by the concursing public ar.tl would handled, dealt with, touched aid the fvjvss thereof wauli b.> inhaled by the public, and both Defendants placed said -> osw 441867 STLCOPCB4056402 I products in the channels of trade with such knowledge and intention. 7. Both Defendants herein did invplisdly warrant and represent that the products 24-018 cnamal in 437 oil, and Aroclor 4465 ware fit and safe for such uaa hy the public; but both Defendants and each Defendant knew that ouch products contained chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated triphonyl3, with a high amount of chlorination? said Defendants, and each of them, knew that said products would from time to time be heated or baked in ovens, and that use by the public of said products was likely to causa liver damage, akin eruptions, rashes) acne, cysts and dermatitis of various kinds. 8. Plaintiff, in the year 1953 began to make use of said products in his employment with International Bent Glass Company, Inc. at St. Donis, Missouri, handling 3uch products, touching the same, and inhaling the fuses thereof, all in reliance on the skill and Judgment _;u aforesaid warranty of both Defendants, being wholly ur.nvc.r-_- of the toxic and dangerous qualities of such products. 9.. After a period of such . so of euch products, the same, contrary to and in breach of the warranty of both Defendants, directly and proxiiaately caused Plaintiff to become ill and diseased, in that Plaintiff suffered eruptions of Plaintiff's skin over and about Plaintiff's r.ock, ahouldo.ts, chest, back, buttocks, face, ears and eyelids, said areas have become covered with comedones, cysts, acna, infectious Ionian.;, -3- , ri DSW 441868 STLCOPCB4056403 papules and a condition known as chloracne; Plaintiff's oys- lida and periorbital skin becaao erythematous,, edematous and scaly; Plaintiff's liver was injured, damaged and diseased; these conditions are painful, irritating and embarrassing; all of said conditions are permanent. 10. Plaintiff has become obligated for large sums of money for medical attention for the aforeoaid conditions and will become obligated for additional such sums in the future, in an amount not now ascertainable. WHEREFORE, the premises considered, Plaintiff prays Judgment against the Defendants and each of them, on this Count I of the petition for SL CI-CudhllD S?IV13 HDlhJfUdJ ($17*500.00)t and for Plaintiff's coots. ' CODE? 'Cl Plaintiff for cause of action in Count II of this Petition states: 1. Plaintiff restates and reallegos each and every allegation in paragraphs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of Count I of this petition. 2. Both Defendants and each of them knew, or in the exercise of ordinary care should have known that said products, containing highly chlorinated biphenyls and triphenyls, aro, and for many years have been, known to be of a toxic ar.d dangerous nature in that they were reasonably likely to cause abnormal reactions, akin eruptions, rashes, liver damage, dermatitis and diseases, and Defendants and each of them v. . -4- DSW 441869 STLCOPCB4056404 under a duty to give an adequate warning of such dangers and riaxa to the public who used such products, but both D*andante and each of them negligently breached said duty by failing and omitting to give an adequate warning of 3uch dangers ana risks. ' 3. Plaintiff began to make use of such products in lSdo in her employment at St. Louis, Missouri with International Bent Glass Company, and as a direct and proximate result of the Defendants' negligence. Plaintiff was injured in those particulars alleged hereinabove in Count. I, Paragraph 9. 4. Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every allegation in Count I, Paragraph 10. . WHEREFORE, the premise..? considered. Plaintiff prays j udgment on this Count II of th:\e-.ition against the Defendants, and each of ther.t, in the sum of FIVE EUKDRED DOLLAR3 ($17,500.00) and bar costs. DSW4418?0 STLCOPCB4056405 Form No. 73 Circuit Court for the City of St. Louis State of Missouri .Ilary....Chapman. vs. B. F. Drakenfeld & Co., et al Plaintiff. no.wal:. Div.....................3. Defendant. SUMMONS The State of Missouri to Defendant.....Hon.sah.tQ...Chemical...Co,..,... a..C.Qrp... You are hereby summoned to appear before the above-named court and to file your pleading to the petition, copy of which is attached hereto, and to serve a copy of your pleading upon............................................ ..................................................... Caj,Ut.he.rs...&...i:iD.n.t.r.ey.......................................... attorneys.... for plaintiff ... , whose address is...................................................... .'troun. ............................................................... all within 30 days after service of this summons upon you, exclusive of the day of service. If you fail to do so, judgment by default will be taken against you for the relief demanded in the petition. Dated............. June. 29. 19.62 (Seal of Circuit Court) PHELIM O'TOOLE Circuit Clerk. Deputy Clerk. r* DSW 441871 STLCOPCB4056406 RETURN ON SERVICE OF SUMMONS I hereby certify that I have served the within summons: (1) By delivering on the.......................................... day of..................................................................... ,,.................., 19. a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition to each of the within-named defendants.......................... (2) By leaving on the.................................................day of.................................................................................. .'......, 19. for each of the within-named defendants..................... ................................................................................................... a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition at the respective dwelling place or usual place of abode of said defendants with some person of his or her family over the age of 15 years; (3) By........................................................................................... ..................................................................................:...................... All done in. County, Missouri. Sheriff's fees: ................................................. ................................... Summons....... $ Non est........... $ Mileage........... $ Total............... $ Sheriff of...................................................................................County, Missouri. ' By...................................................................................... Deputy Sheriff. DIRECTIONS TO SHERIFF A copy of the summons and a copy of the petition must be served on each de fendant. For methods of service in all classes of suits see Sec. 27 Civil Code. .4 .7 .8 .1 1 56 > tn . 1 z OE o jet; ^ trH jet; Pu cn o a c 3 E CO > ,jQ o A*- w o to *3 o 3 o o pi c/l 00 O *- cn *3 +- CuJ. o o o *>-> w Eh V U <1 Eh CO --G< .. fa SI? , DSW 441872 STLCOPCB4056407 ETAT3 C7 KI8SCJI11 crrr a? st. louis ) ) S3 ) . XH TILS CIRCUIT CCSRT C7 TEE CITY CZ 7. LS77.C STATS OS HISCCTAI MARIE CLIFFCRE, Plaintiff, -va- ) 1 ) ) ) 3.F. DRAKES? 7LD AMD COMPANY, ) a corporation. ) 45 Parle Place ) New York 7, New York ) Serv< S-cretary of State ) Jaffarson City, Missouri ) ) and ) ) MONSANTO CHEMICAL CCi-T?ANY, ) a-corporation. ) Serve* C.T. Corporation Service ) 314 N. Broadway ) St. LouijB 2, Missouri, ) \/ defendants. ) Div. Ho. I PETITION code? i Plaintiff, for cause of action in Count I of this Petition, states: 1. Defendant, B. F. DRASC223FELD AND COMPANY, (horsinaftor called "Drakenfeld") is and was a foreign corporation duly organised and existing under law at all times hereinafter mentioned; as hereinafter more particularly alleged, ZCCdC haa committed a tort against the parson cf Plaintiff, in tht City of St. Louis, State of Missouri, and hna tht-rclvy r.~r,-.:d that the Secretary of State of Missouri sh ho itr agent n -1- DSW 441873 STLCOPCB4056408 for the service of process, ail as is provided in v'.A.tt.S. , 1949, Section 351.630. 2. Defendant, MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY (hereinafter called "Monsanto") io and at ail tir-ea hereinafter mentioned was a corporation organized and existing under the lavs of the State of Delaware, having a registered agent and office in the City of St. Louis, State of Missouri, and having its principal place of business in the State of Missouri. 3. Defendant DRAXEMF2LD is engaged in the business of manufacturing, preparing and distributing into the channels of trade paints and enamels, tr.d among the various products 90 distributed by said Defondc.. t rs an enamel known as 24-018 enamel in, 487 oil. 4. Defendant MONSANTO it *sn.v -sged in the business of manufacturing and preparing chr:~ ter . c , chemical products, oils and thinners and distrilu ting said products Into the channels of trade, and among the various products 20 manu factured and distributed by said Defendant ia the product known as Aroclor 4465. 5. Defendant DRAXENF2LD prepares the aforesaid product 24-018 enamel in 487 oil, by combining various othsr materials with Monsanto's' product Aroclor 4465. 6. Both Defendants herein did knew and intend that or.id products would be used by the consuming public and would be handled, dealt with, touched and the fumes thereof would '.o inhaled by the public, and both Defendants placed 3a id DSW 441874 STLCOPCB4056409 products in the charnels of trade with such knowledge ai:d intention. 7. Both Defendants herein did impliedly warrant and represent that the products 24-018 enamel in 437 oil, end Aroclor 4465 wore fit and safe for such uso by th public; but both Defendants and each Defondc.pt know that .-such prcduc contained chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated triphenyln, with a high amount of chlorination; 3aid Defendants, and sac of them, knew that said products would from, time to time be heated or baked in ovens, and that use by the public of said products was likely to causa liver damage, skin eruptions, rashes, acna, cysts and dermatitis of various kinds. 3. Plaintiff, beginning in the year 1958 began to maka use of..Baid products in his employment with Internetionr 1 Bent Glas3 Company, Inc. at St. Louis, Missouri, handling su product*, touching the sane, and inhaling the fumes thereof, all in reliance on the skill and Judgment and aforeaaid warranty of both Defendants, being wholly unaware of the toy. and dangerous qualities of auch products. 9'. After a per-iod of such U39 of such products, tha same, contrary to and in braach of the warranty of both Defendants, directly and proximataly caused Plaintiff to become ill'and diseased, in that Plaintiff suffered oruotion of Plaintiff's skin over and about Plaintiff1 a nock, shoeIdo chest, back, buttocks, face, ears and eyelids, said arssn ho. become covered with ccmedor,c3, cysts, acne, infectious In =?io -3- DSW 441875 papules and a condition known as chloracne; Plaintiff's eye lids and periorbital skin became erythematous,, edematous and acalyj Plaintiff's liver was injured, damaged and diseased; these conditions are painful, irritating and embarrassing; all of said conditions are permanent. 10. Plaintiff has become obligated for large sums of money for medical attention for the aforesaid conditions and will become obligated for additional such sums in the future, in an amount not now ascertainable. , WHEREFORE, the premises considered, Plaintiff prays Judgment against'the Defendants and each of them, on this THOUSAND Count I of the petition for CEVUii/FIVS Um>2D (927*500.00) * and for plaintiff's costs. " - COUNT IX Plaintiff for cause of action in Count II of this Petition states: ' 1. Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every allegation in paragraphs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of Count I of this petition. 2.. Both Defendants and each of them knew, or in the exercise of ordinary care should have known that said products, containing highly chlorinated biphenyls and triphenyls, are, and for many years have been, known to be of a toxic and dangerous nature in that they were reasonably likely to causa abnormal reactions, skin eruptions, rashes, liver damage, . dermatitis and diseases, and Defendants and each of them v;r ; -4- DSW 441876 STLCOPCB4056411 under a duty to give an adequate warning of such dangers and risks to the public who U3ed such products, but both Defendants and each cf them negligently breached said duty by failing and omitting to give an adequate vrarning of such dangero and risks. . 3. Plaintiff began to make U3e of such products in 1958 inher employment at St. Louis, Missouri with International Bent Glass Company, and as a direct and proximate result of the Defendants' negligence. Plaintiff was injured in those particulars alleged hereinabove in Count I, Paragraph 9. ` ' 4. Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every allegation in Count I, Paragraph 10. WHEREFORE, the premises considered. Plaintiff prays judgment on this Count II of this Petition against the Defendants, and each of them, in the sura of TWENTY SEVEN THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS ($27,500.00) and her costs. JOHN P. MOHTR2Y 430 Paul Brown Blc(gf St. Louis 1, Kisr GArfield 1-2777 ATTORNEYS FOR PLAINTIFF r* DsW 441877 STLCOPCB4056412 Form No* 73 Circuit Court for the City of St. Louis ? State of Missouri Clifford. vs. Plaintiff. No.......4-.7.810.E. Div...................1....... Defendant. , SUMMONS The State of Missouri to DafanHant ...Hon.3jEtntp...ghemioal Co. f a Corp. You are herehy summoned to appear before the above-named court and to file your pleading to the petition, copy of which is attached hereto, and to serve a copy of your pleading upon............................................ .............................. .................................................................................................................................. ........................................................... .......................................................G.ar.U.ther.S....&Jton.trey........................................attorney S for plaintiff , whose address is...................................k-30-- Paul Brown...Bldg................................................................................. all within 30 days after service of this summons upon you, exclusive of the day of service. If you fail to do so, judgment by default will be taken against you for the relief demanded in the petition. Dated.................. K (Seal of Circuit Court) 19........2 By .; PHELIM O'TOOLE Circuit Clerk. Deputy Clerk. tt i DSW 441878 STLCOPCB4056413 RETURN ON SERVICE OF SUMMONS I hereby certify that I have served the within summons: (1) By delivering on the...........................................day of.......................................................................................... , 19. a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition to each of the within-named defendants........................... (2) By leaving on the.................................................day of.......................................................................................... . 19. for each of the within-named defendants......................................................................................................................... ( a .... :........................................................................................................................................................................:................................................... a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition at the respective dwelling place or usual place of abode of said defendants with some person of his or her family over the age of 15 years; (3) By..................................................................................................................................................................................... All done in....................... ..County, Missouri. Sheriffs fees: Summons....... $ Non est...^...... $ Mileage.......... ? Total.............. $ Sheriff of.......... .......................................................... ..............County, Missouri. By.. DIRECTIONS TO SHERIFF Deputy Sheriff. A copy of the summons and a copy of the petition must be served on each de fendant. For methods of service in all classes of suits see Sec. 27 Civil Code. cc: so > Cft Z Z O tui PCft *UrUao>u U.VooOgj. I-fHl - j| j ... . !f4<ac3 v>i >s|: : `s_/; .j . ' ` ::: fflJl , ^'J;. V0HJ J3 0) $ 3 o O3 hJ o C/3 C/3 o 'no: ,v "vi:^ o ofa < S .u *-> fa <! G <J i './I W "N r A' j I DSVV 441879 STLCOPCB4056414 STATE OF MISSOURI CITY OF ST. LOUIS ) ) SS ) IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF ST. LOUIS STATE OF MISSOURI THEODORS CZ&SK2CKI* , '' Plaintiff, -vs- B.F. DRAKENFELD AND COMPANY, a corporation, 45 Park Place New York 7, New York Serve: Secretary of State . Jefferson City, Missouri and ' MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation, . . Serve: C.T. Corporation Service , , . 314 N. Broadway St. Louis 2, Missouri, Defendants. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) No. Div. No. 1 . ' ;' petit:: o n COUNT I Plaintiff, for cause of action _r. Count I of this Petition, states: ' 1. Defendant, B. F. DRAKENFELD AND COMPANY, Lereinafte called "Drakenfeld") is and was a foreign corporation duly organized and existing under law at all times hereinafter mentioned; as hereinafter more particularly alleged, DRAICH:?:: has committed a tort against the person of Plaintiff, in tho City of St. Louis, State of.Missouri, and has thereby agree! that the Secretary of State of Missouri shall be its agent r< -1- DSW 441880 STLCOPCB4056415 for the service of procone, all as in provided, in V.A.h. S-. , 1949, Section 351.630. 2. Defendant, MCliSASTO CJiEMIGIL CCMPhAY (hereinafter ' called "Monsanto")' is and at all tin.os hereinafter r.antionsd was a corporation organized and existing under the lo.v/c. of the State of Delaware, having a registered agent and office in the City of St. Louis, State, of Missouri, and having its principal place of business in the State of Missouri. 3. Defendant DRAfLSiirLLD is engaged in the bus in-ess of manufacturing, preparing and distributing into the channels of trade paints and enamels, and among the various products so distributed by said Do fondant i.~, -on enamel known ns 24-G13 enamel in 4e7 oil. 4. Defendant H0HCA17T0 la engaged in the business of manufacturing and preparing chemical;?, chemical products, oils and thinners and distriba ting 'said products into the channels of trade, and among the various products so manu factured and distributed by said Defendant is tha product known as Aroclor 4465. 5. Defendant DRAh'l'hbb.D prepares the aforesaid product. 24-018 enamel in 437 oil, bv cor-.btr.rng various other mntorLais with Monsanto's product Aroclor 4465. 6. Both Defendants herein did know and int.n-3 that said products would be used by the consuming public ar.d would :-j handled, dealt with, touched, and the fumes thereof would be inhaled by the public, and both Defendants placed said : . rt -2- DSW 441881 STLCOPCB4056416 products in the channels of trade with such knowledge and intention. 7. Both Defendants herein did impliedly warrant and represent that the products 24-018 enamel in 487 oil, and Aroclor 4465 were fit and safe for such use by ths public? but both Defendants and each Defendant knew that such products contained chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated triphenyls, with a high amount of chlorination; said Defendants, and each of them, knew that said products would from time to time be , heated- or baked in ovens, and that use by the public of said products was likely to cause liver damage, skin eruptions, rashes, acne, cysts and dermatitis of various kinds. 8. Plaintiff, beginning in the year 1958 began to make use of said products in his employment with International Bent Glass Company, Inc. at St. Louis, Missouri, handling such products, touching the same, and inhaling the fumes thereof, all in'reliance on the skill and judgment and aforesaid warranty of both Defendants, being wholly unaware of ths toxic and dangerous qualities of such products. 9. After a period of such use of such products, the same, contrary to and in breach of the warranty of both Defendants, directly and proximataly caused Plaintiff to become ill and diseased, in that Plaintiff suffered eruptions of Plaintiff's skin over and about Plaintiff's neck, shoulderr, chest, back, buttocks, face, ears and eyelids, said areas have become covered with comedones, cysts, acne, infectiou3 1 osier.' , -3- DSW 441382 STLCOPCB4056417 I papules and a condition known as chloracnc; Plaintiff's eye lids and periorbital skin became erythematous,, edematous and scaly; Plaintiff's liver was injured, damaged and diseased; these conditions are painful, irritating and embarrassing; all of said conditions are permanent. 10. Plaintiff has become obligated for large sums of money for medical attention for the aforesaid conditions and will become obligated for additional such sums in the future,' ill an amount not now ascertainable. * WHEREFORE,, the premises considered. Plaintiff prays , ' judgment agair3t the Defendants and each of them, on this Count 1 of the petition fo" 5?CS5T FIVE iElOUSASID DGllu&BS ($45,000.00) and for Plaintiff's costs. " COUNT IX Plaintiff for cause of action in Count II of this Petition states: 1. Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every f allegation in paragraphs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of Count I of this petition. 2. Both Defendants and each of them knew, or in the exercise of ordinary care should have known that said products, containing highly chlorinated biphenyls and triphenyls, are, and for many years have been, known to be of a toxic and dangerous nature in that they were reasonably likely to cause abnormal reactions, skin eruptions, rashes, liver damage, dermatitis and diseases, and Defendants and each of them ware I* -4- DSW 441883 STLCOPCB4056418 under.a duty to give an adequate warning of such dangers and rieXs to the public who used such products, but both Dufend;.nr : and each of them negligently breached said duty by failing and omitting to give an adequate warning of such dangers and risXo. 3. Plaintiff began to maXe use of auch products in 1958 in his employment at St. Louis, Missouri with International Bent G.lasa Company, and as a direct and proximate result of the Defendants' negligence. Plaintiff was injured in those particulars alleged hereinabove in Count I, Paragraph 9. 4. Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every allegation in Count X, Paragraph 10. WHEREFORE, the premisea considered, Plaintiff prays Judgment on this Count II of this Petition against the Defendants, and each of them, in the 3um of FORK FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS ($45,000.00), and. for his costs. e CMKTiTfeRS AN2TV.:; .TREY Lus/ JOHN P. MONTREY 430 Paul Brown Blag St. Louis 1, Missouri GArfield 1-2777 ATTORNEYS FOR PLAINTIFF rl DSW 441884 STLCOPCB4056419 Form No. 74 Circuit Court for the City of St. Louis State of Missouri Theodore Czarneckl Plaintiff. vs. .....BJ,...Z....Drak(anf.e.ld..X...Go.^...C.Qr.p. No............... 4?8Q.9 Div..................................-. Defendant. , ,- SUMMONS The State of Missouri to Defendant.....Monsanto Cheraical -Co... ,. a-Corp-........................................... I' You are hereby summoned to appear before the above-named court and to file your pleading to the petition, copy of which is attached hereto, and to serve a copy of your pleading upon......................................... ............:.....................C.arut.hers...&...Montr.ey................................................ attorney., g.. for plaintiff..... , whose address is............................................. ff3.Q....?.99i...BP9wri 8.:l-.d.&*................................................................ all within 30 days after service of this summons upon you, exclusive of the day of service. If you fail to do so, judgment by default will be taken against you for the relief demanded in the petition. Dated......... 19.......... 62 (Seal of Circuit Court) By PHELIM O'TOOLE Circuit Clerk. Deputy Clerk. r< DSW 441885 STLCOPCB4056420 RETURN ON SERVICE OF SUMMONS I hereby certify that I have served the within summons: (1) By delivering on the.......................................... day of..................................................................... ...................., 19. a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition to each of the within-named defendants........................... (2) By leaving on the................................................. day of.......................................................... ............................... , 19 for each of the within-named defendants.......................................................................................................................... a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition at the respective dwelling place or usual place of abode of said defendants with some person of his or her family over the age of 15 years; (3) By............................................................................................ ............................ :............................................................................ All done in...................... County, Missouri. Sheriff's fees: Summons.... ....$ Non est...`... .... ? Mileage....... ....$ Total........... Sheriff of. County, Missouri. By..... Deputy Sheriff. DIRECTIONS TO SHERIFF A copy of the summons and a copy of the petition must be served on each de fendant. For methods of service in all classes of suits see Sec. 27 Civil Code. c\ o CO C^ -=} o z > 3 cn . zi gB - -s p6 CO 'c cd o a c rt E DsW 441886 0) $ O 4-J *3 o 3 OW O U '3o o U w H. 0) o < Eh cW / STLCOPCB4056421 STATE OF MISSOURI CITY OF ST. LOUIS ) ) SS ) IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF T. LOUIS STATE OF MISSOURI MILDRED B&RRETT, ) .. Plaintiff, ) ) -vs- .. ' ) ) . B.F. DRAKENFELD AND COMPANY, ) ) a corporation, ) 45 Park Place ) New York 7, New York ) Serve: Secretary of State ) Jefferson City, Missouri ) . and ) ) MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation, ) ) ) Serve: C.T. Corporation Service 314 N. Broadway St. Louis 2, Missouri, ) ) ) Defendants. ) ) No. Div. No. 1 PET IT I ON COUNT I Plaintiff, for cause of action in Count I of this Petition, states: 1. Defendant, B. F. DRAKENFELD AND COMPANY, (hereinafter called "Drakenfeld") is and was a foreign corporation duly organized and existing under law at all times hereinafter mentioned; as hereinafter more particularly alleged, DRAKENFELD has committed a tort against the person of Plaintiff, in the City of St. Louis, State of Missouri, and has thereby agreed that the Secretary of State of Missouri shall be it3 agent rt -1- DSW 441887 STLCOPCB4056422 for the service of process, all as is provided in V.A.M.S., 1949, Section 351.630. 2. Defendant, MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY (hereinafter called "Monsanto") is and at all times hereinafter mentioned .was a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, having a registered agent and office in the City of St. Louis, State of Missouri, and having its principal place of business in the State of Missouri. 3. Defendant DRAKENFELD is engaged in the business of manufacturing, preparing and distributing into the channels 'o of trade paints and enamels, and among the various products so distributed by said Defendant is an enamel known as 24-018 enamel in 487 oil. 4. Defendant MONSANTO is engaged in the business of manufacturing and preparing chemicals, chemical products, oils and thinners and distributing said products into the channels of trade, and among the various products so manu factured.and distributed by said Defendant is the product known as Aroclor 4465. 5'. Defendant DRAKENi'ELD prepares the aforesaid product 24-018 enamel in 487 oil, by combining various other materials with Monsanto's product Aroclor 4465. 6. Both Defendants herein did know and intend that said products would be used by the consuming public and would be handled, dealt with, touched and the fumes thereof would bo inhaled by the public, and both Defendants placed said -2- DSW 441888 STLCOPCB4056423 products in the channels of trade with such knowledge end intention. 7. Both Defendants herein did impliedly warrant and' represent that the products 24-018 enanal in 4S7 oil, and Aroclor 4465 wore fit and safe for such use by the public; but both Defendants and each Defendant know that such products contained chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated triphenylo, with a high amount of chlorination; said Defendants, and each of them, knew that said products would from time to time be heated or baked in ovens, and that vise by the public of said products was likely to causa liver damage, skin eruptions, .rashes, acne, cy3to and dermatitis of various kinds. 8. Plaintiff, beginning in the year began to make use of said, products in his employment with International Bent Glass Company, Inc. at St. Louis, Missouri, handling such products, touching the same, and inhaling the fursa thereof, all in reliance on the skill and judgment and. aforesaid warranty of both Defendants, being wholly unawuvj of the toxic and dangerous qualities of such products. 9. After a period of such use of such products, the same, contrary to and in breach of the warranty of both Defendants, directly and proxinately caused Plaintiff to become ill and diseased, in that Plaintiff suffered eruption:: of Plaintiff's skin over and about Plaintiff's neck, shoulders, cheat, back, buttocks, face, ears and eyelids, said area:; become covered with comedones, cysts, acne, infectious ionic -3- DSW 441889 STLCOPCB4056424 papules and a condition known as ckloracRo; P Laiiitif f 1 a eye lids and' periorbital ok. in became erythematous, , edematous :o:'. scaly; Plaintiff's liver was injured, damaged and di these conditions are painful, irritating and emba.rrasnmg ; all of said conditions are permanent. 10. Plaintiff has become obligated for large sums of money for medical attention for the aforesaid conditions and will become obligated for additional such sums in the future, in an amount not nov/ ascertainable. WHEREFORE, the premises considered, Plaintiff prays Judgment against the Defendants and each of them, on this Count I of the petition for TWENTY SEVEN THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED DOL LARS ($27,500)and for Plaintiff's cents. . ' COUNT II Plaintiff for cause of action in Count II of this Petition states: 1. - Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every allegation in paragraphs 1. 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of Count I of this petition. 2. Both Defendants and each of them knew, or in the exercise-of ordinary care should have known that said product'-. highly chlorinated biphenyls and triphenvls, and for many veara have been, known to ba of a toxic a dangerous nature in that they were reasonably likely to e abnormal reactions, skin eruptions, raohes, liver ca-,fitdermatitis and diseases, and Defendants and each of -4- DSI/y 441890 STLCOPCB4056425 under a duty to give an adequate warning of such dangers and risks to the public who used such products, but both Defendant'.: and each of them negligently breached said duty by failing and omitting to give an adequate warning of ouch dangers and risks. 3. Plaintiff began to make use of such products in in employment at St. Louis, Missouri with International Bent Glass Company, and as a direct arid prciinate result of the Defendants' negligence. Plaintiff was injured in those particulars alleged hereinabove in Count I, Paragraph 9. 4. Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every allegation in Count I, Paragraph 10. WHEREFORE, the premises considered, Plaintiff prays Judgment on this Count II of this Petition against the Defendants, and each of them, in the sum of TWENTY SEVEN THOUSAND j FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS i$27,500.00) and for her costs. 3RS AtHXMGNTRKY o JOHN P. MONTREY / 430 Paul Brown Bldg. St. Louis 1, Missptrri GArfiold 1-2777 ^ ATTORNEYS FOR PLAINTIFF xS DSW 441891 U' STLCOPCB4056426 Circuit Court for the City of St. Louis State of Missouri No............. !k7$0Sj. Div.................................. The State of Missouri to Defendant....... ff??.s.an^.9. Chemioal C a Cprp. You are hereby summoned to appear before the above-named court and to file your pleading to the petition, copy of which is attached hereto, and to serve a copy of your pleading upon............................................ .................................C^utiwrs & ; Ilontrey.............................................................. attorney....?, for plaintiff... , whose address is........................................... 4.3-0...Saul...3rQvm..3.1.dg........................................................... all within 30 days after service of this summons upon you, exclusive of the day of service. If you fail to do so, judgment by default will be taken against you for the relief demanded in the petition. Dated.......Juile 29. ................................. > jj..... 6.2 (Seal of Circuit Court) ..........................c. By Cf'G'N . Circuit Clerk. ............................ Deputy Clerk. a DSW 441892 STLCOPCB4056427 RETURN ON SERVICE OF SUMMONS I hereby certify that I have served the within summons: (1) By delivering on the...........................................day of.......................................................................................... , 19. a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition to each of the within-named defendants........................... (2) By leaving on the................................................. day of...... ..................................................................................., 19. for each of the within-named defendants......................................................................................................................... a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition at the respective dwelling place or usual place of abode of said defendants with some person of his or her family over the age of 15 years; (3) . By............................................................................................................................... .................................................................... All done in. .County, Missouri. Sheriffs fees: Summons....... $ Non est....,...... ? Mileage.......... $ Total...............$ Sheriff of. County, Missouri. By.... Deputy Sheriff, DIRECTIONS TO SHERIFF A copy of the summons and a copy of the petition must be served on each de fendant. For methods of service in all classes of suits see Sec. 27 Civil Code. stv 441893 47808 STLCOPCB4056428 STATE 07 MISSOURI CITY OF ST. LOUIS ) ) SS ) IN THE CIRCUIT COURT 07 THE CITY C? ST. LOUIE STATS OF MISSOURI RONNIE SIMPSON, Plaintiff, ) ) -vs- ) ) B.F. DRAKE2J7ELD AND COMPANY, ) ) a corporation, ) 45 Park Place ) New York 7, New York ) Serve: Secretary of State ) Jefferson City, Missouri ) \ and. ` MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation, Serve: C.T. Corporation Service 314 N. Broadway St. Louis 2, Missouri, Defendants. ) \ J ) ) ; } ) ) ) o No. Div. No. 1 S TIT I ON COUNT I Plaintiff, for cause of action in Count x of this Petition, states: 1. Defendant, 3. 7. DRAKENFELD AKD COMPANY, (Isrsina called "Drakenfeld") la ar.i was a foreign corporation duly organized and existing under law at all tisvr: 1-ereitr'.fhc-r *ntiond; as hereinafter acre particularly alio- i, 1.1?/::: has coraalttad a tort against the person of plaintiff, in t City of St. Louie, State of Missouri, and has tharci-v ;vr that the Secretary of State- of Missouri shall ha ;_r.n : r< DSW 441894 STLCOPCB4056429 for the aervice of proceas, all aa in provided in V.A.M.S., 1949, Section 351.630. 2. Defendant, MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY (hereinafter called "Monsanto") is and at all times hereinafter mentioned waa a corporation organized and existing under the lawa of the State of Delaware, having a registered agent and office in the City of St. Louis, State of Missouri, and having ita principal place of business in the State of Missouri. 3. Defendant DRAXENFELD is engaged in the business of manufacturing, preparing and distributing into the channels of trade paints and enamels, and among the various products so'distributed by said Dofendsnt is an enamel known aa 24-01S enamel in 487 oil. 4. Defendant MONSANTO is engaged in the business of manufacturing and preparing chemicals, chemical products, oils and thinnera and distributing aaid products into the' channels of trade, and among the various products so manu factured and distributed by said Defendant is the product known as Aroclor 4465. 5. Defendant DRAXENFELD prepares the aforesaid product 24-018 enamel in 487 oil, by combining various other materials with Monsanto's product Aroclor 4465. 6. Both Defendants herein did know and intend that caid products would be used by the consuming public and would be handled, dealt with, touched and the fumes thereof- would be inhaled by the public, and both Defendants placed said 2- - o DSW 441895 STLCOPCB4056430 products' in the channels of trade with such knowledge and intention. 7. Both Defendants herein did inpliedly warrant and represent that the products 24-018 ena^al in 487 oil, ar.d Aroclor 4465 were fit and safe for such usse by the public; but both Defendants and each Defendant knew that st ch product contained chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated triphenyls, with a high amount of chlorination; said Defendants, and each of them, knew that said products would from time to time be heated or baked in ovens, and that use by the public of said products was likely to cause liver damage, skin eruptions, rashes, acne, cysts and dermatitis of various kinds. 8. Plaintiff, beginning in the year 1958 began to make use of said products in his employment with International Bent Glass Company, Inc. at St. Louis, Missouri, handling sue products, touching the same, and inhaling the fumes thereof, all in reliance on the skill and judgment and aforesaid warranty of both Defendants, being wholly unaware of the toxi and dangerous qualities of such products. 9. After a period of such use of such products, the same, contrary to and in breach of the warranty of both o Defendants, directly and proximately caused Plaintiff to become ill and diseased, in that Plaintiff suffered emptier.-of Plaintiff's, skin over and about Plaintiff's nsek, should: _ chest, back, buttocks, face, ears and eyelids, said area- hav become covered with comedones, cyst3, acne, infectious leticr -3- DSW 441896 papulae and a condition known as chloracne; Plaintiff's oyo- lida and periorbital skin became erythematous,, edematous and scaly; Plaintiff's liver was injured, damaged and diseasedj these conditions are painful, irritating and embnrranaing; all of said conditions are permanent. 10. Plaintiff has become obligated for large sunz of money for medical attention for tha aforesaid conditions and will become obligated for additional such sums in tha future, in an amount not now ascertainable. WHEREFORE, the premises considered. Plaintiff prays Judgment against the Defendants and each of them, on this Count I of the petition for THIRTY THOUSAND DOLLARS ($30,000.00) ,ancj for plaintiff's costa. ' ' COUNT XI Plaintiff for cause of action in Count 21 of this Petition statesi 1. Plaintiff restates and reallage3 each and every allegation in paragraphs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and S of Count I of this petition. 2., Both Defendants and each of them knew, or in the exercise of ordinary care should have known that said product containing highly chlorinated biphenyls and triphonyla, are, and for many years have been, known to be of a toxic and dangerous nature in that they wera roaconably likely to car. ;a abnormal reactions, skin eruptions, raaho3, liver damage, dermatitis and diseases, and Defendants and each of thorn. ; DSW 441897 under a duty to give an adequate warning or such dancers and risks to the public who used such products, but both Darandarts and each of then negligently breached said duty by failing and omitting to give an adequate 'warning of such dangers ar.d risks. 3. Plaintiff began to make use of auch products in J* 1053 in . . employment at St- Louis, Missouri with International nla Bent Glass Company, and as a direct and proximate result of the Defendants* negligence, Plaintiff was injured in those particulars alleged hcreinabovo in Count I, Paragraph 9. 4. Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every allegation in Count I, Paragraph IQ. WHEREFORE, the premises considered. Plaintiff prays Judgment on this Count II of thie Petition against the Defendants, a-id each of thar>, :.n che surr. of TIUETST TliCUSP-I'U DOLLARS ($30,000.00) and for his coots. n SW 441898 STLCOPCB4056433 Form No. 73 Circuit Court for the City of St. Louis State of Missouri Bonnie.. Sings on vs. Plaintiff. No...... k7.M7..J.............. Div.......................... ............. Defendant. SUMMONS The State of Missouri to Defendant....... Monsanto..Ch.era.3,.cal...P.Q,.,....a. Corp f You are hereby summoned to appear before the above-named court and to file your pleading to the petition, copy of which is attached hereto, and to serve a copy of your pleading upon............................................ .......... :.................. Ce,r.Utlie.r.3...&...MQnt.r.<?y........................................... attorney..?.... for plaintiff..... , whose address is.............................................. ^30. P.aul...Brown...Eldg......................................................................... all within 30 days after service of this summons upon you, exclusive of the day of service. If you fail to do so, judgment by default will be taken against you for the relief demanded in the petition. Dated............. June...2.9.................... , 19... 62. (Seal of Circuit Court) ..........................PI.?1':.Ir.l.:N1 .0'T()OLE...... Circuit Clerk. By. Deputy Clerk. DSW 441899 STLCOPCB4056434 RETURN ON SERVICE OF SUMMONS I hereby certify that I have served the within summons: (1) By delivering on the...........................................day of........................... ......................... ;............... .................... . 19. a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition to each of the within-named defendants........... ,.............. (2) By leaving on the.................................................day of.......................................................................................... . 19. for each of the within-named defendants.......................................................................................................................... a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition at the respective dwelling place or usual place of abode of said defendants with some person of his or her family over the age of 15 years; (3). By.......................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... All done in..................... County, Missouri. Sheriff's fees: Summons...... $ Non est...........$ Mileage..... ,.....$ Total............... $ Sheriff of. County, Missouri. By.... Deputy Sheriff. DIRECTIONS TO SHERIFF A copy of the summons and a copy of the petition must be served on each de fendant. For methods of service in all classes of suits see Sec. 27 Civil Code. 47807 cn 1=3 O m s> CO o ' '*j*11 -\ _^ ^ ',-j::I'd<aacvo -4: <D 4; .1 ; - i ri - DSW 441900 t) \ 6 O U3O + .oB2J C+OJ *3 o4-l .Us* >> A<V G a --< D oCCOO fa O wEh <CEhO k T .\ 5i._ *' ' STLCOPCB4056435 STATE OF MISSOURI CITY OF ST. LOUIS ) ) SS ) IN THE CIRCUIT COURT 0.7 THE CITY 0? ST. LOUIS STATS OF MISSOURI . MARTHA SYLER, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) -vn- ) 3.F. DRAKFNFELD AND COMPANY, a corporation, 45 Park Place New York 7, New York Servei Secretary of State Jefferson City, Missouri ) ) ) ) ) ) ) and ) ) MONSANTO CHEMICAL CCKF7.'TY, a corporation. Serve: C.T. Corporation 0 314 N. Broadway -vice ) \ ) St. Louis 2, Mis son; No. Div. No Defendants. P ETITIO N COUNT I Plaintiff, for cause of action in Count 1 of this Petition, states: 1. Defendant, B. F. DSAXENFSLL AND COMPANY, (h.rtinaftor called "Drakenfeld") is and wan a foreign corporate iuly organized and existing under law at ail tir'.es herein.?, d-.or mentioned; as hereinafter more particularly alleged, ZfEAKIT.TM.'.' has committed a tort acairmt the perron of Plaintiff, in tit City of St. Louis, State of Missouri, and has thsroby aorc :-l that the Secretary of State, of Missouri shall he its agent ri -1- DSW 441901 STLCOPCB4056436 \ k for the service of process, all aa la provided in V.A.H.S., 1949, Section 351.630. 2. Defendant, MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY (hereinafter called "Monsanto") in and at all times hereinafter r-onticnad was a corporation organized and existing under the Ir.'s of the State of Delaware, having a registered agent and office in the City of St. Louis, State of Missouri, and having its principal place of business in the State of Missouri. 3. ' Defendant DRAKENFELD is engaged in the bur.ir.ct3 cf manufacturing, preparing and diofril, ;.Lag into the channels of trade paints and enamels, and r.rnc the various productj cf distributed by said Defendant is an enamel known aa 24-018 enamel in 487 oil. 4. Defendant MONSANTO is engaged in the business of manufacturing and preparing chemicals, chemical products, oils and thinners and distributing said products into the channels of trade, and among the various products so manu factured and distributed by said Defendant ia tha product known as Aroclor 4465. 5. Defendant DRAKSNESLD prepares the aforesaid product 24-018 enamel in 487 oil, by combining various other materials with Monsanto's product Aroclor 4465. 6. Both Defendants herein did know and intend that raid products would be used by the consuming public and would li handled, dealt with, touch?! ana the fumaa thereof would bo inhaled by the public, and both Defendants placed raid -2- DSW 441902 STLCOPCB4056437 products In the channels of trade with such knowledge and intention. 7. Both Defendants herein aid impliedly warrant and represent that the products 24-013 er.vtsl in 437 oil, and Aroclor 4465 were fit aid safa for such use 'ey the public; but both Defandants and each Defendant knew that such produ contained chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated triphsnyls, with a high amount of chlorination; raid Defendants, and at of them, knew that said products would from time to time be heated or baked in ovens, and that vase by the public of sai products was likely to cause liver damage, skin eruptions, rashes, acne, cysts and dermatitis of various kinds. ` 8. Plaintiff, boaooonoac in the year 1958 began to rnak use of said products in hi a er..-.i oyvr.ent with International Bent Glass Company, Inc. at Sr. Louis, Missouri, handling a products, touching the same, and inhaling the fumes thereof all.in reliance on the skill and judgment ?nd aforesaid warranty of both Defendants, heir- wholly v rare of the to and dangerous qualities of 3uch products. 9. After a period of such uee of such pros, c -.a, the same, contrary to and in breach of the warranty of both Defendants, directly and proximotely caused Plaintif; to become ill and diseased, in that Plaintiff suffered eruptio of Plaintiff's akin over and about Plaintiff's neck, should chest, back, buttocks, face, ears and eyelids, sale, '.ret? h become covered with comedones, cysts, acne, infectious Ivoi -3- DSW 441903 papule* and n condition known as chi oracne? Plaintiff 1 e. eye lids and periorbital akin he cause erythematous, , edematous and scaly; Flaintiff's liver wsn injured, damaged and diseased; these conditions are painful, irritating and embarrassing ; all of said conditions aro paricanant. 10. Plaintiff has become obligated for large sues of money for medical attention for the aforesaid conditions and will become obligated for additional such sums in the future, in an amount not now ascertainable. WHERKFOP.E, the premises considered, Flaintiff prays judgment, against the Defendants and each of them, on this Count X of the petition for FORTY FIVE SHOUSTJ DOLLARS, ($45,000.00), and for Plaintiff's costa. . ' ' COUNT II , Plaintiff for cause of. action in Count II of this Petition states; 1. Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every allegation in paragraphs 1, 2, 3, 4, S, and 6 of Count I. of this petition. . 2,. Beth Defendants and each of them knew, or in th-a exercise of ordinary care should have known that paid, products,, containing highly chlorinated biphenyls and t.ciph*nyis, cro. and for many years have "oivtS , known to be of \ toxic o'no. dangerous nature in that they were ronaor.ably likely to cau;i abnormal reactions, akin eruptions, rashes, liver damage, dermatitis and diaaasas, and Defendants and each of thorn war-a -4- DSW 441904 STLCOPCB4056439 under a duty to give an adequate warning of such dangers and risks to the public who used such products, but both Defendant.* and each of them negligently breached said duty by failing and omitting to give an adequate warning of such dor.getc and risks. 3. Plaintiff began to make use of such products in 1930 in fray employment at St. Louis, Missouri with International Bent Glass Company, and as a direct and proximate result of the Defendants' negligence. Plaintiff was injured in those particulars alleged hereinabove in Count I, Paragraph 9. 4. Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every allegation in Count I, Paragraph 10. WHEREFORE, the premises considered. Plaintiff prays judgment on this Count II of thia Petition against the Defendants, and each of them, in the sum of FORTY PIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS ($45,000.00) and for her costs. t* CA "ERS Ah JOHN P. KOETRSY 430 Paul Brown Bid . St. Louis 1, Kiaso GArfield 1-2777 ATTORNEYS FOR PLAINTIFF fi DSW 441905 STLCOPCB4056440 Form No. 75 * Circuit Court for the City of St. Louis State of Missouri Martha Syler vs. Plaintiff....... .a...C.orp............. No..^7.a0.d..................... Div................... I.............. Defendant. , SUMMONS The State of Missouri to DefendantBXXKXXHKJiKaMZia2...Monsaiita...Ch.emical...Co..,.-a Gorp-.- I' . You are hereby summoned to appear before the above-named court and to file your pleading to the petition, copy of which is attached hereto, and to serve a copy of your pleading upon......................................... ........................................ 5.P.rW.th6r.S....&..M.OIl.trey......................................... attorney...s.. for plaintiff..... , whose address is......................................... 430 Paul Brown Bldg.-.................................................................... all within 30 days after service of this summons upon you, exclusive of the day of service. If you fail to do so, judgment by default will be taken against you for the relief demanded in the petition. Dated...... ........J.Wna...29............................ , 19..... 62 (Seal of Circuit Court) By PHELIM O'TOOLE Circuit Clerk. Deputy Clerk. SW 4419QQ STLCOPCB4056441 RETURN ON SERVICE OF SUMMONS I hereby certify that I have served the within summons: (1) By delivering on the....................................... day of..................................................................................., 19. a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition to each of the within-named defendants......................... (2) By leaving on the............................................. day of.......................................................................... ......... , 19. for each of the within-named defendants..........................:...................................................................................... a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition at the respective dwelling place or usui. place of abode of said defendants with some person of his or her family over the age of 15.years; (3) By..................................................................................... ............................................ .......... ........................................... All done in..............................................................................County, Missouri..- ^: a ^ v , ;;> . Sheriffs fees: ......... ....................................................'.......... ...... Summons...... $ Sheriff of........................................................... ..................County, Missouri. Nonest...........$ Mileage...',.......$___________ ` Total A $ By.... Deputy Sheriff. DIRECTIONS TO SHERIFF A copy of the summons and a copy of the petition must be served on each de fendant. For methods of service in all classes of suits see Sec. 27 Civil Code. o DSW 44190? 47.8.0.6 ..a L'Cc/. Defenda CTJ " 1 i gJS lu o u0VC3O -8 a> p <3 5 O0 v|1 ' *^ i r> ; o E VjI i -y ! * ) \ ''< '< y -I'-* \! r-c] * 4 5 3 O O ii o3o fe, o U w H <D A 5 <: CO G STLCOPCB4056442 STATE OP MISSOURI . CITY GP ST. LOUIS ) ) S3 ) IN THE CIRCUIT COURT CP THE CITY CP ST. LOUIS STATE OF MISSOURI THELMA WIENERS, ) Plaintiff, ) ) -vs- ) ) B.F. DRAKEHFELD Afro COfiPANY, a corporation, ) ) 45 Park Place ) New York'7, New York ) Serves Secretary of State ) Jefferson City, Missouri / ) and ) MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMP/UY, a corporation. Serves C.T. Corporation Service ) ) \ i ) 314 N. Broadway ) St. Louis 2, Missouri, ) ) ' Defendants.. ) . No. Div. No. .1 . P E T I T ION - COUNT I Plaintiff, for cause of action in Count I of this Petition, states-: 1. Defendant, 3. P. DRAXSKF2LD AND CCMPAiry, (kcrcinaftor- called "Dr&kenfeld") is and was a foreign corporation duly organized and existing under law at all ti-.ica hereinafter mentioned; as hereinafter ore particularly alleged, Jithi. has committed a tort agr-.-rYt the p.irxson cf Flaintv-rf, in t'r City of St. Louis, State of ML* court, and han thtrahy tgr that the Secretary of Stats cf Missouri ch&ll ho if; -1- DSW 441908 STLCOPCB4056443 for the oarvice of proceffl3, all an La provided in V.A.K.S., 1949, Section 351.630. 2. Defendant, MONSANTO CHEMICAL CCNFANY (hereinafter called "Kor;3anto") is and at all tines hereinafter mentioned van a corporation organised end existing undar the lav: of the State of Delaware, having a registered agent and office in the City of St. Louis, State of Missouri, and having its principal place of business in the State of Missouri. 3. Defendant DRAKENFSLD is engaged in the business of manufacturing, preparing and distributing into the channels 'o of trade paints and enamels, and among the various products eo'distributed by said Defendant is an- enaaal Known ai 24-018 enamel, in 487 oil. 4. Defendant MONSANTO is engaged in tha business of manufacturing and preparing chemicals, chemical products, oils arvd. thinner* and distributing said products Into tha channels of trade, and among the various prcducto no manu factured and distributed by said Defendant ia th* product Known as Aroclor 4465. 5. Defendant DRAKKSFELD prepares the aforesaid product 24-018 enamel in 487 oil, by combining various other materials with Monsanto's product Aroclor 4465. 6. Both Defendants herein did bncvr and intend that said products would be used by the consuming public and would be handled, dealt with, touched and tha fuxoa thereof would b-a inhaled by the public, and both Defandante placed f.cid -2- DSW 441909 STLCOPCB4056444 products in the channels of trade with such knowledge and intention. 7. Both Defendants herein did impliedly warrant and represent that the products 24-018 enanal in 487 oil, and Aroclor 4465 were fit and safe for such use by the public; but both Defendants and each Defendant knew that 3uch producta contained chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated triphenyls, with a high amount of chlorination; naid Defendants, and each of them, knew that said products would from time to time be heated or baked in ovens, and that use by the public of said products was likely to cause liver damage, skin eruptions, rashes, acne, cysts and dermatitis of various kinds. 8. Plaintiff, beginning in tha year 1358 began to make use of said products in his employment with International Bent Glass Company, Inc. at St. Louis, Missouri, handling such products, touching the same, and inhaling the fumes thereof, all in reliance on the skill and judgment and aforesaid warranty of both Defendants, being wholly unav/are of the toxic and dangerous qualities of such product. 9. After a period of such use of such products, the same, contrary to and in breach of the warranty of both Defendants, directly and proximateiy caused Plaintiff to become ill and diseased, in that Plaintiff suffered eruptions of Plaintiff's akin over and about Plaintiff's neck, shoulders, chee.t, back, buttocks, face, ears and eyelids, said areas have become covered with comedones, evsto, acne, infectious lesion.. DSW 441910 STLCOPCB4056445 papules and a condition known a3 chlcraene; Plaintiff's eye lids and periorbital skin became erythematous,, edematous an scaly; Plaintiff's liver waa injured, damaged and diseased; these conditions are painful, irritating and embarrassing; all of said conditions are permanent. 10. Plaintiff baa become obligated for large sums of money for medical attention for the aforesaid conditions and will become obligated for additional such sums in the future in an amount not now ascertainable. WHEREFORE, the premises considered. Plaintiff prays judgment against the Defendants and each of them, on this Count I of the petition for EldVY THCUSAED BObUliJS ($50,000.00), an(j for plaintiff's costs. " COUNT II Plaintiff for cause of action in Count II of this Petition states: 1. Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every allegation in paragraphs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of Count I of this petition. 2. Both Defendants and each of them knew, or in the exercise of ordinary care should have known that said prcduc containing highly chlorinated biphenyls and tripbanyln, arc, and for many years have been, known to ba of a toxic and dangerous nature in that they were reasonably likely to caus: abnormal reactions, akin eruptions, raahe3, liver damage, dermatitis and diseases, and Defendants and each of them ver -4- DSW 441911 Under a duty to give an adequate warning of such dangers and risks to the public who used such products, but both Defendants and each of them negligently breached said duty by failing and omitting to give an adequate warning of such dangers and ricks. 3. Plaintiff began to make use of such products in 19o3 in hsr employment at St. Louis, Missouri with International Bent Glass Company, and as a direct and proximate result of the Defendants' negligence, Plaintiff was injured in these particulars alleged hereinabove in Count I, Paragraph 9. 4. Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every allegation in Count I, Paragraph 10. WHEREFORE, the premiers `ccr.cidered, Plaintiff praya Judgment on this Count II of this Petition against the Defendants, and each of them, in the sum of FIFTY TilGU01d33 DOLLARS ($50,000.00), and for her coats. a DSW 441912 STLCOPCB4056447 Form No. 75 4 Circuit Court for the City of St. Louis State of Missouri Thelma Wieners vs. B. P. Dra.kenfeld a Plaintiff. et al .... No....... 4-Z8.Q5..B... Div............................ 1 Defendant. , SUMMONS The State of Missouri to Defendant Monsanto. .Gh.emical...C.O.a..,Corp You are hereby summoned to appear before the above-named court and to file your pleading to the petition, copy of which is attached hereto, and to serve a copy of your pleading upon............................................ ............................................. Carnt.he.r.S...&..Monfcr.ay................................................... attorney.....?. for plaintiff ... , whose address is..................................................k'iO Paul...Brown . Bldfi.................................................................... all within 30 days after service of this summons upon you, exclusive of the day of service. If you fail to do so, judgment by default will be taken against you for the relief demanded in the petition. Dated..... June 29.......................... , 19........ .62 ..................... 0..... 1>1IEI'I>I. 'r()OI'E Circuit Clerk. (Seal of Circuit Court) By Deputy Clerk. rt DSW 441913 STLCOPCB4056448 RETURN ON SERVICE OF SUMMONS I hereby certify that I have served the within summons: (1) By delivering on the...........................................day of.......................................................................................... , 19. a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition to each of the within-named defendants ..................:....... (2) By leaving on the.................................................day of...................................................................... ................... , 19. for each of the within-named defendants..................... .............................................................. ..................................... a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition at the respective dwelling place or usual place of abode of said defendants with some person of his or her family over the age of 15 years; (3) By ........................................................................................ .......................................................................................................... All done in...................... County, Missouri. Sheriff's fees: Summons....... $ Non est....,...... $ Mileage........... ? Total............... ? Sheriff of. .County, Missouri. By... Deputy Sheriff. DIRECTIONS TO SHERIFF A copy of the summons and a copy of the petition must be served on each de fendant. For methods of service in all classes of suits see Sec. 27 Civil Code. O cd rd so > 2 CD ~ 2 2g A^ >5--i - >2=i -S & <3 CD u rb d Xl J3 O 3 CO Nt o o O .h W L) < H CO <l) fN > oN DSW 441914 STLCOPCB4056449 STATS 0? MISSOURI CITY CP ST. LOUIS ) ) SS ) IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF ST. LOUIS STATE OF MISSOURI RITA B. KING, ) . Plaintiff, ) ) -vs- ) B.F. DRAXIHFELD AND COMPANY, ) ) a corporation, ) 45 Park Place ) New York 7, Now York ) Servei Secretary of State ) Jefferson City, Minsouri ) ) ' and ) MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, ) ) a corporation, ) Serve: C.T. Corporation Service ) 314 H. Broadway ) St. Louis 2, Missouri, ) ) Defendants. ) P 7. T I J ON 0 Ho. Div. Ho. 1 ` COUNT i Plaintiff, for cause of action in Count I of this Petition, states: 1. Defendant, B. K. DRAKENFELD AND COMPANY, (hsroianfter called "Drakenfeld") is and was a foreign corporation duly organized and existing under law at all tinas hereinafter mentioned; as hereinafter more particularly alleged, DRAKUIIFIilD has committed a tort against the porcon of Plaintiff, in tha City of St. Louis, State of Missouri, and has thereby agrond that the Secretary of State of Misoouri ahull ba its agent -1- DSW 4419^5 STLCOPCB4056450 o for the ssrvice of procsas, all as is provided in V.A.M.3., 1949, Section 351.630. 2. Defendant, MONSANTO CHEMICAL CCCiDANY (hereinafter called "Monsanto") is end at all tim3 hereinafter mentioned was a corporation organized and evicting undar the lav3 of the State of Delaware, having a registered agent and office in the City of St. Loui3, State of Missouri, and having its principal place of business in the State of Missouri. 3. Defendant DRAKENFELD is engaged in the business of manufacturing, preparing and distributing into the channels of trade paints and enamels, and among the various products so distributed by said Defendant is an enamel known as 24-018 enamel in 487 oil. 4. Defendant MONSANTO is engaged in the business of manufacturing and preparing chemicals, chemical products, oils and thinners and distributing said products into the channels of trade, and among the various products so manu factured and distributor? by said Defendant is the product known as Aroclor 4465. 5. Defendant DRAKE FEED prepares the aforesaid product 24-018 enamel in 487 oil, by combining various other materials with Monsanto's product Aroclor ',455. 6. Both Defendants herein did know and intend that ante products would be used by the consuming public and would be handled, dealt with, touched and the fureas thoreof would bo inhalod by the public, and both Defendants placed said m -2- DSW 441916 STLCOPCB4056451 products in the channels of trade with such knowledge and intention. 7. Both Defendant! herein did impliedly warrant and represent that the products 24-018 enamel in 437 oil, and Aroclor 4465 were fit and safe for such use by the public; but both Defendants and each Defendant knew that euch products contained chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated triphonyIs, with a high amount of chlorination; said Defendants, and each of them, knew that said products would from time to time be heated, or baked in ovens, and that use by the public of said 'O products was likely to cause liver damage, skin eruptions, rashes, acne, cysts and dermatitis of various kinds. 8. Plaintiff, beginning in the year 1959 began to nnka use of said products in his employment with International Bent Glass Company, Inc. at St. Louis, Missouri, handling such products, touching the sane, and inhaling the fumes thereof, all in reliance on the c'kr'Ll and Judgment and aforesaid warranty of both Defendants, being wholly unaware of the toxic and dangerous qualities of 3uch products. 9. After a period of such use of such products, the same, contrary to and in breach of the warranty of both Defendants, directly and proxiisately caused Plaintiff to become ill and diseased, in that Plaintiff suffered eruptions of Plaintiff's skin over and about Plaintiff's neck, shoulders, cheat, back, buttocks, face, ears and eyelids, said areas have become covered with comedones, cysts, acne, infectious Icsier.;., -3- DSW 441917 STLCOPCB4056452 papula* and a condition known as chloracne; Plaintiff`3 eye lid* and periorbital akin became erythematous, , edematous and caly; Plaintiff's liver wan injured, damaged and diseased; these condition* are painful, irritating and embarrassing; all of said condition* are permanent. 10. Plaintiff has become obligated for large sums of money for medical attention for the aforesaid conditions and will become obligated for additional such Bums in the future, in an amount not now ascertainable. WHEREFORE, the premises considered, Plaintiff prays Judgment against the Defendant* and each of them, on this Count I of the petition for FORTY FIVE THOUSAHD DOLLARS ($45,000*00), arid for Plaintiff's coats. " ' . COUNT II Plaintiff for cause of action in Count II of this .S Petition states: ' 1. Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every allegation in paragraphs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of Count I of this petition. 2. Both Defend ants and each c them knew, or in the exercise of ordinary care should have known that said pro-ducts, containing highly chlorinated biphenyls and triphenylo, are, and for many years have been, known to be of a toxic and dangerous nature in that they were reasonably likely to cause abnormal reactions, skin eruptions, rashes, liver damage, dermatitis and diseases, and Defendants and each of them were . -4- DSW 441918 STLCOPCB4056453 under a duty to give an adequate warning of such . and risks to the public who used such products, but bc-.-'-.h L:-.? ana and each of them negligently breached said duty by fulling and omitting to give an adequate warning cf such canr-ars and risks . 3. Plaintiff began to make use of such products in 1959 in her employment at St. Louis, Missouri with International Bent Glass Company, and as a direct and proximate: result of the Defendants' negligence. Plaintiff was injured in those particulars alleged hereinabove in Count I, Parser non 3. 4. Plaintiff restates and realleges each ar.d every allegation in Count I, Paragraph 1C. . WHEREFORE, the prsmiscs considered. Plaintiff rravs judgment on this Count II of this Petition against r.ha Defendants, and each of them, in the a uni of F0R3HT FIVE TLGUSAMD DOLLARS ($45,000.00) and for her costs. r* DSW 441919 STLCOPCB4056454 Form No* 75 Circuit Court for the City of St. Louis State of Missouri Rita B. King vs. B. F-,--Drakenfeld&-^ovi--et al- Plaintiff. n^7..91.A. Div...................1. Defendant. SUMMONS The State of Missouri to Defendant...........Monsanto...Chemical...C.o...,...a...Corp.. o You are hereby summoned to appear before the above-named court and to file your pleading to the petition, copy of which is attached hereto, and to serve a copy of your pleading upon............................................. .................................... .C.ariAt.ho.r.3....55...H.oxi.trey.................................................attorney.s.... for plaintiff , whose address is....................................................&3Q Paul..Brown-Bldg-.................................................................... all within 30 days after service of this summons upon you, exclusive of the day of service. If you fail to do so, judgment by default will be taken against you for the relief demanded in the petition. Dated................... June . 29............................ 19........... 62 .................................. PHELIM o:TOOLE..... Circuit Clerk. (Seal of Circuit Court) By Deputy Clerk. rl DSW 441920 STLCOPCB4056455 RETURN ON SERVICE OF SUMMONS I hereby certify that I have served the within summons: (1) By delivering on the....................................!......day of...................................................................... .................... . 19. a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition to each of the within-named defendants........................... (2) By leaving on the................................................. day of.......................................................................................... . 19. for each of the within-named defendants.......................................................................................................................... a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition at the respective dwelling place or usual place of abode of said defendants with some person of his or her family over the age of 15 years; (3) By........................................................................................................................................;............................... .................. .......... All done in. County, Missouri. Sheriffs fees: Summons....... $ Non est........... $ Mileage............$ Total................$ Sheriff of. County, Missouri. By.... Deputy Sheriff. DIRECTIONS TO SHERIFF A copy of the summons and a copy of the petition must be served on each de fendant. For methods of service in all classes of suits see Sec. 27 Civil Code. DSW 441921 w -3O CO c^- 55 Q Z1& O CD u SOH <U cAi O <D A c n ' \ ;; t -a a: JQ o 5 *w3 o O CO J CO ^. ^re\ U o ai U C ^g fa o w H 8 co '4 y r-;`t STLCOPCB4056456 STATE OP MISSOURI CITY OF ST. LOUIS ) ) SS ) IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF ST. LOUIS STATE OF MISSOURI DOROTHY BERRY, ^ Plaintiff, ) ) -VB- ) ) B.F. DRAKENFELD AND COMPANY, ) ) a corporation, ) 45 Park Place ) New York 7, New York ) Serve: Secretary of State ) Jefferson City, Missouri ) ' and ) ) MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, ) ) a corporation, ) Sarvei C.T. Corporation Service ) 314 N. Broadway ) St. Louis 2, Missouri, ) Defendants. ) ) No. Div. No. 1 PETITION COUNT I Plaintiff, forAcause of action in Count I of this Petition, states: 1. Defendant, B. 7. DRAKENFELD AND COMPANY, (hereinafter called "Draker.faid") is and^was a foreign corporation duly organized and existing under lawhereinafter. partd.cu lad-y--al leg od-y--DF AH FTSBL5- ------has' coram-l-ttod a--tort--againa-t--ehe peraon'trf "Plaintif f-,--in the. - -- -City "of'StV Louis, State of Missouri, arid has thereby agreed - --tdiat"~the -Secretary of S tate - of Missouri shall be its agent n -1- DSW 441922 STLCOPCB4056457 f-~r--il 1--a--i- V..A.d.,S^ 1949-7 - Section 35br6dCU 2. Defendant, MONSANTO CHEMICAL caiPANY, (hereinafter called "Monsanto") is and at all tines hereinafter -ontionedy was a corporation organized and existing undar the lava of the State of Delaware, having a registered agent and cffica in the City of St. Louis, State of Missouri, and having its principal place of business in the State of Missouri. 3. Defendant DRAKENFELD is engaged in tho business of manufacturing, preparing and distributing into the channels of trade paints and enamels, and among the various products so distributed by said Defendant is an enamel known aa 24-018 enamel in 487 oil. 4. Defendant MONSANTO is engaged in the buainosa of manufacturing and preparing chemicals, chemical products, oils and thinners and distributing said products into the channels of trade, and among the various products so manu factured and distributed by said Defendant is the product known as Aroclor 4465. 5. Defendant DRA'C. 'bLD prepares the aforesaid product 24-018 enamel in 487 oily by cr lining various other materials with Monsanto's product Aroclor ^65. - 6. Doth Defendants herein did know and intend that said products would be ued by tha consuming public nr.d would be handled, dealt with, touched ar.d the fumes thereof v.ould be inhaled by the public, and both Defendants placed caid -2- DSW 441923 STLCOPCB4056458 DSI/y 441924 Plaintiff, beginning in the year 1955 and continuouing until the month of May, 1962, made use of 24-018 enamel in 487 oil, as supplied by defendants STLCOPCB4056459 DSW 441925 During the years 1955* 1956, 1957* 1958* 1959* I960 & 1961, and until the month of May, 1962, defendant Drakenfeld continuously supplied 24-018 enamel in 487 oil containing defendant Monsanto's Ardor 4465 to the International Bent Glass Company, Inc., in St. Louis, Missouri, and said product was used daily by said latter company in the process of making its products. At all times during which 24-018 enamel in 487 oil was so used in the manufacturing processes of International Bent Glass Company, Inc., STLCOPCB4056460 products in the channels of trade with such knowledge and intention. R 7. ^Jfoth Defendants herein did impliedly warrant and . represent that the products 24-018 enamel in 487 oil, and Aroclor 4465 were fit and safe for such use by the public\j but both Defendants and each Defendant knew that such products contained chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated triphenyls, with a high amount of chlorination; said Defendants, and each of them, knew that said products would from time to time be heated or baked in ovens, and that use by the public of said ' ; products was likely to cause liver damage, skin eruptions, rashes, acne, cysts and dermatitis of various kindo. B . 8. In. JOTir > ' use of said products- in his employment with International Bent Glass Company, Incvat St. houis, Missouri,/handing such product^, touc the- some, and inhathe fumes thereof, : '' . . ' all in. reliance on the skill and judgment and aforesaid . f warranty of both Defendants, being wholly unaware of the toxic ; ' : and dangerous qualities of auch products. 9./p(fter , a period of-each- use of `sueh product^, the- ! I I' |j > [ j? saster^^eentrary to and in breach of the warranty of both^Defendanto-r directly- and proximstely--caused Plaintiff^fce. begfigfcJdbbrand dtwcniad?--in thafc-plaintif fdsuf ferpdTeruptiona of plaintiff's skin over and about plaint iff1 s neck, shoulders, ^ i chest, back,.buttocks, face, ears and eyelids, said areas -have-^becf&e covered with comedones; cysts, acne, infectious lesions, ' ,r< -3-;- DSW 441926 STLCOPCB4056461 C Plaintiff continued to suffer these aforesaid conditions through the period of time during which he used 24-018 enamel in 487 oil, still suffers the residual effects of the same, and will suffer said residual effects permanently. DSW 441927 STLCOPCB4056462 DSW 441928 2. During the years 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, I960 & 1961, and until the month of May, 1962, defendant Drakenfeld continuously supplied 24-018 enamel in 487 oil containing defendant Monsanto's Aroclor 4465 to the International Bent Glass Company, Inc., in St. Louis, Missouri, and said product was used dally by said latter company in the process of making its products. STLCOPCB4056463 D 10. At various times throughout the period of time hereto fore mentioned, diligent attempts were made by plaintiff, his employer. International Bent Glass Company, Inc., its representatives, and other employees similarly injured, and their representatives, to determine, discover and ascertain the nature, extent and cause of his disease and injury through the use of various skilled medi cal experts and specialists, but said medical experts and specialists were unable to determine, discover or ascertain the same. During the month of May, 1962, The Occupational Health Research and Train ing Facility, Division of Occupational Health, Public Health Service, United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare, as a result of an investigation conducted by its representatives in March, 1962, determined, discovered and ascertained for the first time that the direct and proximate cause of plaintiff's condition, as heretofore alleged, was the use of defendant Drakenfeld's 24-018 enamel in 487 oil, containing defendant Monsanto's Aroclor 4465, and communicated its finding to plaintiff in the month of May, 1962, thus constituting plaintiff's first knowledge of the direct and proximate cause of his condition, as heretofore alleged. 11. As a result of the aforesaid actions of defendant Draken- feld, said defendant has engaged in a continuous course of tortious conduct commencing in and not terminating until May, 1962, and thus defendant Drakenfeld has committed a tort In whole or in part against the person of the plaintiff in the City of St. Louis, State of Missouri, after the effective date of V.A.M.S. 1949, Section 351.630, to-wit, October 13, 1961, and has thereby agreed that the Secretary of State of Missouri shall be its agent for the service of process, all as is provided in said V.A.M.S. 1949, Section 351.630. DSW 441929 STLCOPCB4056464 papules and a condition known as chloraccnnee;; Plaintiff1r eye lids and periorbital akin became erythematous, , edematous an v ` <*-'-- , scaly? Plaintiff-'o liver \tees injured, damaged and disraooi/L c 0 these conditions- are-painful,...irritating, and ..eiabar.raaainga-.^ all of-a-aid conditions__a-rp pprmr,npr|? E Plafptiff na3 become obligated for large sums oi money for medical attention for the aforesaid conditions and will become obligated for additional such-sums in the future in an amount not now ascertainable. WHEREFORE, the premises considered . i -.tiff ; rays Judgment against the Defendant : ar.d each of them, on this Count I of the petition for T.vEETY FIVE TEOOSaED DOLLARS* ($25,000.00) t and for Piaintiff-'-s costs. ' com-?? ii Plaintiff for/cause of action in Count II of rthis-* Petition states: J 1. Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every allegation in paragraphs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of Count I of this petition. ^ 3\ Both Defendants and each of them knew, or in the exercise of ordinary care should have known that said produc containing highly chlorinated biphenyls and triphenvls, are, and for many years have been, known to ba of a toxic and dangerous nature in that they were reasonably likely to caun abnormal reactions, skin eruptions, rashes, liver damacre, dermatitis and diseases, and Defendants and each of them our: -4- ?yV\930 DSVJ P 4. Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every allega tion of Paragraphs 8, 9 and 10 of Count I of this Petition. 5. Plaintiff was injured In the particulars alleged herein above in Count I, Paragraph 9* and as herein realleged In Para graph 4 of this Count, as a direct and proximate result of de fendant's negligence as heretofore alleged. 0S\N 4419^1 STLCOPCB4056466 G Guilfoil, Caruthers, Symington, Montrey & Daniel By (sgd) Rexford H. Caruther3 Rexford H. Caruthers By (sgd) J. Paul Allred, Jr. 4 J. Paul Allred, Jr. 434 Paul Brown Building Saint Louis 1, Missouri CHestnut 1-6890 DSW 441932 ATTORNEYS FOR PLAINTIFF STLCOPCB4056467 under a duty to give an adequate warning of such dangers and risks to the public who used such products, but both Defendants and each of them negligently breached 3aid duty by failing and omitting to give an adequate warning of such dangers and risks. y g* ** v3. Plaintiff began to make use of such products in 1933 in her employment at St. Louis, Missouri with International Bent Glass Company, and'is-.a^direct and proximate result of the Defendants' negligence, Plaintiff-waa injured in those particulars alleged hereinabove in Count I, Paragraph 9. '4*. Plaintiff restates and realleges each and every allegation^i-n Count I^Paragraph 10^ WHEREFORE, the premises considered, Plaintiff preys Judgment on this Count II of this Petition against the Defendants, and each of them, in the sum of '' 4-s D0LLAR3 ($25,000.00) and*her costs. .. /2CARUTHERS (-AS TWENTY FIVE KiCiiSAND ONTREY f JOHN P. MONTREY 430 Paul Brown Bidg, St. Louie 1, Missouri GArfield 1-2777 ATTORNEYS FOR PLAINTIFF - - *i^i r DSW 441933 STLCOPCB4056468 Fong No. 75 Circuit Court for the City of St. Louis .' State of Missouri Dorothy Berry Plaintiff. vs. B. F. Drakenfeld & Co., et al 47803 E No.,.. Div.. Defendant. SUMMONS The State of Missouri to Defendant......to ,.Ch6ini.cs.l^^0., ^...If.P.P.P.L. You are hereby summoned to appear before the above-named court and to file your pleading to the petition, copy of which is attached hereto, and to serve a copy of your pleading upon........................................ ..................... '.......................Ca.puthers~&-Montrey......................... ...........attorneys..... for plaintiff..... , whose address is.................... :.................. 430. Paul. B.r.Q.m .^Ms.................................................................... all within 30 days after service of this summons upon you, exclusive of the day of service. If you fail to do so, judgment by default will be taken against you for the relief demanded in the petition. June 29th 62 Dated.... ........................................................ , 19.......... (Seal of Circuit Court) By....(\(5\.). PHELIM O'TOOLE Circuit Clerk. Deputy Clerk. M DSW 441934 STLCOPCB4056469 RETURN ON SERVICE OF SUMMONS I hereby certify that I have served the within summons: (1) By delivering on the.......................................... day of..................................................................... ...................., 19. a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition to each of the within-named defendants........................... (2) By leaving on the.................................................day of.........................................................................................., 19. for each of the within-named defendants......................................................................................................................... M ...... .......................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................. a copy of the summons and a copy of the petition at the respective dwelling place or usual place of abode of said defendants with some person of his or her family over the age of 15 years; (3) By.......................................................................................................................... ...................... '................ ................................. All done in. .County, Missouri, Sheriffs fees: Summons....... $ Sheriff of. County, Missouri, Non est............$ Mileage............$ Total................$ A By.... Deputy Sheriff. DIRECTIONS TO SHERIFF A copy of the summons and a copy of the petition must be served on each de fendant. For methods of service in all classes of suit3 see Sec. 27 Civil Code. 47803 E ,-i S5 Q CD " ZZ o*- OS u8l -s u<t(oQ/>vi A Uc/>2<?3 M 0 DSW 441935 0) 5 3O O *C3J o .Si u *>->% W H 4) o AH W 5 'A STLCOPCB4056470 oulixj \Otl.tH . V. '. holey -- York ~. Fv.il T.-iruc -- "t. Louis i*. h.l. Jonkins - Anniston '<=.v.=rs. tugcr a. .-.nr.iy T.F. Reeves (2) -..M. Fllenburg H.f'. Loawon December 30, 1947 i Cclanese Corporation of Africa Contra! Research Laboratory 'unnit, Now Jersey Gentlemon: It. L. 3. 31rabaum ' As suggested by Dr. R. L. Jenkma in his letter to you on December 3, '.vo are ploased to ivrito about Aroclor toxicity considerations. The boat published information about the toxicity of Aroclor vapors with reference to possible damage to the liver 13 in a sories of three articles written for tho Journal of Industrial Hy-mcno ar.d Toxicology. Tho first article appearing in tho Goptcnbor 1937 issue,----- Vol. 19, No. 7 and the second article published in tho Fobrucry 1938 issue, VoL 20, No. 2 were v-ritcen by C./rC. Drinker, F. 'Varren, and C. A. Bonnet and cover only ,roclor 44W. The third article written . by Dr. Drinkor alone 13 more complete as it nIves information about . Aroclor3 4465, 1254, 1268 and 5460. "'e particularly -,vi3h to refor you to this article entitled., "Fu' tvor Observations on the Possible Cyotenic Toxicity of Cortaln of t ' lorinnted Hydrocarbons with suggestions for Permissible Concentrations in the Air of "'orkrooms", ^..by Cocil Y.. Drinker, Tho Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. " Vol. 21, No. 5, liny, 1939. ' In thl3 article Dr .-Drinker tub-lutes tho permissible limits of the compounds in mg. per cubic meter of sir in workrooms. The .following data is an excerpt pertainin' to i;kh-issiblo limits of various Aroclors: \ Permissible Limit Hatorial I'-g. per Cu. V,, No. 6 'Aroclor 4465 . No. 9 Aroclor 1254 No. 13 Aroclor 1268 . Mo. 14 Aroclor 5460 0.5 * 0.5 10.0 ' 0.5 Prom thi3, it is noted that there is a marked variation in the toxicity of tho vapors of different Aroclors. To quoto Dr. Drinker, "Aroclors 1268 is almost non-toxic". The vapors of tho other Aroclors studied ure toxic and should be avoided. Li general, tho more highly chlorinated biphenyls are less toxic than the lower chlorinated derivatives, proba- Attachment to 15 aaa^6 os^ STLCOPCB4056471 bly dua to decreased solubility. "The chlorinated ter phenyls appear to ho more toxic then oorri/;r.-.r.* ia~ chlorinated .biphenyls. v-.T.ero tho cold or solvent. .mot; oil is used for the impregnation of Aroclora usually only norms! 'j ccautlcnn or ordinary cleanliness of connercial plunt practico sro fol -.o .cd- '.lien the Aroclors are appliod by hot methods, 300 - . os- Lirv.er, tho workrooms should bo vontilatod by intake and exhaust fans of sufficient volume and velocity to remove the majority of the fumes. Where ever drying ovens are used, tho vapors must bo removed. Dugrcstions about this are sivon in the urtielc entitled, "Observations on tho Toxic Uffeota Resulting from Exposure to Chl.vri-mtod 'Naphthalene end Chlorinated Jheayis -.vita luGgostionn for I'rover.tian", by Dr. H. Von '.'.'edol. Dr. Km. A. Holla and Dr. Janes Ponton, published in The Subbar Amo. Vol. 53, No. 5, August 19-13. ., In General, it i3 boliovod thut the muxirrun permissible amount of . Aroclor vapor in the warieroat I.- evident to tho workmen because of an irritating influence ori tl- eye ner-.fcrtr.e3. It therefore becomes a self-revealing signal who.:. <- cons I<sv) - are retched. If you desire, wo will be t- hri v.ju an instrument vi'.ich -.vc have with full instruction:-: f .r 1:.. user..tier. to measure Arcelor vapors in your workroom atrvv-. -toret. This would bo the moot certain method to determine that your -.or'tiny conditions ere safe. . In your lottcr of December If to Jonxins, you naked whether studies have been made of tho o.:::lble toxicity or dermatitis due to finished manufactured ito.ns containing Aroclors as on ingredient. It was determined by the sklr. r^tch test procedure riven by Dr. Louis Schwartz and Dr. Genual Psc-s in reprint Ho. 255.1 from tho Public . ' Health Deports, Vol. 59, N'o. 17 (April 23, 1944) that canvas painted with Aroclor 54G0 and ar. oil modified alkyd resin in such a manner thnt oach square inch of fabric contained 10.5 mg.-of Aroclor 5460, waa noithcr a skin irritant nir a 'omsttimor. The following commercial application", are somo typical laryo current outlets for Aroclors and to our kno.vledye, there is no instance of ._ difficulty about toxicity even though in a number of these applications elevated temperatures are used and consumers come in rather close ' contact with tho finished commodity containing Aroclor. ' 1. Actuating fluid for thermostats. 2. Heat transfer medium. 3. Hon-flannable hydraulic fluid, especially for die casting mvebinos. 4. Adhesives for many -`irpasos; 5. V/ood preservative and scaler treatments. 6. Air compressor lubricant. . 7. Plasticizer for nitrocellulose, ethyl cellulose and' polyvinylchloride coatings. (In s number of applications of this type tho consumer comas-in a. 1(1. OU.IKJ , OU JK " intimate contact vji - a!ct.Inr- compositions. A good example is : : ; I.-, if ladles' shoos). G. Plastic izcr for Puri on U~A Pliolita paint a and coatings. .- ' 9. Plasticizer for wire i.orjulitinr compounds. 10. In transformers and !tors. ' 11. As an inpregnant for ' :n-:.r products, la. Pressure sensitive .i- .s. 13. In fire retardant poir.ia a.uu coatings. 14. Ispreeaant for textiles. 10. Industrial print in- inks. ' 16. top-off lscnucrs for e! ectroplatinr. 17. Ceramic, glaze printi:.~. 13. Plasticizer for usoh.-It conpositlons. . 19. In tbs manufacture of dentures. Based on our practical experience in the manufacture and sale of millions of pounds of Arocl.or3 annually, the point that wo would emphasize is that workers should cot be exposed to Aroclor vapors and that the men working with Aroclors should observe "good house keeping" rules about keeping their clothing and akins free of the material and avoid ingestion of it. Adequate ventilation has proved successful in keening the atmos- phoro free from harmful amounts of jlroclors around machinery and in plants. . Vihen you have had opportunity to -tve consideration to our above comments, please let us have your thoughts und lot us know if we can bo of further assistance to you. ' . Yours very truly, ?. a. Penigaus \ Development Deportment Copied by rs l/a/48 DSlN 4*1938 STLCOPCB4056473 oA.uU.Ku* A.JK.J Oti.lX Inhalation ' At ordinary temperatures the Aroclor chlorinated polyphenyls have'- not presented industrial toxicological problems. The hazard of potential toxic exposure varies with their volatility: the lower-chlorinated, more-volatile ones present more of a potential problem from the standpoint of both inhalation and skin contact. When Aroclor compounds are used at elevated tempera tures, engineering controls must be applied, either by the use of closed systems or by effective local-exhaust ventilation together with general workroom exhaust. Vapor of the liquid Aroclor compounds at room temperature should not be breathed in a con fined space, and no vapor of any Aroclor compound evolved at elevated temperatures should be allowed to be dispersed into the general workroom. Inhalation tests on animals indicate that the maximum safe concentration of vapor is in the range of from O.S to 1.0 milligram of the lower-chlorinated Aroclor compounds per cubic meter of air. The threshold limits (maximum allowable concentration for an 8-hour working day) set by the American Conference of Government Hygienists are 1.0 milligram of the lowerchlorinated Aroclor compounds per cubic meter of air and O.S milligram of the more-highlychlorinated compounds, such as Aroclor 1254, per cubic meter of air. Skin Confect Schwartz patch tests on 200 volunteers showed that Aroclor 1254 was neither a primary skin irritant or a sensitizer. Continuous or repeated skin contact with the Aroclor compounds must be avoided by the use of gloves and protective garments, because of the possible occurance of a condition called chlor acne. Although reports of this condition caused by Aroclor compounds are rare, it can be produced by excessive skin contact. If any Aroclor compound is spilled on the skin, the skin should be washed in the usual manner with a soap solution. A burn caused by contact with a hot Aroclor compound should be treated like any ordinary burn. Aroclor compound adhering to the burned area need not be removed immediately, unless treatment of the burn demands it, in which case either soap and water or repeated washings with a vegetable oil arc recommended. 12 DSW 441939 STLCOPCB4056474 JOHN r, EVANS JOHN R. DIXON WM. IV. EVANS JAMC S V. GALLEN JOH.'I C, SHEPHERD EDWARD W. WARNER RALPH C. KLEINSCHMIDT EUGENE K. BUCKLEY ROBERT M. EVANS HENRY D. MENGHINI PAUL V. GILBERT ALBERT J. SEIER ROBERT J. ROBINSON EVA NS Sc DIXON ATTORNEYS AT LAW COTTON BELT BUILDING III NORTH FOURTH STREET SAINT LOUIS October 25, 1962 Monsanto Chemical Company 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard Saint Louis 41, Missouri MAIN 1-7755 D. F. Drakenfeld and Company 45 Park Place New York 7, New York Re: Dale McIntyre vs International Bent Glass Company (Dale McIntyre, International Bent Glass Company and United States Casualty Company vs Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F. Drakcnf-Ic and Company) Gentlemen: This is to advise that this firm represents the employe.: and insurer in the above Syled action, wherein Dale McIntyre, an emp^_/ee of International Bent Glass Company, asserts he sustained injury and damages as a result of an exposure or contact with certain chemical products, all by reason of the negligence of the Monsanto Chemical Company, and D. F. Drakenfeld and Company. Under Missouri statutes, the employer and insurer are subrogated to the extent of any compensation or the expense of any medical aid paid to or on behalf of the employee under our Workmen's Compensation statutes. This subrogation right extends to the recovery on the part of the employee against any third party, by reason of suit or settlement. Kindly consider this letter a lien against any possible recovery on the part of Mr. McIntyre as noted, and acknowledge receipt of same. Thank you for your coo EWW:mm cc: Moser, Marsalek,et al,Attorneys at Law,330 Pierce Bldg.,St. Louis 2,Me ut^^^ahd- Membi^y,^ttorneys] ab taw,818 /OTivh"'t-r2Stf<Cbui/. CC: U.S.Casualty Company,Western Dept.,175 West Jackson Blvd.,Chicago 4,11 DSW 441941 STLCOPCB4056476 JOHN T. EVANS JOHN R. OIXON WM.W, EVANS JAMES V. CALLEN JOHN C. SHEPHERD COWARD W. WARNER RALPH C. KLEINSCHMIDT EUGENE K.BUCKLE* ROBERT M. EVANS HENRY D. MENGHINI PAUL V. GILBERT ALBERT J. 5EICR ROBERT J. ROBINSON EVA NS & DIXON ATTORNEYS AT LAW COTTON BELT BUILDING III NORTH FOURTH STREET SAINT LOUIS October 25, 1962 Monsanto Chemical Company 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard St. Louis 41, Missouri MAin 1-7755 D. F. Drakenfeld and Company 45 Park Place New York 7, New York Gentlemens Re: Ruth Bruning vs. International Bent Glass Company ' (Ruth Bruning, International Bent. Glass Company and United States Casualty Company vs. Monsanto Chemical Company &nd D. F. Drakenfeld and Company) This is to advise that this firm represents the employer and insurer in the above-styled action, wherein Ruth Bruning, an employee of International Bent Glass Company, asserts she sustained injury and damages as a result of an exposure or contact with certain chemical products, all by reason of the negligence of the Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F. Drakenfeld and Company. Under Missouri statutes, the employer and insurer are subrogated to the extent of any compensation or the expense of any medical aid paid to or on behalf of the employee under our Workmen's Compensation statutes. This subrogation right extends to the recovery on the part of the employee against any third party, by reason of suit or settlement. Kindly consider this letter a lien against any possible recovery on the part of Mrs. Bruning as noted, and acknowledge receipt of same. Thank you for your cooperation. EWWsnl cc: Moser, Marsalek, et al., Attys. at Law, 330 Pierce Bldg.,St. L. (2) lec-t'IJ^'&rLhhars-^^ontxey^Atfys^-at LawTv.. 818 ^ldTVe^Str.-^iSt:'^Louis^''l'',ka. cc: U. S. Casualty Co., Western Dept., 175 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago 4, Illinois DSW 441942 STLCOPCB4056477 JOHN F. EVANS JOHN R. DIXON WM. W. EVANS JAMES V. GALLEN JOHN C. SHEPHERD EDWARD W. WARNER RALPH C. KLEINSCHMIDT EUGENE K.BUCKLEY ROBERT M. EVANS HENRY D. MENGHINI PAUL V. GILBERT ALBERT J. SEIER ROBERT J. ROBINSON EVA NS Sc DIXON ATTORNEYS AT LAW COTTON BELT BUILDING 1(1 NORTH FOURTH STREET SAINT LOUIS October 25, 1962 Monsanto Chemical Company 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard St. Louis 41, Missouri MAin 1-7755 D. F. Drakenfeld and Company 45 Park Place New York 7, New York Gentlemem Re: Thelma Boyd vs. International Bent Glass Company ' (Thelma Boyd, International Bent Glass Company and United States Casualty Company vs. Monsanto Chemical Company an'd D. F. Drakenfeld and Company) This is to advise that this firm represents the employer and insurer in the above-styled action, wherein Thelma Boyd, an employee of International Bent Glass Company, asserts she sustained injury and damages as a result of an exposure or contact with certain chemical products, all by reason of the negligence of the Monsanto Chemical Company and D. F. Drakenfeld and Company. Under Missouri statutes, the employer and insurer are subrogated to the extent of any compensation or the expense of any medical aid paid to or on behalf of the employee under our Workmen's Compensation statutes. This subrogation right extends to the recovery on the part of the employee against any third party, by reason of suit or settlement. Kindly consider this letter a lien against any possible recovery on the part of Mrs. Boyd as noted, and acknowledge receipt of same. Thank you for your cooperation. toward W. Warner EWW:nl cc: Moser, Marsalek, et al., Attys. at Lav;, 330 Pierce Bldg., St.Louis (2) /j2^<C^rjit^^L>lMc^tr^ey^^ttysL''tat taw, '818 ('Olive ^StL ," St^ Lpuis- 1L- Mq. cc: U. S. Casualty Co., Western Dept., 175 West Jackson Blvd., Chicago 4, Illinois DSW 441943 STLCOPCB4056478 FOR /ip jifGVC5 * Wv k- - r HI ;T/ 41. Cr 'iiiiz* OzarL Rivers Preserve WASHINGTON, Feb. 26 (UP!) | name of the preserve. The House --The House Interior Committee ' measure calls for a new designa . today approved a bill creating a tion--Ozark National Scenic system of national scenic river Riverways. This new category . ways in the Missouri Ozarks. of national park permits hunting The bill, fought through the and fishing -- an activity pro Congress for more than three hibited in most /rational recrea years, establishes a new concept tional areas. for federal / recreational pre The House bill now authorizes serves. . the Secretary of the Interior'to The Senate has already passed acquire 65,000 privately owned a bill creating a federal preserve acres and to negotiate with the along the Current and Jacks state of Missouri for donation of .Fork rivers. That measure, how Big Spring, Alley Spring and ever, contains important differ Round Spring State Parks into .. ences from the bill approved by the federal preserve. ' The bill ,,,the House committee. limits acquisition costs for the One of the differences, is the land to $7,000,000. ELECTRICAL SHOCKS SUITS FOR $435,000 KILLlfl; CHILD HURT OVER PAINT PRODUCT Two persons were electrocuted Suits for. damages totaling: yesterday in separate accidents $485,000 were filed in drcait in St, Louis county and a child court today by 14 persons against sc . D.-'v. , TRANSIENT 1 Time --------------------- ?4C 3-6 Times (consecutive!-- -- C7c 7, 8. 9 or 10 Times (coruccu*. for the of 6 Times. ROOMS--ROOM AND BOAJ 1 T.me-------------- -- 69c 3-6 Times (r'onsecuth'e')--- --- 62c 7, 8. f) or JO Times (cor.secuti for :he price of 6 Timer. SITUATIONS WANTED 1 Time -- ------------59c f 3-6 Times (consecutive)-- -- 54c t 7, 8, 9 or 3 0 Times (consecutiv for the price of 6 Times. On all 7 to 10 time orders eo B changes win be permitted only delete Menu: on which results ha Men obtained. No advertisement accepted i< less than the price of two lines. Local rates apply only to aive; tisers located In the Slate of Mi.* souri and within 150 miles of Si Louis in the State of . IlUnoi* Beyond these areas, rates are S per line dally and SI. 15 pot lln Sunday flak. Advertisers uslnp box numbers, plefcs* ask for "Want Ad An swers** Vhen Inquiring about re plies. .GENERAL REGULATIONS The Boai-Disp.nch reserves the right to classify ads under ap propriate hea<tln*s The Post-Dijpalch reserves the right to revise or reject or discon tinue advertisements or to retain answers to any box number adver tisement. If fhlt right Is exercised, the amount paid for the advertise ment will be refunded to the ad vertiser, . It it agreed that the liability of The Pulitzer Publishing Company in the event of failure to publish an advertisement for any reason or In the event that errors occur In the publishing of an advertise ment, shall be limited to the amount paid by the advertiser. Claims concerning omission or in correct insertions will not be con- aidered unless made within 30 days from date of publication. was burned when she placed an Monsanto Chemical Co. and a Now dial extension cord in her mbuth. New York paint firm. - Thomas F. Taveggia, an em The petitioners alleged that ploye of Wood Tech Corp., Bar their health was impaired MA 1-6666 : . for an ad faker For nil ath.r Poit-Disp.fch busineis diu! MA l-l 111 rett Station and Dougherty Ferry through exposure to products of ST.LOUIS POST-DISPATCH roads, Kirkwood, was . killed Monsanto and the B. F. Draken- <**) when a crane lift he. was oper feld Co. of New York City be CEMETERIES & MAUSOLEUMS 4 ating came in contact with 7200 tween 1955 and 1962, when they / volt high wires. worked as employes of Interna- ; LAUREL HILL; 4-grave (Masonic Garden). HA 7-071& 8 a.m.-ll a.m. FLORISTS Taveggia, 25 years old, was tional Bent Glass, Inc., -1825 ' unloading rafters for a building North Nineteenth street. . NETTIE'S project in Arnold, Mo., the High International Bent Glass is' a way Patrol said. He lived at light fixture manufacturing firm. 6207A Eichelberger street. Names of the plaintiffs and the George Warner, 904 Yeatman amounts they are .seeking are: avenue, Webster Groves, died Ronald Simpson, $30,C06; Marie today in St. Louis County Hos Clifford, $27,500; Mary Chapman, FLOWER GARDEN pi 2o. De 8-8Opes Mon.-Tburs. 8-6 p.m.; JTi. run.: Rat. 8-5 p.m. Closed Sundays 3801 S. Grand PR 1-9600 : ; 1 of M; Nc gw; br- * pital, after he was found yester $17,500; Dorothy Berry, $25,000; FUNERAL DOCTORS DE day unconscious in the basement Mildred Barrett, $27,500; Rita B. . of the home of Mr. and Mrs. King; $45,000; James A. White, Wiiliam McDonough, 222 West $45,000; Walter F. Miller, $17, --Glendale road, Webster Groves. 500; Thelma Wieners, $50,000; :" Warner, 64, a washing machine Martha Syler, $45,800; Theodore repairman, was found lying on Czamecki, $45,000; Charlotte -the floor near the machine he Shoemaker, $47,500; Hazel had been called to repair. A Schneider, $17,500,. and Verge! ' screwdriver with an apparently A. Maness, $45,000. ' '..burned end was in his hand. His The plaintiffs allege that they -3" "3a> T* rj- 5 (P Q .t . ' /. KRIEGSHAUSER'S 1 .`roi Wo. . VtVEST PE' 9450 Oliva Street rd, WY 4-3322 Mo. SOUTH . 29, 5228 8. Kinrshighway FL 1-4320 ploy Listen to Krlegshauser'a "Night and Music," X6D -Radio 7 to 9 p.m. No. featuring Wed Salute to St. IpOuIs Industry** HUBBKLL METALS. INC. Feb. 23rd ihrounn 26th KJX Feb. Wild AMBRUSTER (nee tor. r.-; ./.heart had stopped. Webster suffered liver ailments, skin erup Groves firemen restored his heart tions, cysts and other skin ail beat through artificial respira- ments as the result of handling 8633 CLAYTON RD. : VO 3-1300 ALBERT H. HOPPE CC.'`~av-s. _et :';tlon.' . an enamel distributed by the JAY B. SMITH Tina Stidman, 2^-year-old Drakenfeld firm. . daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Pres The enamel contained a Mon 7456 Manchester st 1-1115 MORRELL JE 3-3950 ton Stidman of 2511 Leslie drive, santo ingredient which Drakeo! '.Overland, is in critical condition feld knew or should have known in St. Louis County Hospital with was toxic and dangerous, the pe STROOT-CARROLL 4600 Natural Bridge EV 1-0341 an : CLARK (NEWrFUHERAL HOME 7400 Page_______________Pa 1-3950 Pur.-:-: Th-.:.-. injuries suffered when she put tition alleges. Both firms were KUTIS "FUNERAL 2906 Gravois KO. :s--~ PR 2-3000 Oa k was G an extension cord in her mouth. negligent in failing to warn of the ' Stidman told Overland police risk, it is alleged. V.OYDELl/S Dor.'r: ;..nd Allen PH 2-0402 El'S - :EISTER~Colonlal Mortuary . he was working in the basement The suit states that the United 4 Chippewa _________KL 2-193S and his daughter was playing on States Public Health Service the floor nearby. He had turned found in a 1962 inquiry that the . MONUMENTS 10 ROS E3R.OUGH~Xf?)NU.MKNT~C 5232 West Floriaaaot KV,,V"' . his back when the accident oc plaintiffs' ailments were caused ;- curred, he said. by use of the enamel. .' 6424 Chippewa_______FTh;. . fraternal notices 13 jlor.in: > I Watson. | St. 2u;l HERBERT HOOVER'S PUBLIC MISLED MASONIC wn- - CONDITION BETTER RV rirr' " Lr- STLCOPCB4056479 Monsanto STLCOPCB4056481 The Aroclor* compounds are among the most unique, most versatile chemicallymade materials in industry. Aroclors are so useful in so many ways in so many different applications, primarily because of one outstanding characteristic: inertness. The Aroclors do not bum . . . and they impart fire-retardance to compositions in which they are mixed. The Aroclors do not "break down" under mechanical stress; therefore, they make good lubricants, sealants, and expansion media. The Aroclors are not decomposed by, nor do they conduct even tiny amounts of, electricity; therefore, they are outstanding dielectrics. Heat has little effect on the compounds, hence the Aroclors are excellent heat transfer fluids. Since they are compatible with a wide range of synthetic resins, Aroclors make excellent plasticizers. Because Aroclors in formulations "trap" and hold more volatile ingredients, they make volatile insecticides and repellents "last longer" in residual activity. And, important too, Aroclors are low in cost. Examination of their properties will show literally scores of uses in which no other material can serve. The following pages describe the physical properties of the Aroclors and some of their many applications. These remarkable materials are manufactured exclusively by Monsanto. *Arodor is a trademark of Monsanto Chemical Company for its chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives, including chlorinated diphenyl. Reg. U. S. Pat. Ofc. In this brochure. Aroclor is frequently used as a plural noun solely to improve the ease of reading and as a convenience to the reader. In every instance of such use, however, the usage refers to Monsanto Aroclor brand of polyphenyl compounds. DSW 441947 STLCOPCB4056482 Page No. Table of General Physical Properties.............................................................. 2 Electrical Applications of the Aroclors............................................................. 8 Mechanical Applications of the Aroclors.......................................................... 12 Heat Transfer..........................................................................................12 Expansion Media.....................................................................................15 Liquid Sealant for Furnace Roofs........................................................... 15 Aroclors in Special Product Formulations............................ 16 Sealers for Gaskets................................................................................. 16 Dedusting Agent..................................................................................... 16 Insecticides............................................................................................. 16 Precision Casting Waxes......................................................................... 17 Abrasives................................................................................................ 17 Specialized Lubricants................................................... 17 Industrial Cutting Oils............................................................................. 19 Adhesives................................................................................................19 Polishing Waxes and Impregnating Compounds....................................21 Coatings.................................................................................................. 22 Inks.........................................................................................................22 Mastics, Sealing and Caulking Compounds............................................23 Permanent Tack Coatings.................. 23 Aroclors in Plastics.......................................................................................... 24 Aroclors in Paint, Varnish, and Lacquers........................................................ 27 Appendix.................................................. 35 Method for Emulsifying....................................... 35 Solubility Table....................................................................................... 36 Vapor Pressures..................................................................................... 37 Vaporization Rates................................................................................. 38 Corrosion Resistance of Materials..........................................................39 Viscosity Table........................................................................................40 Table of Densities......................................... 41 Dermatology and Toxicity....................................................................... 42 DSW 441948 STLCOPCB4056483 THE aroclors Aroclor compounds are a series of chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated poly phenyls. They range in form and appearance from mobile oily liquids to fine white crystals and hard transparent resins. Aroclors are non-oxidizing, perma nently thermoplastic, of low volatility, and non-corrosive to metals. Aroclors are not hydrolyzed by water, alkalis, or acids. The viscous liquids and resins will not support combustion when heated alone, and they impart fire retardance to other materials. The crystalline Aroclors are relatively insoluble, but the liquid and resinous compounds are soluble in most of the common organic solvents, thinners and oils. All Aroclors are insoluble in water, glycerine or the glycols. Aroclor 5460 is insoluble in the lower molecular weight alcohols; "4465" is only partly soluble in the lower alcohols. The following table describes the properties of twelve Aroclors, each of which is representative of a series. For almost every Aroclor shown, there is a darkcolored grade of approximately the same physical and chemical characteristics. These darker products are less pure but are lower in price. Aroclors are used alone for particular physical jobs, such as insulating, heat transfer, sealants and expansion media; and they are used as components or extenders in elastomers, adhesives, paints, lacquers, varnishes, pigments and waxes. The properties imparted by Aroclors (and their usefulness in particular applications) vary in regular gradient over the series. Selection of the right Aroclor for a particular use can generally be made by comparision of the properties, by "blending" two or more, and by adjusting the percentage used in the particular mixture in which the Aroclors will be formulated. DSW 441949 l STLCOPCB4056484 general physical properties of Form. Aroclor 1221 Colorless mobile oil Color. Acidity--Maximum (Mgm. KOH per Gm.).. Average Coefficient of Expansion. .cc/cc/C Typical Density Specific Gravity............................. Pounds per Gallon--25C (77F). Distillation Range--ASTM D-20 (Mod.) Corr. C.................................................. Evaporation Loss--%--ASTM D-6 Mod. 163C..................................................5 hrs. 100C..................................................6 hrs. 100 Max. (APHA) 0.014 0.00071 (15-40C) 1.182-1.192 (25715.5C) 9.85 275-320 1.0 to 1.5 Flash Point--Cleveland Open Cup. Fire Point--Cleveland Open Cup. Pour Point--ASTM D-97. C F C F C F Softening Point--ASTM E-28.................... C F Refractive Index--D-line--20C. Viscosity--Saybolt Universal 210F (98.9C) Sec. (ASTM--D-88) 130F (54.4C) 100F (37.8C) 141-150 286-302 176 349 Crystals at 1C Crystals at 34F 1.617-1.618 30-31 35-37 38-41 Aroclor 1232 Practically colorless mobile oil 100 Max. (APHA) 0.014 0.00073 (25-100C) 1.270-1.280 (25/15.5C) 10.55 290-325c 1.0 to 1.5 152-154 305-310 238 460 -35.5 -32 1.620-1.622 31-32 39-41 44-51 Aroclor 1242 Practically colorless mobile oil 100 Max. (APHA) 0.010 0.00068 (25-65C) I. 381-1.392 (25715.5C) II. 50 4 Aroclor 1248 Colorless to light yellowgreen, clear, mobile oil 100 Max. (APHA) 0.010 0.00070 (25-65C) 1.405-1.415 (65715.5C) 12.04 325-366 340-375 3.0 to 3.6 0.0 to 0.4 176-180 348-356 None* 3.0 to 4.0 0.0 to 0.3 193-196 379-384 None -19 2 -7 19.4 1.627-1.629 34-35 49-56 82-92 1.630-1.631 36-37 73-80 185-240 ."H ip/ -1 Aroclor 1254 Light yellow sa viscous oil Vfi 100 Max. (APHA) '* 0.010 0.00066 (25-65C) 1.495-1.505 (65715.5C) 12.82 365-390 1.1 to 1.3 0.0 to 0.2 None None 10 50 1.639-1.641 44-48 260-340 1800-2500 NONE indicates--"No fire point up to boiling temperature" DSW 441950 2 STLCOPCB4056485 some of the aroclor compounds H Aroclor 1260 Light yellow soft sticky resin 150 Max. (APHA) 0.014 0.00067 (20-100C) 1.555-1.566 (90/15.5C) 13.50 385-420 0.5 to 0.8 0.0 to 0.1 None None 31 -- -- 1.647-1.649 72-78 3200-4500 H Aroclor 1262 Light yellow sticky clear resin 150 Max. (APHA) 0.014 0.00064 (25-65C) 1.572-1.583 (90/15.5C) 13.72 395-425 Aroclor 1268 White to off-white powder 1.5 Max. NPA (molten) 0.05 0.00067 (20-100C) 1.804-1.811 (25/25C) 15.09 435-450 0.5 to 0.6 0.0 to 0.1 None None 0.1 to 0.2 0.0 to 0.06 None None 35-38 99= -- -- -- -- 1.6501-1.6517 86-100 600-850 (160F or 71C) 150 to 170 (hold pt.) 302 to 338 (hold pt.) -- -- -- . Aroclor 4465 Light-yellow, clear, brittle resin 2 Max. NPA (molten) 0.05 0.00061 (25-65C) 1.670 (25/25C) 13.91 230-320 at 4 mm. Hg. 0.2 to 0.3 0.0 to 0.02 None None -- -- 60 to 66 140 to 151 1.664-1.667 90-150 (266F or 130C) -- Aroclor 5442 Yellow trans parent sticky resin 2 Max. NPA (molten) 0.05 0.00123 (25-99C) 1.470 (25/25C) 12.24 215-300 at 4 mm. Hg. 0.2 0.01 247 477 >350 >662 46 115 46 to 52 115 to 126 -- 300-400 -- Aroclor 5460 Clear, yellowto-amber, brittle resin 2 Max. NPA (molten) 0.05 0.00179 (25-124C) 1.670 (25/25C) 13.91 280-335 at 5 mm. Hg. 0.03 1.5 to 1.7 (at 260--5 hrs.) None None -- -- 98 to 105.5 208 to 222 1.660-1.665 -- -- Aroclor 2565 Black, opaque, brittle resin 1.4 0.00066 (25-65C) 1.734 (25/25C) 14.44 -- 0.2 to 0.3 None None -- -- 66 to 72 149 to 162 -- -- -- DSW 441951 3 STLCOPCB4056486 0 00 00 Aroclors are non-drying. Even when exposed to air in the form of thin films, no noticeable oxidation or hardening takes place. However, when used as com ponents of paints, varnishes or lacquers, they do not retard the rate of drying of the films. Quick drying varnishes and paints can be made using Aroclors in the formulation. "NON-FLAMMABILITY" The viscous, oil-like Aroclors and the resins do not support combustion when heated alone, even at their boiling points -- temperatures in excess of 350C. Most of the Aroclors flux readily with other resinous and pitch-like materials to make mixtures that gain in fire retardance properties. Even when incorpo rated in nitro-cellulose films and rubber foams, Aroclors will retard the rate of burning. "ADHESIVENESS" AND "THERMOPLASTICITY" The Aroclor resins adhere strongly to smooth surfaces such as glass, metal, varnished or lacquered coatings. The Aroclors are permanently thermoplastic. They apparently undergo no condensation or hardening upon repeated melting and cooling. Clear Aroclor resins can be supplied with softening points up to 105 C. Opaque, crystalline Aroclors can be supplied with initial melting points up to approximately 290 F. 1 ) t OSNN 441952 4 STLCOPCB4056487 STABILITY Toward Alkalies -- The Aroclors are remarkably resistant to the action of either hydrolyzing agents or high temperature. They are not affected by boiling with sodium hydroxide solution. Toward Acids -- Experiments were made to determine whether hydrogen chloride is evolved diming the treatment of Aroclors with sulfuric acid. Aroclor 1254 (selected as typical) was stirred with an equal volume of ten per cent sulfuric acid for a period of 150 hours. Any gases escaping from the reaction flask had to pass through a trap filled with silver nitrate solution, which solution would give a precipitate of silver chloride if any HC1 came in contact with it. After 150 hours of treatment, neither the trap solution nor the acid layer in the treating flask showed any hydrogen chloride present. Even prolonged treatment (255 hours) with concentrated sulfuric acid indicated negligible effect. Toward Heat -- Because of their stability to heat, the Aroclors are useful heat transfer media. Aroclor 1254 and particularly the less viscous Aroclor 1248 are recommended for this purpose because they may be heated at temperatures up to 315 C (600 F) in a closed system for long periods without appreciable decomposition and they are, at the same time, fire resistant. Toward Oxidation -- When Aroclors are subject to a bomb test at 140 C with 250 pounds oxygen per square inch, there is no evidence of oxidation as judged by development of acidity or formation of sludge. ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY The Aroclors have extremely interesting electrical characteristics: high resis tivity and dielectric strength and low power factor. The dielectric constant ranges from 3.4 to 5.0 at 100C and 1000 cycles, depending upon the particular Aroclor. SOLUBILITY All Aroclors are insoluble in water. They are soluble, however, in most of the common solvents, plasticizers, and resins. The Aroclor oils and resins are readily soluble in most of the common organic solvents and drying oils. The hard crystalline Aroclors are in general less soluble than the liquids or softer Aroclor resins. All the Aroclors are heavier than water, a valuable property for many applications. DSW 441953 Aroclors are among the purest commercial chemical compounds, virtually free of even traces of conducting impurities. For this reason, the Aroclors' dielectric properties closely approximate the theoretical maxi mum for the particular organic compound. With their stability, heat resistance and flame resistance -- Aroclors can be used for a variety of heavy-duty dielectric applications. electrical applications of aroclors DIELECTRICS FOR ASKAREL TYPE TRANSFORMERS AND CAPACITORS Monsanto Aroclors are used per se and are formu lated for the liquid coolant-insulation fluids in transformers and capacitors. Such dielectrics must be highly pure with dependably minimal traces of electrolytes. They must be chemically stable and non-corrosive to a wide variety of structural ma terials. Most important, the dielectric fluid must be fire-resistant. Aroclors are the only liquids in low cost commercial supply that meet these exacting requirements. Liquid Aroclors "1242," "1248," "1254," and "1260" are used directly, or these are carefully formulated with chlorinated benzene and other additives to make askarel fluid for particular needs. Typical formulated askarel fluids are shown on the following pages. Aroclors "1242" and "1254" themselves or in special formulations are used as the dielectric in fixed paper capacitors, for the power factor correction in utility transmission lines; for home appliances such as air conditioners, furnaces, washers and driers; for electric motors; and for ballast in fluoLf i OS***"* *1 8 STLCOPCB4056491 rescent fixtures. There are also a number of applications in DC systems, in con densers, and the new energy storage capacitors. The Aroclor fluids can be used in a wide variety of applications requiring a special ized dielectric. Monsanto works closely with electrical equipment makers to develop the proper dielectric with the exact physical properties required by the engineering of the equipment. IMPREGNATING COMPOUNDS Because of their nonflammability, high resistivity, and dielectric strength and low power factor, the liquid and resinous Aroclors are extremely useful materials for many applications as impregnating compounds. An important application of Aroclors in the electrical field is the use of Aroclors 1260, 4465 and 5460 in wire or cable coatings and as impregnants for cotton and asbestos braided insulation. Because they possess high purity and excellent electrical resistance, Aroclor 1254, 5460 and 1268 make excellent dielectric sealants: to close the pores of carbon resistors, and to seal electrical bushings and terminals. Since the liquid Aroclors will absorb sufficient moisture from the atmosphere to impair the electrical characteristics, it is customary to treat Aroclor intended for this application before use with a dehydrating clay. An effective product for this purpose is Attapulgus clay 80/300 mesh dried for 4 hours at 400C. and used at the rate of 0.10% based on the weight of Aroclor, followed by filtration. Treatment is improved if the Aroclor is heated to 50-55C. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES Dielectric Constant at 1,000 Cycles (1) Volume Resistivity (2) Ohm-cm at 100C, Aroclor 25C 100C 500 Volts D.C. Power Factor (4) Dielectric Strength (3) 100C, 1,000 Cycles 1232 1242 1248 1254 1260 1268 5442 5454 5460 4465 5.7 5.8 5.6 5.0 4.3 2.5 3.0 2.7 2.5 2.7 4.6 4.9 4.6 4.3 3.7 -- 4.9 4.2 3.7 3.3 Above 500x10 Above 500x10 Above 500x10 Above 500x10 Above 500x10 Greater than 35KV Greater than 35KV Greater than 35KV Greater than 35KV <0.1% <0.1% <0.1% <0.1% (1) ASTM D-150-47T (2) ASTM D-257-46 (3) ASTM D-149-44 (4) ASTM 0-150-47T DSVV 441957 9 STLCOPCB4056492 TYPICAL TRANSFORMER ASKAREL (MIXTURE OF AROCLOR AND CHLOROBENZENES) k. V. 'C ' IS" Property Vise. @ 37.8 C. (ASTM D88) Spec. Gravity @ 15.5/15.5C (ASTM D287) Color, APHA Condition Acidity, mg. KOH/g. Pour Pt., C,, (ASTM D97) Inorganic Chlorides, ppm Refractive Index % 25C. <# Distillation Range (ASTM D20) Corrected for stem and baro- >.'y First drop ... 35 %' C1:. 55% 65% . 95% Corrosion Water Content, ppm. . Resistivity, 100C., 500v., 0.1" gap Dielectric Strength, 25 C. Dielectric Constant,'100C., 1000 cycles* Tin Tetraphenyl* Burn Point, (ASTM D92) * Fixed Chlorine* Arc Formed Gases* ' ... (Oxygen Free Liquid @25C.) Electrical Stability* Typical 41-45 Sec. Saybolt Univ. 1.563-1.571 150 max. Clear 0.01 max. -- 44 C., or lower 0.10 max. 1.6075-1.6085 1 210C , min. 240-256'C. 290-330C. 385-400"C. - 395-415C. ' x > , -v! : '- After heating with aluminum for 6 hrs. @ 200-220C., the aluminum must not be corroded 4ither on visual or weight in spection. . ! \ -' ' . . The: askarel fluid meets the following specifications: i : ^ Color, APHA \ ' 200 max. ; Acidity, mg. KOH/g. 0.01 max. : Inorg. Chlorides, ; . ppm ' / . ; 5 max. Condition i - Clear s : -30 max. p is i . ' 100 x 10 ohm-cm., min. 35 KV., min. fe: $ 3.8-4.2 i jf l l: ;/' 0.125% 0.01 % by weight None pp to Boiling Point 6Q.5 | 0.5 Total combustible gases including carbon monoxide, hydrogen and volatile hydro carbons. After heating for 96 hours @ 100C in a closed container, the resistivity should not decrease more than 10%. TYPICAL CAPACITOR AROCLOR Property Vise. @ 37.8C. (ASTM D88) Specific Gravity @ 25/15.5C (ASTM D287) Color, APHA Condition Acidity, mg. KOH/g. Typical 82-92 seconds Saybolt Univ. 1.381-1.392 50 max. Clear 0.01 max. 'Determined by special request. DSW 441958 10 STLCOPCB4056493 Typical Capacitor Aroclor Property Pour Pt., C. (ASTM D97) Inorganic Chlorides, ppm. Refractive Index (a 25C. Distillation Range (ASTM D20) Corrected for stem and baro metric pressure Corrosion Water Content, ppm Resistivity 100C. 500 volts DC (a, 0.1" gap Dielectric Constant 100C. (5, 1000 cycles (ASTM D924) Flash Point Cleve. Open Cup* Fire Point C.* Sulfates (ASTM-D117-31) * Fixed chlorine content (Carius) * Specific Heat @ 25C.* Evaporation @ 100 C for 6 hrs. * Dielectric Strength (KV) (ASTM D877) * `Determined by special recuest. (continued) Typical -- 14 or lower 0.10 max. 1.6240-1.6260 10';; 325C. min. 90% 360C. max. ' After heating with aluminum for six hours at 210C 10C the aluminum must not be corroded either on visual or weight in spection and the Aroclor 1242 should, meet the following specs.: ,j Color, APHA 60 max. r< Acidity, mg. KOH/g. 0.01 max. V Inorg. Chlorides, ppm 0.10 max. i4 Condition Clear 35 max. : 500 x 109 ohm-cm., min. ; 4.7-4.9 170C., min. None to boiling point None 41.5-42.5 % 0.29 0.4 % max. 35 Min. f t DIELECTRIC CONSTANT VS. TEMPERATURE AROCLOR 1242 & AROCLOR 1254 fe, - DIELECTRIC CONSTANT @ 1000 CYCLES BY COURTESY OF THE JOURNAL OF FRANKLIN INSTITUTE ANO BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES DSW 441959 11 STLCOPCB4056494 mSMM Because Aroclors have excellent shear resistance, heat stability, and are chemically stable . . . they can serve in dozens of mechanical applications for transferring mechanical power, heat, and variable pressures. Aro clors do not attack metals even at high temperature; they resist oxidation, chemical and mechanical break down under a wide variety of environmental conditions. In addition, the Aroclor liquids used as lubricants impart a high degree of extreme pressure lubricity. meclxanical applications of aroclors HEAT TRANSFER Aroclors are outstanding for use as the heat transfer liquids in indirect heating systems. Aroclor systems can transfer closely controllable, uniform heat to chemical processing vessels, food cookers, potato chip fryers, drying ovens and other installations where the fire source must be removed from the point where the processing heat is used. Aroclor 1248 is used most frequently in such indirect heating systems. Heat transfer with Aroclors has many advantages. Processing heat up to 600F. can be delivered in a non-pressurized system, reducing the construction costs of the heating system. The fluid in properly engineered systems will last without significant degradation for from five to seven years. The systems present no fire or explosion hazard, since the Aroclor does not support combustion. In ad dition, there is no day to day conditioning of boiler water, inasmuch as the Aroclor requires no con ditioning, and Aroclor systems require a minimum amount of insulation. Aroclor systems operating at atmospheric pressure have been used successfully since 1941. Aroclor systems can operate safely and efficiently on gas, oil or electricity. DSW 441960 STLCOPCB4056495 Aroclors 1242, 1248 and 1254 are used as a circulating heat transfer medium with great success. Good circulation and a well designed heating system are necessary to prevent local overheating. Aroclor 1248, however, is recommended for universal use up to 315C (600F) because of its fluidity at low temperatures and its fireresistance. The liquid Aroclor 1248 is readily pumpable with centrifugal pumps to temperatures as low as 50F. In processes where a cooling cycle must also be introduced, provision can easily be made for shunting circulating Aroclor through a water cooled heat exchanger, thus employing one medium for both heating and cooling. In special cases, Aroclors 1242 and 1232 can be substituted for the Aroclor 1248. If low outside temperatures are encountered, the less viscous Aroclor 1242 can be used. Aroclor 1232 may be used where outdoor temperatures as low as 20F are en countered. While Aroclor 1232 is serviceable for unpressurized heat transfer, this Aroclor compound is not quite as fire resistant as "1248" or "1242." Monsanto has available an "Engineering Heat Transfer Da.i" booklet that gives design guidance on Aroclor systems. In addition, Monsanto can suggest sources for Aroclor heaters and equipment. Photo courtesy of Western Precipitation Corp. Photo courtesy of Struthers Wells Corp. Photo courtesy of Union Iron Works DSW 441961 Photo courtesy of The International Boiler Works Co. 13 STLCOPCB4056496 Temperature C. "F. BTU./Hr./Sq. Ft./ F./Ft. [ ' 30 * 60 100 86 ' 140 212 , 0.0570 0.0564 0.0555 Calories, gram/Sec./ Sq.Cm./C./Cm. 236 x10-` 233 x 10-* 229 x 10-` STLCOPCB4056497 EXPANSION MEDIUM Because of their stability at high temperatures and ability to withstand frequent temperature cycles without gum formation, the liquid Aroclors are used as the actuating medium in bellows controls, thermostats, industrial temperature control regulators and other kinds of automation equipment. The average coefficient of expansion of Aroclor 1248 per degree F. within the various temperature ranges indicated in the table below was determined by using the simple formula Vt = VtI [1+a (t--ti) ]. The coefficient, a, has been calculated at 100F increments, as follows: Temp. Range F Average Coefficient of Expansion cc/cc/F 0 to 100 100 to 200 200 to 300 300 to 400 400 to 500 500 to 600 0.00037 0.00039 0.00040 0.00046 0.00048 0.00051 The specific volume of Aroclor 1248 at different temperatures is as follows: Temp. F. Specific Volume ml/gm 0 0.674 100 0.699 200 0.726 300 0.755 400 0.790 500 0.828 600 0.870 LIQUID SEALANT FOR FURNACE ROOFS The liquid Aroclors 1248 and 1254, because of their low vapor pressures and fireresistance, make excellent liquid sealants. These non-evaporating fluids have good flow at slightly elevated temperatures and are chemically stable at elevated temperatures. Consequently, the liquid Aroclors make excellent fluid sealants for any application where the use of oil would create a fire hazard. In the trough of annealing furnaces, for example, Aroclors make dependable fire-safe roof seals. VACUUM DIFFUSION PUMP OIL The fluid Aroclors 1248 and 1254 are highly stable to air; they make good oils for vacuum pumps at a much lower cost than high priced silicone type oils. These Aroclors operate efficiently in vacuum diffusion pumps used to pull high vacuum for metalizing plastics; dehydrating foods, medicinals; and for drying capacitor cones. DUST ENTRAPMENT Because Aroclors are non-drying and tacky, they make excellent coatings for capturing dust, lint and other fine air-borne particles. Aroclors 1260 and 5460 are used successfully to coat fibrous glass air filter pads, metal mesh and other ma terials used for filtering air and gas streams. DSW 441963 With their wide range of physical properties, their inertness, lubricity, and vapor-suppressing charac teristics -- Aroclors can be valuable ingredients in an extraordinary variety of formulated products. They are compatible with a variety of solvents, oils, resins. They are virtually non-volatile and permanently thermoplastic; they will not react with other chemicals in the formulation. In addition, their low cost makes r SEALERS FOR GASKETS Aroclors -- particularly when hot -- swell rubbers like Hycar, Koroseal, PerBuna N, and Neoprene. Wherever seals and gaskets of natural or synthetic rubber tend to shrink under heat and use, Aroclors 1232, 1242 or 1254 can be used as a swelling agent to tighten the shrunken seal. An example is in automotive transmission oil: a small amount of Aroclor in the oil swells the seal in place, saving the cost of tearing down the equipment to replace the seal or gasket. Aroclors can be used in gasket sealing compounds to swell the rubber after the gasket or seal is in place. DEDUSTING AGENT Aroclor 1254 is a low cost dedusting agent which can "hold down" the dusting of a variety of chemical products. Because Aroclor 1254 resists both combustion and oxidation, it can be used to control dusting of highly reactive compounds. As a typical example,* a few tenths of one percent will control the dusting of calcium hypochlorite. 'Covered by U. S. Patent No. 2.921,911, Issued January 19, 1960, and assigned to Pennsalt Chemicals Coro. STLCOPCB4056499 Aroclor 5460 and 1254 act as vapor suppressants. The United States Department of Agriculture scientists reported that the inclusion of from 5 to 25 parts per hundred by weight of Aroclor increased the effective kill-life of a lindane spray up to ten times. A painted or metallic surface sprayed with certain chlorinated in secticides fortified with Aroclor will remain toxic to flies, ants, roaches, silverfish up to 2 to 3 months. The Aroclor resins suppress the rapid evaporation of the volatile insecticides without adding odor or other objectionable residue. Formula tion into insecticides is quite simple; the Aroclor is dissolved in a suitable solvent compatible with the insecticide formulation, and mixed in. The most pronounced effect for increasing the kill-life of the insecticide is obtained with lindane, chlordane and BHC. Aroclors are recommended for chlorinated insecticide formulations to be used for non-crop spraying. Their low cost makes this use a most practical way to lower the ultimate cost of insect control. Aroclors are compatible with various natural waxes, such as camauba and others, including those used to formulate casting wax. Aroclors help impart to the finished casting wax a number of desirable properties: hardness without brittleness; resistance to shrinking; sharp definition; sharp melting point; and fire-resistance. Waxes formulated with Aroclors are non-tacky and highly stable. Aroclor-containing waxes are widely used in making dental castings, in the precision casting of aircraft parts, and for casting costume jewelry. Aroclors 1254, 4465 and 5460 are the ones most frequently used, the proportions dependent upon the properties required in the finished wax. Much of the highest quality precision casting wax used in the "lost wax" process is formulated with Aroclors. Aroclors 1254,1268 and 5460 are used in the manufacture of specialized abrasives. Because of their excellent bonding characteristics, high thermal stability and resistance to oxidation and corrosion -- Aroclors are used as the carriers for abrasive materials. A major use is as part of the bonding agent in specialized grinding wheels. For specialized lubricants requiring good extreme pressure (EP) characteristics, the liquid Aroclors make excellent additives. The Aroclors impart high temperature stability, excellent lubricating qualities, and weather and corrosion resistance. As an example, Aroclors are used to formulate grease and pipe thread compounds for use in oxygen systems. Greases formulated with Aroclors have a high chemical resistance, are suitable for use in contact with corrosive chemicals. Gear oil lubri cants containing Aroclors have good resistance to sheer degradation and high temperature stability. Added in small amounts to railroad car journal box oils, Aroclors impart better extreme pressure lubricity and reduce the incidence of "hot boxes." The heat-resisting, nonflammable characteristics of the Aroclors make them attractive in themselves as lubricants under conditions of high temperature. As an example: in governor systems of central power stations, Aroclor 1248 is well suited to this lubricating application. Straight Aroclor 1254 gives excellent results on a roller bearing test operating at 255-260F with much less carbonization or decomposition than the usual spindle oil under the same conditions. As an extreme pressure (EP) lubricant base added to a petroleum hydrocarbon oil in amounts up to approximately 15% by weight, Aroclors 1248 and 1254 materially increase the load-carrying properties without reducing the viscosity of the resulting composition. These two Aroclors represent one of the more satis factory carriers for the element chlorine as an extreme pressure base, possessing the following advantages: 1. STABILITY . . . even at higher temperatures, which assures there will be neither separation of components nor appreciable change in physical or chemical properties during long periods of operation. 2. NON-VOLATILE. Many other types of chlorine bearing compounds are so volatile as to render them unfit for long periods of service. The Aroclors are non-volatile at normal temperatures. 3. NON-OXIDIZING. Aroclors do not oxidize nor "thicken up" to an objectionable degree. 4. NON-CORROSIVE . . . toward metal surfaces. 5. NON-ABRASIVE. Aroclors exerts no abrasion on the machined surfaces. 6. NON-HYDROLYSIS. Aroclors do not hydrolyze in the presence of water, thus avoiding the generation of hydrochloric acid. 7. COMPATIBILITY. Aroclors are completely miscible with mineral oils. 8. COLOR. Aroclors do not darken or change the color of lubricating oil. Submerged Lubrication Under conditions of lubrication subjected to exposure to water displacement such, for example, as lubrication of bridge rollers, a heavier-than-water lubricant can be prepared from mixtures of Aroclor and oil, of which the following are typical examples: Mix No. % by weight Oil Aroclor 1248 Pour Pt. Gravity at Approx. 15.5C. Pounds/Gal. 1 50 50 0F 1.1263 9.4 2 25 75 +5F 1.2703 10.6 Viscosity 210F-160 Saybolt Secs. Color ASTM 7-8 Flash Point 545F. Pour Point 15F. 'Bright Stock: Gravity API 22-23 18 STLCOPCB4056501 Aroclors in Industrial Cutting Oils Aroclor 1254 is used to formulate the finest quality "straight" and "soluble" or emulsifiable-type cutting oils. The Aroclor functions as an excellent extremepressure lubricant and it is far superior to aliphatic chlorinated hydrocarbons because of its higher order of thermal stability. The heat resistance is most important in cutting oils for machining high grade steel. With Aroclor cutting oils there is a lower degree of hydrolysis which minimizes the staining of the metal. AROCLORS IN ADHESIVES Aroclors are outstandingly useful ingredients in the formulation of various types of adhesives. Besides a plasticizing action on the adhesive's resin base, they add valuable properties to the adhesive bond. Aroclors offer a variety of property improvements to adhesives based on polyvinyl acetate, to rubber cements and to hot melt adhesives. Aroclors strongly resist attack by water, acids, alkalies and other common cor rosive influences, as well as microorganism attack. By proper selection of materials, adhesives containing Aroclors can have outstanding resistance to most of the destructive factors that injure bonding properties. Hof Melt Adhesives A typical starting formulation for a cellulose acetate butyrate hot melt adhesive with Aroclor 5460 is: Parts by Weight Half-second cellulose acetate butyrate 35.00 Aroclor 5460 30.00 Dioctyl phthalate 15.00 Newport V-40 19.89 Santonox* 0.1 Syn Fleur #6 0.01 The above coating can be applied at about 350F. Ventilation should be provided. A typical starting formulation for an ethyl cellulose hot melt adhesive with Aroclor 5460 is: Parts by weight Ethyl cellulose, 50 cpr 24 Aroclor 5460 7 Lopor No. 45 Mineral Oil 57 Bakers No. 15 Castor Oil 5 Epoxy soybean oil 3 Paraffin wax (m. p. 135F) 3 Santonox* 1 *Santonox: Monsanto Chem. Co. trademark. Registered U. S. Pat. Ofc. DSW 441967 19 STLCOPCB4056502 Heat Sealing Adhesives Chlorinated rubber and Aroclors 1254 and 1260 make excellent heat sealing and label adhesives. These adhesives have high chemical resistance and extremely low moisture vapor transmission. A typical starting formulation is: Parts by weight Parlon (125 centipoise type) Aroclor 1254 \ Aroclor 5460 Toluene .": '. 20 6 6 68 PVAc Emulsion Adhesives Aroclors 1221,1232, and 1242 impart excellent tack and strong bonding power to polyvinyl acetate emulsion adhesives. They readily blend with simple stirring and since they are liquid at room temperature no pre-melting is required. The hardness required in the adhesive's end use can be varied to suit simply by selection of the Aroclor without materially changing other properties. The Aroclors are compatible with PVAc emulsions at a level of up to 11 parts of Aroclor in 100 parts of PVAc emulsion. , An excellent type of hot melt book binding adhesive can be made as follows: Parts by weight Gelva polyvinyl acetate resin V-7 Ethyl cellulose Gelva C-SV-16R Santicizer 160 Rosin WW Dibutyl phthalate Aroclor 1254 Formula 17 Formula 18 Formula 19 100 65 -- -- 15 -- ; -- -- 100 -- 16 -- 75 '-- 75 30 -- 30 55 4 55 By changing the type of polyvinyl acetate resin utilized in the hot melt, the viscosity of the melt can be increased or decreased without changing the ratio of resin to plasticizer. ^ / v Polyurethane Resin Adhesives An excellent flocking adhesive containing Aroclor 1254 can be made as follows: Parts by weight Part A -- l - Multranil FLD * Aroclor 1254 100 20 Mondur *C /5 PartB -- Multranil FLD * 100 Mondur C * 5-10 Part A is applied to the fabric by knife coating and allowed to dry thoroughly. The fabric is then coated with Part B, and the material is flocked immediately. STLCOPCB4056503 Epoxy Adhesives Aroclors can be used to extend epoxy resin adhesives. The extending greatly reduces the formulation cost with a minimum effect on the bonding characteristics of the adhesive. Aroclors can be used to extend or substitute Camauba Wax and reduce the cost of the wax formulation. Several practical formulas are available using Aroclors to make wax blends that possess the qualities of Camauba Wax. These blends can be used for automobile, wood, leather and linoleum polishes. Selected Aroclors such as 5460 used in conjunction with various waxes make excellent impregnating compounds for furniture drawers, etc., to prevent sticking. Resinous Aroclors used in combination with waxes make excellent and inexpensive sealers for concrete and masonry surfaces, wood, fiber board and paper products. The Aroclors may be used to impregnate cloth, paper, wood or asbestos in order to impart moisture and gas resistance, adhesion, insulating properties, alkali or other chemical resistance, flame resistance, or lubricating qualities. For this type of formulation they are used in combinations with other materials such as waxes, inorganic pigments, asphalt, tars, aluminum stearate, sulphur, etc., in order to obtain exactly the physical characteristics desired for the specific purpose. Aroclors 1254, 4465 and 5460, or the corresponding dark-colored products, are suggested as most applicable. Wood impregnated by vacuum-pressure method with the following mixture: Aroclor 4465 Microcrystalline Wax Sulfur 70% 20% 10% ... is definitely tougher, harder and more moisture resistant than untreated wood. This coating is very resistant to acids and alkalies but will be attacked by aromatic, aliphatic or chlorinated hydrocarbons. The surface is not appreciably discolored and can be painted. Various degrees of hardness and adhesion can be obtained by varying the Aroclor: wax: sulfur ratio. DSW 441969 For use as moisture proof coatings on wood, paper, concrete and brick, the Aroclors are best combined with waxes, especially paraffin or Camauba, oils such as mineral oil or drying oils, and synthetic resins including modified alkyds, phenolics, chlorinated rubber, polystyrene, styrene-butadiene co-polymers, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetobutyrate, benzyl cellulose or vinyl resins. Selection of materials for use in combination with Aroclors depends on end use requirements of the specific application. The simplest compositions contain only Aroclor and paraffin. A moisture proofing compound composed of 96% (by weight) of Aroclor 5460 and 4% paraffin (melting point 54C) has an ASTM softening point of about 82C and is very efficient. Substituting Aroclor 4465 for Aroclor 5460 produces a compound with a softening point of about 58C. ' Softening point and viscosity when melted may be further decreased by using mixtures of Aroclors. For example, a composition containing 40% of Aroclor 1260, 56% of Aroclor 5460 and 4% of paraffin will be very soft at ordinary temperatures. Increased proportions of paraffin will also produce softer compounds. An excellent melt coating for paper and cloth was reported by W. M. Gearheart and F. M. Ball, OFFICIAL DIGEST, Vol. 343, 1953: Half-second Butyrate Dioctyl phthalate Aroclor 1260 Ionol 50% 9.9% 40% 0.1% This coating may be applied by knife or roller at 350F; the application requires no solvent. This coating on paper or fabric has extremely good flexibility. Aroclor 4465 is a useful resin for compounding rotogravure and other printing inks. A mimeograph ink suitable for use on bond paper contains the following ingredients: Aroclor 4465 Lubricating Oil (SUV 1200 @ 100F) Paraffin Oil (SUV 76 @ 100F) Carbon Black Oil Soluble Dye 40% 35% 20% 4% -1% Aroclor 4465 may also be used in the preparation of imitation gold leaf. A thin coating of the Aroclor is applied hot to one side of paper. While it is still hot, bronze powder is spread upon the coating. The bronze powder adheres to the Aroclor completely covering the paper. This product is used in making the "gold 05 STLCOPCB4056505 leaf" letters on books, etc. The paper treated with Aroclor and bronze powder is placed upon the book binding. A hot die is pressed upon it. The Aroclor softens and sticks the bronze to the binding and forms a coating over it to protect it from tarnishing. The Aroclors are also used as vehicles for carrying the pigments used in glass decoration. When the decorations have been applied and the glass is fired, the Aroclors volatilize without carbonization and thus avoid discoloration of the glass. Aroclors 1254 and 4465 are used for ceramic decoration. PAPER TRANSPARENTIZER A treating liquid that makes paper transparent for use as tracing paper, window envelopes, and special packaging can be formulated with Aroclor 5460 and poly butenes. A typical economical formulation is: Aroclor 5460 Indopol H-300 Toluene 30% 25% 45% In the paper treating formula, the proportions of Aroclor to Indopol may be varied from 2:1 to 1:2 respectively. MASTICS, SEALING AND CAULKING COMPOUNDS Aroclors and polybutenes can be blended with inorganic fillers to make excellent sealing and caulking compounds. A typical "filler" would be: Whiting Talc Lithopone 7 M Asbestos 50% 30% 10% 10% By combining selected Aroclors and Indopol polybutenes, it is possible to produce a wide range of hardness, viscosity, flow and bonding characteristics in durable sealing and caulking compounds. Excellent mastics, too, can be prepared by blending selected Aroclor resins with Indopol polybutenes. The mastics have good adhesive qualitites for specialized uses such as sealing of automobile body construction. PERMANENT TACK COATINGS Aroclors and Indopol polybutenes can be blended in a variety of proportions to make permanently tacky coatings. These coatings may be applied to fabric or paper to provide a permanently "sticky" surface. Insecticides, for example, can be blended into such coatings to make insect traps or insect barriers on tree trunks for tree foliage or fruit protection. These coatings can also be used for tapes and sign backing. DSW 441971 23 STLCOPCB4056506 Aroclors are valuable as low cost plasticizers for a variety of applications. Aroclors improve chemical resistance, flame retardance, oxidation resistance, and reduce the cost of plasticized elastomers. De pending upon the use, the various Aroclor compounds offer a number of benefits to the user. aroclors in plastics In almost all formulations, the use of a selected Aroclor as a plasticizer reduces the cost per pound of the formulation. Another valuable use of Aroclors in the plastics field is as a grinding and dispersing medium for pigments. The Aroclor compounds are compatible with most common plastic materials; they are compatible to the extent of practical use with the following: Asphalt Benzyl Cellulose Carnauba Wax Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Chlorinated Rubber Coumarone-Indene Resins Dammar Resin Ester Gum Ethyl Cellulose Epoxy Resins Manila Gum Nitrocellulose Paraffin Phenolic Resins Polyethylene Polyester Resins Polystyrene Resins Polyiso-Butylene Polyurethanes Polyvinyl Acetate Polyvinyl Chloride and Polyvinyl Butyral Polyvinylidene Chloride Rosin Rubber Styrene Butadiene Co-Polymers Vinyl Resins DSVJ 44197 2 STLCOPCB4056507 Aroclors are not compatible with cellulose acetate or with phenolic resins in the final stage of condensation. In selecting the proper Aroclor for a given use, the degree of flexibility imparted increases progressively in the order of: hard resinous Aroclor, soft resinous Aroclor, liquid Aroclor. Conversely, the hardness of the plasticized elastomer increases progressively with the choice of: liquid Aroclor, soft resinous Aroclor, hard Aroclor resin. POLYVINYL CHLORIDE The Aroclors are valuable as secondary plasticizers, or plasticizer-extenders for polyvinyl chloride formulations. The Aroclors impart greatly improved chemical resistance over conventionally ester-plasticized compositions. For example, a formulation plasticized with 3 parts of DOP and 1 part of Aroclor 1254 shows the best chemical resistance of any plasticized polyvinyl chloride formulation evaluated to date. Aroclor 1262, when used as a co-plasticizer with DOP, greatly reduces the amount of migration of the plasticizer to nitrocellulose lacquers. Aroclor 5460 is frequently used as a plasticizer-resin-extender to make flameproof vinyl tiling compositions. In vinyl chloride co-polymer resins for solution application, the combination of Aroclor 5460 and Aroclor 1254 is widely used because of its outstanding chemical resistance. RUBBER --NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC The liquid Aroclor compounds -- 1221, 1232, 1242 and 1248 -- have a strong plasticizing action on rubber, both natural and synthetic. Aroclors 1254 and 1260, STLCOPCB4056508 when milled into rubber, impart permanent tackiness and adhesion to the 'composition. . - . " '- . . - : ' ; . ' '. . . Aroclors 2565, 4465, 5460 and 1268, when incorporated in neoprene rubber in amounts as high as 40 parts per 100 parts of rubber make compositions that are extremely flame retardant. . '. *--- ....... ..... . ....... .... . . The Aroclors generally show a high degree of compatibility with epoxy resins; this group of materials is one of the very few plasticizers that possess such high compatibility with these materials. The lower Aroclor numbers, 1221 and 1232, impart a high degree of flexibilizing to epoxy compounds. The more resinous and solid Aroclors have little effect on the flexibility of the compound; in fact, they tend to act as reinforcing materials. Aroclors have little effect on epoxy resins' hardness, tensile or compressive yield strength. The ultimate compressive strength can be improved by using solid Aroclors in phthalic anhydride cured systems. All of the Aroclors, when used at a rate of 15 to 20 parts per hundred of resin, greatly retard the burning rate of epoxy compositions. If a small amount of antimony oxide is added in addition to the Aroclor compounds, the materials then become non-burning. Aroclor 5460, when used in low density polyethylene to the extent of 20% -- in combination with 10% antimony oxide -- makes the compound self extinguishing. Compared to other materials that make polyethylene self extinguishing, Aroclor 5460 has much less effect on tensile, yield and elongation properties. In addition, the heat stability of the Aroclor compound is greatly superior to the other materials commonly used to make polyethylene self-extinguishing. . r'VKV " >.% . / Incorporation of the solid, resinous Aroclors will make asphalt self extinguishing. Possible applications of this type of formulation include caulking compounds, roofing compounds and sound-deadening coatings. Normally, 30% of an Aroclor such as 5460 will make an asphalt mixture that is self extinguishing. Incorporation of Aroclor in a polyester resin in combination with antimony oxide greatly reduces the burning rate of polyester resins. A mixture of sufficient amounts of selective Aroclors will produce polyesters that are self extinguishing. Considerable interest has been displayed in the use of Aroclors in phenolic lami nating resins, to make compounds that are flame resistant. Normally, the higher molecular weight Aroclor, such as Aroclors 1260, 1262 and 5460 are evaluated for this purpose. . v & STLCOPCB4056509 Aroclors are soluble in paint and varnish oils and solvents and are compatible with most film-forming coating resins. The Aroclor compounds improve adhesion to the substrate. Adding Aroclors to paint, varnish or lacquer formulations imparts properties to the film that correspond to the particular charac ter of the Aroclor used. The hard, resinous Aroclors tend to give increased hardness to films; the viscous Aroclors impart flexibility. Aroclors are excellent grinding and dispersion media for pigments used in paints and varnishes. Aroclor 1254 is used to disperse aluminum powder in a paste form which can be incorporated easily into paints and varnishes. The Aroclor imparts excellent leafing qualities, brightness or luster and does not tarnish the aluminum pigment on aging. Moreoever, the coating composition does not support combustion. aroclors in paint, varnish and lacquer formulations VARNISHES AND ALKYDS Aroclors 4465 and 5460 will produce paints that are very quick drying and yet have excellent durability. The weight of Aroclor used may be from 30% to 50% of the weight of the oils. The Aroclors do not react chemically with oils, hence there is no advantage in heating together in making a varnish. They are best added as a "chill back" or as a cold cut in the thinning operation. As far as incorporation of the Aroclors is concerned, the only reason for heating is to make the Aroclors liquid so they can be more readily mixed with the oils. Aroclor 1260 is best for short oil varnishes that are required at the same time to be flexible. The Aroclors impart water and alkali resistance, and with these qualities enhance the value of the other resins used in the varnish. The suggested starting formulation is two parts by weight of oil, one part of Aroclor 1260 and one part of other resin. These DSW 441975 27 STLCOPCB4056510 proportions can be varied as required. The Aroclor may be considered to function in the formulation as an oil, with the difference that it does not oxidize and lose its flexibility. Resins of the alkyd, phenolic or ester gum type, with a harder Aroclor such as 5460, may also be used in making varnish formulations. EPOXY RESIN COATINGS The high compatibility of Aroclor compounds with epoxy resins makes these materials of great value in formulating epoxy coatings. Normally, 10 to 15% of Aroclor 1260 or 1262 is added to the epoxy composition to improve flexibility with a minimum effect on the corrosion resistance and adhesive characteristics of the film. NITROCELLULOSE COATINGS In pyroxylin or nitrocellulose lacquers, the Aroclors can function both as plasti cizers modifying the properties of the film and as film-forming bodying resins. Aroclors are highly compatible with nitrocellulose and with other resins and plasticizers commonly used in lacquer formulating. They impart weather resist ance, luster, adhesion and decreased burning rate. The Aroclors' excellent electrical characteristics (high dielectric strength and resistivity and low power factor) and their property of retarding the passage of moisture and gases through nitrocellulose make the Aroclors of special value in coatings for electrical insulating materials. To illustrate the modification possible to obtain by changes in formulation, three lacquer formulas are given below. All have excellent durability but the third is much softer and more flexible than the other two. Only the solids contents are given. The amounts tabulated are parts by weight. Aroclor Lacquers No. 1 1*2 second Nitrocellulose (dry) Dammar resin Ester Gum Aroclor 1260 Dibutyl Phthalate Tricresyl Phosphate 100 80 -- 20-39 20-0 -- No. 2 100 -- 80 20 20 -- No. 3 100 -- -- 80-70 -- 39-70 No. 1 and No. 2 have excellent sanding and polishing qualities. No. 3 is very flexible but too soft for sanding. Where extremely high flexibility is desired, as for example in lacquers for high tension automotive cables, the following composition is suggested: 15-20 second R. S. Nitrocellulose Tricresyl Phosphate Aroclor 1242 100 parts by weight 120 parts by weight 80 parts by weight The accompanying trilinear diagrams show the practical compatibility limits of Aroclors 1254 and 1262 when used in combination with some other resins and plasticizers. Aroclor 1260 gives values almost the same as those shown for 1262. The less viscous Aroclors have greater compatibility; the more resinous Aroclors have less compatibility than the ones shown. DSW 441976 STLCOPCB405651 In the trilinear diagrams, the compositions, represented by any point in the unshaded areas, are those which produce homogeneous lacquer films. On the other hand compositions represented by points in the shaded areas produce impractical, segregated, brittle or soft films. For detailed information as to the derivation and use of these diagrams reference is made to the following articles: Jenkins & Foster, "Compatibility Relationships of the Aroclors in Nitrocellulose Lacquers," Ind. Eng. Chem. 23, 1362 (1931). Hofmann & Reid, "Graphical Methods in Lacquer Technology," Ind. Eng. Chem. 20, 431 (1928); "Formulation of Nitrocellulose Lacquers," Ind. Eng. Chem. 20, 687 (1928). 90 NITROCELLULOSE PERCENT 80 70 10 20 30 For combinations where the resin is Ester Gum or Amberol and where the Aroclor is Aroclor 1254 or Aroclor 1262. 60 M 50 A 40 40 50 60 70 ^tWWWWWWA 80 20 AROCLOR PERCENT 90 10 90 80 70 . 60 50 40 30 20 10 PERCENT RESIN OS'N 29 STLCOPCB4056512 90 NITROCELLULOSE PERCENT 80 70 10 20 30 40 For combinations where the resin is of the phthalic anhydride-glucerol type and where the Aroclor is Aroclor 1262.* Aroclor 1260 may be substituted without material change. " " j. A A BA- .JMA- AROCLOR PERCENT "WMmmwmbwa- 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 PERCENT RESIN 10 90 NITROCELLULOSE PERCENT 80 70 For combinations where the resin is of the phthalic anhydride-glycerol type and where the Aroclor is Aroclor 1254. 60 50 20 30 40 A 50 40 30 A A 80 AROCLOR PERCENT JBMBMB- ahbsmbbhhwwa 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 PERCENT RESIN STLCOPCB4056513 90 NITROCELLULOSE PERCENT 80 10 20 30 ,A 40 ,,MM :mma MRBBL. 20 50 J /WA~ For combinations where the Aroclor resin is Aroclor 1262* and where the plas ticizer is Dibutyl Phthalate. mm. 80 PLASTICIZER PERCENT 90 wwMMmmsmA 90 80 70 60 PERCENT AROCLOR 90 NITROCELLULOSE PERCENT 80 50 40 30 10 20 30 20 10 *Aroclor 1260 may be substituted without material change. Ml 40 'JS : "Mi MR A /MA - For combinations where the Aroclor resin is Aroclor 1262* and where the plasti cizer is Tricresyl Phosphate. -MML^MMMA PLASTICIZER PERCENT "MMMMMBMMMA 90 80 70 . 60 50 40 PERCENT AROCLOR 30 20 10 DSV\I 441979 STLCOPCB4056514 CHLORINATED RUBBER AND STYRENEBUTADIENE COPOLYMERS Aroclors are outstanding for compounding modified rubber finishes. They impart exceptional corrosion resistance, chemical resistance, oxidation resistance to these coatings, and improve adhesion. Typical applications include masonry coatings for swimming pools, stucco homes and highway paints, as well as protective and decorative coatings for steel structures, railway tank and gondola cars, wood and metal maritime equipment. In rubber base coatings, Aroclor 1254 is used as a liquid flexibilizing plasticizer and commonly used in combination with Aroclor 5460 which serves as a resin fortifier. The outstanding chemical resistance, corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance of rubber base Aroclor coatings make them outstanding protective coatings for chemical plants, boats, highway marking, and masonry. Monsanto Technical Bulletins No. PL-306, PL-311, and PL-326 cover the use of Aroclors in rubber base coatings. STLCOPCB4056515 CELLULOSE ACETATE BUTYRATE LACQUERS The higher Aroclor compounds are widely used with cellulose acetate butyrate, in the manufacture of low cost lacquers that are flame resistant. Typical uses for this type of lacquer include paper coating, lacquers for plastics and strippable coatings for paint booths. A typical paper lacquer with minimum tendency to curl is reported * to contain the following: By Weight Half-second Butyrate Aroclor 1260 Acetone Isobutyl Acetate Ethyl Alcohol Toluene 20% 20% 10% 10% 10% 30% ETHYL CELLULOSE COATINGS The Aroclors are highly compatible with ethyl cellulose. The liquid Aroclors impart great flexibility, the resinous Aroclors impart great hardness. For example, 75 parts by weight of Aroclor 1242 with 100 parts of ethyl cellulose produces great flexibility and a slight tackiness. Aroclor 5460 on the other hand -- in the same proportion -- produces a very hard and somewhat brittle composition. For coatings of high gloss and exceptional weathering properties to be applied to rigid surfaces, compositions containing equal parts by weight of Aroclor 5460 and ethyl cellulose are recommended. For more flexibility in the coating one of the softer Aroclors should be used -- either alone or as a partial replacement for the Aroclor 5460. Ethyl cellulose formulations plasticized with Aroclors find end use applications as protective lacquers, adhesives, and as strippable coatings. The solid Aroclor compounds, such as Aroclor 5460 are widely used in hot melt applications for the protection of tools and metal parts. They are normally used with ethyl cellulose or cellulose acetate-butyrate resins. CREPE RUBBER COATINGS Aroclor 1262 is used as a low cost plasticizer for crepe rubber in paint compositions. Used in concentrations of 5 to 50% based on the weight of the rubber polymer, it increases the gloss and alkali resistance of the film and strengthens the adhesion of the film to steel. w. M. Gearheart and F. M. Ball, OFFICIAL DIGEST, Vol. 343, 1953. DSW 441981 METHODS FOR EMULSIFYING AND MAKING STOCK SOLUTIONS OF AROCLORS There are several simple methods for making Aroclor emulsions; the one used may be selected to suit the kind of Aroclor and type of formulation in which it will be used. Emulsifying Viscous Aroclors (Portion 1) (Portion 2) 16 lbs. of Aroclor 1 lb. of Stearic Acid 8 lbs. of water 4 oz. Triethanolamine appendix Heat the Aroclor to a workable viscosity (180F plus) and stir in the stearic acid thoroughly. Heat the water to almost boiling (207F) and stir in the triethanolamine thoroughly. Pour the Aroclorstearic acid portion into the water portion agitating vigorously. Then process the combined portions with a high-speed emulsifying stirrer ... or process through a colloid mill. Emulsifying Liquid Aroclors (Portion 1) (Portion 2) 100 parts Aroclor 1254 4 parts Oleic Acid 92 parts water 2 parts Ammonium Hydroxide (28%) 2 parts Lustrex* X-810 Mix the ammonium hydroxide and Lustrex X-810 thoroughly in the warmed water, using vigorous agitation. Mix the Aroclor 1254 and Oleic Acid, heat to 45C and agitate vigorously. Maintain the 45 C temperature and agitation -- and add in slowly the water portion. Continue agitation for one-half hour till phase inversion is complete. Emulsifiable Concentrated Stock Solutions of Aroclors 79 parts of Aroclor 16.70 parts of toluene 3.55 parts of isopropyl alcohol 1.00 parts of Sterox* CD (non-ionic emulsifier) 0.75 parts of Santomerse* #3 (anionic wetting agent) The above formulation is readily emulsifiable with water. If the more resinous Aroclors are used, increase the amount of toluene (or xylene) as needed to dissolve the Aroclor resin. Trademarks Monsanto Chemical Co., Reg. U. S. Pat. Ofc. DSW 441983 35 STLCOPCB4056518 SOLUBILITY OF AROCLORS IN 100 MILLILITERS OF VARIOUS SOLVENTS Aroclor Type of Solvent 1242 25C Hot 1248 25C ; Hot Acid Acetic Acid............................ Oleic Acid.............................. Benzoic Acid......................... S s 10.0 31C s s -- | -- i -- ' 10.0 32C -- -- -- Aldehyde 40% Formaldehyde............. 1 I!1 Furfural................................. vs vs VS ! vs Amine Aniline................................... s s Pyridine................................ 132.530C 440 99C i --: -- -- Chloro--derivatives Amyl chlorides--mixed....... Carbon Tetrachloride........... Chloroform........................... Ethylene Dichloride.............. Monochlorobenzene............ Orthodichlorobenzene......... Tetrachlorethane................. Trichlorethane...................... Trichlorethylene................... s s s -- s s -- s s s s S!s s s 1s s S :s -- -- ' _ s ss s ss -- -- ,-- s ss s ss s ss Drying Oil Tung Oil................................ s s ss s s ss Ester Amyl Acetate........................ s s ss Butyl Acetate........................ s s ss s s ss s s ss Dibutyl Phthalate................. s s ss Diethyl Phthalate................. s s ss Ethyl Acetate........................ s s ss s s ss Ethylene Glycol Diacetate... s s ss Methyl Acetate..................... s s Ss Tricresyl Phosphate............. s s ss Ether: Ethyl Ether.................... s S Ether Alcohol i Carbitol................................. 224 3lc 307 99C Cellosolve.............................. s s Diethylene Glycol................. -- -- p-p' Dihydroxy Ethyl Ether... 16.9 23C 19 99C S VS S SS s \ : VS :s -- : SS Hydrocarbon Benzene................................ VS vs VS vs Gasoline....................... ........ VS vs VS vs Kerosene.............................. VS vs vs ; vs Mineral Spirits...................... VS vs vs ; vs Paraffin................................ 2.0 27.5C s 2.0 28C ; s Pine Oil........................ S s vs vs VS vs 1 vs vs Turpentine............................ vs vs : vs ; vs Xylene................................... vs vs vs vs Hydroxy -- derivatives Amyl Alcohol......................... n-Butyl Alcohol..................... s s s-- s -- -- ebo b o 0 1 Ethyl Alcohol (3-A)............... 23.3 29c -- Glycerine............................... 1 1 1 iI Methyl Alcohol...................... 42.5 29c 88.5 60C. -- . -- Phenol--90%....................... 194 30C s . -- 1 -- Ketone Acetone..................... ........... S S -- i-- Miscellaneous : Carbon Disulfide.................. s s -- j-- Nitrobenzene........................ Water..................................... s 1 s --1 1! -- 1 1254 25C Hot 4465 Cold | Hot s S SS ! s s -- --s S ! vs 1 --; -- . 1 vs vs ! ssf H4 31C 425 100c 1 vs VS vs 1 vs vs vs s s VS vs s s vs vs s s vs vs -- -- vs vs s s vs vs s s vs vs -- -- vs vs s s vs vs s S vs vs s s vs vs s s vs vs s s vs vs s s vs vs s s vs vs s s vs vs s s s vs s s s vs s s s vs s s s vs s s vs vs s s vs vs s s ss s s ss s s s s-- 173 26C 259 9SC ss -- :-- 8 30C 10 100C ss s s ss -- -- -- -- VS vs VS vs VS : VS vs i vs --s sis vs , vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs <5.0 s ss vs vs vs vs VS ; vs ss ss 10 27C 28 75C 1 ;1 15 26C , 22.2 65C SS S s ss ss 1 ss s s s -- 1 -- s s s ss s 1S s !s 11 vs : vs VS j -- 1 11 1--Insoluble --S Soluble SS--Slightly Soluble VS--Very Soluble 25CFigures show grams of Aroclor per 100 milliliters of solvent at unless otherwise indicated. 5460 25C -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 156 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- _ _ -- -- -- _ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 143 -- -- -- 142 178 -- -- -- -- -- -- 260 -- -- -- DS\N 441984 STLCOPCB4056519 -VAPOR PRESSURE mm MERCURY O a\ 1 7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 , ,, 1000 900 OSW 441985 STLCOPCB4056520 Sample VAPORIZATION RATES At 1QOC and 760 mm. Hg. Wt. Loss Gms. Hours Exposure Surface Area Cm.2 Vaporization Rate gms./cm.2hr. Aroclor 1221 Aroclor 1232 Aroclor 1242 Aroclor 1248 Clorafin-42-S DOP (dioctyl phthalate) Dutrex 25 Aroclor 1254 Dutrex 20 Aroclor 1262 Aroclor 1260 Aroclor 4465 Aroclor 1270 Aroclor 5442 Aroclor 5460 Tricresyl phosphate 0.5125 0.2572 0.0995 0.0448 0.0745 0.0686 0.0256 0.0156 0.0047 0.0039 0.0026 0.0064 0.0045 0.0039 0.0032 0.0010 24 24 24 24 48 48 24 24 24 24 24 72 72 72 72 24 12.28 12.28 12.28 12.28 12.28 12.28 12.28 12.28 12.28 12.28 12.28 12.28 12.28 12.28 12.28 12.28 0.00174 0.000874 0.000338 0.000152 0.000126 0.000117 0.000087 0.000053 0.000016 0.000013 0.000009 0.000007 0.000005 0.000004 0.000004 0.000003 i APPROXIMATE VAPOR PRESSURES CALCULATED AT 10Qo F (37.8o C) Aroclor 1232 Aroclor 1242 Aroclor 1248 Aroclor 1254 0.005 0.001 0.00037 0.00006 mm. mm. mm. mm. Hg. Hg. Hg. Hg. 0S,N 441986 38 STLCOPCB4056521 RESISTANCE OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS TO AROCLORS Aroclor Number Metals 1248 25C 125C 1254 25C 125C 4465 125C 5460 125C Aluminum.......................................................................... R R R R *RR RR Copper................................................................................ R D R D D D Magnesium........................................................................ RR R R R RR *RR Nickel........ ......................................................................... RR R R RR RR R Silver................................................................................... R R R R R R RRRRRR R R R R R RR Mild Steel........................................................................... RR R RR RR R RR Phosphor Bronze............................................................. R D R R R R Red Brass.......................................................................... D D R D R De Stainless Steel (Type 316)............................................. RR RR RR RR RR RR Yellow Brass...................................................................... R Re R De Re Re Plastics Alkyd Resin No. 46594-12............................................ Alkyd Resin No. 46594-13A.......................................... Cellulose Acetate (Fibestos).......................................... Durite Phenol Furfural Resin........................................ Formvar Highly Plasticized............................................ Formvar Low Plasticized................................................ Glyptal 1276...................................................................... Glyptal 7136...................................................................... Maleic Resin No. 46594-13B........................................ Maleic Resin No. 46594-13C........................................ Plexiglas (Methyl Methacrylate)................................... Polystyrene (Lustron B)................................................. Resinox Mineral Filled Melamine Resin..................... Resinox Wood Flour Filled Melamine Resin.............. Resinox Mineral Filled Phenol Formaldehyde.......... Resinox Wood Flour Filled Phenol Formaldehyde.. Resinox Rag Filled Phenol Formaldehyde................. Urea Formaldehyde Resin (Plaskon Co.)................... ' ; : *P *D D *D De PS R *D P P *D P *D *D *D *D *d : *D p p p p T T P T P P P T *P P D P D P *P P P *D P P DPP *R P D Pe T T PS T T DPP *R T T P P P *R P P *D P P P T 'T *R R *P *R D R *D D R *D R D *D *D *D *D *P P P P P P T T P T P P P T *D P P P P P Meaning of Abbreviations: *--Based on weight gain calculated as penetration value shown. RR--Excellent resistance--less than 1.0 x 10 6 cm/day penetration or .00014 in/yr. R--Good resistance--has penetration between 1.0 x 10 8 and 10 x 10 6 cm/day or between 0.00014 and 0.0014 in/yr. D--Doubtful resistance, penetration between 10 x 10 5 cm/day and 100 x 10 8 cm/day or between 0.0014 and 0.014 in/yr. P--Poor resistance--penetration greater than 100 x 10 5 cm/day or 0.014 in/yr. PS--Poor resistance due to visible local action although weight change indicates greater resistance. e--Following the letter indicating resistance signifies material may be better than indicated if totally immersed since weight loss is believed to come from oxidation of the part of test strip exposed to air. T--Material alone will not stand temperature. DSW 441987 39 STLCOPCB4056522 .100 000,000 50.000.000 . .20 000 000 10,000,000 5.000.000 2.000.000 1,000,000 500.000 200.000 100,000 50,000 20,000 10,000 5.000 4.000 <o 3.000 D z 2.000 oo 1,500 UJ co 1,000 < 750 CcOc UJ > 500 z 400 D 300 O CQ > 200 < CO 150 > CO o 100 o CO 90 80 70 60 55 50 45 40 VISCOSITY RANGES OF SOME OF THE AROCLORS 35 0 DSW 441988 STLCOPCB4056523 DENSITIES OF AROCLORS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES STLCOPCB4056524 '.; >- :: < v^V V: At ordinary temperatures Aroclors have not presented industrial toxicological problems. Where Aroclor vapors may be en countered in workrooms, local exhaust ventilation together with general workroom exhaust is recommended. Skin patch tests with a polyvinyl chloride free film plasticized with 11.5% by weight of Aroclor 1254 (about 25% based on the weight of the vinyl resin) and a similar amount of dioctyl phthalate showed that this film was not a primary irritant or a sensitizer. Skin patch tests with Aroclor 1254 alone applied to gauze and placed in contact with the skin showed no primary irritancy or sensitization. Other skin patch tests using canvas coated with Aroclor 5460 and an oil modified alkyd resin, in such a manner that the Aroclor concentration in the paint film on the fabric was about 17% by weight of paint solids and the finished coated fabric contained approximately 7% by weight of Aroclor 5460 showed that this painted fabric did not produce a primary irritancy or sensitization of the skin. If Aroclors are spilled on the skin, the skin should be washed in the usual manner with soap solutions. If accidental bums occur from contact with hot Aroclors, the bum should be treated the same as any ordinary bum. Aroclor adhering to the burned area need not be removed immediately unless treatment of the bum demands it, in which case use soap and water or repeated washings with a vegetable oil. DSW 44199 42 STLCOPCB4056525 fire retardant inert shear resistant heat stable lubricating aroclors for.. . physically "adjustable" adhesive non-volatile low cost thermoplastic FILM FORMING IMPREGNATING INSULATING NEAT TRANSFER DEDUSTING INERT MATRIXES PLASTICIZING BULKING COATING "TACKIFYING" REDUCING VOLATILITY Aroclors are the only low cost, inert, inter-com patible liquids and solids whose intermixing can provide insulating, lubricating, fire retardant liquids ranging from the consistency of light mineral oil to the most viscous syrup (or solid resin) which will do so many jobs in industry. vision 800 North Lindbergh Blvd. St. Louis 66, Missouri The information in this bulletin is, to our best knowledge, true and accurate, but all recommendations or suggestions are made without guarantee, since the conditions of use are beyond our control. The Monsanto Chemical Company disclaims any liability incurred in con nection with the use of these data or suggestions. Furthermore, nothing contained herein shall be construed as a recommendation to use any product in conflict with existing patents covering any material or its use. DSW 441991 43 STLCOPCB4056526 STLCOPCB4056527 STLCOPCB4056528 AROCLOR RESINS AND PLASTICIZERS FOR CHLORINATED RUBBER Some important applications for protective and decorative chlorinated-rubber-based coatings plas ticized with Aroclor* compounds - Wood and metal on yachts, barges, and other marine craft Structural steel for bridges, buildings, roofs, and powerlines Structural materials at chemical plants, pulp-and-paper mills, textile mills, petroleum re fineries, and gas works for protection against acid fumes, alkalies, and gas Tank cars and other railroad equipment and construction machinery for protection against corrosive materials and weathering Equipment and stop-off lacquers used in electroplating Masonry floors and walls, concrete swimming pools, and highway markings Cable coatings requiring flame retardance, chemical resistance, and excellent electrical prop erties Textile coatings resistant to chemicals, flame, and water Food-processing buildings Flame-retardant finishes Important properties imparted to chlorinated-rubber coatings by Aroclor plasticizers and resin extenders-- Chemical Resistance Corrosion Resistance Adhesivity Flame Retardance Flexibility Electrical Resistance Weather Resistance *Aroclor: Monsanto Chemical Company trademark, registered in the U. S. Patent Office. DSW 441994 STLCOPCB4056529 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 NUMBERING AROCLOR COMPOUNDS ................................................................. 1 PROPERTIES OF CHLORINATED RUBBER General ................................................................................................................. Physical ................................................................................................................. Chemical Resistance .......................................................................................... Electrical ............................................................................................................... Mechanical ........................................................................................................... Thermal ............................................................................................................... Physical-Chemical .............................................................................................. 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 VISCOSITY TYPES ........................................................................................................... 4 SOLVENT COMPATIBILITY ........................................................................................ 4 FORMULATION AND PROPERTIES OF CHLORINATED RUBBER............ 5 Formulations for Aroclor Resins and Plasticizers........ :............................... 5 Properties of Formulated Films ....................................................................... 6 APPLICATIONS ................................................................................................................. 7 Alkali-Resistant Coatings .................................................................................. 7 Chemical-Resistant Finishes ............................................................................. 8 Continuous Metal-Painting Process................................................................. 9 Marine Finishes ................................................................................................... 9 Emulsion Paints................................................................................................... 10 Mastics ................................................................................................................. 10 Paper and Textile Coatings............................................................................... 10 Adhesives ............................................................................................................. 11 Electrical Coatings.............................................................................................. 11 Printing Inks ....................................................................................................... 11 OTHER MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS FOR CHLORINATED RUBBER....... 11 TOXICITY AND SAFE HANDLING ......................................................................... 12 SHIPPING ............................................................................................................................ 13 pS'N * * ) STLCOPCB4056530 INTRODUCTION Monsanto's Aroclor chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated triphenyls are used as plasticizers and resins for chlorinated-rubber-based lacquers, varnishes, and paints. These protective coat ings are flame retardant, corrosion resistant, chemical resistant (to acids, alkalies, and water), and have good electrical insulating properties. When properly pigmented, these coatings have unusually good weatherability. Chlorinated-rubber films plasticized with an Aroclor compound grip common structural materials in strong adhesive bonds, and the addition of an Aroclor compound improves the flexibility and life of chlorinatedrubber coatings. The formulations suggested in this bulletin are common in commercial practice. They are given as starting points or guides for development of new formulations that capitalize on the outstand ing qualities of these compounds. NUMBERING AROCLOR COMPOUNDS The first two digits of the number of an Aroclor compound represent its molecular type, as: 12--chlorinated biphenyls 25--blend of chlorinated biphenyls, 75 per cent, and chlorinated terphenyls, 25 per cent 44--blend of chlorinated biphenyls, 60 per cent, and chlorinated terphenyls, 40 per cent 54--chlorinated terphenyls The last two digits indicate the weight percentage of chlorine in the product. For example: Aroclor 1248 is a chlorinated biphenyl that contains 48-weight-per cent chlorine Aroclor 4465 is a 60 biphenyl : 40 terphenyl mixture chlorinated to 65-per cent chlorine Aroclor 5460 is a chlorinated terphenyl with 60-weight-per cent chlorine The physical properties of the Aroclor plasticizers vary gradually with the degree of chlorina tion. Compounds with low percentages of chlorine, such as Aroclor 1221 and 1232, are clear and very fluid. Aroclor 1242, with 42-per cent chlorine, resembles vegetable oil; the product with 48per cent chlorine is slightly more viscous and looks like a medium-grade mineral oil. At 54-per cent chlorine, the compound is quite viscous; if a bottle containing it is turned upside down, the bubble rises slowly to the top. At higher chlorine percentages, the chlorinated biphenyls become gumlike, and a fingerprint on the surface lasts several days. Then at 68-per cent chlorine, the range is complete; Aroclor 1268 is a white powder. Both chlorinated terphenyls (Aroclor 5442 and 5460) are yellow solids. The gradual change in physical properties often allows a processor to select a plasticizer particu larly suited for his operation. For example, if he wants to dry mix the plasticizer, Aroclor 1268 could be used. It melts at higher processing temperature and can act as a solvent-plasticizer. Complete physical properties and specifications for the Aroclor compounds are listed in tech nical bulletin PL-306, "Aroclor Plasticizers." STLCOPCB4056531 PROPERTIES OF CHLORINATED RUBBER Chlorinated-rubber-based coatings are widely used because of their resistance to corrosive agents, moisture, fungus, mold, and other destructive agents. Parlon* chlorinated rubber is a mixture of two polymers, with an average chlorine content of 67 per cent, made by chlorination of natural rubber. Its typical properties, according to the manu facturer, Hercules Powder Company, Wilmington, Delaware, are listed in Table I: TABLE I--TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF CHLORINATED RUBBER General Form as shipped ....................... Color of film .............................. Odor............................................ Clarity of film ......................... Taste .......................................... Moisture, per cent, as shipped .White, granular powder Water white .None Good .None 0.5 Maximum Physical Specific gravity ..................................................1.64 Specific volume, as shipped, cubic inches per pound .................................16.9 Bulking value, gallons per pound.................... 0.0735 Refractive Index, at 25C................................. 1.554 Chemical Resistance to: Acids, weak...........................................................excellent Acids, strong.........................................................excellent Alkalies, weak.......................................................excellent Alkalies, strong.................................................... excellent Salt spray ............................................................ good Alcohols ................................................................. excellent Ketones ................................................................ soluble Esters ................................................................... soluble Hydrocarbons, aromatic ................................... soluble Hydrocarbons, aliphatic...................................good Oils, mineral ........................................................ good Oils, animal......................................................... poor Oils, vegetable..................................................... poor *ParIon is a registered trademark of Hercules Powder Co. 2 t STLCOPCB4056532 Electrical (clear, unplasticized film*) Specific surface resistance, ohms x 1010 ....... 2000 Dielectric strength, volts per mil (ASTM method) ..........................................2300 Dielectric constant at 25C and 1000 cycles....3.1 Power factor at 25C and 1000 cycles ..........0.0015 to 0.0030 Power factor at 25C and 1000 cycles, after immersion in water for 140 hours and surface wiped dry ................................ 0.0027 Mechanical (clear, unplasticized film*) 20-cp. type Tensile strength, dry, pounds per square inch .................................4270 Tensile strength, wet, pounds per square inch.................................4100 Elongation, dry, per cent .................................3.6 Elongation, wet, per cent .................................3.8 Modulus of elasticity, pounds per square inch .................................1.4 x 105 Hardness, Sward index, per cent of glass....... 90 1000-cp. type 4850 4360 3.3 3.4 ........ ....... Note: Flexibility of Parlon film increases with viscosity of Parlon used. Thermal (clear, unplasticized film*) Burning rate ........................................................ nonflammable Effect of dry heat on film.................................stable at 125C Softening point, C ........................................... decomposes at 135 to 150 Physical-Chemical (clear, unplasticized film*) Effect of sunlight ............................................. Discolors and embrittles Effect of aging....................................................Very slight Effect of hot water ........................................... Blushes Effect of cold water........................................... None Moisture absorption (80% relative humidity for 24 hours), per cent................0.27 Moisture-vapor permeability of 0.003-inch film (grams water/square centimeter/0.01 centimeter/hour at 21C) .......................... 0.2 x 104 laid down from toluene solution DSW 441998 3 STLCOPCB4056533 VISCOSITY TYPES TABLE II--"PARLON" VISCOSITY TYPES Viscosity Type Viscosity Range (centi poises) 5 CP.............................. ......................... 5 to 7 10 CP.............................. ......................... 8 to 12 20 cp.............................. ......................... 16 to 25 125 cp.............................. ......................... 110 to 190 1000 cp.............................. ......................... 800 to 2000 Examples of actual or suggested applications of the several viscosity types are as follows: Type Example of Use 5 cp. In printing inks and as a fortifier for alkyd resin enamels 10 cp. 20 cp. In high-solids finishes and as a fortifier for alkyd resin and oleoresinous varnishes and enamels As a film-former in protective coatings and as a fortifier in enamels and varnishes 125 cp. 1000 cp. As a film-former in protective coatings, in paper lacquers, adhesives, and textile finishes As a film-former in adhesives, textile finishes, and other finishes where flexibility is important SOLVENT COMPATIBILITY Solvents and solvent mixtures suggested for use in preparing formulations with Aroclor and Parlon are given in Table III: TABLE III--SUGGESTED SOLVENTS FOR COMPOSITIONS WITH AROCLOR AND PARLON Amsco Solv" B and E Methyl isobutyl ketone Amyl acetate Methyl salicylate Butyl acetate Mobilsolc Nos. 74, 75 Carbon tetrachloride Notold Cellosolveb Octyl acetate Diacetone alcohol Solvesso` 100 Diethyl carbonate Tollacd Ethyl acetate Toluene Ethylene dichloride Trichloroethylene Hi-Flash naphtha Unionl Aromatic Solvent 3553-10 Methyl acetate Union Solvent No. 30 Methyl ethyl ketone Xylene a) Trademark of American Mineral Spirits Co. b) Trademark of Union Carbide Chemical Co. c) Trademark of Socony Mobil Oil Co. d) Trademark of Neville Chemical Co. e) Trademark of Esso Standard Oil Co, f) Trademark of Union Oil Co. DSW 441999 t STLCOPCB4056534 FORMULATIONS AND PROPERTIES OF CHLORINATED RUBBER Chlorinated-Rubber Films Although chlorinated rubber is unaffected by acids, alkalies, salts, moisture, and fungus, it is Very hard and brittle. Consequently plasticizers and plasticizing resins must be added to make useful coatings. To make chemical- and corrosion-resistant coatings, the modifiers must likewise be nonreactive with acids, alkalies, and salts. As little as five per cent of a saponifiable material, such as linseed oil, alkyd resin, or ester plasticizer, seriously detracts from the alkali resistance of the finished coating. Monsanto Aroclor compounds, such as Aroclor 5460 and Aroclor 1254 or 1260, are the best available plasticizing resin and plasticizers, respectively, since they are unaffected by acids, alkalies, or salts. The following table summarizes some of the benefits imparted to chlorinated rubber coatings by the presence of Aroclor plasticizers: TABLE IV--BENEFITS OF AROCLOR PLASTICIZERS IN CHLORINATED RUBBER Aroclor 1254 1260 5460 GOOD ADHESION TO RESISTANCE TO Alum inum Steel Cello Transite phane 10% 5% Hydro Sodium Sodium chloric Hydrox Chlor Acid ide ide Water Sward Hard ness ColdCheck Resist ance -- -- X X X X X X 35 3 -- -- X X X X X X 40 4 X X X--X X X X 22 2 Arcolor 1262 and 5460, resinous types, show good compatibility in chlorinated-rubber films laid down from toluene solution containing 20-per cent of the plastic in ratios of 2:1 and 1:1 (Parlon to Aroclor). The plasticizer types, Aroclor 1252, 1254, and 1260, also show good compatibility. Formulations and properties of films derived from both resin- and plasticizer-type Aroclor are listed in Table V: TABLE V--FORMULATIONS CONTAINING AROCLOR RESINS OR PLASTICIZERS Ingredient Parts by Weight Parlon, 20-cp ...........................................16 16 16 12 12 12 20 20 20 Aroclor 5460 ........................................... 8 8 8 12 12 12 -- -- - - Aroclor 1254 or 1260 ............................. -- ---- -- 4 7 20 Dibutyl phthalate......................................-- 4A O3 Tung oil, Thermolyzed, 976 .....................-- 5-- 3.75 -- -- -- Xylene or butyl acetate........................... 76 72 71 76 73 72.25 76 73 70 5 DSW 442000 STLCOPCB4056535 The Aroclor compounds impart characteristics to the films cast from these lacquers, including the following advantages: Adhesion Unplasticized chlorinated-rubber films have very poor adhesion. The lacquer film containing Aroclor 5460 adheres well to aluminum, bare steel, primed steel, galvanized iron, and Transite surfaces. The lacquer films plasticized with Aroclor 1254 or 1260 give good adhesion to Trans ite, cellophane, galvanized iron, and primed-steel surfaces. Though compounds with an Aroclor alone possess pronounced adhesion qualities, better ad hesion to all of the surfaces results if mixtures of Aroclor or varied contents are used. Resistance to Aqueous Solutions Chlorinated-rubber films with Aroclor 1254 or 1260 (plasticizers) and Aroclor 5460 (resin) show satisfactory resistance to solutions of 10-per cent hydrochloric acid, 5-per cent sodium hydroxide, 5-per cent sodium chloride, and water-spot tests. Film Hardness Softer films are produced with Aroclor 5460 in ratios of 5:10 and 10:10 (AROCLOR-Parkm) than with other commercial resins in similar mixtures. Likewise, softer films result from Aroclor 1254 or 1260 in ratios of 2:10 and 5:10 (Aroclor\Parlon) than with other commercial plasticizers at these concentrations. These tests show that Aroclor compounds have strong plasticizing action on chlorinated rubber. Cold-Check Resistance Aroclor 5460 is superior to phenol-formaldehyde resins in cold-check resistance imparted to chlorinated-rubber films, but not as good as long-oil-alkyd modification. Aroclor 1260 is a somewhat better plasticizer than Aroclor 1254. Weather Resistance Pigmented chlorinated-rubber finishes containing Aroclor have consistently withstood outdoor weather tests, but unpigmented finishes do not weather well regardless of the resin or plasticizer used. Poor resistance to ultraviolet light is also a weakness of chlorinated rubber. Most pigments (except ultramarine blue) are usable with Parlon and are recommended if the coating is to be subjected to outdoor weather or ultraviolet light. However, pigment protection varies consider ably. Inspection of alkyd enamels fortified with Parlon showed weatherability varied from 63 months with chrome green to 4 months for titanium dioxide-iron blue combinations. Sanding and Polishing Properties Plastic films compounded with Parlon and Aroclor 5460, 1254, or 1260 have showed satisfac tory sanding and polishing characteristics. 6 0SV^001 j ! 1 ). 0i: STLCOPCB4056536 APPLICATIONS Alkali-Resistant Coatings Products containing Aroclor and chlorinated rubber are highly resistant to alkalies and moisture. Paints with combinations of Aroclor and chlorinated rubber are used in large quantities for concrete floors, walls, swimming pools, and other surfaces. Paint formulations are suggested in Table VI: TABLE VI-- PAINTS FOR ALKALINE SURFACES Ingredients Parlon (20-cp.) chlorinated rubber Medium-oil, drying alkyd resin Long-oil, drying alkyd resin Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Titanium Dioxide Zinc Oxide Silica Flour Carbon Black Magnesium Silicate Bentone* 34 gelling agent Epichlorohydrin Xylene Hi-Flash naphtha Turpentine Solvesso 100 Solvesso 150 Basement Floors (parts) 100 45 55 89 11 17 1 12 239 Fed-Spec. TT-P-91 (parts) 100 56 33 89 11 3 12 26 237 Concrete Swimming Pool (parts) 100 50 50 112 115 13 1 450 90 `Trademark of National Lead Co. 7 DSW 442002 STLCOPCB4056537 Chemical-Resistant Finishes Particular care is necessary in choosing resins and plasticizers for chemical-resistant paints. Chlorinated-rubber formulations with an Aroclor plasticizer have proved outstanding for acid and alkali resistance. Five suggested formulations are shown in Table VII. TABLE VII--FORMULATIONS FOR CHEMICAL-RESISTANT PAINTS Ingredients Exterior0 use, acids (parts) Exteriorb use, alkalies (parts) Interior0 use, acids and alkalies (parts) Maximum"1 resistance, acids and alkalies (parts) Soap0 resistant (parts) ParIon, (20-cp.) chlorinated rubber 100 100 100 100 100 Phenolic resin 40 Alkyd resin 40 Aroclor 1254 30 30 50 45 Aroclor 1260 33 Aroclor 5460 40 50 Tung oil, Thermolyzed, 976 30 30 64 Iron oxide 100 100 100 100 Titanium dioxide 150 Zinc oxide 50 Epichlorohydrin 0.5 Stabilizer 5 Xylene 325 325 330 245 Toluene 100 Solvesso 100 250 Hi-Flash naphtha 86 Turpentine 28 These formulations were applied to metal bars or panels and tested for resistance: a) Excellent outdoor protection to metal surfaces in acid-manufacturing plants b) Good performance on exteriors of alkali-producing plants c) Good resistance to 10-per cent hydrochloric acid and 5-per cent sodium hydroxide solutions d) Excellent resistance to acids, alkalies, and salt solutions (Also adhered well to glass and other- surfaces) e) Good resistance to warm, soapy water Note: No finishes with Aroclor or chlorinated rubber are recommended for continuous exposure at temperatures above 140 F. DSW 442003 'W STLCOPCB4056538 Continuous Metal-Painting Process A recently-developed continuous-painting process for finishing metal offers savings on capital in vestment, plant space, and operating costs. The technique utilizes the physical properties of tri chloroethylene, the only solvent in the paint. Metal parts enter the unit covered with grease and leave the other end completely painted and dry to the touch. Detailed information about the process can be obtained from Du Pont, Wilmington, Delaware. The formulation in Table VIII has given good characteristics in this continuous-painting system: TABLE VIII--FORMULATION FOR CONTINUOUS-PAINTING PROCESS Ingredients Parts by Weight Pigment11 Vehicle Dispersion Parlon (20-cp) chlorinated rubber 100 ..... Long-oil, drying, alkyd resin 15 23.7 Aroclor 1254 50 ..... Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) ..... 100 Bentone 38 gelling agent .... 1.25b Epoxy stabilizer 3.9 ..... Trichloroethylene 217 53.5 a) Add pigment dispersion to vehicle after 24 hours in pebble mill b) Add gelling agent to pigment dispersion during last two hours of grind Marine Finishes The marine industry makes great use of chlorinated-rubber coatings plasticized with Aroclor compounds to protect wood and metal on boats, barges, and other marine equipment. They re sist salt water, and their hard finish deters algae and other marine growth. A suggested formula for a white marine paint is given in Table IX: TABLE IX--FORMULATION FOR A WHITE MARINE PAINT Ingredients Parts by Weight Parlon (20-cp) chlorinatedrubber 77 Long-oil, oxidizing, alkydresin 23 Aroclor 1254 23 Titanium dioxide 96.5 Xylene 87.5 Hi-Flash Naphtha 77 .9 DSVV 442004 STLCOPCB4056539 Emulsion Paints If chemical resistance is required on porous surfaces, Aroclor 1254 is often added to chlor inated-rubber-emulsion paints. Hercules Powder Company reports that preferred water phases for such paints are either a 1-per cent-distilled-water solution of Aerosol* OT or a 4-per-cent-distilled-water solution of sodium oleate. A lacquer-to-water weight ratio of 2.5 to 1 is suggested for the complete emulsion. Chlorinated rubber of any viscosity may be used. A typical lacquer phase for such an emulsion paint is given in Table X: TABLE X--FORMULATION FOR LACQUER PHASE OF EMULSION PAINT Ingredients Parts by Weight Parlon chlorinated rubber Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Xylene Hi-Flash naphtha 28 14 10 24 24 Mastics Mastic compositions are used to deposit thick films with a minimum number of coats. Mastics modified with Aroclor compounds can effectively seal cracks in concrete, smooth rough con crete surfaces for subsequent glossy coatings, give excellent corrosion resistance under severe conditions, and retard fire. A typical starting formulation is given in Table XI: TABLE XI--MASTIC COMPOSITION Ingredients Parlon (20-cp) chlorinated rubber Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Asbestos Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Toluene Parts by Weight 100 30 49 160 25 300 Although this mastic formulation adheres well to either wood or masonry, a primer is suggested before application to steel. To further increase fire retardance, replacement of 33 parts of the asbestos by 47 parts of antimony oxide is suggested as a starting formulation. Paper and Textile Coatings Chlorinated-rubber coatings with Aroclor plasticizers are worthy of consideration for specific end uses on paper and textiles, although they are generally restricted by odor. Unpigmented fin ishes are suitable for certain fabrics used indoors, but not for exposure to high temperatures or direct sunlight. 'Trademark of American Cyanamid Co. oS\N 442005 10 STLCOPCB4056540 Adhesives Chlorinated-rubber adhesives with an Aroclor plasticizer were developed originally for acidbottle labels because of their general resistance to chemicals. These adhesives are also of unusual interest because they are flame resistant. A typical formulation is given in Table XII: TABLE XII--FORMULATION FOR ACID- AND FLAME-RESISTANT ADHESIVE Ingredients Parts by Weight Pavion (125-cp.) chlorinated rubber Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1260 Toluene 20 6 6 68 Electrical Coatings Because of their desirable electrical properties, these compositions are useful for insulating and protecting electrical wire and apparatus from moisture. With selected fungistats and waxes, coat ings of this type are used to protect electronic equipment in the tropics against moisture and fungi. The fire retardance of hv.oc'LOv.-Parlon combinations is an added dividend in the electrical field. Printing Inks Printing inks requiring fast drying time and chemical resistance are often based on chlorinatedrubber compositions plasticized with an Aroclor compound. These inks are especially useful on soap wrappers and boxes, bottle labels, and many other commodities because of their alkali resistance. OTHER MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS COMPATIBLE WITH CHLORINATED RUBBER The following Monsanto plasticizers (Table XIII) are also compatible with chlorinated rubber, but none gives the over-all desired qualities attained by using an Aroclor plasticizer: TABLE XIII--OTHER MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS COMPATIBLE WITH CHLORINATED RUBBER Dibutyl phthalate Diethyl phthalate Dimethyl phthalate Santicizcr* B-16 Santicizcr M-17 Santolite* MHP Tricresyl phosphate Triphenyl phosphate *Santicizer and Santolite are Monsanto Chemical Company trademarks, registered in the U.S. Patent Office. II DSW 442006 STLCOPCB4056541 TOXICITY AND SAFE HANDLING Inhalation At ordinary temperatures the Aroclor chlorinated polyphenyls have not presented industrial toxicological problems. The hazard of potential toxic exposure varies with their volatility: the lower-chlorinated, more-volatile ones present more of a potential problem from the standpoint of both inhalation and skin contact. When Aroclor compounds are used at elevated tempera tures, engineering controls must be applied, either by the use of closed systems or by effective local-exhaust ventilation together with general workroom exhaust. Vapor of the liquid Aroclor compounds at room temperature should not be breathed in a con fined space, and no vapor of any .Aroclor compound evolved at elevated temperatures should be allowed to be dispersed into the general workroom. Inhalation tests on animals indicate that the maximum safe concentration of vapor is in the range of from 0.5 to 1.0 milligram of the lower-chlorinated Aroclor compounds per cubic meter of air. The threshold limits (maximum allowable concentration for an 8-hour working day) set by the American Conference of Government Hygienists are 1.0 milligram of the lowerchlorinated Aroclor compounds per cubic meter of air and 0.5 milligram of the more-highlychlorinated compounds, such as Aroclor 1254, per cubic meter of air. Skin Contact Schwartz patch tests on 200 volunteers showed that Aroclor 1254 was neither a primary skin irritant or a sensitizer. Continuous or repeated skin contact with the Aroclor compounds must be avoided by the use of gloves and protective garments, because of the possible occurance of a condition called chloracne. Although reports of this condition caused by Aroclor compounds are rare, it can be produced by excessive skin contact. If any Aroclor compound is spilled on the skin, the skin should be washed in the usual manner with a soap solution. A burn caused by contact with a hot Aroclor compound should be treated like any ordinary burn. Aroclor compound adhering to the burned area need not be removed immediately, unless treatment of the burn demands it, in which case either soap and water or repeated washings with a vegetable oil are recommended. 12 DSW 442007 STLCOPCB4056542 SHIPPING Freight Classification Aroclor 1221, 1243, 1242, 1248, 1254, 1260, 1262 Rail Classification Aroclor 1268, 2565, 4465, 5442, 5460 Truck Classification Aroclor 1268, 2565 Aroclor 4465, 5442, 5460 Shipping Regulations Standard Containers Aroclor 1221 Aroclor 1232 Aroclor 1242, 1248, 1254, 1260, 1262 Aroclor 1268 Aroclor 2565, 4465 Aroclor 5442 Aroclor 5460 (flaked) WW:JRC--1M-1/58; rev. WFW:LSS-M-4/62 Synthetic Resin, Liquid, NOIBN Synthetic Resin, Other Than Liquid, NOIBN Synthetic Resin, Powder, NOI Synthetic Resin, Lumps or Solid Mass, NOI None Tank car, 520-lb. steel drum, 50-lb. can Tank car, 550-lb. steel drum, 50-lb. can Tank car, 600-lb. steel drum, 50-lb. can 200-lb. fiber drum, 50-lb. can 500-lb. steel drum, 50-lb. can 450-lb. steel drum, 50-lb. can 100-lb. bag The information contained in this bulletin is. to our best knowledge, true and accurate, but all re commendations or suggestions are made without guarantee, since the conditions of use are beyond our control. The Monsanto Chemical Company disclaims any liability incurred in connection with the use of these data or suggestions. Furthermore, nothing contained herein shall be construed as a recommendation to use any product in conflict with existing patents covering any material or its use. 13 .v DSW 442008 STLCOPCB4056543 .-CiSfiV. ISIIS J-;,rf*w; ..-4?;>' ...'T-- .-.`..v. ISI8fl -'j- A"" ;sS-1`2 -< IS|WllS| Pitt|tfli 'T ^aj./i','s is3fis AKRON ATLANTA BOSTON CHICAGO CINCINNATI CLEVELAND DETROIT . HOUSTON LOS ANGELES I MINNEAPOLIS NEW YORK PITTSBURGH SAN FEAN CISCO SEATTLE SYRACUSE WILMINGTON MONSANTO CHEMICALS LTD. London MONSANTO CHEMICALS (AUSTRALIA) LTD. Malbourn* MONSANTO (CANADA) LTD. Montreal Toronto Vancouver RiSlilf? monsanto chemical company organic chemicals division* 800 north lindbergh blyd. .. <1 - ` *S -Z}.ir? fa,? IvS" t ''^.-5-** \ f. : DSW 442009 1 STLCOPCB4056544 STLCOPCB4056545 STLCOPCB4056546 AROCLOR COMPOUNDS ARE... Fire-Retardant Inert Chemical Resistant Heat Stable "Adjustable" Properties Adhesive Nonvolatile Thermoplastic Nonoxidizing Low Cost FOR... Plasticizing Impregnating Bulking Reducing Volatility Tackifying Insulating Coating Inert Matrixes Dedusting Film Forming The aroclor* compounds--produced by Monsanto Chemical Company--are the only low-cost, inert, in tercompatible liquids and solids that can be inter mixed to provide plasticizing, fire-retardant, insulat ing, lubricating liquids, with tailored viscosities from the consistency of light mineral oil to that of the most viscous syrup (or solid resin) and with the capacity to perform such a variety of functions in so many industries. *aroclor is registered in the U. S. Patent Office as the trademark for Monsanto Chemical Company's chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons and their deriva tives, including chlorinated biphenyl. Whenever in this bulletin, for the convenience of the reader, aroclor is used as a plural noun, the term refers to Monsanto's aroclor brand of chlorinated polyphenyl compounds. The information contained in this bulletin is to our best knowl edge. true and accurate, but ail recommendations or suggestions are made without guarantee, since the conditions of use are beyond our control. The Monsanto Chemical Company disclaims any liability incurred in connection with the use of these data or suggestions. Furthermore, nothing contained herein shall be construed as a recommendation to use any product in conflict with existing . patents covering any material or its use. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................................................................... 2 COMPATIBILITY.................................................................................................................................. 3 AROCLORS IN SYNTHETIC RESINS .......................................................................................... 4 Polyvinyl Chloride ................................................................................................................. 4 Polyvinyl Acetate .................................................................................................................... 11 Epoxies....................................................................................................................................... 13 Polyesters .................................................................................................................................. 16 Polyethylene ............................................................................................................................ 17 Polystyrene .............................................................................................................................. 18 Polyurethanes .......................................................................................................................... 18 Phenolics .................................................................................................................................. 19 AROCLORS IN RUBBERS ............................................................................................................... 20 Chlorinated Rubber and Polypropylene ........................................................................... 20 Styrene-Butadiene Copolymers ............................................................................................ 22 Synthetic and Natural Rubbers .......................................................................................... 23 AROCLORS IN CELLULOSIC RESINS ........................................................................................ 27 Ethyl Cellulose ........................................................................................................................ 27 Nitrocellulose .......................................................................................................................... 28 Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate ................................................................................................... 31 AROCLORS IN PAINT, VARNISH, WAX, AND ASPHALT ................................................ 32 Paint and Varnish ................................................................................................................. 32 Wax ........................................................................................................................................... 34 0S\N 442013 STLCOPCB4056548 Asphalt ...................................................................................................................................... 35 Allyl Starch ............................................................................................................................ 35 AROCLORS IN MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS ............................................................... 36 Dust Prevention and Dust Catching.................................................................................. 36 Vapor Suppression (Longer-lasting Insecticides) .......................................................... 36 Moisture Proofing................................................................................................................... 36 Pigment Dispersion ............................................................................................................... 37 Sealing and Impregnation ..................................................................................................... 37 PROPERTIES OF THE AROCLOR COMPOUNDS ................................................................. 39 Solubility .................................................................................................................................. 40 Monsanto Specifications and GeneralPhysical Properties (Chart)......................... 41,42 Density .................................................................................................................................... 43 Specific Volume ..................................................................................................................... 43 Volatility .................................................................................................................................. 44 Vapor Pressure ........................................................................................................................ 45 Viscosity ............................................................... 46 Stability .................................................................................................................................... 46 Nonflammability ..................................................................................................................... 47 Nondrying and Thermoplastic Properties ....................................................................... 47 Electrical Properties ............................................................................................................. 47 How to Emulsify aroclors ................................................................................................ 48 DERMATOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY ........................................................................................ 49 SAFE HANDLING ................................................................................................................................ 50 SHIPPING ............................................................................................................................................... 50 DSW 442014 vfi INTRODUCTION jJ The unique aroclor plasticizers are among the most versatile chemically-produced materials W known to industry. One outstanding characteristic--inertness--makes aroclors useful in many ways for many different applications. The major benefits offered by the aroclors include: Chemical Resistance Fire Retardance Compatibility with most resins Nonoxidation Adhesivity Low Cost In this bulletin are described some of their many important plasticizing and related applica tions, including numerous suggested starting formulations. Examination of their physical properties, also given in considerable detail, may suggest scores of new uses that could not be performed by any other known material. Additional information about the aroclor compounds is available from your nearest Monsanto district sales office in the following technical bulletins: The aroclor Compounds (general, including mechanical, electrical, heat-transfer, and other non-plasticizer applications) PL-307 ............Monsanto Plasticizers in Synthetic-Resin Adhesives PL-311 ............aroclor Plasticizers for Chlorinated Rubber PL-321 ............aroclor 1221, 1232, 1242 for Polyvinyl Acetate-Emulsion Adhesives PL-327 ............Monsanto Plasticizers in Protective Coatings PL-331 ............Monsanto Modifiers for Polysulfides CS-14 ..............aroclor Plasticizers in Epoxy Resins 1 SB DSW 442015 ;y STLCOPCB4056550 6______ yjL DESCRIPTION ## fj| Monsanto's aroclor plasticizers comprise a series of chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated polyphenyls. They vary from mobile, oily liquids to white crystals and hard, transparent resins. Twelve of the aroclor compounds, each of which represents a series, are discussed in this bul letin. An understanding of the system for designation of each aroclor should prove useful in the evaluation of the property gradations among them: the last two digits indicate the approximate weight percentage of chlorine in the product, and the first two digits indicate the type of material, as follows: 12--chlorinated biphenyls 25 -- blend of chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated triphenyls (60:40) 44 -- blend of chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated triphenyls (75:25) 54 -- chlorinated triphenyls For nearly every aroclor mentioned, a darker, less-pure grade exists, with about the same physical and chemical characteristics, but with a lower price. aroclor compounds are nonoxidizing, inert, permanently thermoplastic, of low volatility, non corrosive to metals, and low cost, aroclor compounds are not hydrolyzed by water and resist alkalies, acids, and corrosive chemicals. The viscous, more-highly-chlorinated liquids and resins do not support combustion, and they impart fire retardance to other materials. The crystalline aroclor compounds are relatively insoluble, but the liquid and resinous com pounds are soluble in most of the common organic solvents, thinners, and oils. All aroclor compounds are insoluble in water and glycerine, aroclor 5460 is insoluble in lower-molecularweight alcohols; aroclor 4465 is only partly soluble in the lower alcohols. aroclor compounds plasticize a great many resins without softening them unduly. The aroclor compounds are unsurpassed for the plasticizing of protective coatings, particularly for use in chemical plants and other facilities that require a tough, chemically resistant surface, aroclor plasticizers can also be used to flexibilize sealing compounds, adhesives, lacquers, inks, var nishes, free films, fabric coatings, and pigment dispersions. They are also used as components or extenders in elastomers and waxes. The properties of many end products can be improved -- yet at reduced overall cost -- by the use of an aroclor as either a primary or a secondary plasticizer. The properties imparted by aroclor compounds (and their usefulness in particular applica tions) vary in regular gradient over the series. Selection of the right aroclor for a particular use can generally be made by comparison of the properties, by "blending" two or more, and by adjusting the percentages used in the particular mixture in which the aroclor compounds are formulated. Monsanto's Plasticizer Council can provide specific formulation guidance that many help you improve your product or lower your processing cost. Processors are invited to ask the nearest Monsanto office for help on special problems. 2 DSW 442016 6_______ ^jjL COMPATIBILITY The aroclor plasticizers are compatible with most common plastics materials; they are com patible to the extent of practical use with the following: Asphalt Benzyl Cellulose Carnauba Wax Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate Chlorinated Rubber Coumarone-Indene Resins Damar Resin Ester Gum Ethyl Cellulose Epoxy Resins Nitrocellulose Paraffin Phenolic Resins Polyethylene Polyester Resins Polystyrene Resins Polyisobutylene Polysulfides Polyurethanes Polyvinyl Acetate Polyvinyl Butyral Polyvinyl Chloride Polyvinylidene Chloride Rosin Rubber Styrene-Butadiene Copolymers aroclor compounds are not compatible with phenolic resins in the final stage of condensation or with cellulose acetate. aroclor compounds generally impart progressively increasing properties in the direction of the arrows in the following diagram: Liquid aroclors Soft, Resinous aroclors Hard, Resinous AROCLORS Hardness Flame Flexibility Retardance Volatility Density Viscosity Usually the desired balance between flexibility and hardness can be obtained either by selec tion of an aroclor with the appropriate physical characteristics or by use of a blend of two or more aroclor compounds. In evaluation of formulations that contain aroclor plasticizers, the compounder should thor oughly test an experimental product for compatibility, heat and light stability, and other properties, according to normal industry practices. 3 SVV 442017 STLCOPCB4056552 AROCLOR PLASTICIZERS IN SYNTHETIC RESINS Low-cost aroclor plasticizers are valuable for a variety of applications, aroclor plasticizers improve chemical resistance, flame retardance, and oxidation resistance. Depending upon the use, the various aroclor compounds offer a number of benefits to the user. In almost all formulations, the use of an aroclor plasticizer reduces the over-all cost per pound. IN POLYVINYL CHLORIDE The aroclor compounds are valuable in polyvinyl chloride and copolymers as secondary plasticizers or as plasticizer extenders. The aroclor plasticizers impart flame retardance and chemical resistance. Selection of the proper aroclor enables compounders to impart such special properties to their formulations as: Resistance to migration to nitrocellulose lacquers (aroclor 1260 and 1262). Fine, uniform cell structure in vinyl foam (aroclor 1262 and 1268). Adhesion in vinyl coatings (aroclor 1260 and 5460). Viscosity stability in plastisols (aroclor 1248 and 1254). The control specimen burns rapidly; the one containing Aroclor does not even ignite. '4 SW 4420i8 STLCOPCB4056553 Compatibility aroclor compounds (except aroclor 1268) are compatible to about 25 per cent of the total plasticizer content in polyvinyl chloride and usually somewhat greater in copolymer resins. At these levels, no exudation occurs in the loop-compatibility test, one of the most severe used by the industry. Performance As an illustration of the performance of aroclor plasticizers, Table I shows evaluation of the five most commonly used in polyvinyl chloride. TABLE I -- PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF FIVE AROCLOR PLASTICIZERS IN POLYVINYL CHLORIDE HardConcen- d ness tration (Shore AROCLOR (parts) "A") 1248 1254 1260 4465 5442 15 87 15 88 15 89 17.5 89 17.5 87 Vola-b tility (Plasticizer lost. %) Kerosene L' Extraction (Plasticizer lost. %) Low-Temp Flexibility (Clash & Berg) (T/.C) 19 23 --26 14 24 --24 11 32 --22 6 19 --19 6 16 --20 Tensile Strength (Psi) 2330 2310 2200 Modulus (Psi) 1320 1360 1330 Elonga tion (%) 342 334 315 Ingredients a) Opalon* 660 PVC resin Dioctyl Phthalate Calcium Carbonate Stabilizer AROCLOR b) 24 hours at 87C over activated carbon c) 96 hours at 25C Parts by Weight 100 45 40 3 indicated Heat and Light Stability aroclor compounds impart good heat stability but somewhat reduce the light stability of vinyl formulations, but no more so than do many other secondary plasticizers commonlyused in the industry. Light stability of the system may be improved by incorporation of a small amount of light-screening agent, such as 0.1 per cent Tinuvin P.** Opdlon: Monsanto Chemical Company trademark. Registered in U. S. Patent Office. Trademark of Geigy Chemical Co. 5 ft STLCOPCB4056554 Chemical Resistance For imparting resistivity to chemical attack, the aroclor compounds are unsurpassed. Inde pendent evaluations of the chemical resistance of vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer paint, modified by eight types of materials (alkyd resin, phenolic-chinawood oil varnish, ester gumlinseed oil varnish, aroclor 1254, dioctyl phthalate, tricresyl phosphate, polymeric plasticizer, and acrylic polymer), showed that aroclor 1254 has the "best all-around chemical resistance, failing badly only in the gasoline test." Paints were sprayed onto solvent-cleaned, unprimed, cold-rolled-steel panels, which were then immersed in seven types of solutions until failure. The data in Table II, excerpted from the November 1955 issue of Official Digest of the Federation of Paint and Varnish Production Clubs, compare the chemical resistance imparted by aroclor 1254 and by dioctyl phthalate. TABLE II --COMPARATIVE CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF PLASTICIZERS IN VINYL CHLORIDE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER PAINT Plasticizers Time to Failure in Corrosive Media Dioctyl Phtha- AROCLOR late 1254 (%) (%) 10% Sodium Hydrox- ide (days) io% Hydrochloric Acid (hours) Gasoline (days) 5% Sodium Hypochlorite (days) 10% Acetic Acid (hours) Linseed Oil Fatty Acids (days) 1% Tide at I60F (days) 10 -- 120 92 0.4 4 84 60 21 -- 10 120" 168" 5 13 168" 90" 22 25 -- 60 24 0.4 4 84 27 25 - 25 120 120 0.4 14.5 120 90" 22 40 -- -- 50 60 24 0.4 4 120" 96 0.4 11 48 22 100 60 25 22 a) End of test In other corrosion-resistance tests of polyvinyl, chloride plastisols, containing 70 parts plasti cizer per 100 parts resin a formulation that contained 1 part aroclor 1254 to 3 parts dioctyl phthalate was much more resistant to 15 per cent nitric acid at either 23 or 50C for six months than a compound plasticized with dioctyl phthalate alone. The plastisol modified with both aroclor 1254 and dioctyl phthalate was also more resistant to 25 per cent chromic oxide at 50C for four weeks and was equivalent at 23C for six months in comparison with the dioctyl phthalate-modified vinyl plastisol. . Migration Resistance The use of aroclor 1262 as a coplasticizer with dioctyl phthalate greatly enhances the re sistance of plasticizer migration to nitrocellulose lacquers and films. Table III compares this property for four formulations. .6 DSW 442020 TABLE III -- PLASTICIZER MIGRATION TO NITROCELLULOSE LACQUERS AND FILMS Plasticizer " Dioctyl Phthalate Polymeric Plasticizer AROCLOR 1262 Hardness, Shore "A" Time (weeks) Room Temperature 1 2 3 4 5 10 50 C 1 2 3 4 S 10 AROCLOR and DOP (parts) 66 -- 20 72 No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change General Motors Lacquer Test (158F; 72 hr.; 5^-psi load) Indentation, Very Slight Softening a) Formulation Ingredients Opalon 660 PVC Resin Epoxy Soybean Oil Barium-Cadmium Laurate Calcium Carbonate Plasticizer Control (DOP) (parts) 71 -- ____ 72 AROCLOR. DOP, and Polymeric (parts) 36 33 20 72 Polymeric and DOP (parts) 38 35 73 No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change Very Slight Marking Very Slight Marking Very Slight Marking Very Slight Marking Slight Marking Slight Marking Slight Marking Moderate Marking Moderate Marking Moderate Marking Moderate Marking Severe Marking Very Slight Softening Slight Softening Slight Softening Slight Softening Extreme Softening Lifting Slight Marking Slight Marking Slight Marking Slight Marking Slight Marking Slight Marking Very Slight Softening Very Slight Softening Slight Softening Slight Softening Slight Softening Moderate Softening Extreme Softening Parts by Weight 100 3 3 25 as indicated 7 DSW 442021 B STLCOPCB4056556 Plastisols The use of an aroclor as a coplasticizer with dioctyl phthalate in polyvinyl chloride plastisols or organosols contributes greatly to the viscosity stability of these materials, especially at elevated temperatures. This benefit is especially important whenever shelf stability is required. Although the initial viscosity of the pastisol or organosol is increased by the use of an aroclor in the formulation, the viscosity reduction upon temperature elevation (before the fusion temperature is reached) is much greater than when most other plasticizers are used. A comparison of the viscosity stability of plastisol formulations with and without aroclor is given in Table IV. 25C Initial 1 Day i Week 2 Weeks 4 Weeks 40C Initial 1 Day 1 Week 2 Weeks 4 Weeks 50C Initial 1 Day 1 Week 2 Weeks 4 Weeks TABLE IV --VISCOSITY STABILITY OF PLASTISOLS Dioctyl Phthalate (80 PHR) Viscosity4 (poises) AROCLOR 1254 (20 PHR) Dioctyl Phthalate (60 PHR) Viscosity " (poises) AROCLOR 5460 Dioctyl Phthalate Viscosity (poises) 36 49 65 63 97 78 116 75 132 148 92 154 161 178 252 37 48 84 98 215 . 108 305 110 426 209 68 136 139 164 274 66 94 gel 660 980 gel 100 470 900 gel a) Brookfield LVF viscometer, No. 4 spindle, 12 rpm .8 DSW 442022 i STLCOPCB4056557 Dipping Plastisols. The chemical resistance of aroclor compounds is used to good advantage in chrome-plating-bath coatings and in glove coatings, as illustrated by the following formula tion for a clear glove-dipping plastisol: Ingredients Opalon 440 PVC resin aroclor 1254 Diisodecyl Phthalate Santicizer* 160 HB-40* Secondary Plasticizer Liquid Barium-Cadmium Stabilizer Liquid Chelator-Stabilizer Santocel* 54 Silica Aerogel Parts by Weight iqO 20 50 25 20 2 0.5 3 Sealers. The adhesion-imparting characteristics of aroclor compounds, their oxidation stabili ty, and their chemical resistance are utilized in the manufacture of automotive sealers, such as the following suggested starting formulations: Ingredients Opalon 440 PVC resin Vinylite** VMCH resin aroclor 1260 Diisodecyl Phthalate Santicizer 160 Calcium Carbonate Epoxy Soybean Oil Dibasic Lead Phosphite Parts by Weight 96 4 50 100 28 125 5 3 Fabric-Coating Vinyl Dispersions. The use of aroclor plasticizers in organosol or plastisol formulations enables the manufacture of fire-retardant free films and coated fabrics with a high degree of hardness, yet flexibility. The following typical starting formulation for a vinyl organosol to be used for free film or coated fabric illustrates this effect: Ingredients Opalon 440 PVC resin Dioctyl Phthalate aroclor 1254 Liquid Barium-Cadmium Stabilizer Epoxy Soybean Oil Thinner Xylene Parts by Weight 100 33 10 2.5 3 20-35 15-25 HB 40. Sartticiter, and Santocel: Monsanto Chemical Company Trademarks. Registered in U. S. Patent Office. Trademark of Union Carbide Plastics Co. 9 DSW 442023 'j 3 '2 STLCOPCB4056558 Rigid Plastisols. The viscosity characteristics of the aroclor plasticizers are utilized in the following formulation for rigid, rotationally-cast objects. The formulation is very viscous when first made up, but when heat is applied, the viscosity decreases so that a smoothlyflowing plastisol is obtained. The finished object has a Shore "D'' hardness of 63. Ingredients Opalon 440 PVC resin Geon* 202 PVC resin aroclor 1254 Santicizer 141 Epoxy Octyl Tallate Liquid Barium-Cadmium Stabilizer Liquid Zinc Stabilizer Polyethylene Glycol 400 Monolaurate Parts by Weight 55 45 35 10 5 2 0.5 1 Vinyl Foam aroclor 1262 and 1268 impart fine, uniform cell structure and flame resistance to chemicallyblown vinyl foam, as exemplified by the following formulations: Ingredients Opalon 440 PVC resin aroclor 1262 aroclor 1268 Dioctyl Phthalate Diisodecyl Phthalate Di-(72-Octyl, rz-Decyl) Adipate Santicizer 214 Santicizer 409 Butyl Oleate Liquid Barium-Cadmium Stabilizer Epoxy Resin Neutral Calcium Petronate Calcium Oxide Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Nitrosan** Chemical blowing agent 100 -- 20 40 -- -- -- 50 5 2 -- 3.6 -- -- 10 Parts by Weight 100 20 -- -- 50 10 15 -- -- 3 2 3.6 1 1.6 10 100 -- 10 -- 30 30 -- -- -- 3 2 3.6 1 1.6 5 Flame-Retardant Floor Tile The nonflammability of the aroclor compounds suggests their use in the manufacture of flame-retardant vinyl-asbestos floor tile for military applications. In Table V is presented an evaluation of three aroclor plasticizers in typical vinyl-asbestos-tile formulations. Substitution of antimony oxide for part of the limestone is suggested for still greater fire retardance. Trademark of B. F. Goodrich Chemical Co. Trademark of E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. 10 DSW 442024 STLCOPCB4056559 TABLE V --EVALUATION OF AROCLOR IN FLAME-RETARDANT, VINYL-ASBESTOS FLOOR TILE Santicizer 160 AROCLOR 1254 aroclor 1260 aroclor 5460 McBurney Inden tation Hardness Banbury Time (to reach 280F, sec.) Time to band on roll mill (sec.) Plasticity Tack Surface Control " (parts) 37 - -- -- 7.8 AROCLOR 1254 AROCLOR 1260 AROCLOR 5460 (parts) (parts) (parts) 30 15 -- -- 9.6 36 -- 17 -- 10.4 40 -- -- 20 11.2 99 96 102 115 15 10 10 5 Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Fair Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent a) Formulation Ingredients Opalon 506 PVC Resin Santicizer 160 AROCLOR Asbestos Limestone Titanium Dioxide Stabilizer Parts by Weight 100 As Indicated As Indicated 160 290 15 5 IN POLYVINYL ACETATE aroclor compounds are excellent plasticizers for polyvinyl acetate-emulsion adhesives and hotmelt adhesives. The excellent tack and strong bonding power they impart and their low cost contribute greatly to the profitability of these adhesives. Emulsion Adhesives The liquid aroclors -- such as aroclor 1221, 1232, and 1242 -- blend readily by simple stir ring with polyvinyl acetate emulsion at up to 11 parts per 100 parts of emulsion. They greatly improve the quick-tack and fiber-tear properties of the adhesive. The performance of aroclor plasticizers in polyvinyl acetate-emulsion adhesives is compared with that imparted by dibutyl 11 DSW 442025 STLCOPCB4056560 phthalate in Table VI. The following is suggested as a typical starting formulation for a lowcost, quick-tack adhesive: Ingredients Gelva* S-55 PVAc Emulsion aroclor 1232 Parts by Weight 100 11 TABLE VI -- PERFORMANCE OF PLASTICIZERS IN POLYVINYL ACETATE-EMULSION ADHESIVES Hardness (Shore "A") Low-Temperature Flexibility (Clash & Berg, Tf, C) Volatility (24 hr., 86C over activated charcoal) (Plasticizer lost, %) Kerosene Extraction (24 hr., 25C) (Plasticizer lost, %) Di butyl Phthalate (II PHR) 69 AROCLOR 1221 (II PHR) 66 AROCLOR 1232 (11 PHR) 86 AROCLOR 1242 (II PHR) 97 -- 10.2 -- 5.9 4.0 5.3 4.0 4.8 4.3 4.0 4.1 4.5 3.8 4.2 Formulation Viscosity (cp.) Initial " 1 Day 3 Days 4 Days 5 Days 7 Days 10 Days 2420 2460 2520 2240 2200 2200 2180 2260 2160 2060 2040 2020 2060 a) Initial viscosity of unplasticized emulsion: 1500 centipoises When the slight odor of aroclor is objectionable in an adhesive for certain applications, it can be easily masked, at negligible cost, by the addition of six grams of either Odormasque** 1004 (camphor) or Odormasque 1066 (fruit) per drum of adhesive. Gelva: Shswinigan Resins Corp. Trademark. Registered in U. S. Patent Office. `Trademark of Polak 6? Schwarz. Inc. 12 DSW 442026 STLCOPCB4056561 Hot-Melt Adhesives aroclor compounds are widely used as plasticizers in polyvinyl acetate hot-melt adhesives for bookbinding and other applications, Four suggested started formulations for evaluation are as follows: Ingredient Parts by Weight Application Temperature 165 - 175C LowMelting AlkaliDispersable Polyvinyl Acetate Opalon 505 PVC resin Modified Rosin Coumarone-Indene Resin (soft) aroclor 1254 AROCLOR 1260 Dibutyl Phthalate Saniicizer 160 (or dibutyl phthalate) Clay Fluxing Resin (Filtros* Resin WW) Acravuax C** Sodium Benzoate Viscosity (centipoises) 95" 5 -- -- -- 50-75 -- 50-75 -- -- -- -- 100" -- -- -- 55 -- -- 30 25 75 -- __ a) Gclva V-7 (Shawinigan Resins Corp.) 2>) Gelva C-3 V-10 (Shawinigan Resins Corp.) c) Gelva C-5 V-16 (Shawinigan Resins Corp.) 50 b 38 ' ---- 25 -- - 28.3 12 27 ---- 13 7 ---- ---- ---- --1 __ 0.76 2000 (120C) 3500 (175C) Non-blocking Non-blocking IN EPOXY RESINS The aroclor compounds probably have greater compatibility with epoxy resins than any other available, nonreactive, plasticizer-modifiers. The excellent chemical resistance, oxidation resis tance, and adhesive qualities imparted by the aroclor compounds reinforce these important beneficial properties of epoxies and thereby help the compounder reduce his formulation costs materially without significant adverse affect on performance. The lower-molecular-weight, liquid aroclor compounds (such as 1221 and 1232) have maxi mum plasticizing efficiency and impart the most flexibilizing to epoxy compounds. The more viscous, resinous aroclor compounds have progressively less effect on epoxy flexibility: the high-molecular-weight, solid aroclor compounds (1268, 2565, 4465, 5460, etc.), in fact, tend to reinforce the compound. The effects of aroclor 1221 and 1248 on the properties and performance of an epoxy resin are indicated by the data in Table VII. Filtroj: Filtered Rosin Products Co. Trademark. Registered in U. S. Patent Office. Trademark of Glyco Chemicals. oS\N 4A2.027 STLCOPCB4056562 TABLE VII --EFFECT OF AROCLOR 1221 AND 1248 ON PROPERTIES OF EPOXY RESINS Formulation a AROCLOR AROCLOR 1221 1248 Viscosity b Before After Curing Curing Agent Agent Physical Property c Physical Properties After Heat Aging Izod Clarity Hardness Hardness Weight Impact (Light Shore "D" Shore "D" Loss Resis Reflect (10 sec.) (10 sec.) tance ed) (%} (%) -- -- 12,800 7900 0.2 3.0 76 86 0.012 (30 rpm) 25 -- 1650 1200 -- 3.0 8 81 2.118 -- 25 7700 4300 0.6 3.0 40 88 0.682 Ingredients Parts by Weight ) Liquid Epoxy Resin -Tetraethylenepentamine aroclor 1221 or 1248 Cure: 30 minutes at 100C 100 8 As Indicated ) Brookfield LVF #4 spindle; 60 rpm unless otherwise specified c) 24 hours at 86C in activated charcoal Development of flame-retardant epoxy resins is of wide-spread interest. Aliphatic amine-cured epoxy-resin formulations are made self extinguishing by the use of 20 parts of liquid aroclor per hundred parts of resin. The incorporation of antimony oxide at 5 PHR, with 15 parts of aroclor per hundred parts of resin, yields nonburning formulations (TABLE VIII). The use of liquid aroclors in aliphatic amine-cured epoxies also improves flexural strength and compressive-yield strength, has little effect on tensile strength, and slightly lowers heatdistortion temperature and compressive ultimate strength. The use of solid aroclor compounds in phthalic anhydride-cured epoxy systems also reduces flammability and, in combination with antimony oxide, produces nonburning formulations. The solid aroclor compounds also greatly improve such important properties as compressive strength, flexural strength, compressive-yield strength, and tensile strength, although they slightly lower the heat-distortion temperature (TABLE IX). Extension of epoxy-resin adhesives with aroclor compounds greatly reduces the formulation cost, with minimum effect on the bonding characteristic of the adhesive or surface coating. 14 DSW 442028 STLCOPCB4056563 TABLE VIII-- EFFECT OF AROCLOR 1242 AND 1260 ON FLAMMABILITY AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EPOXY RESINS Formulation " Flammaibility Heat- Flexural Tensile Compres- Compres- AROCLOR AROCLOR Antimony Hardness (ASTM 635-56T) Distortion Strength Strength sive Yield sive W1 1242 (PHR) 1260 (PHR) Oxide (PHR) (Rockwell "M") inches burned Rate Temp. (C) (in/min.) (Psi) (Psi) Strength Strength (Psi) (Psi) ------ 20 -- -- -- 20 -- 15 -- 5 -- 15 5 104 4 0.82 117.5 20,100 11,400 15,700 43,000 108 2.125 b 79.5 21,800 10,700 17,900 32,500 103 1.125 b 87 23,800 13,000 17,250 32,900 107 0 c 81 22,200 12,800 16,700 32,400 106 0 92 22,100 9,800 16,950 38,150 Ingredients a) Liquid Epoxy Resin Diethylenetriamine aroclor 1242 or 1260 Antimony oxide cure: 16 hours at room temperature, plus 2 hours at 100C b) Self extinguishing c) Nonburning Pfrts by Weight 100 13 as indicated as indicated TABLE IX --EFFECT OF SOLID AROCLORS ON FLAMMABILITY AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EPOXY RESINS AROCLOR 1268 (PHR) Formulation " AROCLOR 5460 (PHR) Antimony Oxide (PHR) ------ 20 -- -- -- 20 -- 15 -- 5 -- 15 5 Ingredients a) Liquid Epoxy Resin Phthalic Anhydride DMP-30* catalyst aroclor 1268 or 5460 Antimony Oxide Cure: 20 hours at 150C b) Nonburning Hardness Flammability (Rockwell "M") (in./min.) 113 0.6 112 0.38 113 0.38 112 b 111 b HeatDistortion Temp. (*C) 143 128 135.5 134 135 Parts by Weight 100 75 0.1 as indicated as indicated Flexural Strength (PS') 16,900 25,900 26,300 20,000 19,000 Tensile Strength fpsi) 11,000 13,500 11,500 11,100 10,200 Compressive Yield Strength (ps'l Compressiv Strength (psi) 20,900 22,300 21.000 20,500 21,200 23,400 36,500 41,700 36,700 40,700 DSW 442029 `Trademark of Rohm & Haas Co. In epoxy-resin protective surface coatings, the use of aroclor 1254, 1260, or 1262 economi cally imparts excellent chemical resistance, particularly to acids and alkalies. When resistance to solvents is desired, however, aroclors should not be used, since they are true plasticizers and do not combine chemically with the epoxy resin. Frequently, about 10 to 15 per cent aroclor 1260 or 1262 is added to increase the flexibility of the epoxy composition, with mini mum effect on the corrosion resistance and adhesion of the film. IN POLYESTER RESINS The highly chlorinated, less-volatile aroclor compounds such as aroclor 1260, 4465, and 5460, are very effective and economical fire retardants for polyester resins, and they do not significantly affect the physical properties of the resin. The aroclor compounds are effectively used in combination with equal amounts of antimony oxide, since the two materials are synergistic: aroclor imparts self-extinguishing properties to the resin, and antimony oxide reduces afterglow. Table X indicates the degree of flame resistance imparted to a general-purpose polyester resin (with a 35-per cent styrene content) by various equal concentrations of antimony oxide and one of these three aroclor compounds. TABLE X--FIRE RETARDANCE IMPARTED TO POLYESTER RESINS BY AROCLORS AND ANTIMONY OXIDE Antimony 0 Oxide and AROCLOR 1260 4465 5460 2.5% -- -- flammable 5% 7.5% semiflammable semiflammable flammable self extinguishing 60 seconds self extinguishing 5 seconds -- 10% self extinguishing 30 seconds self extinguishing 5 seconds self extinguishing 5 seconds 15% self extinguishing immediate selfextinguishing immediate self extinguishing immediate a) Formulation Ingredients Polyester Resin (general purpose) Styrene Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide (60% in dibutyl phthalate) Cobalt Naphthenate (1% solution) aroclor and Antimony Oxide Weight Per Cent 62 35 2 1 as indicated 16 DSW 442030 STLCOPCB4056565 Inclusion of an aroclor increases the flexural strength of the naturally brittle polyester and makes addition of a more-expensive plasticizing polyester unnecessary. At a concentration of 10 per cent (enough for fire retardency), none of the aroclor compounds reduced the flexu ral strength of the cure resin significantly (Table XI), and their effect was comparable to that of a plasticizing polyester. At 20-per cent addition, they improved the impact strength, where as the plasticizing polyester reduced it. The solid aroclor compounds are preferred for fireresistant surface coatings. TABLE XI--EFFECT OF AROCLORS ON STRENGTH OF FIBER-GLASS-REINFORCED POLYESTER RESINS Plasticizer None Plasticizing Polyester AROCLOR 1260 aroclor 4465 AROCLOR 5460 (%) 0 10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20 Flexural Strength (PS') 47,210 43,310 39,930 45,600 33,880 40,740 33,390 37,400 35,890 Flexural Modulus (Ps'l 2,190,000 2,000,000 1,560,000 2,090,000 1,690,000 2,190,000 1,290,000 1,700,000 1,550,000 Impact Strength (ft.-lb./in.] 1.73 1.64 1.24 1.33 2.04 1.41 2.48 1.85 3.06 IN POLYETHYLENE The need to make polyethylene and other polyolefins flame retardant is well recognized. The well-known flame retardancy of the aroclor compounds suggests their evaluation for poly olefin applications such as molded products, coatings, and hot-melt adhesives. Preliminary evaluation of aroclor 5460 (20 per cent) and antimony oxide (10 per cent) showed good results in imparting flame retardancy to low-density, noncrystalline polyethylene. Com pared to the use of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, the use of aroclor greatly improved the heat stability and had considerably less effect on tensile strength, yield, and elongation of the formulation. DSW 442031 17 B STLCOPCB4056566 IN POLYSTYRENE The aroclor compounds are good plasticizers for polystyrene. The lower - molecular - weight aroclor compounds have greater solvating power than the higher-molecular-weight aroclor compounds. The gelling rate of various plasticizers in polystyrene resin is shown in Table XII; each plasticizer was added to the polystyrene resin at a concentration of 2 parts, plasti cizer per part of resin, and the time required for the material to gel was noted. TABLE XII --GELLING RATE OF PLASTICIZERS IN POLYSTYRENE Plasticizer (200 PHR) Time to Gel (min.) AROCLOR 1221 Diethyl Phthalate Dimethyl Phthalate HB-20* aroclor 1242 Santicizcr 141 Santicizcr 160 Santicizcr 11-16 HB-40 immediate 0.6 0.75 1 ? 5 6 18 .10 IN POLYURETHANES aroclor compounds are useful as plasticizers and flame retardants in polyurethane rubbers, foams, adhesives, and coatings. The following formulation illustrates the use of aroclor 1254 in a polyurethane flocking adhesive: Part A Part B Ingredients Multrail'll^* I-'LD Urethane Resin Mondur** C Isocyanate aroclor 1254 Multrami FLD Mondur C Parts by Weight 100 5 20 100 5-10 Part A is applied to the fabric by knife coating and allowed to dry thoroughly. The fabric is then coated with Part B, and the material is flocked immediately. Monsanto Chemical Company Trademark. Registered in U. S. Patent Office. **Multranii and Mondur; Mobay Chemical Company trademarks. Registered in U. S. Patent Office. 18 DSW 442032 Protective urethane coatings are unusually well suited for application to concrete and metal. aroclor 1254 is incorporated to improve adhesion and sealing. The first of the following formulations is the preferred prime coat for concrete storage tanks for gasoline and fuel oils. The second formulation is the base coat for a concrete wood-kiln coating, which remained in perfect condition after two-and-one-half-years' continuous exposure to heat, moisture, and wood distillates. The other two formulations, for primer and intermediate light-metal coating, contain aroclor 1254 for better adhesion to metal. Ingredients Mondur C Multron* R-4 Polyester Resin Multron R-10 aroclor 1254 Polyvinyl Acetate Polyvinyl Butyral Methyl Glycol Acetate Butyl Acetate Ethyl Acetate Toluene Pigment (colored) Zinc Chromate Titanium Dioxide (rutile) Talc (micronized) UnsealedConcrete Prime Coat (parts) HighTemperature Concrete Primer (parts) 19.0 -- 10.0 5.0 0.2 -- 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 12.5 -- 12.5 12.0 -- 12.0 2.9 -- 0.4 9.0 5.4 4.0 6.9 -- 15.0 13.9 Light-Metal Coating Primer Intermediate (parts) (parts) 21.0 2.6 10.5 2.7 0.3 -- -- 8.0 8.0 15.1 6.7 7.9 -- 13.2 25.1 7.2 7.2 1.8 0.3 -- -- 7.5 7.5 14.2 21.0 -- -- 5.5 IN PHENOLIC RESINS Considerable interest has been shown in the use of aroclor compounds to make phenolic lam inating resins flame retardant. The higher-molecular-weight aroclor compounds (1262 and 5460) are usually evaluated for this purpose. aroclor 1268 and 2565 are useful in the manufacture of brake linings. *Multron: Trademark of Mobay Chemical Company. Registered in U. S. Patent Office. 19 DSW 442033 STLCOPCB4056568 ThU power-disfnbufion station, last painted three years before with chlorinated-rubber primer and topcoat, plasticized with AROCLOR, is exposed to outdoor weathering, nitric acid fumes, and high humidity from nearby water-cooling towers. 6__________________________ L AROCLORS IN RUBBERS For seven years the chlorinated-rubber primer and topcoat (plasticized with AROCLOR) of this acetic anhydride plant have resisted outdoor weathering, acetic acid and acetic anhydride fumes, steam, and condensed-acid vapors. IN CHLORINATED RUBBER AND CHLORINATED POLYPROPYLENE Protective coatings based on chlorinated rubber generally contain aroclor compounds to en hance their chemical resistance (to water, alkali, and acid), corrosion resistance, and electrical insulating properties and to impart flame retardance. When properly pigmented, they are un usually weather resistant, aroclor compounds strengthen the adhesive grip of chlorinated-rub ber lacquers, varnishes, and paints to structural materials and improve the flexibility and life of the coating. Typical applications include protective and decorative coatings for swimming pools, stucco homes, steel structures, tank cars, and both wood and metal maritime equipment. Their out standing chemical resistance qualifies these coatings for use in manufacturing plants where chemical attack is prevalent, aroclor 1254 and 1260 are used in chlorinated-rubber coatings as flexibilizing plasticizers, commonly in combination with aroclor 5460, which serves as a resin fortifier. A variety of suggested starting formulations based on chlorinated rubber is given in the following table. 20 DSW 442034 STLCOPCB4056569 Ingredients Paints for Alkaline Surfaces Concrete Fed. Spec. Swimming TT-P-91 Pool (parts) (parts) Maximum Acid and Alkali Resistance (parts) Parlon* (20 cp.) Chlorinated Rubber AROCLOR 1254 AROCLOR 1260 AROCLOR 5460 Long-oir, oxidizing, alkyd resin Medium-oil, drying, alkyd resin Carbon Black Iron Oxide Titanium Dioxide Zinc Oxide Asbestine** 3X (magnesium.silicate) Bentone*** 34 gelling agent Epichlorohydrin Stabilizer Solvesso**** 150 Solvesso 100 Turpentine Xylene Hi-Flash Naphtha 18 10 -- 6 -- -- 0.5 -- 16 2 -- -- --- -- 42.75 -- 4.75 _ __ 10.2 5.1 -- -- -- 5.1 -- -- 11.4 -- 11.7 1.3 0.1 -- _ 9.1 -- 45.7 __ 18 8 6 -- -- -- -- 18 -- -- -- -- 0.09 0.9 _ 45 5 _ _ White Marine Paint (parts) 20 6 -- -- 6 -- -- -- 25 -- -- -- -- -- _ _ -- 23 20 aroclor compounds are also incorporated in chlorinated-rubber formulations used for heat-seal ing adhesives, electrical coatings, paper and textile coatings, and printing inks. The following starting formulation is for an acid- and flame-resistant adhesive: Ingredients Chlorinated Rubber (125-cp. type) aroclor 1254 aroclor 5460 Toluene Parts by Weight 20 6 6 68 Chlorinated polypropylene, a new film-forming resin, produces clear, colorless films, appears equal to chlorinated natural rubber in chemical resistance, and is noticeably more heat and Trademark of Hercules Powder Company Trademark of International Talc Co. Trademark of National Lead Company Trademark of Standard Oil Company (N. J.) STLCOPCB4056570 light stable, aroclors are very compatible with the resin and are recommended in the following starting formulations: Ingredients Chlorinated Polypropylene AROCLOR 5460 AROCLOR 1254 Dioctyl Sebacate Epoxy stabilizer Solids, wt. per cent in toluene Composition (wt. %) 50.0 " 15.0 24.0 4.3 1.7 50.0 55.0 h 15.0 24.0 4.3 1.7 50.0 300F heat stability 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 5 hours 18 hours Fade-Ometer* stability 24 hours 48 hours 96 hours 144 hours Two-week chemical resistance water 10% hydrochloric acid 1 % sodium hydroxide Film Properties v. si. yellow v.^l. yellow si. yellow mod. yellow black v. si. yellow si. yellow mod. yellow' -- si. yellow si. yellow mod. yellow mod. yellow v. si. yellow si. yellow si. yellow brown excellent excellent excellent excellent excellent excellent a) Parlon P (10-cp, 20% in toluene) --Hercules Powder Co. b) Parlon P (20-cp, 20% in toluene) --Hercules Powder Co. c) Lacquers were sprayed on "bonderized" steel panels. Films were 2.5-to 3.0-mils thick after 72-hours' air drying. IN STYRENE-BUTADIENE COPOLYMERS aroclor compounds are very often incorporated in coatings based on styrene-butadiene co polymers to impart resistance to acids, alkalies, moisture, and corrosive chemicals. These coat ings are suited for use on masonry, wood, and metal for such applications as concrete floors; architectural finishes; metal primers and finishes on maritime equipment, structures, and tank cars; baking primers; corrosion-resistant industrial films; and oil- and grease-resistant coatings. Trademark of Atlas Electric Devices Co. 22 DSW 442036 STLCOPCB4056571 The following suggested formulations for typical applications of styrene - butadiene - copolymer coatings offer excellent performance: Ingredient Styrene-Butadiene AROCLOR 1254 AROCLOR 1260 AROCLOR 5460 Clear Vehicle M-%) 16.608.39 Wall Sealer (lb./100 gal.) Aluminum Enamel K %) 123.2 b 41.4 7.40c 6.00 9.11 41.4 13.40 Raw Tung Oil Hydrogenated Methyl Abietate Troykyd* ABC Lecithin Soya Lechithin 1.655 0.545 -- 5.9 Petroleum Naphtha Hi-Flash Naphtha Mineral Spirits #10 Toluene Xylene 62.70 -- 246.4 185.3 33.60 22.40 Lithopone Titanium Dioxide Aluminum Stearate Aluminum Paste Zinc Oxide Barium Sulfate -- 339.3 59.2 5.9 -- -- 8.55 Asbestine 3X (magnesium silicate) Calcium Carbonate, ground Diatomaceous Earth Mica 75.0 -- 8.00 a) Marbon "9200" MV (Marbon Chemical Div., Borg-Warner Corp.) b) Pliolite S-5A (Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company) c) Marbon "9200" LV (Marbon Chemical Div., Borg-Warner Corp.) d) Flaked Piccojlex 120 (Pennsylvania Industrial Chemical Corp.) e) Pliolite S-5B (Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company) /) or aroclor 1248 Paint (lb.) 147 d 31 8 3 395 179 60 90 236 76 30 Traffic Paint (parts) 250 c 120 f 130 340 340 -- -- IN SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL RUBBERS The liquid aroclor compounds -- 1221, 1232, 1242, and 1248--have a strong plasticizing action on both natural and synthetic rubbers. Solid aroclors -- 1254 and 1260 -- impart per manent tackiness and adhesion to the rubber composition. `Trademark of Troy Chemical Co. 23 DSW 442037 STLCOPCB4056572 Neoprene Compositions containing up to 40 parts of aroclor 5460, 2565, 4465, or 1268 in 100 parts of neoprene rubber are extremely fire retardant. About 1.5 parts of aroclor 1268 per hundred parts of neoprene imparts excellent working qualities at 225 to 325 F for injection mold ings. Neoprene modified with aroclor compounds has proved extremely useful as a wire and cable coating. aroclor 5460 imparts plasticization and adhesion to decorative and protective coatings that have been commercially used on rubber products for many years. Suggested starting formula tions for a clear, dull coating and for three pigmented coatings are as follows:* Ingredients aroclor 5460 Neoprene GRN-10 Chlorinated rubber (21 cps.) High-styrene resin Isobutyl methacrylate Toluene Parts by Weight base tor clear, dull pigmented coating coatings 3.70 3.50 1.30 1.00 0.40 90.10 16.00 8.00 4.38 1.75 69.87 Ingredients Paste: Base Chromium Oxide Zinc Oxide #3 Titanium Dioxide Aluminum Hydrate Toluene Ready-to-Use Coating: Base Paste green coating 20.0 6.4 3.6 10.0 60.0 40.0 white (high gloss) 43.0 10.5 15.0 31.5 70.0 30.0 white (luster modifier)' 29.0 25.0 52.0 * * *To modify the luster of the white, high-gloss coating, the selected amount of the modifier com position is incorporated into the high-gloss paste to achieve the desired degree of flatness. Polybutene aroclor plasticizers and Indopol polybutenes are blended in various proportions to make permanently tacky coatings for fabric or paper. Insecticides, for example, can be blended into such coatings to make insect traps or barriers on tree trunks for foliage or fruit protection. Such coatings can also be used for tape and sign backing. 24 DSW 442038 Excellent sealing and caulking compounds are made with blends of aroclor compounds and polybutenes with inorganic fillers, such as: Ingredient Whiting Talc Lithopone Asbestos Per Cent 50 30 10 10 By various combinations of selected aroclor compounds and polybutenes, a wide range of hardness, viscosity, flow, and bonding characteristics can be produced in durable sealing and caulking compounds. Specialty mastics, too, are obtained by selective blends of aroclor plasticizers with poly butenes. They have excellent adhesivity for such uses as automobile-body sealants. Paper-transparentizing liquids (for making tracing paper, window envelopes, and special pack aging) can be formulated with aroclor 5460 and polybutenes. A typical economical formu lation is as follows: Ingredient aroclor 5460 Polybutene (Indopol* H-300) Toluene Per Cent 30 25 45 Butadiene-Acrylonitrile Rubber The aroclor compounds -- particularly aroclor 5460 -- are useful as softeners for Buna N rubber. Silicone Rubber aroclor is a very effective flame retardant for silicone rubbers. Crepe Rubber (Natural) aroclor 1262 is used as a low-cost plasticizer for crepe rubber in paint compositions. In con centrations of from 5 to 50 per cent of the weight of the rubber, the aroclor increases the film's alkali resistance, gloss, and adhesivity to steel. Trademark of Amoco Chemicals Corporation 25 OS'N a*2039 STLCOPCB4056574 POLYSULFIDE RUBBER aroclor compounds are widely used to flexibilize, improve the bonding strength, increase the chemical resistance, and reduce the cost of Thiokol* polysulfide liquid rubbers. Among the many uses of polysulfide formulations are joint-sealant compounds used in construction, sol vent-resistant gaskets, adhesives for concrete, potting and encapsulation, protective coatings, and binders. Although the aroclor compounds are highly compatible with polysulfide rubbers -- up to 100 PHR -- the concentration to be used depends on the handling and performance proper ties required in the finished compounds. Suggested concentrations of aroclor range from about 15 PHR for sealant compounds to about 40 PHR for casting formulations. Liquid aroclor compounds (such as aroclor 1248) are used to reduce the viscosity and per mit the use of higher filler concentration, whereas the solid aroclor compounds (such as aroclor 5460) are useful where low volatility is desired. The following suggested starting formulations illustrate the use of aroclor 1232 in a jointsealant compound and of aroclor 1248 in a polysulfide casting formulation: Ingredient Thiokol LP-32 polysulfide Thiokol LP-2 polysulfide AROCLOR 1232 AROCLOR 1248 Calcium Carbonate Calcined Clay Titanium Dioxide Phenolic Resin Stearic Acid Zinc Sulfide Sulfur C-5 Paste4 Sealant (parts) 100 -- 5-15 -- 20 20 10 5 1 -- 0.1 15 Casting Compound (parts) -- 100 -- 20-40 -- -- --' -- -- 40 0.1 15 Property Cast sheets, after cure of 7 days at room temperature: Tensile strength, psi Elongation, per cent Hardness, Shore "A" 150-200 500 - 700 30-40 150-200 300 - 400 25-35 a) lead peroxide, 50%; dibutyl phthalate, 45%, stearic acid, 5%: passed three times through a tight paint mill. `Trademark of Thiokol Chemical Corp. ' 26 DSW 442040 STLCOPCB4056575 6 L AROCLORS IN CELLULOSIC RESINS IN ETHYL CELLULOSE Ethyl cellulose formulations plasticized with aroclor compounds are used as protective lac quers, adhesives, and strippable coatings. The solids, such as aroclor 5460, are widely used with ethyl cellulose or cellulose acetate-butyrate resins in hot-melt applications for the protec tion of tools and metal parts. The aroclor plasticizers are highly compatible with ethyl cellulose: the liquid aroclor compounds impart flexibility; the solids, hardness. For example, 75 parts of AROCLOR 1242 with 100 parts of ethyl cellulose produces a very flexible, slightly tacky material, aroclor 5460 at the same concentration yields a very hard, somewhat brittle composition. Hard films that contain aroclor 4465 are not brittle at ordinary temperatures. For high-gloss coatings with exceptional weathering qualities to be applied to rigid surfaces, compositions containing equal parts by weight of aroclor 5460 and ethyl cellulose are sug gested. When a more-flexible coating is required, a softer aroclor should replace either all or part of the aroclor 5460. The following five typical formulations indicate the versatility of various aroclor plasticizers in compounding for widely different types of applications. They are intended as guides to the use of aroclor compounds with ethyl cellulose. Ingredients Lacquer (parts) White AlkaliResistant Lacquer (parts) Liquid Adhesive (parts) Strippable Coating (parts) Hot-Melt Adhesive (parts) Ethyl Cellulose 50 25 50 49 24 AROCLOR 1254 -- 16 -- 49 -- aroclor 1260 50 -- -- -- -- AROCLOR 5460 -- 76 40 -- 7 Dow 276, V-9 ---- 8---- Octylphenol -- 1 2 1-- Stearic Acid -- ---- 1-- Rutile Titanium Oxide -- 50 -- -- -- Epoxy Resin -- 1 ---- - Santonox* Antioxidant -- -- -- -- 1 Mineral Oil -- -- -- -- 57 Castor Oil -------- 5 Epoxidized Soya Oil -- -- -- -- 3 Paraffin Wax (m.p. 135 F) -- -- -- -- 3 The first four of these formulations may be dissolved in suitable solvents, such as mixtures of about four parts of toluene to one part of butanol, to obtain the desired viscosity. Santonox: Monsanto Chemical Company Trademark. Registered in U. S. Patent Office. DSW 442041 27 STLCOPCB4056576 IN NITROCELLULOSE In nitrocellulose lacquers, the aroclor compounds can function either as plasticizers to modify the properties of the film or as resin extenders to add film-forming body. They are highly com patible with nitrocellulose and with other resins and plasticizers commonly used in lacquer formulations. They impart weather resistance, luster, adhesion, and flame retardance. Their ex cellent electrical characteristics and their ability to retard the passage of moisture and gases through nitrocellulose films make the aroclor compounds especially valuable in coatings for electric-insulating materials. The following trilinear diagrams (Figure 1), show the limits of practical compatibility of aroclor 1254, 1260, and 1262 when used in nitrocellulose lacquers in combination with some other resins or plasticizers. The less viscous aroclor compounds (1242 and 1248) are more compatible than those shown; the more resinous aroclor compounds (1268, 2565, 4465, 5442, and 5460) are less compatible. In these trilinear diagrams, compositions represented by any point in an unshaded area pro duce homogenous nitrocellulose-lacquer films. On the other hand, compositions represented by points in the shaded areas produce impractical (segregated, brittle, or soft) films. For detailed information on the derivation and use of these diagrams, please refer to the following articles: Jenkins & Foster, "Compatibility Relationship of the Aroclors in Nitrocellulose Lacquers," I & E Chem. 23, 1362 (1931). Hofmann & Reid, "Graphical Methods in Lacquer Technology," ibid. 20, 431 (1928); "Formulation of Nitrocellulose Lacquers," ibid. 20, 687 (1928). Fig. I--Limits of Practical Compatibility of AROCLORS in Nitrocellulose Lacquers 28 V STLCOPCB4056577 NITROCELLULOSE per cent 100 Fig. I (Continued) AROCLOR 1260 or 1262, 40 per cent 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE-GLYCEROL RESIN, per cent 0 100 -x NITROCELLULOSE, per cent 50 - 40 - 50 o0 AROCLOR 1254, Per ceni 70 100 -a 20 30 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE-GLYCEROL RESIN, per cent NITROCELLULOSE, 60per cent 60 DIBUTYL PHTHALATE, 70 per cent 80 90 L100 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 AROCLOR 1260 or 1262, per cent 29 4420^ OS'N STLCOPCB4056578 Fig. I (Continued) 0 AROCLOR 1260 or 1262, per cent The following formulations are given to illustrate modifications that can be "obtained by varia tions in composition. They all have excellent durability, but the first two are much harder and less flexible that the third. The first two also have excellent sanding and polishing qualities, but No. 3 is too soft for sanding. The cable lacquer (no. 4) has extremely high flexibility, as required for high-tension automobile cables. Ingredient Nitrocellulose sec.) (wet) Nitrocellulose (yi sec.) (dry) Nitrocellulose (15-20 sec.) AROCLOR 1242 AROCLOR 1260 AROCLOR 5460 Dibutyl Phthalate Tricresyl Phosphate Damar Resin Ester Gum No.l (parts) -- 100 -- -- 20-39 -- 20- 0 -- 80 -- No. 2 (parts) -- 100 -- -- 20 -- 20 -- -- 80 No. 3 (parts) -- 100 -- -- 80-70 -- -- 39-70 -- -- No. 4 Cable Lacquer (parts) -- -- 100 80 -- -- -- 120 -- -- No. 5 Chrome Lacquer (parts) 100 -- -- -- -- 47 32.5 -- -- -- 30 DSVV 442044 STLCOPCB4056579 IN CELLULOSE ACETATE-BUTYRATE The high-chlorine-content aroclor plasticizers are highly compatible with cellulose acetate-bu tyrate and are widely used in the manufacture of low-cost, flame-resistant lacquers. Typical uses for these products include paper coatings, lacquers for plastics, strippable coatings for paint booths, and hot-melt adhesives. Typical starting formulations, illustrative of these uses, are suggested as follows: Ingredients Paper Lacquers Low-Cost Curl Flame- Resistant Resistant (wt. %) M- %) Clear Wood Filler K %) Plastics " Lacquer K %) Paint-Booth Hot-Melt Strippable Adhesive Coating K %) K %) Half-Second Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate 20 20 7 6 20 35 AROCLOR 1260 -- 20 -- 1.5 -- -- AROCLOR 1262 15 -- -- -- --. -- AROCLOR 5460 -- -- 15 -- 9 30 Dioctyl Phthalate -------- 9 15 Epoxy Soybean oil -------- 9.5 -- Acrylic Resin ------ 2.5 -- -- Dow 276,V9 ------ 1.5 -- -- Socony Vacuum 200 -------- 2.5 -- Newport V-40 pine resin -- -- - -- 19.89 Acetone -- 10 -- -- 10 -- Methyl Ethyl Ketone -- -- -- 10 --. -- Methyl Isobutyl Ketone -- -- -- 5 -- Isobutyl Acetate 5 10 22 -- 5-- Ethanol 12 10 -- 33.5 10 -- Butanol -- -- 5 ------ Isobutanol --- -- -- 25 -- -- Toluene 48 30 6 15 25 -- Santonox Antioxidant ---------- 0.1 Syn Fleur #6 odorant ---------- 0.01 Asbestine X (magnesium silicate) -- -- 45 -- -- -- a) Coatings for cellophane, cellulose acetate, and cellulose acetate-butyrate. 31 DS\N 442045 STLCOPCB4056580 6 '< AROCLOR IN PAINT, VARNISH, WAX, ASPHALT IN PAINT AND VARNISH aroclor compounds are soluble in paint and varnish oils and solvents and are compatible with most film-forming coating resins. The* aroclor compounds improve adhesion to the substrate and impart to the film properties that correspond to the particular character of the aroclor used: the hard, resinous aroclors tend to give increased hardness; the viscous aroclors impart flexibility. aroclor 4465 and 5460 produce paints that are very quick drying and yet have excellent dura bility. The amount of aroclor used may be from 30 to 50 per cent of the weight of the oils. aroclor 1260 is best for short-oil varnishes that are required to be flexible. The aroclor com pounds impart water and alkali resistance and also enhance the value of the other resins used in the varnish. A suggested starting formulation is two parts of oil, one part of aroclor 1260, and one part of other resin. These proportions can be varied as required. The aroclor may be considered to play the same role in the varnish formulation as oil, except that it does not oxidize and lose its flexibility on exposure. The aroclor compounds do not react chemically with oils, hence there is no advantage in heat ing together in making a varnish. They are best added as a "chill back" or as a cold cut in the thinning operation. The only reason to heat the aroclor compounds is to fluidize them so they can be more readily mixed with the oils. Alkyd, phenolic, or ester gum resins, with a harder aroclor such as 5460, may be used in making varnish formulations. To illustrate the use of aroclor compounds in alkyd resins the following suggested starting formulation is shown. Ingredients Parts by Weight Alkyd (60% Nonvolatile) Kettle Bodied Linseed Oil (Gardner-Holdt Vise. Z-2) Raw Linseed Oil aroclor 5460 Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Titanium Dioxide (Anatase) Magnesium Silicate Mineral Spirits Drier-Absorption Agent Phenyl Mercury Naphthenate (10% Mercury) Cobalt Naphthenate (6% cobalt) Lead Naphthenate (24% lead) Anti-Skinning Agent (Volatile type) 81 20 35 34 34 67 100 38 1.3 2.7 1.5 3.2 0.67 32 DSW 442046 STLCOPCB4056581 The following suggested starting formulation for a fire-retardant enamel illustrates use of the flame retardancy of an aroclor in alkyds: Ingredients 38% Phthalic Anhydride-Soya Alkyd aroclor 5460 Solution (aroclor 5460, 53; Hi-Flash Naphtha, 22) Whiting Colloidal Grinding and Dispersing Agent Antimony Oxide Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Grind above ingredients, and thin with: 38% Phthalic Anhydride-Soya Alkyd Xylene Cobalt Naphthenate (6% cobalt) Manganese Naphthenate (6% manganese) Lead Naphthenate (24% lead) Parts by Weight 63 75 84 2.7 42 33 96 38 1 1 2.3 aroclor compounds are excellent grinding and dispersion media for pigments used in paints and varnishes, aroclor 1254 is used to disperse aluminum powder in a paste form that can be incorporated easily into paints and varnishes. The aroclor imparts excellent leafing quali ties, brightness, or luster and does not tarnish the aluminum pigment on aging. Moreover, the composition does not support combustion. aroclor compounds are important ingredients of heat-resistant aluminum paints and enamels that contain silicone resins. For example, the following suggested formuation for a heat-resist ant coating can withstand a maximum temperature of 800 F and continuous-service temp erature of 400 F. The heat-resistant enamel can withstand temperatures of 900 to 1000 F in such applications as jet-engine components, exhaust manifolds, and incinerators. The heat-resistant paint has excellent resistance to a programmed heat test, including 8 hours at 1200 F, and to salt-water spray after programmed heating to 500, 600, and 900 F. 33 DSNN 442047 STLCOPCB4056582 Dow Coming 805 Resin (50% Nonvolatile) G E Silicone Resin SR-82 (60% in xylene) G E Silicone Resin SR-112 (50% in xylene) Styrene-Butadiene (50% in xylene) (Pliolite S-5B) aroclor 4465 (90% nonvolatile) 60% aroclor Solution (aroclor 4465, 36 wt. %) (AROCLOR 1262, 24 wt. %) (Solvesso 100, 24 wt. %) (Xylene, 16 wt. %) aroclor 5460 (60% in xylene) AROCLOR 1254 Aluminum Paste (74% nonvolatile) Cobalt Octoate (6% cobalt) Xylene Mineral Spirits a) Meets Spec. TT-P-0028 Heat-Resistant Coating (lb./100 gal.) 220 -- -- -- 332 -- -- *---- 384 -- 114 ---- Heat-Resistant Enamel (lb./100 gal.) -- 174.2 313.3 -- -- 435.6 250.0 4.4 -- -- Heat-Resistant Paint " (lb./100 gal.) 93.6 207.9 93.6 47.8 240.0 140.8 113.1 IN WAXES The aroclor compounds, especially 5460, are compatible with various natural waxes, and are blended with waxes for many uses, including "lost-wax" casting, impregnating compounds, and inexpensive sealers. Waxes formulated with aroclor compounds are nontacky and stable. Much of the highest-quality precision-casting wax used in the "lost-wax" process is formulated with aroclor compounds, most frequently 5460, 4465, and 1254. Waxes containing aroclor compounds are widely used in making dental castings, costume jewelry, and precision-cast air craft parts. Usually from one-fourth to one-half the composition consists of aroclor 5460, which con tributes these desirable properties to the formulation: hardness without brittleness, shrinkage resistance, sharp definition, sharp melting point, fire resistance, low volatility, and volatiliza tion without carbonization during final curing. Excellent impregnating compounds to prevent sticking of furniture drawers, double-hung win dows, etc. are made from selected aroclor compounds, such as 5460, and various waxes. Com binations of resinous aroclor compounds with waxes make excellent and inexpensive sealers for masonry, wood, fiberboard, and paper. aroclor compounds impart moisture and gas resistance, adhesion, alkali and chemical resist ance, flame resistance, lubricity, and insulation to impregnants for cloth, paper, wood, and 34 DSW 442048 STLCOPCB4056583 asbestos. They are combined with such materials as waxes, asphalt, tars, sulfur, aluminum stearate, and inorganic pigments so as to provide exactly the physical characteristics required for the specific purpose, aroclor 1254, 4465, and 5460 are suggested as most applicable. Wood is decidedly toughened, hardened, and made more moisture-resistant when impregnated by the vacuum-pressure method with the following mixture: Ingredients aroclor 4465 Microcrystalline Wax Sulfur Per Cent 70 20 10 The coating is very resistant to acids and alkalies but can be attacked by aliphatic, aromatic, or chlorinated hydrocarbons. The paintable surface is not appreciably discolored. Various de grees of hardness and adhesion are obtained by variations in the proportions of the ingred ients. Blends of aroclor 1268 and 1242 have the unusual capability to extend carnauba wax satis factorily and at an attractive saving in cost: Ingredients Parts by Weight AROCLOR 1268 AROCLOR 1242 Carnauba Wax Ceresin Wax Paraffin Wax Characteristics Color Texture 10 5 5 20 60 Pale Yellow, White Smooth, hard, non-tacky Softening point, C Melting point, C 60 78 19.6 4.9 6.8 19.6 49.0 Pale Yellow Smooth, hard, non-tacky 77 79 30 35 35 5 55 10 30 50 20 20 10 35 10 -- Pale Yellow Pale Cream Cream Smooth, hard, slightly brittle 78 78 Slight surface crystallinity 79 86 Smooth; camauba- ringed surface 80.5 88 IN ASPHALT Self-extinguishing asphalt formulations for caulking, roof coatings, and sound-deadening coat ings are obtained by incorporation of at least 30 per cent aroclor 5460 or other solid, resin ous AROCLOR. IN ALLYL STARCH Substitution of the hydroxy hydrogen atoms of the starch molecule by allyl groups produces allyl starch, which upon polymerization forms stable, cross-linked molecules. A minimum of 20-weight-per cent plasticizer is required to make the film flexible. The aroclor compounds are highly compatible and very efficient plasticizers for allyl starch. 35 SW 442049 STLCOPCB4056584 6_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ %. MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS OF AROCLORS With their wide range of physical properties, their inertness, lubricity, and low vapor pressures -- aroclor compounds are valuable ingredients in an incredible variety of formulated products. They are compatible with many solvents and oils and most resins. They are virtually nonvolatile and permanently thermoplastic; they do not react with other chemicals in the formulation. Finally, their low cost makes their use for special purposes eminently practical and economical. DUST PREVENTION AND DUST CATCHING AROCLOR 1254 is a low-cost dedusting agent that "holds down" the dusting of a variety of chemical materials. Since aroclor 1254 resists both oxidation and combustion, it can even be used to control the dusting of highly reactive compounds. As a typical example, a few tenths of a per cent controls the dusting of calcium hypochlorite. Since aroclor compounds are non-drying and tacky, they make excellent coatings to capture dust, lint, and other fine, airborne particles. Glass fiber, metal mesh, and other materials used to filter air and gas streams are coated with aroclor 1260 and 5460. VAPOR SUPPRESSION {FOR LONGER INSECTICIDE KILL-LIFE) The effective kill-life of expensive chlorinated insecticides is extended as much as ten-fold by the incorporation of equal parts of aroclor 5460, which acts both as a vapor suppressant and as a sticking agent. Hard surfaces (painted or metallic) sprayed with lindane or benzene hexachloride fortified with aroclor 5460 remain toxic to flies, ants, roaches, and silverfish for as long as three months, compared with one week for unfortified sprays. The aroclor retards the rapid evaporation of the volatile insecticides without adding odor or objectionable residue. Formulation into an insecticide is simple: a solution of the aroclor in a suitable solvent is merely added and mixed into the other ingredients. aroclor 5460 is also recommended for noncrop insect formulations containing chlordane, aldrin, and dieldrin. The other resinous aroclor compounds (1254, 1260, 1262, 4465, and 5442), also nonvolatile and sticky or tacky, likewise merit evaluation as insecticide extenders. MOISTURE PROOFING In moisture-proof coatings for wood, papier, concrete, or brick, the aroclor compounds are best combined with waxes, especially paraffin or Camauba; oils such as mineral oil or drying oils; or synthetic resins, including modified alkyds, phenolics, chlorinated rubber, polystyrene, styrene-butadiene copolymers, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetobutyrate, benzyl cellulose, or vinyl resins. The material to be used with the aroclor should be selected according to the end-use requirements of the specific application. Some very simple compositions contain only aroclor and paraffin. One very efficient moisture proofing compound, consisting of 96 weight per cent aroclor 5460 and 4 pier cent paraffin (melting point 54C), has an ASTM softening pioint of about 82C. A similar compound, based on aroclor 4465, has a softening point of about 58C. 36 DSW 442050 Softening point and viscosity when melted are further decreased by the use of mixtures of aroclor compounds. For example, a composition containing 40 per cent aroclor 1260, 56 per cent aroclor 5460, and 4 per cent paraffin, is very soft at room temperature. A higher concen tration of paraffin also produces softer compounds. An excellent melt coating for paper and cloth, made according to the following suggested for mulation, may be applied by knife or roller at 350F, requires no solvent, and provides an extremely flexible coating. Ingredients Half-second Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate Dioctyl Phthalate AROCLOR 1260 Santonox antioxidant Per Cent 50 9.9 40 0.1 PIGMENT DISPERSION aroclor 4465 is a useful resin in rotogravure and other printing inks. It is an important in gredient in the following mimeograph ink suitable for use on bond paper: Ingredients aroclor 4465 Lubricating Oil (SUV1200 (3)100F) Paraffin Oil (SUV 76@100F) Carbon Black Oil-Soluble Dye Per Cent 40 35 20 4 1 aroclor 4465 is also used in the preparation of imitation gold leaf. Bronze powder is spread upon a hot coating of aroclor on one side of a sheet of paper. When the paper treated with aroclor and bronze powder is placed on the object to be imprinted and a hot die is pressed against it, the aroclor softens, sticks the bronze to the object, and coats the powder to pre vent tarnishing. aroclor 1254 and 4465 serve as pigment vehicles for decoration of glass and ceramics. When the decorated object is fired, the aroclor volatilizes without carbonization and thus avoids discoloration, aroclor compounds are also valuable as grinding and dispersing mediums for pigments used in plastics. SEALING AND IMPREGNATION ( The liquid aroclor compounds, 1221 and 1254, because of their low vapor pressures and fire resistance, are excellent sealants. These nonevaporating fluids have good flow' at slightly ele vated temperatures and are chemically stable at elevated temperatures. These liquid aroclor compounds therefore are excellent fluid seals wherever the use of oil would create a fire hazard. In the trough of annealing furnaces, for example, aroclor compounds are dependable, fire-safe roof sealants. 37 DSW 442051 STLCOPCB4056586 Because of their nonflammability, high resistivity and dielectric strength, and low power factor, the liquid and resinous aroclor compounds are extremely valuable impregnants for many electrical applications. One important use of aroclor 1260, 4465, and 5460 is in wire and cable coatings and as impregnants for braided cotton-asbestos insulation. Their high purity and excellent electrical resistance make aroclor 1254, 5460, and 1268 excellent dielectric seal ants: to close the pores of carbon resistors, and to seal electrical bushings and terminals. aroclor compounds are essential components of coatings for flameproofing cotton drill for outer garments and for rendering olive-drab canvas fire-retardant, water-repellent, and rotproof for tents, tarpaulins, etc., according to the following formulations: Flameproofing Formula for Cotton Drill Ingredients (A) Urea-formaldehyde resin monomer Catalyst for resin Water (B) Oil-modified alkyd resin aroclor 1254 aroclor 5460 Stoddard solvent (C) Antimony oxide, 300 mesh or finer Parts by Weight 9.62 0.40 22.26 3.89 12.00 14.40 25.15 12.28 Dissolve the solids in the indicated solvents, add the aqueous solution (A) to the hydrocarbon solution (B) with stirring, and then disperse the antimony oxide in the emulsion. Fire-Retardant, Water-Repellent, Rot-Proof Canvas Coating Ingredients Modified phenol-formaldehyde resin aroclor 1254 aroclor 5460 Antimony Oxide Tricresyl Phosphate Aluminum Stearate Copper Naphthenate (8% copper) Mica, ground Limestone, ground Iron Oxide, yellow Chrome Orange V M & P Naphtha Per Cent 4 16 4 8 1.5 0.5 8 3 6 7 2 40 38 DSW 442052 PROPERTIES OF THE AROCLOR COMPOUNDS MOBILE LIQUIDS VISCOUS LIQUIDS Hi SOFT RESINS BRITTLE RESINS Numerous applications for the aroclor compounds have been suggested and described in the preceding sections of this bulletin. Their success depends on the general inertness of the com pounds and on the range and gradation of their physical properties, including physical state, density, viscosity, melting and boiling points, volatility, and solubility. These and other proper ties, as well as handling and shipping information, are presented in detail in the remainder of the bulletin. 39 DSW 442053 SOLUBILITY The aroclor liquids and resins are readily soluble in most common organic solvents and dry ing oils. Although all aroclors are insoluble in water, the hard, crystalline materials are gen erally less soluble than the liquids and softer resins. Solubilities of some aroclor plasticizers are shown in Table XIII. TABLE XIII --SOLUBILITIES OF AROCLOR PLASTICIZERS IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS Solvent Acid Acetic Acid Oleic Acid Benzoic Acid Aldehyde 40% Formaldehyde Furfural Amine Aniline Pyridine Chloro derivatives Amyl chlorides--mixed Carbon Tetrachloride Chloroform Dicblorethylene Ethylene Dichloride Monochlorobenzene Orthodichlorobenzene Tetrachlorethane Trichlorethane Trichlorethylene Drying Oil Tung Oil Linseed Oil Ester Amyl Acetate Butyl Acetate Cellosolve Acetate Cottonseed Oil Dibutyl Phthalate Diethyl Phthalate Ethyl Acetate Ethyl Lactate Ethylene Glycol Diacetate Methyl Acetate Tricresyl Phosphate Ether: Ethyl Ether Ether Alcohol Caibitol Cellosolve Diethylene Glycol ,p'-Dihydroxy Ethyl Ether Hydrocarbon Benzene Gasoline Kerosene Mineral Spirits Paraffin Pine Oil Toluene Turpentine Xylene Hydroxy derivatives Amyl Alcohol n-Butyl Alcohol Ethyl Alcohol (3-A) Glycerine Methyl Alcohol Phenol--90% Ketone: Acetone Miscellaneous Carbon Disulfide Nitrobenzene Water AROCLOR 1242 25'C Hot AROCLOR 1248 25*C Hot s S ---- s s ---- 10.0 "'c -- 10.0 !1*c -- I. I I I vs VS VS vs ss 132.5 J0c 440 ***c -- -- -- -- SSss SSss SSss ---- ---- Ssss SSss ---- ---- ssss sSss ssss ssss ssss s s s s s s s s s s s s 224*,,c s -- 16.9 ""c vs vs vs vs 2.0 *,J*C s vs vs vs S S S s s s s s s s s s 307 "c s -- 19 "`c vs vs vs vs s s vs vs vs s s s s s s s s s s s s vs s -- SS vs vs vs vs 2.0 vs vs vs vs s s s s s s s s s s s s vs s -- SS vs vs vs vs s vs vs vs vs s s 23.3 "'c I 42.5 "4C 194 "`c s s s 80.0 T0'c I 88.5 "*c s s ss ss I1 -- -- -- I -- -- -- -- -- I -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- I AROCLOR 1254 25*C Hot ss ss ---- II vs vs ss 114 s`*c 425 ,w,c SS SS SS ---- ss ss ---- ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss 173 s -- 8*"-c 259 S -- 10100*c vs vs vs VS vs VS vs vs --s ss vs vs vs vs vs vs s s 10 'c I 15 "*c SS s s s 28 "*c I 22.2 M,c s s ss ss II AROCLOR 4445 Cold Hot SS s s vs ---- I vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs s vs s vs s vs s vs vs vs vs vs ss SS s s-- SS -- s-- s-- SS -- vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs 5.0 s ss vs vs vs vs vs vs ss SS s SS -- I SS -- ss ss vs vs vs -- I AROCLOR 5440 25*C -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 156 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 143 -- -- -- -- -- 142 -- 178 -- -- -- -- -- -- 260 -- -- I--Insoluble SS--Slightly Solu ble S--Soluble VS--V ery Soluble, Figures show grams of a&oclos per 100 milliliters of jolvent at 15 C unless otherwise indicated. 40 DSW 442054 STLCOPCB4056589 TABLE XIV --MONSANTO SPECIFICATIONS* AND GENERAL PHYSk PROPERTY Appearance Color, maximum AROCLOR 1221 A Colorless, clear, mobile oil 100 APHA AROCLOR 1232 6 Practically colorless mobile oil 100 APHA AROCLOR 1242 6 Practically colorless, clear, mobile oil 100 APHA AROCLOR 1248 A Colorless to light yellowgreen, clear, mobile oil 100 APHA aroqB 12541 fl* Light-ydbjjl : viscous oil 8 |i 100 APHA* Chlorine, per cent 20.5-21.5 Acidity, mg KOH/g, maximum 0.014 Moisture, ppm, maximum Ave. Coefficient of Expansion, cc/cc/C 0.00071 (15'40C) Specific Gravity 1.182-1.192 (25V15.5C) Density, pounds per gallon, 25C 9.85 Distillation Range, C, corrected (ASTM D-20, modified) 275-320 Evaporation Loss, %, 100C, 6 hours (ASTM D-6, mod.) 163C, 5 hours 1.0-1.5 Rash Point (Cleveland Open Cup), C 141-150 F 286-302 Fire Point (Cleveland Open Cup), C 176 F 349 Pour Point (ASTM E-97), C 1 (crystals) F 34 (crystals) Softening Point (ASTM E-28), C F Refractive Index, n p 1.617-1.618 Viscosity, Seconds Saybolt Universal (ASTM D-88) 100F (37.8C) 130F (S4.4C) 210F (98.9C) 38-41 35-37 30-31 Ln o OO oo 31.5-32.5 0.014 0.00073 1.270-1.280 (25/15.5C) 10.55 290-325 1.0-1.5 152-154 305-310 238 460 --35.5 --32 1.620-1.622 44-51 39-41 31-32 42 0.010 50 0.00068 (25-65C) 1.381-1.392 (25/15.5C) 11.50 325-366 0-0.4 3.0-3.6 176-180 348-356 NONE** -- 19 2 1.627-1.629 82-92 49-56 34-35 48 0.010 50 0.00070 (25'65C) 1.405-1.415 (65/15.5C) 12.04 340-375 0-0.3 3.0-4.0 193-196 379-384 NONE --7 19.4 54 0.010 50 M 0.00066 * (25-65C) 9 1.495-1.505 * (65715.5C)9 12.82 ^ 365-390 J 0-0.2 1.1-1.3 '] |j WUiNllr NONE 10 50 :M 1 1 % j 1.630-1.631 1.639-1.641 185-240 73-80 36-37 1800-2500 260-340 44-48 *Data in red indicate Monsanto Chemical Company specifications. **NONE indicates no flash or fire up to boiling point. 41 DSW 442055 PROPERTIES OF REPRESENTATIVE AROCLOR PLASTICIZERS AND RESINS I AROCLOR 1260 Light-yellow, clear, soft, sticky resin 150 APHA 60 0.014 50 0.00067 (20-100C) 1.555-1.566 (90715.5C) 13.50 385-420 0-0.1 0.5-0.8 NONE NONE 31 88 1.647-1.649 AROCLOR 1262 AROCLOR 5442 Light-yellow soft, sticky clear resin (viscous liquid) 150 APHA 61.5-62.5 0.014 Yellow, clear, sticky resin 2 NPA (molten) 42 0.05 0.00064 (25'65C) 1.572-1.583 (90715.5C) 13.72 390-425 0-0.1 0.5-0.6 NONE NONE 35-38 99 1.6501-1.6517 0.00123 (25-99C) 1.470 (25/25C) 12.24 215-300 (4 mm. Hg) 0.01 0.2 247 477 350 662 46 115 46-52 115-126 AROCLOR 4465 Light-yellow, clear, brittle resin 2 NPA (molten) 65 0.05 0.00061 (25-65C) 1.670 (25725C) 13.91 230-320 (4 mm. Hg) 0-0.02 0.2-0.3 NONE NONE 60-66 140-151 1.664-1.667 AROCLOR 2565 * Black, opaque, brittle resin AROCLOR 5460 Clear, yellowto-amber, brittle resin AROCLOR 1268 O V\Trite to off-white powder 2 NPA (molten) 1.5 NPA (molten) 65 58.5-60.6 68 1.4 0.05 0.05 0.00066 (25'65C) 1.734 (25725C) 14.44 0.2-0.3 NONE NONE 0.00179 (25M24C) 1.670 (25725-C) 13.91 280-335 (5 mm. Hg) 0.03 NONE NONE 0.00067 (20'100C) 1.804-1.811 (25 Y25C) 15.09 435-450 0-0 06 0.1-0.2 NONE NONE 66-72 149-162 98-105.5 208-222 1.660-1.665 150-170 (hold 302-338 point) 3200-4500 72-78 600-850 (160F; 71C) 86-100 300-400 90-150 ( 266F; 1J0C) I DSW 442056 STLCOPCB4056591 DENSITY All the aroclor compounds are heavier than water, a valuable property for many applications. Densities are shown in Figure 2. 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 Temperature, C Fig. 2. DENSITIES OF AROCLORS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES SPECIFIC VOLUME The specific volume of aroclor 1248 at different temperatures is as follows: Temperature (FJ 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 AROCLOR 1248 Specific Volume (ml/g) 0.674 0.699 0.726 0.755 0.790 0.828 0.870 43 OSVM 4420 57 STLCOPCB4056592 VOLATILITY The low vaporization loss of aroclor compounds is indicated in Table XV. TABLE XV--VAPORIZATION RATES OF AROCLOR COMPOUNDS Plasticizer (Surface area: 12.28 sq.cm.) Wt. Loss (g) Exposure at I00C (hr.) Vaporization Rate (g/sq. cm./hr. AROCLOR 1221 aroclor 1232 AROCLOR 1242 aroclor 1248 Clorajin*-42-S Dioctyl phthalate Dutrex** 25 aroclor 1254 Dutrex 20 AROCLOR 1262 AROCLOR 1260 aroclor 4465 aroclor 5442 AROCLOR 5460 Tricresyl phosphate 0.5125 24 0.00174 0.2572 24 0.000874 0.0995 24 0.000338 0.0448 24 0.000152 0.0745 48 0.000126 0.0686 48 0.000117 0.0256 24 0.000087 0.0156 24 0.000053 0.0047 24 0.000016 0.0039 24 0.000013 0.002 6 24 0.000009 0.0064 72 0.000007 0.0039 72 0.000004 0.0032 72 0.000004 0.0010 24 0.000003 It is concluded that the vaporization rates of aroclor plasticizers -- especially the most wide ly used 1254 and 1260 -- compare most favorably with the similar constants of other plasti cizers selected specifically for these tests because of their low vaporization rates. Trademark of Hercules Powder Co. Trademark of Shell Oil Co. 44 DStV 442058 STLCOPCB4056593 VAPOR PRESSURE The vapor pressures of several aroclor compounds are indicated in Figure 3 over the temp erature range 150 to 300C. ------ X I03 T, K T X E E ZD lmA CL O CL > Temperature, C Fig. 3--VAPOR PRESSURES OF AROCLORS The estimated vapor pressures of several aroclor plasticizers at 100F shown in the follow ing table were determined by extrapolation from the values shown in Figure 3. Approximate Vapor Pressure of AROCLORS Estimated at 100 F (37.8 C) aroclor 1232................................ 0.005 mm. Hg aroclor 1242................................ 0.001 mm. Hg aroclor 1248................................ 0.00037 mm. Hg aroclor 1254.................................0.00006 mm. Hg 0S\N 442059 y STLCOPCB4056594 VISCOSITY The viscosities of the aroclor plasticizers vary according to whether the base material is a bi phenyl or a polyphenyl and on the degree of chlorination. In general the low-chlorinated bi phenyls have the lowest viscosities (Figure 4). Temperature, F Fig. 4--VISCOSITY RANGES OF SOME AROCLORS STABILITY Toward Alkalies The aroclor plasticizers are remarkably resistant to the action of either hydrolyzing agents or high temperature. They are not affected by boiling with sodium hydroxide solution. Toward Acids No hydrogen chloride was evolved when aroclor 1254 was stirred with an equal volume ol 10 per cent sulfuric acid for 150 hours. Even after prolonged treatment (255 hours) with con centrated sulfuric acid only a slight trace (too small for quantitative measurement) of hydrogen chloride was evolved. Toward Heat Because of their stability to heat, the aroclor compounds are useful heat-transfer media. aroclor 1254 and particularly the less viscous aroclor 1248 are recommended for this pur pose, because they may be heated up to 315C (600F) in a closed system for long periods without appreciable decomposition, and because they are non-flammable. . 46 DSW 442060 STLCOPCB4056595 Toward Light The aroclor plasticizers have good light stability in heavily pigmented compounds and fair light stability in clear formulations. The materials become discolored, but their physical prop erties are not degraded. For critical applications, incorporation of a small amount of a light screening agent greatly improves light stability at reasonable cost. The following data show that as little as 0.01 per cent Tinuvin P in aroclor 1254 nearly doubles the service life in the 50-to-100-hour range and that 0.1 per cent Tinuvin P results in a 10-fold improvement. Tinuvin P Concentration (%) 0 0.01 0.05 0.1 Fade-Ometer Exposure (hours) 0 50 100 150 500 Color (Gardner Units) 0 5 10 11 14 0 1 6 7 14 0 0 3 4 11 00 1 2 6 Toward Oxidation When aroclor compounds are heated to 140 C with oxygen in a bomb at 250 psi, no evi dence of oxidation occurs, as judged by absence of sludge formation or increased acidity. Also, no increase in acidity occurred after 4 hours heating with air at 260C and 210 psi. NONFLAMMABILITY The viscous aroclor liquids and the resins do not support combustion when heated alone, even at their boiling points - above 350C. Most of the aroclor compounds flux readily with resinous and pitch-like materials to give products with decreased fire hazard, aroclor products incorporated in plastic products and rubber foams retard the rate of burning. NON-DRYING PROPERTIES AND THERMOPLASTICITY The aroclor compounds are non-drying. When exposed to the air, even in thin films, no noticable oxidation or hardening takes place. Despite this property, aroclor plasticizers do not retard the drying rate of lacquer films. Quick-drying varnishes and paints may be made with aroclor resins without affect on drying characteristics. The aroclor plasticizers are permanently thermoplastic. They apparently undergo no conden sation or hardening upon repeated melting and cooling. Clear aroclor resins are available with softening points up to 105C. The opaque crystalline solids are available with melting points up to about 160C. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES The electrical properties of aroclor compounds are extremely interesting: high resistivity and dielectric strength and low power factor, as listed in Table XVI. The dielectric constants of the various aroclor compounds range from 3.3 to 4.9 at 100 C and 1000 cycles. 47 dSnN 442061 STLCOPCB4056596 TABLE XVI--ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF AROCLORS AROCLOR Dielectric Constant (ASTM D-I50-47T) 1000 cycles 25C I00C 1232 5.7 4.6 1242 5.8 4.9 1248 5.6 4.6 1254 5.0 4.3 1260 4.3 3.7 Volume Resistivity (ASTM D-257-46] 500 Volts D.C., I00C (ohm-cm.) Dielectric Strength (ASTM D-149-44) (KV) Power Factor (ASTM D-I50-47T) 1000 cycles, I00C (%) Above 500 x 10 Above 500 x 10" Above 500 x 10,J Above 500 x 109 Above 35 Above 35 Above 35 Above 35 Below 0.1 Below 0.1 Below 0.1 Below 0.1 1268 5442 5454 5460 4465 2.5 3.0 2.7 2.5 2.7 4.9 Above 500 x 10fl 4.2 3.7 3.3 HOW TO EMULSIFY AROCLORS Emulsions of aroclor plasticizers can be made simply in several ways; the method can be selected to suit the particular aroclor and the type of formulation in which it will be used. Emulsifiable Concentrated Stock Solutions of Aroclors Stock solutions made according to the following formulation are readily emulsified with water. The amount of toluene may be increased as needed to dissolve the more resinous aroclor compounds. Ingredient Parts by Weight aroclor Toluene Isopropanol Sterox* CD Santomerse* (nonionicemulsifier) #3(anionicwetting agent) 79 16.70 3.55 1.00 0.75 Emulsifying Liquid Aroclors Ingredient Portion 1 aroclor 1254 Oleic Acid Parts by Weight 100 4 Portion 2 Water Ammonium Hydroxide (28%) Lustrex* X-810 Polystyrene 100 2 2 Slcrrox. Santomerse.and Luhtcx: Monsanto Chemical Company Trademarks. Registered in U. S. Patent Office. 48 DSW 442062 STLCOPCB4056597 Mix the polystyrene and ammonium hydroxide in warmed water with vigorous agitation. Mix the aroclor 1254 and oleic acid, heat to 45 C, and agitate vigorously. Maintain the 45 C temperature and agitation, and slowly add in the aqueous portion (Portion 2). Continue agitation for one-half hour until phase inversion is complete. Emulsifying Viscous Aroclors Ingredient Portion 1 aroclor 1254 Stearic Acid Portion 2 Water Triethanolamine Parts by Weight 64 4 32 1 Heat the aroclor to a workable viscosity (180 F or higher) and stir in the stearic acid thoroughly. Heat the water almost to boiling (207 F) and stir in the triethanolamine thorough ly. Pour the AROCLOR-stearic acid portion into the water-triethanolamine portion with vigorous agitation. Process the combined portions either with a high-speed emulsifying stirrer or through a colloid mill . 6_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ jL DERMATOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY At ordinary temperatures the aroclor chlorinated polyphenyls have not presented industrial H toxicological problems. The hazard of potential toxic exposure varies with their volatility: the ~ lower-chlorinated ones, being more volatile, present more of a potential problem from the stand point of both inhalation and skin contact. When aroclor compounds are used at elevated temperatures, engineering controls must be applied, either by the use of closed systems or by effective local-exhaust ventilation together with general workroom exhaust. Inhalation tests on animals indicate that the maximum safe concentration of vapor is in the range of from 0.5 to 1.0 milligram of the lower-chlorinated aroclor compounds per cubic meter of air. The threshold limits (maximum allowable concentration for an 8-hour working day) set by the American Conference of Government Hygienists are 1.0 milligram of the lowerchlorinated aroclor compounds per cubic meter of air and 0.5 milligram of the more-highlychlorinated compounds, such as aroclor 1254, per cubic meter of air. Schwartz patch tests on 200 volunteers showed that neither aroclor 1254 alone when applied to gauze nor a polyvinyl chloride film containing 11.5-weight-per cent aroclor 1254 was a pri mary irritant or a sensitizer. Canvas coated with an oil-modified alkyd resin (17-weight-per cent of the paint-film solids and 7-weight-per cent of the painted fabric was aroclor 5460) likewise did not produce primary skin irritancy or sensitization according to the same Schwartz technique. Continuous or repeated skin contact with the aroclor compounds must be avoided because of the possible occurance of a condition called chloracne. Although reports of this condition caused by aroclor compounds are rare, it can be produced by excessive skin contact. 49 DSW 442063 STLCOPCB4056598 6_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ^ SAFE HANDLING m Vapor of the liquid aroclor compounds at room temperature should not be breathed in a conw fined space, and no vapor of any aroclor compound evolved at elevated temperatures should be allowed to be dispersed into the general workroom. Continuous or repeated skin contact with the aroclor compounds must be avoided by the use of gloves and protective garments. If any aroclor is spilled on the skin, the skin should be washed in the usual manner with a soap solution. A bum caused by contact with a hot aroclor should be treated like any ordinary bum. aroclor adhering to the burned area need not be removed immediately, unless treatment of the burn demands it, in which case either soap and water or repeated washings with a vegetable oil are recommended. 6 SHIPPING Freight Classification aroclor 1221, 1243, 1242, 1248, 1254, 1260, 1262 Rail Classification aroclor 1268, 2565,4465, 5442, 5460 Truck Classification aroclor 1268, 2565 aroclor 4465, 5442, 5460 Shipping Regulations Standard Containers aroclor 1221 aroclor 1232 aroclor 1242,1248, 1254,1260, 1262 aroclor 1268 aroclor 2565, 4465 aroclor 5442 aroclor 5460 (flaked) WFWt 1_SS BM-12/eO; aM-8/42 Synthetic Resin, Liquid, NOIBN Synthetic Resin, Other Than Liquid, NOIBN Synthetic Resin, Powder, NOI Synthetic Resin, Lumps or Solid Mass, NOI None Tank car, 520-lb. steel drum, 50-lb. can Tank car, 550-lb. steel drum, 50-lb. can Tank car, 600-lb. steel drum, 50-lb. can 200-lb. fiber drum, 50-lb. can 500-lb. steel drum, 50-lb. can 450-lb. steel drum, 50-lb. can 100-lb. bag 50 & DSW 442064 STLCOPCB4056599 STLCOPCB4056600 Xi-,1. I1*1 `5"'. PM".? mi1 ---:--r^''t`. .V ., ' ......... "This is an inorganic compound^cQntaining ' .toxic -Substances. " f-- '4'; Haridle carefully." Avoid prolonged contact l " ' vyith the skin. . Avoid inhaling dust,, ' } For use only in the Arts or Ceramic Iridus- . fries:''*;.' ^ B. F. DRAKENFELD G* CO., INC. 45 47 Park Place , ' ' ; M<iw York 7, N. Y. FlTnwiw.---m i- in i ......... .. i i .i.i.ii in ii in DSVV 442066 STLCOPCB4056601 Aroclor Sales To B. F. Drakenfald 1955 A-1248 A-1262 - 2400# A-4465 - 9000# 1956 A-1248 - 450# A-1262 - 3000# A-4465 - 10,000# 1957 A-1248 - 600# A-1262 - 600# A-4465 - 5100# 1958 A-1248 A-1262 A-4465 - 8000# 1959 A-1248 A-1262 - 600# A-4465 - 10,000# I960' A-1248 - $1200# A-1262 - 500# A-4465 - 8000# 1961 - - 1962 -------- OMJS DSW 442067 STLCOPCB4056602 OU.)* jra'^ i This Package Contains i ASCLS i i (A chlorinated diphenyl, technical) j AVOID REPEATED. CO N ii 'ACT i . | H S KIN AND 1NHAL A ~hgn i OF THiE FUMES , AND nsJSTS li SdEL[10^Z^u[l ^OuO^O-iTLKsKi ra ^-------yUMioUJ' L l Oko* Aici cr^ #U Jl^,^ r'PCLvfs-r/<,. CAUTSON! AVOID PROLONGED OR REPEATED A/f' ro Cclo r /Ctr-oPU9 /r~dT &<* sU-a-cM CONTACT WITH SKIN. AVOID PROLONGED I 7'U./ ! x A-'Ay 7, J. ^ -cidd BREATHING OF VAPOR AND FUMES. \- AL- dydJL' AA ^ 7 " 0 I - frztd^l . ` S-o A/^v, 7/^*7 . Ayx. i-Xftyy 7./^9 s/s-r<~-P~ .........../i_____a ; | ,, L Ss!jj$!!3s2 EoiisSasKS eLkNuaired hydtosc&sas | ins?fT3e*/r=>1r\a!n * J .1 CONTAINS Civ:On!WA7ED HYBSOCARBOJiSj Avoid prolonged brcothing of vapors or mUf^t 7 K *tfl ' < Avoid contact with cyos or prolongod contact with skin. Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors or mists. If skin contcct occurs/ removo by washing with soap and water. Following eye contact flush with water, Avoid contact with eyes or prolonged contact with skin. ; If clothing bocomos soakod with fluid/ laundor boforo wearing again 1; sk*n contact occurs removo by washing with soap and water. Following eye contact flush with water. ' " > .* clothmg becomes soaked with fluid, laundor before wcaring'agaln. . ' " 'tfs-j-Tf r) i, / , ` */ ' `W*"'"? ".it .*! ; .*-<*.: ".' > % --mr , ^ ; * ...v.-... ...w.wu. , Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors or mibv*. Avoid contncr with oyes or prolonged contact with skin. If skin contcct occurs/ removo by washing with soap and water ` Following oyo contact flu-sh with `water. If clothing bocomos soakod with fluid/ laundor before wearing again Attachment to 16 (a) DSW 442068 STLCOPCB4056603 BESSIE T. BOYD Plaintiff ' vs. B. F. DRAKENFELD & CO. , INC. , a corporation, and MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation Defendants ) ) ) ) ) No. 607 February Term, 1964, A. D. ) In Assumpsit ) ) ). ) ) RUTH BRUNING Plaintiff vs. B. F. DRAKENFELD & CO. , INC. , a corporation, and MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation Defendants )' ` ) ) ) ) No. 608 February Term, 1964, A. D. ) In Trespass )' ) ) ) ) RUTH BRUNING Plaintiff vs. B. F. DRAKENFELD & CO. , INC. , a corporation, and MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation . Defendants ) ) ) ) ) No. Y 609 February Term, 1964, In Assumpsit A. D. ) ) ). )' ' )' DEFENDANT MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY PRE-TRIAL NARRATIVE STATEMENT Plaintiffs allege that in the duties of their employment w ith the Inter national Bent Glass Company in St. Louis, Missouri, they came into contact with a certain glass enamel known as 24-018 enamel in 487 oil,, and that as a result thereof, they were affected by an acneiform skin condition which has resulted in the damages complained of in these lawsuits. DSW 442069 7. STLCOPCB4056604 Plaintiffs allege that B. F. Drakenfeld & Co. manufactured these enamels and sold them to their employer. International Bent Glass Company. They allege that one of the' ingredients in these enamels is a product known as Aroclor 4465, which was manufactured by Monsanto Chemical Company and sold by Monsanto to Drakenfeld. This enamel, containing the Aroclor compound, is alleged to be the cause of the Plaintiffs' skin conditions. A. THE ASSUMPSIT CASES The pleadings establish that there was no privity of contract between the Plaintiffs and Monsanto (nor was there privity between the Plaintiffs and Drakenfeld). Monsanto made no express warranties to either these Plaintiffs or the public. Pennsylvania law requires privity of contract where breach of implied warranty is asserted in cases involving other than products produced for human consumption. Therefore, Plaintiffs cannot rely on any alleged breach of warranty and must prove negligence. ' Monsanto therefore expects to m'ake an appropriate motion to ter minate the Assumpsit cases which have been filed against it. B. THE TRESPASS CASES Plaintiffs allege that both Defendants knew and intended that the pro ducts in question would be used, handled, or touched by the consuming public, and that fumes therefrom would be inhaled by the public. This is categorically denied by Monsanto which did not know and did not intend that its product would be used by the public. Monsanto had never warranted that its Aroclor compound was fit and safe for use by the public generally and in fact has never attempted to sell Aroclor compounds to the general public. Monsanto's Aroclor 4465 was sold to Drakenfeld in containers which .8- DSW 442070 STLCOPCB4056605 carried appropriate warnings and information as to its use. Monsanto had no control over the uses made of Aroclor 4465 by Drakenfeld; had no duty to ascer- \ tain to whom Drakenfeld would sell its products containing Aroclor 4465; and had no duty to warn either Drakenfeld's ultimate vendees or the employees of such vendees of the properties of the Aroclor compound nor of the properties of the Drakenfeld products. Monsanto will establish that its labeling, the technical literature fur nished to Drakenfeld, and the oral representations of its employees to Draken feld, clearly spelled out the toxicity of Aroclor compounds and warned against contact with the skin and inhalation of any vapor from the product.' Monsanto will also establish that Drakenfeld similarily communicated appropriate warnings to International Bent Glass Company, a purchaser which was engaged in the cer amics industry, which had been engaged in it for many years, which knew of the Drakenfeld enamel's toxic properties, and which knew that proper safeguards of ventilation, protective apparel, etc. were advised. It is clear that the duty to warn is not as stringent where the product is marketed to purchasers with special training, knowledge and experience. It is the position of Defendant Monsanto that the Plaintiffs' employer. International Bent Glass Company, was responsible for any negligence that may be found to exist. Monsanto will assert that these Plaintiffs, working together, had known for some years prior to the commencement of these lawsuits that the skin conditions complained of were caused by materials and conditions at their place of employment and that by failing to take corrective measures they assumed the risk which necessarily followed from continued employment in the surround ings existing in the International Bent Glass Company plant. DSW 442071 C. EXPIRATION of the STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS In most, if not all, of these cases. Defendant Monsanto expects to be -9- STLCOPCB4056606 able to prove that the Plaintiffs had sufficient information and reason to know that their skin conditions were being caused by elements and conditions existing at \ their place of employment; that they sought and received medical advice and treat ment therefor; and that all of this occurred more than five years prior to the fil ing of these suits. Monsanto will thereby establish that the applicable Statute of Limitations has expired, and that the causes of action are fully barred under applicable Missouri law. . LIABILITY WITNESSES: 1. Any or all of the persons identified in Monsanto's Answers to Plaintiffs' Interrogatories. 2. Any or all of the persons identified in the plead ings, discovery, or Pre-Trial Statements. 3. Present employees of Monsanto who may have re placed any of the above persons because of retire ment, change of job, incapacity, or death. MEDICAL WITNESSES: Defendant reserves the right to have Plaintiffs examined by a qualified medical specialist prior to trial. DOCUMENTS: 1. Any or all of the documents furnished to the Plain tiffs in response to and in connection with Plaintiffs' Interrogatories. 2. Aroclor labels. 3. Depositions of Monsanto Chemical Company by James D. Wright, and of B. F.. Drakenfeld & Co., by Ray Andrews and Scott J. Courtney, taken by Plaintiff Dorothy Berry in New York City on August 5 and 6, 1963, for a suit then pending in Circuit Court of the City of St. Louis, Missouri. DATED: May 23, 1967. ....... . . ; _ SCHMIDT & ALLISON DSVV 442072 By __________ __________________________________________ Attorneys for Monsanto ChemicalXompany STLCOPCB4056607 aufH mTOifjo, Plaintiff, a. 8. F. DOAKSNFHJ) & CO., ISC., a. corporation, and MONSANTO on MIC`0. OfWiSr, a corporation, Befondants. no. tea maxim trim, 1964, a. p. la Troopssa so. 609 FssauAEr Tisnw, 1964, a. d. In Aaeumpsit A. BARRtflYKl <aL3*.i*-Mtmmn & ate. B. . Drakanfeld St Co., Ino., was a tamifaoturor of inorganic oolors in the years froa 1951 to 1962, inclusive. Ita head office* wore in Hew Tork, New fork. It owned and operated a naauf&oturing plant in Qanton Township, W&ahiagtcn County, I'cnneylvania. It is now % Bivision of Horoulea, Incorpora ted. In tho years portinant to thsss lawsuits B. P. Drskenfcld ft Co., Ino. manufaotured various inorganic colors used in ths oeraalo end glass industries. Aaong those was a high fire gloss er.amol paste ooopoeed in part of a printing Vohiola knoun to Drakenfold ua Squeegee 111 Humber 4^7. 2ne of the ingredient* of Squeegee (.11 Number 437 was Aroolor Number 4456, a product swumfsoturod by Monsanto Chemical Company end purchased from it by Brakeofeld. Brokenfold made no changes in Aroolor Number 4436 after it was de 442073 livered to it other then to cchine it with other chamiaals to fora Squeegee Oil Number 4S7. This was dona by subject!nr tho inprcd.cnts lo heat and milling, co Q Drsketnfeld has sold gloss onaawl colors to International Bent QlooS t Coopany for many years. International Bent Class Company Is located in 3t. I if, Missouri and la a manufacturer of glass light shades. In the years flpa1 1951 to 1962, lnolnsive, sll of the colors sold by Drsbsnfeld to latenanticsal I STLCOPCB4056608 I ant Qlsuja Caqpas^y contained -'kposagsa (dl Kunbor 4S7. Colors containing 3(jueogoa Oil Ruaber 487 wars widely used la tbs ilasa and cerosdoe lndostry froa and after 1S4Q. SliBinatlng tbo plaintiffs, ions of Drekonfeld1 e curtcsars or their enplcyoas coffered *ay ill offacta free* ta use. Drakenfeld*s own employeea were exposed to it nod effared no ill iffoots. All of the shijaaents of ooloro m.-:da ty Dr^fccnfeld to International font Gloss Coopany bora thr label of whioh a copy is asaLosad. 5. WrrtfKS$iS3j 1. Liabilityi Victor K. Remington, Manager Drakonfold Division of Hercules, Incorporated west iylis Avrmuo Washington, Pannaylv-inia J. A. Stewart Drakcnfald Division of KerenIsa, Weat Wylie Avenue Washington, Panheylvonia Incorporated Ray Andrews Drakenfeld Division 6f Hercules, West Wylie Avamia Washington, Pennsylvania Incorporated John H. Porter Drakenfeld Division of HerouleB, West Wylie Avenue Washington, Pennsylvania Incorporated Koanodv Jenkins Drahonfeld Diviaion of Hercules, Incorporated 'Jest Wyll* Avenue Washington, Pennsylvania Irvin F, Keillor 150 Mason Drive Hanhassett, Hew York ' Z. Mc-dLcalt DSW 442074 Sons The defendant, 8. F. Drakenfeld A Co., Inc., reserves the right to request on examination of the plaintiffs by a physiolan of its ahoiee wbsa Ihs plaintiffa Mas to Washington, Pennsylvania to attend the trial. STLCOPCB4056609 ) Cea&Ltltmi 3. OOT-OT-POCKBT LOSSi Kan of th out--of-pookt loaa claimed by the plaintiff is 4uteittod| proof of all of it is domodad. ?AJifcCf CSlSLSa AHD dlWAHDa gy---------------- A/..fagcoia E rgtroao Attorneys for B. f. Drokeafold j & Co., lac,, one of the defendant 4A207& 0S\N s STLCOPCB4056610 l .. . 'This is an inorganic compourid^containing , toxic Substances. " '''+' | i Handle carefully. Avoid prolonged contact s ;vyith the skjn. . Avoid inhaling dust. \ P For use only in the Arts or Ceramic Indus- s tries." . B. F. DRAKENFELD & CO., INC. . 45 47 Park Placo I .................... New York 7, N. Y. '1 442076 DS\N STLCOPCB4056611 IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF WASHINGTON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA MILDRED BARRETT Plaintiff vs. B. F. DliAXENFELD A CO., INC., a corporation, and MONSANTO CESOCAL COMPANY, a corporation ' MILDRED BARRETT Defendants Plaintiff vs. 3. F DrcaR isNF iiLu A CO. , INC. a corporation, and MONSANTO Cli 2MXCAL COMPANY, a corporation Defendants; DOPCTlfY BERRY ' Plaintiff vs. B. F. DitAKENFELD & CO., INC. a corporation, and MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation Defendants DOROTHY B ERRY ' Plaintiff vs. B. F. DRAKENF2LD & CO., INC. a corporation, and MONSANTO ` CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation Defendants ) ) ) ) } No. 518 February Terra, 19G4, A. D. ) In Assumpsit ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 5 ) No. 519 February Terra, 1964, A.D. ) In Trespass ) > ) ) ) '' ) ) ) y No. 520 February Terra, 1964, A.D. ) In Assumpsit 5 ) } ). ) ) ) > ) No, 521 February Terra, 1964, A.D. > In Trespass ) ) > ) > WALTER F. MILLER Plaintiff ve. B. F. DRAXENFELD & CO.. INC. m **nv*rv%rofiAn find IViOKTSANTO ) DSW 442077 > ) ) ) No 522 February Term, 1064, A.D. ) In Assumpsit > ) u- STLCOPCB4056612 -2- WALTHU F. MILLER Plaintiff vs. B. F. DRAKENFELD & CO., INC., a corporation, and MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation Defendants > ) ) ) ) No* 523 February Term, 1364., A. D. > In Trespass ) ) ) > > HAZEL SCHNEIDER Plaintiff VS* B. F. DRAKENF.ELD 6 CO.. INC., a corporation, and MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation . Defendants )- ) > ) ) No. 524 February Term, 1364, A. D. In Assumpsit HAZEL SCHNEIDER Plaintiff vs. B. F. DRAKENFELD & CO., INC., a corporation, and MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation Defendants ) ) ) ) ) No, 525 February Term, IS64, A.D. >' In Trespass ) ) > > > CHARLOTTE SHOEMAKER Plaintiff vs. E. F. DRAKENFELD & CO., INC.. a corporation, and MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation Defendants CHARLOTTE SHOEMAKER Plaintiff vs. B. F. DRAKENFELD & CO.. INC.. a corporation, and MONSANTO AMtf , --_______________ > ) ) ) ) No. 526 February Term, 1964, A.D. ) In Assumpsit ) > ) ) ) S1/V 442078 ) ) ) ) No. 527 February Term, 1964, A. D. ) In Trespass ) STLCOPCB4056613 3- RCNALD SIMPSON ' Plaintiff vs, \ E. F. DSAXENFELD & CO., INC., a corporation, arid MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation Defendants ) ) ) ) ) No. 528 February Term, 1064, A. D. ) la Assumpsit ) ) ) ) RONALD SIMPSON Plaintiff vs. 3. F. DUAKSNFELD A CO. , INC., a corporation, and MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation Defendants )" ) ) ) ) No. 528 February Term, 1964, A. D. ) In Trespass ) ) ) ) ) MARTHASYLSR Plaintiff vs. B. F. DRAKENFELD A CO., INC., . a corporation, and MONSANTO ' CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation. Defendants ) > ) ) ) No. 530 February Term, 19G4, A. D. )' In Assumpsit > > ) )' ) MARTHA SYLER ' Plaintiff vs. B. F. DRAKENFELD & CO., INC.* a corporation, and MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation Defendants ) > ) ) ) No. 531 February Term, 1964, A.D. > In Trespass ) ) ) ) ) DSW 442079 y , ' itfStY -6U*. ' STLCOPCB4056614 JAMES A. WHITS Plaintiff vs. B. F. DPAKHNF SLD & Cp., INC., a corporation, and MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation Defendants 5 ) V 1 ) > No. 632 February Term, 10G4, A. D. ) In Assumpsit ) ) ) j j JAMES A. WHITE Plaintiff vs. ' B. P. DHAKENFSLD & CO. ,, INC.. a corporation, and MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation Defendants >- ) > ) No. 533 February Term, 10C4. A. D. ) In Trespass ) ) ) ) ) THELMA WIENERS . Plaintiff vs. B. F. DEAKENFSLD & CG., INC., a corporation, and MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation Defendants ) ) ) ) > No. ) >' ' 534 February Term, la -Assumpsit ' 1SG4, A. D. )' ) > > THELMA WIENERS Plaintiff vs. B. F. DEAKENFELD & CO. , INC., a corporation, and MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation * Defendants MANY CHAPMAN Plaintiff vs. B. F. DRAKENFELD & CO.. INC.. a corporation, end MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation Defendants . ) ) ) ) > No. 535 February Term, 1064, A. D. ) In Trespass ) ) ) ) ) DSW 442080 > ) > ) No. 53-3 February Term, 1904, A. D. ) In Assumpsit > ) ) 'd STLCOPCB4056615 ftLSitt CHAPMAN Plaintiff vc. E. F. DMMKENFELD & CO. 4 INC.. a corpora.tion, and MONSANTO iL, COMPANY, a corporation ijefondaut ) ) ) ) ) No. 527 February Term, 1864, A. D. ) La Trespass* ) ) /V . > MARL CLIFFORD Plaintiff vs. B. F. DRAKENFSLG & CO., INC., s corporation, and MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation xj'ci enaunt- >' )* )' ) } No. 533 February Term, 1SG4, A. D. } . In -Assumpsit . > ) \ 5 >. MARIE CLIFFORD . Plaintiff vs. E. F. DRAKENFELD A CG. , INC., a corporation, and MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation Defendants ) )- ) > ) No. 530 February Term, 10G4, A. D. > In Trespass > ) ) THEODORE CZARNECKI . Plaintiff vs. B. F. DRAKENFELD & CO.. INC., a corporation, and MONSANTO CH EM1CAL COMPANY, a corporation Defendanta THEODORS CZARNECKI ,,. , L, jaetu.. +-L--- Plaintiff vs. B. F. DRAKENFELD & CO., INC., a corporation, and MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, -a corporation ------- . . 'r. ____I ~ ) ) ) ) ) No. 540 February Term, 1S64, A. D. ) In Assumpsit ) ). > ) ) DSW 442081 > ) ) ) No. 541 February Term, 19C4, A. D. ) In Trespass ' ) ) > >: .... STLCOPCB4056616 NITA 3. XING Plaintiff vs. 3. DNAXGNFilDD A CO,, INC., a corporation, and MONSANTO CliEMICAD COMPANY, a corporation ` ' Defendants ) > ) ) ) No, 542 February Term, 1064, A. D. )} In Assumpsit ) ) ) >. ) NITA 3. KING Plaint iff vo. B. P. DAANDNFDLD & CO., INC., a corporation., end MONSANTO . CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation Defendants ) ) ) j > No. 543 February Term, 1964, A. I). ) in Trespass VEKGEL A. MANSSS Plaintiff vs. B. F. DUAKENTELD & CO, , SC., a corporation, and MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation Defendants ) } ) ) } No. 544 February Term, 1964, A. D. 5 In Assumosit )' ` ) > ) > VBAG CD A. MAN ESS Plaintiff vs. E. F. DHAKENFELD & CO., INC., a corporation, and MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation . '* Defendants BESSIE T. BOYD Plaintiff vs. B. F. DRAXENFE'LD & CO., INC., a corporation, and MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, a corporation ) ) ) \ / ) No. 545 February Term, 1964, A, D, ) la Trespass ) ) ) ) ) DSW 442082 ) ) ) ) No. C06 February Term, 1964, A. D. ) In Trespass > ) STLCOPCB4056617 NARRATIVE WRITTEN STATEMENT OF TEE FACTS rnincj.rr i -t ^n i.ndrvzLuuat wno is a r e s r c, o n t on me City of St. Louis, Missouri. oercaa unt, 3. F. Drskenfeici & Company, hereinafter - vB IT G G uO S3 "Drakenfeld", is a New York corporation, whi; :arns its manufacturing facilities in Washington County, Pennsylvania Defendant Monsanto is a Delaware corporation, which is duly licensed to do business as a foreign corporation in Pennsylvania Among' the products manufactured by Drakenfeld are high-fire glass enamels dispersed in squeege oil. These high-1 fire glass cacic.c -- o are intended ror application to glass fixtures by means of a silk screen process. Among the principal ingredients used by Drakenfeld in the preparation of its high-fire glass enamels are substances called"arochlor compounds which are manufactured and supplied to Drakenfeld by Monsanto. During the period of time involved in this litigation. plaintiff was an employee of the international Bent Glass Company, a Missouri corporation which operates a plant in the City of St. Louis, Missouri. International Bent Glass Company was engaged in the busi}f manufacturing ornamental bent glass components ior rignting rrxtures. DSW 442083 STLCOPCB4056618 T-ie ir.anuzacturi.ng operation included cutting and boring holes in the glass, applying high-fire glass enamels to the glass by a silk screen process, baking and shaping the glass in a high temperature oven, and frosting and packaging the completed product. International Bent Glass Company purchased its highrrre glass enamels rrom Drakenfeld. This product, known as Scueece Oil 437, contained a large percentage of Monsanto's arochlor 4435, a blend of chlorinated napthalenes and phenyls, 65% chlorinated. The enamel, after being thinned, was applied through a silk screen to the glass in various ornamental designs.. The painted glass was then partially dried by air and placed on top of a metal mold that was slowly conveyed through a long oven. The temperature of the oven, 1200 to 1400 degrees S'., baked the painted design onto the glass and simultaneously softened the glass sufficiently so that it flowed down into and thus- conformed to the shape of the metal mold on which it was placed. As the final step,.the glass was frosted by a sandblasting machine. The oven and the sandblasting machine had separate exhausts, and the sandblasting machine was bagged. Some time in 1958, the plaintiff was affected with an anbeiform eruption. It-consisted of yellowish-while papules and DSW 442084 STLCOPCB4056619 cysts on tr.c face, nock and on the covered parts of the body at the various sites or friction with clothes. Comadomes and in flammatory lesions were present. An investigation was commenced to determine the cause of the skin condition of the plaintiff and the other employees in the plant, most of whom were also affected in similar, fashion. Several dermatologists were employed to render treatment to the affecred employees and to discover the cause of their . ailments. She best efforts of these experts did not lead to the discovery of the cause or the skin disease of the workers which persisted over the years. It was not until the summer of 1962, following an inspection on March 12th and 13, 1962, by Dr. Donald u. Birmingham and Marcus M. Key of the Occupational Health Research and Training Facility, Division of Occupational Health, Phbiie Health Service, that the cause of the workers' skin disease was discovered. The cause was determined by these Public Health Service experts to be the arochior compounds used in the high-fire glass enamel of Drakenfeld. As a result of that report and the recommendations it contained, the use of Drakenfeld`s high-fire glass enamel was discontinued in the operation of International Bent Glass.Company1s manufacturing process . : DSl/V 442085 Arochior compounds s:e a blend of chlorine cod napthalencs ana chlorinated phenyls. During the years involved in this iitigt -**0 -oi ..way years, P-uior , mere was g'encraj. egreemenr v/rmm me '.ecica- prorcssron that arocnior coapounas were highly toxic substance vhich required careful management and handling. They were known to cause acneiform eruptions, of the skin, known'as. chloracne. skin disease from which the plaintiff and the other employees suffers The inhaling or ingestion of veoor from arochior com.oounds was known to cause definite systemic ei During the years involved in this litigation and for man; years prior, the medical and technical literature contained many articles, setting forth these toxic properties of arochior compounds This literature also contained many articles in which methods were set forth to safeguard industrial workers who used products containing irochior compounds, in the course or their employment. The medical and technical literature specifically stated that the use of arochior compounds at high temperatures should be accompanied by a program for the prevention of occupational acnes. vhich can be divided into (1) general measures, (2) personal measures. and (3) medical measures: -8- DSW 442086 A STLCOPCB4056621 i. The heating of the compounds should be done in enclosed processes so that the fumes do not come in contact with the workers. and ventilating apparatus to 'carry off ' the furr.es. is needed. The workers should be provided with clean coveralls and underclothes daily. These should be laundered at the plant and cleaned in such a way that none of the compound remains on them. Shower baths after work should be compulsory and supervised, and there should be sufficient shower facilities provided so that the workers are not unduly delayed after work. Suitable cleaners should be provided to efriciantly remove the compounds from the skin. exposure of the face and neck to fumes or contact with soiled hands is unavoidable, transparent hoods covering the heads and neck can be provided. These can be made of cellophane, pliofilm, or other trans parent resin film. If for any reason these cannot be had, protective ointments of the invisible glove type may be used. _ (3) Periodic liver function tests should be performed every month on the workers. In addition to this, monthly dermatologic examinations should be made to detect early evidence of acne. Drakenfied began to purchase arochlor compounds from Monsanto in 1S4G and thereupon commenced using these compounds in -9- DSW 442087 STLCOPCB4056622 its high-fire glass Is.. Drakenfeld commenced selling fire glass enamels to .international Bent Glass Company sometime oricr to 1955 and continued to supply these products to International Bana Glass Company until discontinuation by International in 1962 after the Public Health Service report. A representative of Drakenfeld tested its high-fire glass- enamel containing arochior compound in the equipment of International Bent Glass Company and recommended ro -i n.. e^. n a i. ion a 1 tha*. tnis proQucr be used. Pursuant to mat recommence, trcr. .international began the use of the product. Drakenfeld has never made a study of the applicable literature to determine whether or not the arochior compounds ir. its could cause injury or disease to industrial ^ workers using these high-rire glass enamels high-fire glass enamels/in the course of their work, nor has Drakenfeld ever caused such a study to be made. Drakenfeld has- never given'any specific warning to International Bent Glass Company with regard to the toxic characteristics of its product, either orally or in its literature. Drakenfeld conducts no research at all with reg'ard to the toxic characteristics o. any of its products. Drakenfeld has never given any recommendations or instructions to International Bent Glass Company witn reg'ard uo speeme precautions to be taken with regard to the use of im products, either -10- DSW 442088 STLCOPCB4056623 orally or in its literature, "ho labeling on Drakenfold's product does not disclose that arochlor compounds are an ingredient in its high- glass enamels. In effect, the labeling o n Draxenrcio`s nic inartal merely warns in broad and general terms ago uiged contact with the skin and inhalation of any vapor from OITOQIaC Monsanto has done, research with regard to the toxic characteristics of the arochlor compounds which it produces. Monsanto was aware chat the arochlor compound which it sold to Drakenfeid was be used in high-fire glass enamels and subjected to high temps . a c ul cro in the hands of the ultimate consumers. Monsanto never made anv recommendations or issued any instructions to international Bent Glass Company with regard to specific precautions to be taken by ultimate consumers or Drakenfeid`s products^either orally or ir. its sure. Mo recommendations were made by Monsanto to Drakenreid with regard to labeling. Although the technical literature of Monsanto referred from time to time to the toxicity of arochlor coimpounds, and sat was furnished to Drakenfeid, that literature minimised the real risks of use of arochlor compounds and made no specific recommendations as to use and handling. In effect, the references in Monsanto's -11- DSW 442089 * STLCOPCB4056624 JO C IT-OCViJ-OiT CO^upGUno S iYluCO.Ly W ci iT n c o ij~ j'ZOiU G tiTi Ci C'CCOJi 'coir.**^ ^Q*3.msu piroiQUQso coivcccc wivm one skin nnd j-nhcilnuicn oi acy V JpOi. ^.Ii0 p. OGUC c . Arochlor compounds ere products which are unreasonably dcn*cci.odi uO me user or consumer unless sdecuare ana ruxl v/amme' accompany mer*.\. s'Cd'ce or me avarluoie ree c x c a 1 a no scier.tiri Knowledge is such that both Monsanto and Drakenfeld should have known this and taken the necessary precautions to protect the ultimata consumers. This neither defendant did. The defendants have heretofore required the plaintiff to answer interrogatories,, and in connection therewith, medicai reoorts were attached to the answers to interrogatories, xt is suggested that it would serve no useful purpose to attach medical reports to this Narrative, since they are already a matter of record. '" ' . -12- 44209 OS>N STLCOPCB4056625 PLAINTIFFS'1 SUPPLEMENTAL NARRATIVE STATEMENT Liability Witnesses; Dr. Donald J. Birmingham, or Dr. Marcus M. Key 1014 Broadway, Cincinnati 2, Ohio Herman Goralnik 1825 North 19th Street, St. Louis, Missouri Ray Andrews ' 45 Park Place, New York, N Y. Respective plaintiffs Medical Witnesses : Dr. James C. Sisk 141 North Meramec Avenue Clayton, Missouri Condition Witnesses: Respective plaintiffs Medical Reports are attached Hospital Authorizations: Leave is requested to furnish the same when available List of Damages: . . Permanent personal Injuries, including disfigurement. Loss of wages to date and future impairment of earning power. Cost of medical care and treatment. Including medicines. DSW 442091 STLCOPCB4056626 See consolidated out-of-pocket statement attached. It will be noted that come bills have not as yet been made available to plaintiffs and leave is requested to set forth the same when received. The addresses of the physicians and pharmacies referred to on the consolidated out-of-pocket statement are as follows: Drs. Edward F. Burkhart, William T. Stryker and Oliver A. McKee, Missouri Theatre Building, St. Louis, Missouri ' Dr. William A. Knight, Jr., 6744 Clayton Road, St. Louis, Missouri Dr. James H. Allen, 634 N. C-rand Street, St. Louis, Missouri '_ Dr. A. H. Conrad, 911 S. Brentwood Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri Dr. Louis Keller, 35 N. Central, St. uouis, Missouri Dr. Arthur Wright Neilson, 3720 Washington St., St. Louis, . Missouri ' Dr. Castrina - address unknown at present Dr. F. G. Pernoud, Missouri Theatre Building, St. Louis, Missouri Dr. Ceclla Reichert, 16 Hampton Village Plaza, St. Louis, Missouri Dr. James Sisk, 141 N. Meramec Avenue, Clayton, Missouri Dr. Clyde R. Milster - Frisco Building, St. Louis, Missouri Johannes-Tate Pharmacy, 636 N. Grand St., St. Louis, Missouri Antles Madison Street Pharmacy, 1901 Madison St.,' St. Louis, Missouri ' L. Weitzman Prescription Pharmacy, 3552 Washington St., St. Louis, Missouri Allen Medical Laboratories, 634 N. Grand St., St. Louis, Missouri . Beaumont Pharmacy, 3722 Washington St., St. Louis, Missouri DsW 442092 ;c \vu'., . ... /-.Vv'.-.c#: w VwOV IjC .Vi3r\ !0, `9o2 MS. Rsxforo Carutkers 3HjO Paul rown Suiloing St. Louis !,Missouri RS: Mss. MlLDRED 3ARRET7 Employes: Jnternational Bent Glass Osar Mr. Caruthsrs: '. . Your client Mss. Miloses Bassett, am employes op international Bent Glass Company was seen in my ops ice today ano the fgllcw- IMG HISTORY AMD PHYSICAL. F j NO ! NCS WERE ELIC I TEO AT THIS TIME. V. 3Mrs. Barrett stated that she eg an working at international 595Sent Glass in Septsmses op b doing various joss, all op WHICH REQUIRED. EXPOSURE TO PAINT AND OiL PUKES PE CM THE OVENS AT WORK. ! N LATE ! 95S5 SHE BEGAN TO DEVELOP SLACXHEADS ON THE CHEEKS ANO APPROX IMATELY ONE YEAR LATER, GECAN TO DE VELOP A PEW ON THE CHEST. SHE WAS BEEN UNDER TREATMENT 3Y 1960Ora Oliver Me Kee on several occasions since . She last SAW HIM IN I9cl ANO HAS HAD NO PROFESSIONAL CARE SINCE THAT time. There have seem mo eye lesions. She has continued to GET THE SAME NUMBER OP NEW LESIONS EVEN SINCE AWCnAMCE OP OI_ IN THE PAINT IN JANUARY OP l9o2. Past history revealed that Mrs, Barrett is, taking high slcco PRESSURE MEDIC INE FROM OR. 0.2. KlLXCS. THERE WAS NO HISTORY OP ALLERGY TO MEDICATION- AND SHE DENIES ANY HISTORY OP ACNE DURING HER ADOLESCENT YEARS. Physical examination revealed many slackheaos, mainly over the TEMPLES AND CHEEKS. THERE WERE' A PEW BEHIND THE EARS AMO ON THE MID-CHEST. ' THERE WERE NO CYSTIC LESIONS; THERE WERE NO EYE LESIONS. 4 . In.my opinion, Mrs. Barrett has a blackhead acne .form eruption ' : ' a;r'-' - . .: i ; V ' .. xji-tfZ&tmzrL ss.toezst w HILXTXM ", _.s? ; ,/ DSW 442093 \. A.Ai;:-...... STLCOPCB4056628 r% .. i:. 1 r'/-*v C. -- !-SA t it IS AL.YiC3 ! M ?OS S ! G L Z TO CLi-AH; TACOC ."'A 7 T;-;iiV co-nt ; -\ue to wosk Auvzr<sE env;acnmen i*0 SuGGlS i - hi A T i'i.'nS, LjA A R cl i * ri A V c ROuTiNiC L I V 4 c.U i S . i"* _ wASl rvC C L R E E i O CONTACT Y.Ej 1;* YOU 7}. Z C-U I Z /-..NY NfORMATiON CONCERN i.NC XRS . SARRETTfS CASE. 0U R$ p JC3 OAtv, CS S.'SA^ i''*.--'. / DSW 442094 STLCOPCB4056629 SCHMIDT & ALLISON Mr. Philip C. Donmoyer 2- - Liberty Mutual Insurance Company May 23, 1967 Barrett, et al. vs. Monsanto Chemical P442-20395R and PD831-9416 not the treating physician in any case and his testimony would be sub ject to criticism and censure on that account. There are a certain line of cases in Pennsylvania which hold that the Plaintiff has not met the burden imposed upon the Plaintiff if they fail to call the treating physician, and rely solely on the testimony of a doctor who has merely examined the Plaintiff for the purpose of trial. For these reasons, we think at the present time that we may be ahead medically on these cases, and we have not arranged any further medical examination of these Plain tiffs by a doctor of our choice because if we did so by a doctor here in Washington, we would be merely furnishing the Plaintiff with medical material which he now does not have. These cases are now set for Pre-Trial before the Court Administrator on June 21 at 9:30 a. m. We will advise you further of any happenings that may occur in the meantime. We would also be glad to give you any information which you think may be necessary for you and which you do not have. , HGS:wm Enclosures 4 cc: Morris E. Stokes, Esquire Mr. Charles Bovard DSW 442095 STLCOPCB4056630 ttoVsZM. 407 Ipo2 .';s . i-\ X i` 0 '\ D v^A;\iJ i j'i...f\S />; Paul Srown Building Sr. Log is l, Missouri. Sc: Mrs. DorTiia Berry ^EMPLOYEE; INTSRNAT iONAL SENT GlASS Co . , ID E A A P, A . L A R U VH E Pi S I . CU .a Cl 1 lN". , AiAG . UO A . LA Olh.iY , A M LHhLCYEl OP I A. -- . H..... I" mational Sent Glass Company wag seen in my orfic: cm Xgvehoer LG, 19^2 AMO TAG HOLLOWING K I STORY AMD PHYSICAL PINOINGS WI-I.E elicited at that time. Mas. Berry stated that sac had starved v/osk ino. at the intea- mat :c::al Sent Glass Company im January op ,i>'55"v'os:' sue the GP.RD i MG y.ACH INC AMD PACK : MC , ;M THIS LCD SHE WAS EXPOSED TO tt:c Pomes prom the caking ovens. in uune or July op : v/; -' MOTE THE ONSE*. Op A S,rL-,AK i PL Gu . OH HlR ."AC., - H II L P, \'D SHOULDERS WHICH CONSIST SO MAINLY OP SMALL CYSTS OR DUMPS GE~ MEATH VHL SKIM AMO 3LACKKCA0S OM 7 HE SURPACl OP THE SK.N. PARTICULARLY AROUND THE EYES. ShE TREATED 7 m ESI HIRSE_" VITH kOXZEMA AMD EMPRESSiONE. OP THE MATERIAL PROM THE CYSTS UNTIL LATE IM ICQ? WHEN SHE WAS SENT TO SEE Gf< . ARTHUR NEILSEN. r! E TREATED HER PGR APPROXIKATElY ONE YEAR WITH SOAKS. SHOTS AMD a local meg i cat ion plus pill.s dy mouth. Her case wag them TRANSEERREO OY The INSURANCE COMPANY TO THE GPP ICE OP BpiS . BuRKHAEDT AMD McKEE WHERE EIRE HAS REMAINED UNDER TREATMENT UNTIL THE PRESENT T IXE, RECEIVING SHOTS, USING A LOTION, TAKING A CAPSULE GY.MOUTH, WEARIMC A PROTECTIVE CREAM AT WORK. AND TAKING A PiLI. ElEPORE HER PERIOD TO PREVENT THE plane at that time. in addition, Drs . Surkhardt and McKee HAVE OPENED AMD EXCISED CYSTS AS THEY HAVE DEVELOPED ..4.7 THE PRESENT TIME SHE HAS A CYST OM HER LIP A,NO ONE ON HER C.-iCST WHICH THEY PLAN TO REMOVE SHORTLY. SUPPLE;P3S-2SIAL mZRATZVZ S'ZATZI-ZZZ OF DCLTIIA SSRTTiT DSW 442096 STLCOPCB4056631 v" :: .-.ta . .>'0 ,*\ ;!A 1i L L' , %t Glalc Co.^ .7 i;-.;: vonncl mainly an a a past-- r ; vl ylanl ;:a;t N -- <\ v/i'i 0 L. i'. A.-. j: A i nccn to T:-iC 0 IA N 3 ,'N <. a:;: no ov::xg: at \;o::a . N ADDITION TO:; TNC OAST 7 :n months z nas zzzx c;-;noscd to A DLACN TOOT 7 L ." / I ,\C< M.A C ; N C A N 0 SnN NAT I i !". r\ V L ! i\ ; I S NAS ADD CO 70 Trl Z A. ONAVATICN. At ANY AATS s ont::vj;nc to cct '"'as m, N\% IF NOT I-i0 is i. [_ LAC N N C AD A Ci-iANCC VA3 N'.AC/C IN' TN C ; L TN ?A i NT AT Y.'CNK Li.ANY Or .r9o2. VO s LAN- Past nisvcxv reveals no prior acne-l eruption in ;-:er teens. Her general wealth has seen good. Physical examination revealed many large blackheads on the "ACE, GREATER OVER Ti-iC CHEEK SOKES AND CK I N, W I Tk A .'El-/ SMALL SEBACEOUS CYSTS OH THE LODES OR THE EARS, A LARGE SEBACEOUS CYST: ON THE LETT LOWER' LI? AND ON THE l?T CROWN. There were many small comecnes and cysts beneath the era STRAPS AND WHERE THE CLOTHING WAS TIGHT AROUND THE ERA, eeneatk The breastsaxo along the celt line. There were SIMILAR- lesion IN The c rural area and over the "LTTOCKG. One oe the cysts on the mid chest v/as ineecteo. There were NO LCD iOND i.N TN.i- CVL0 - N N V OPINION y.ND . XCi-iNV hAG A D L A C N 7. 3 A D AO N C . 0 NN L N Y.'iVi-'. 3CDACC00J C7D7D :!> L CO'wA ;\Y ( 0 . N _ PAiN. % . w . TO WHICH SHE IS CM ROSES AT WORK AT THE ;NTERNATJOKA_ Class Company. ! woo_s recommend That she continue t KENT WITH . u RKH AR S ; AND Is CASE ANGLIN L.CHV OE V. POSSIBILITY OE ASSOC IATED LIVER TONICITY, THAT LIVER EUNCTION TESTS BE DONE. SOMETIME IN ThE NEAR FUTURE. Please eiel free to contact me, ie you have any otk_r GUEST IONS CONCERNING XRC . BERRY'S CASE. , Vet JCS -~WT-'-ot / jAi<Y3T` v , L 3i^ DSW 442097 STLCOPCB4056632 ' ~ i c-ftV'.v.s ;.7vv7 DECEMSER ;ij 1962 Hi: TV -y;;?- -v;; Xs. REXFORG CaRu7.4E.aS 430 Paul drown Building St. Louis 1,Missouri ' ' . Re: Mr. Walter Miller ' Employee: International Sent Glass Co. Sear Mr. Caruthers: . Your client, Mr. Walter Miller, an employee of Inter national Sent Glass Company was seen ey me in my office TODAY AND THE FOLLOWING HISTORY AMD PHYSICAL FINDINGS WERE ELICITED AT THAT TiME. n.S . Mi L L u iv STATED T ,H A V j-j Z xiAO 0 V A f\ V Z 0 V/C i\ri i NO AT ,,WE1.'\~ national Sent Glass Company on September i i, as a SAND-BLASTER AND SINCE THAT TiME HAS WORKED ON THE OVENS AND ON VARIOUS OTHER U03S . AppRCX IMA7CLY ONE YEAR AFTER HE BEGAN EMPLOYMENT AT INTERNATIONAL SENT GLASS HE START ED TO DEVELOP PIMPLES, BLACKHEADS AND BUMPS ON HIS FACE, WHICH WERE RAPiDLY FOLLOWED CY TilE DEVELOPMENT Or SIMILAR LESiONS ON THE SACK OF THE NECK, THE TRUNK, BELT LINE, HIPS AND ANTERiOR THIGHS. HE WAS CONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED TO Tm FUMES FROM THE OVENS AT THIS TiME. 959He was referred to Drs. McKee and djrxhardt in S and. WAS UNDER THEiS CARE FOR APPROXIMATELY FIVE MONTHS UNTIL ' AUTHOR 12AT ION FOR TREATMENT WAS DISCONTINUED 3Y THE IN SURANCE COMPANY. The only additional PROFESSIONAl care that he has had since that time, was an incision and DRAINAGE OF A LARGE LESION BEHIND HIS EAR APPROX I MAT ELY FIVE MONTHS SY UR. OURKHASOT.. THIS WAS DONE AT THE PATIENT OWN EXPENSE. C',<I SUPPLEMENTA'L- PRE-TRIAL NARRATIVE STATEMENT*OR WALTER MILLER DSW 442098 STLCOPCB4056633 l re: Xr. Walter XillEir y.S . Xi i L. L. ^ K STATED Tit AT HE DOES NOT RELIEVE HE IS DEVIi.oy1 NO ANY NEW LESIONS SINCE Tj-lEY CHANCED T HE CHEMISTRY OF THE.TAINT IN JANUARY OF iJoZ, EOT THAT HE CANNOT GET AID Or i;iE OLD O.Nl.3 AND THAT AN OLD CYST WILL DEC CM Z INFi.AM -- MED FROX TIME TO Ti.XE. KC HAS NEVER HAD ANY LESIONS IN THE 'EYES or ANY SYSTEMATIC COMPLAINTS. Past history reveals that Xr. Miller's general health has always seen good and he denied any history or acne or COMPLEXION. TROUBLES CORING HIS ADOLESCENCE OR TRIOR TO THE PRESENT ILLNESS. Physical exam inat ion.revealed numerous blackheads and CYSTS ON THE FACE AND SEN HO THE EARS , TO A LESSER EXTENT ON THE SHOULDERS, ALONG THE SELT LINE,ANTERI OR THIGHS, SHAFT OF THE PENIS ANO BUTTOCKS. ThERE WERE A FEW INFLAMMED CYSTS ON THE BUTTOCKS AND TWO S YXM ET A I C A L .. PAT CH E S OVER EACH SCAPULA W.-l i CM WERE LOADED WITH BLACKHEADS. In m.y opinion, Mr. Miller demonstrates the-blackhead cyst i c ACNE!FORM ERUPTION THAT EFFECTS PEOPLE WHO ARE EXPOSED TO OIL AND PAINT FUMES IN THEIR OCCUPATION SUCH AS HE IS. I HAVE SUGGESTED THAT HE REiNSTiTUE ACTIVE TREATMENT AND FEEL THAT LIVER FUNCTION TESTS WOULD BE IN ORDER. Please feel free to contact me, if you require any further INFORMATION CONCERNING MR. MiLLZR'S CASE. ouSiih James C. Sisk,M.D. DSW 442099 i. ki- STLCOPCB4056634 Cv.`YT<:i; C... i ;o Uwv-t.. c CwAYYCN : !)<? ,\A T ; C.'iAL DCN7 LASS COMPANY A P P AC a I V. A 7 D L V C.iGr;7 YCA.AC AGO A. .0 A CtLAoS CU77CA A ,\ j D 7. V A 0'? D A A 1' P C ? 7 .ON C. 0 A S ! G 7 A A G .- DGAOA A LAOS O.Y " H v ." /> 0 1 . A <;*, .v , :\ A 0 Aiw L -GG A A A A C > ~ AND L'/U.-AJP--:OX iMA". * I ON Wi"K XOXZSMA, iI7C. Of' IJoS. IV V .-vDO^-PM GGNr< AGCOs, D_R j Is ADD! , ; 0 N S . A ; uD 1 A A , Ci'.u. MAO J A nV^lN TKALY.OLOG i 37 ; V'A . MDANOUD .`-"GA PIDCGED UP 0 i- Du 7riu CYCLSD: P-AAC i ,'.S 7A7 SMC GA I D W A C '.s' 17 ri Tri S/s i D i G A G , i-"! .'< G . S C i-; N v J D u a MAD V/ORauD A v A LA7 I'OUS YuARG AND 7i-;A0UG:-;7 7. DUD 70 7;-; PAINT AND OiL FUNGS V/ A G A CHANGE 1 N Thl 1' Y P C _ 0 'r I' A apprg;< ;ma7vUY Janjary lyC2. M 7 MCA GRU ?7 ! ON V.' RON 7H 0 V CX3 . i 7 AND 0!L USE0 A WOAA IN . Svl-INCiDCA STAY .0 Yi-iAV 3U2i?~1 XMYIM1 Y1L1 j?i\ij"TRT.- 3 Ai-iRi2A`j?xVO Sri'^'>l_ li-YZEL SCE\2Ix)2\ Oi* DSW 442100 STLCOPCB4056635 gyMieyfc...* _ -\ '*.:: .'L\-! ^r"^;G,'".: ' `in- h; * CGNT.MJl'O VO ;,.. .V . . . . ' , y ,,..Y,-.GY j_;. -' . .. svc/s^. v/.-.- v.'Go:. v _L r ,^:c; ~v: qr aj.y 0 * *NY pftiGfc />.'r: .;*. U' ''7 ! Gf.Z . ' :. A*v. . .' A ; O Iv lt, V A A z. C1. ' G I\ ; L Y *-' L /*:< s. . v C\t.aycA .. G a.'.O a : ui::- c-:-' ,v..ac' a..'c v/,.--.; .. cO'.;a cygyj jngc.t a..O`vo chctac ?n:> a.\ : s o lav:lo cv/gt;c . i'J . 0>! 0:>! ,.N7E::;Oi> Si.1.';/..?! C.r TyC a:0h7 Tr.iC:-.. ` -'Z'f.C \;A AM inCSIASt .'.-v JSXVHYA f :.G\' ACOMC VrvV ?. \uZ'G ' ; mvc:- \:o r ACt cj.:as :s i.\ pay ; mats : \ . <iaoup or occasion. T,-; s .-.a.' moth i no to gc .CNtrC.^: i'JSJi'V i ON . ;P,N.ON Sw-.N^;;T' -..-..I. -.A .'-Cf'^V -.A. ? v*. r;T . G.\ cAj'OS J\!j' V^ : :S : v . s ; V .. .. ,\T V;ORA -,-Ji Afi .'. i.C 1 i'.i -/STS Vi&12zt TOOs.'. .*:/ .' a- . 1. . Ai\G -.3 : rlltL Tv C ON**' -7 > ?! If f'UiV-' :NrOr5XATlO\ . .;.T \ .-i':' a,- YiCv : :i ANY S . vr:.- ' v YOCNi, . -v N- > 442lQ7 STLCOPCB4056636 -.'-Ttf ,1,: 7 Ozczy.zzz iO, *S . Clw L. i vv> ASU . S g. .7S NO ?auu Srow.\ Su ilo ixg Gy . Lou is ij Misscusi. Lit.A.; . v^A.-IU . LL L 1 xl: Mrs. CkakuCTTc; Skoexaxer sy.PLOYze: i.'iTiSNAT ;o,nal Sent Glass Co. Voss cl: lav. Mss. Charlotte C;-;o::l;as;:r, . as lxlloy;::;: or Lor:::;- ;. satigsal 3::a7 Glass Cohpany was sees is my ossicl tglay all the roLLOv/ixo 11.! Story a,so .>;: ys :cal l;xd;sgs were z:.:c:r::o. ARC. SHOEMAKER 07A7ED THAT S:;L OLGAS v.'CLa 1 AC. A7 i A 7 L A SAY : OS A L 8l:.7 Glass is Aucus7 or '.yyy as a cutter oo : ::o sco PACHINC.* SAMD IaC; 17 0 N IN S y 373. AND OCCASIONALLY '.vGNX I MO 0 A 7:-:L gvlmg. 70is all or t.-.ege usos ssl l.au llls lsloslo the o i l ass ?a : s7 rosso I'sos .: cvza. A ? at L _ v s :...; ___: AETEK START ; R'C WORK SSL LEGAL 70 SLVLLO? ELA LEYZAGO ALL LYOTS os lacl. Slylral lgstss ...v. . 7...:...: v/erz ..c.l:a oy Six; LA"! L L S i OSS OS THE TLLLL, :LL LAY : THE OLA L. ASS , i C L> L A .7 L Y H D N _ ; M L 3LC , I NO V;A ;GH. A a GU .'i D 7M D LY L i N L . Sr.z also dsvdlgpid so:-:-: l:cs sons on tni sack of vr and :N 7 D GOGiN. S;-| 3 WAC SLnY 70 DA. L L S L N IN !^-^7 AND :; 7n::a7do hzr non adnngx imayzly o:n:: yzan \/:vsnons. scans. a L 0 7 * 0 N AND VAN! COS C7:-:ZN M Z 0 0 AT ; ON S . 7.-. S PLANT WA" y.CVLD A7 A P ? N O a : X A 7 Z L Y Tr.IS 7 i XL 3L7 7mZ -'LINDS uZTil S7.L.L PNZSLN" ; N TH L N 3W V-'0 7 A ANSA. L: I L V/A3 7 N 3 X 7 A AN 3 c"i l_ D 3Y .XL I N 3 L N A X C _ COXAANY 70 DOS . l-iC^DD AND Bl AN N A F.S,' \-tr.G NAVD 7N;gA7;:D ::ZN o : ::cz ~ha~ 7 ixu 17;-: l :cm7 "n:-:a7x3n73^ scans * sxcvs: -ls, a Ai<07DC7;VD G1N7XDN7. A N 10X7 i.C7:0N AND iNCiSION AND DNA IN- ACS ON A C 7 i V 3 L V 1N73C7SD C7S7S, Sr.Z 37A7DD Ti-iAV SN3 i3 C0N7:NJiN0 70 GI7 "ACT i VD"' SLINDS SINCS 7 H3Y NAVS CxANCSD 7;lD CC;N?0SI7;0N Or 7ND DAIN7 A7 v'cak :m Janjany or nov/dysn^ si::: ys.nns tnay ynzy MAY LiZ SOXZL'NAV rZWZ-i i >1 NUINSZN. 3;-:Z HAS DZVZZG?ZO NO SYS lSSJONS. TrlZ NAS,; HAS ALWAYS SSZN V/ONSZ DUNlNO NZN ^UPPLILNL^AL PHa-'jnS.' L NrlUCLnGC &2VrrHZ? CP . CIINULONgl: CPCPI-LPVP "- DSW 442102 STLCOPCB4056637  .^3; .-.70. .,;-;A7;.0773 Sxoixax :;x vxoapiriog, : AFLAHY,3 0. w;-;i;; txi :Nr sot so lzcicxs v/golg .,:.:coxi ;.;o.\:: `' Mr.s. S.;g::xaXuS has ::zz:< uxoia t.-.i cars of D:c. T: cxx::::'; fox a77h7;7;s> rici: v : xc shots ahd tag..37s ov hoot;-., fox 7x3 PAST C3V37AL Y3A7S . T XQX TiHl 70 7 IMZ SH3 HAS GIIX OX A Cosv- ocas sir ;vat : vs for as lcrg as tyc to thrc 3 v,-at a 7 : xo . This has kas xc iff lot ox thi rash . 3 hi o 3 x ; io A.W ACNi OA 0 i\ i x 370 PT ; OX P7iCR 70 V.'OAA : XC AT i ;-737XA7 i OX- al 3ix7 Class' PHYSICAL CXAM 1 XA7 ; OX 73VIAL 30 A HARRIS XUHSIF OF SLACHH3AGS AXG OIL GlAXOS CV07S GX 7h3 C;-:IIaS; S ; DI OF 7X1 XICXj SAX L 0 S' IS, 1X737 7 X i G X 3 y SIX7A7H "XI SREASTS and TO a L3SSI7 7X71X7 ALOXC 7X1 SILT LiH3 AMD S3H3A7H 7\iZ P73SC07I ARIAS UHG37 7X7 37 A . 1 X X XI V/1XI ASSOC IA730 XU X C X 3 0 00 . OCA 7 O ; N 7 :: 7 AXIS OX 7X3 CX33AS AXO IA7 LOGIC A.XO IXX77 THIGHS : X PART ; COL A x. XY OFlxiOXj Mrs. Shoihakir xas a ilacxxiao cystic A C X 3 i fox:-; lhopticm of txi s;<:xp particularly gvsr 7;-;i faci axo IAXo GUT ALSO ;XVCLV!XG MAXY ARIAS OF 7X3 77UXH Go I 70 7X3 PA; XT A N 0 OiL FUHIS SHI MUST 37 3XPOS3D 70 AT v/077. Mrs. CxOIHAHIR HAS 333X AGYIGIG TO COXTiXUZ 7.7 3 AT y. 3x7 V;;7H Jxs . Soxa7o7 axs MgKii. : oo.,:r.\r hOyiygf, :f sxi : _l C_3A7 AS LOXC AS CH3 ;S IXPOOIO 70 7X3 AGY37GI 3xY:XGXH3X7. ! FILL 7 X A 7 7X3 ROUTING LIVIX FUNCTION 77070 AOVISIO FOR 07X37 PAT i 3 NTS SXOOLO 37 00X3 OX MRS . OH G IP AX 17 AS Y/ILL. . ?L 3AC "07 7 ' 3 o F 7II 70 CO X. X ; 0 X M A . i G.\ C 0 X C 3 00 i x i'. A, 3-; 3/ i / sw 442103 STLCOPCB4056638 %.* ~ '' No 3 Mr. Sexecrd Carutkers vJO Paul. Brown Building Sy. Louis i, Missouri! Rz: y.r. ;-<gnald Simpson . L.MPLOYZZI [NYZRNAYICNAL GZN7 `lLASO uO.; O'L.AN . s^.'visU . j-iCNO : m Youn c;. ic.'iVj Yn . Ro^al.o S:y,?oox* an zmpccyzz on 7n:: !; N'^ . i 0,`,aL NN i ui.Ao j v_/ ON .'AN V V/A 3 3 _ 3 N 37 N. 11 0.* .\ 0 V... ' A 3 A 1VGG ano 7n3 following :; i rr.'onv ano pr-votc al f:ao;xc3 w uL. i C i 7 30 AT 7 A A7 7 1 V. Z ,, i-.A - 3 I .'. .''7 ON 37 A 7 :..0 TnAY r-3 ..A3 07/-..V73O V.'O A .\ 1 N 0 AT ,.\Y3 NA7I0NAN L; 3 A 7 G A A 3 3 C CM NO,'17 , A 0377 3M03N OF l'y . A3 A A cvzn'onznavon put o ; d act ::n;c;n tc on:v-,.c? an ;::a;ov ; on o:: 7N-_ 3A N 07 ;-:Z 7AC3 AN3 07.1-.N 7A.77C ON .7.3 3 3.77 U.AT ! L . ap?,iox :iiayzlv i^oO. T;;;s das:; y:-;zn yoon t:-;l fcnm op many 3 3 A C K il Z A Go' A.`.:j AN 3 C 3 A 3 10.7 7. T ip-'ALL C 7 3 i iC L 3 3, 0 N . , , ; 3 V/0r<37 cr<u?7 i ON WAS ON 7ri 3AC3. Vr.37 V/O'JLD COCAO ; ONALL Y 33- CON 3 I NF3C730. :: WORKED OP Z OVENS OFF AND 00 ....'.Y . . UANUAR" 07 \^o2 v/l-YX G WAS ;JPiCr'07 30 30. 7i-l L A3 V.;A3 3. 133 l. N ? 0 3 0 A G .0 ;K3 GV.-.M ruxoo :;> 7;-;3.N3v/ aaoa \-:KtZRZ :-;3 vonKZD. Y;;v/ 333.on:: ccnv ; no go yo zoo:.; and v.'ZkZ ay 7;-:z:r worst :n hot wzaymln. Approx niayzlY two months ago left inyzrnat:cnal Bent Glass and ;s now work i:;a ay the Purzx Corporation. Our 1 r-:o the early part or !yC;; Mo. S imps on v/as sent yo Op. Cl i vsr McKee for treatment and received a clears ins .loy :o:;, SZOTOj PILLS GY XOUYri AUG XAAUAL ZXTRACYIOR O" YPZ 0 LA C:\:; Z ADS there. He remained under treatment for approximately three i'IS-LL !' Sty442104 ' ' ' STLCOPCB4056639 F CY 0, i u;./%c z v^ i o NE OCX COX OX or JJ * i OCKS AiW /iLO,\G i "i : o o " x o y. i,~ c >j c z l a c ;s x D L0W3X Afti'.i) . ;nCi< Z F Y cAR 003 3 A In 0 F Av OCX. 0 5 0 V 0 i< RL 0X0 ox 3AJR7 :o TO At Tri 3 J Xr OXi A 0 AX, CO, OXCZAXiNG ;,'\R. biX?i- lOX A/-..' 'Co 0 0 i..^ DSW 442105 STLCOPCB4056640 A- ;.* %.; f*v"."- 'Mr Ms. SiXrORO CaruTKSKS, Attorney SiO Ce:v: Street JJ *--C i S I j ^uAi'. P-F Re: Jam3 White > employee :.\7RNATiO.\Ai. SENT GlAES Co . , Your cl; mr. James Wp:t.e was szzx :n my o.-.-:c:;f on Kcvemser 20_> and the following h : story and ppysical find i xos were el i c itso at t;-;at t i:<z. y.x. Waive st at-3 that pE has worked at International Sent Glass Company since Vy^Z ox the glass sending. GV:a; v,1:-: 1 c:-i DOS 5 ACT NSCUiRE P ANDL ) AG OF VET ?A;XTO . AND OILS OUT DOSS NEC IS 6 ; T AT E EXPOSURE TO 70S FUMES facm tl painted class wpen ;t is saxes .;n tpe oven. Approx imatelv o;;i year after sec inning uorx at !nternat ;onal Gent Glass as started to develop LA PC E ELACXHEADS AND CYSTS ON TPE i-AGi;; NECK AXG cars wpicp pave pens;sted until this Tpe PEI OPT CP TriL ERUPTION OCCURRED A p p A 0 X .' A TELY FIVE TO SIX YEA AS AC.C AND PAS SEEN RELAY i VCl Y U X C;-. A LG SO .`OX riAAS ; ; V.*C YlAAS. IPE LAST X --V.' CYST DEVELOP ED OX Trip DRiDCE OP TPE LOSS APPROX I MAYELY TPREE TO four months ago. The pat ; ext stated that ;t taxes T E LESION SEVERAL YEARS TO FOLLY DEVELOP. E FELT i PAT Li E PAS DEVELOPED F'lMv uf\ LEO I GL S T P A X 0 .* P E X I-..- ; EC' D EMPLOYEES OLCAUSE C TPE FACT THAT P E WORKS , OXLY FOUR i-iOCXS PEP N-CpT AND "TPE PA ; XT FOXES AXE Thinner at T;-;at time'. He stated that tc :-;;s X NOV.1 L EDGE THERE `-/AS SOMECHANGE IN V;-; E PA ;..\T ; NO PGU i iXE OX rt?r':>C>A iy.i'iL Li-V oAX'J AXY 1 ^ 0. T1. i E> Y.ArJ A X U TPE PA; XTTASLES V.'EXC MOVED UNDER A LAACE FAX. YpERE AXE STILL PA i XT FUMES IXTP E A;p, POL'S VEX . XT. V/P 17 IE PAS NEVER SOU C Pi 7 TREATMENT FOP Tn E LES JONS, Du7 PAS DXAiXEO TPEM PIMSElF, PAST PI STORY REVEALED XO EVIDENCE OF ACNE IN PIS TEENS AND NO Pi STORY OF SPIN TR0U3LE PRIOR TO 7PE PRESENT ILLNESS. SUi'PSEniLLAL JAMS? SW&IZIZ&'S C? dS\N 442106 STLCOPCB4056641 .-\;0 rj c. ..c.'.i' O N :AKj\ i .\C ./U j DSW 442107 STLCOPCB4056642 DSW 442108 STLCOPCB4056643 November zB, \$6z :cr. Frxroso Caxuthsrs ->30 '/w.. Brown Suilding St. Loo is 1, Missouri. f; s.: Mrs. . h.:,,.ka W; oners Employee: international Bert Glass Co. ;ulAA IMP . A;\UTH ERS : * Your client, Mrs. Thelma V :: was sell my dee ice OR P.OVEI-IDER LOj . y CM AMS 'ILL : 0.... O0 hiS.OAY AMS PHYS ICAI. EINDINCS \1ZRZ ELICITED AT THAT TIME. Mrs . Wieners stated that s he mad started at the International Sent Glass Company :m March or sotting g_asd,sc:;:een ing, DRILLIMG AMD WORK ING ON "ME OVER. | M ALL OE TMESE JC-3S SHE was zxpcszo to the oil amd pa ;,yt eumes which were around this VO iC. A. am a. Approximately one year aever starting tcwcre there, she Megan to develop 3lAcxkea..s a.vs Gil a _ /. n s .. is . l ; p--.Ri : cjlARly ON THE RACE AMD AROUND "ME EYES AMD TO A LESSER EXTENT OR THE TH SONS, DALES OE THE LEGS AND WHERE HER CLOTK.-RG WAS TIGHT. She also developed cystic designs inside the eyes. Approx imately six months ago', Mrs. V/ioners was sent to Des. Burk- MARDT AND MCAEE EOR TREATMENT HE. LAE SHE HAS RECEIVED VITAMIN INJECTIONS AND A LOCAL CLEANSING LOTION AND CAPSULED 3 Y . MOUTH AND MANUAL EXTRACTION OE THE LESIONS. rOR THE LAST EIVE TO SIX MONTHS SHE HAS TREATED HCRSELE SY OPENING THE lesions and applying Noxzema. She has never-had any treatment to The eye lesions . Mss. Wieners also stated that she developed liver trouble ".-ROM THE poison in the eumes" approximately two years ago EkiruSIV'S e CT DSW 442109 STLCOPCB4056644 TFT -\ il -- I >I\S ; ii-LMA \'i [ Liil\S .y.?i.crzc: IxrexxAnoNAL Sent Glass Co. AND WAS HCSPITAI. IZEG 3Y Dli . SciCXCRT i K DC PAUL KGS? iTAL V/HG ADV j 3 0 D H 3 ;\ TO S i AY AW*\Y ' iwM \ H_ GCHZc-iY .\G i'-'AOCLGG A" V/GHH . n AL.30 3 L A COO Z 3 GH V VAX ; A HOT 3 A HO A u i 77 . GH u. HAG HAG . NO R^Clri < C ACA ~G -* G<' THIS GOXu 1 T I OH . V.R2 . V/IENERS HAS 3ZZK c:< SICK LEAVE S ;KC F E 3.RUASY Or '.yC-2 .* C- L L 0-/ I I.w. A H Y0 i -- R LC i 0." V A Y ---R . A-0 00 _.K A11 . ! : C 0 ._ A C li1 .. A D lesions have persisted anj some new ones' have f.. v... She 7S-.GLCK7 7HA7 7i*i i S WAS 70 LESSER DECREE 7 H A A WHEN SHE WAS AY WO."is, HOWCVCr;. ' Mns WlZHZ^S1 past ;; SALT.-; cccc ? r:: c r; 7 0 7;-. :: Azov:: hchtigh vo ; l LXZGG . S;-;z ;-;as GZZH ' c/.; i hc \V ; Gi-iV .7 l. v,... H . Y A HO .. A o ' 7 AH z,\ N 0 IX i- Li t I G X GHZ G ; o ; ;avz hhigho:< i A i H hza 7z::;;a- ahg V.'A G G ? Z.VA V.ZO i- v) :\ A ;' *' zhoig; 7 : g ; is ; 955* '33- iZHZHG OcAHZG A v Z V i OZHCZ 0 * A Ci! L. Guh ; x 7 vz ::n ach: VZA3S A.\G S7A7ZG T 3 H w A L.VA1. Yo HAu A CC-00 \,0,vi PA./. iG.\ < ' Pi-;yg ; cAl. ixa:.-, ;hay;ox .-vZvcaz .:g xghzhggg hog- : .\:-"..am.v.avc;;v ;;lacx~ '.-i ZAuS 0 V_ V 3C . i-i C A_. c.A ANG AROG`.j 1 A'-V. . ; I ;_ V/Z.'-H. 3 ZY Z/'.AZ G7HZZ3 GGG7 AvGIGZ 7 HZ LO\!OT GIG G A 0 AH Z A V ;; V;-. ] 3 Y, ZH - shake. There were' few lesions on the uses a no i.v-vrs Ts; rest or the 3ooy was clear except res a dlocd vessel sirta mat;;; on THE RIGHT CHEST AND SRSAS7 AND A VELL HEALED >', ID-L IKE A300MSN- AL SOAR FROM RCA PREViCUS SURGERY. . my opinion, Mrs. Wieners has a slackhsad ache ires:-; ERUPT ION ON THE SKIN OF 7HE FACS WITH SeDACiOCS CYS7S HORS ARC) ARGUNS 7HE EYES, SUCH AS IS SEEN IN RAT I OATS V.'HO ARC IN CON TACT WITH Oil. AND ?A I.IM7 FUMES SUCH AS XR5 . Vi I ONERS HAS SEEN A7 WORK. i WOULD SUGGEST THAT SOME ATTEMPT EE MAOS 07 HER LOCAL PHYSICIAN TO RE-CHECK HER LIVER FUNCTION TESTS AND TEEL THAT SOME ACTIVE TREATMENT Of THE EES IONS i ,N THE EYES IS i.\D I CAT ED AT 7K IS T i M E . Please feel free to contact me, if you have any further cues- TiGNS CONCERNING MRS. WiENSRC' CASE. . Very trula--a'Ours, M.LSLllLt.---EE. DSW 442110 STLCOPCB4056645 r .'s'i ."s . i'\ 4_* X i' 0 Z) *; G A T> U *r^\j Paul !ljrgv/n .l/u l i j^ i L.'-' U > G iv' ; OU G AisU 7H Z'\S Z 0 l I'i'i" Lrt'w'i i i CNAL CjZ.X . u^..ASS L/0A'. A1 AIY *- WAL- i i\ D A V A,\0 rO L wOV/ i A G hiSTOAV A.\'G PA VS * 0 A L 0 C _ l_ r" AG r.'Gii t v~ C .\ - J 70 oxl p; Z7c. N'': - S;-i L OiN ! c.S a:; V ZYZ LIS ; 0 .N S Gi\ ANY SYXP7GXS GUCCIS" i.\G. CL<NL*\AL i GacX. ^ *LtiXi ir. .xrsj ayj.Jluvlu.. `U\ or;; < DSW 442111 STLCOPCB4056646 < ,rr r H A i JN A N ;he i ntirnat :onal !_ i c. 17 lompaxy was moved E i V ii Y E A R 3 A 0 0 A . Y.'H i C H 1 L , A-; L o !.i\ i _ A ?u7 ;.\ a g;r.pii\A" E lvo 5 lo ; xc. There : s a ty SPRAYED i N THE I* IX7URE AREA "HAT D . .'/'LAS E . IN Trie SENT Glass AREA . NO employees in t o:v:s:ok r.AVi developed lesions shsilae to EOT ! T IS 0" iNTEREST 70 N 0 7 L THAT SHE HAS Or HCR S L A C H LA OS A A 0 CYSTS A NO i-i A S hi ij AN OCCAS ; GOAL E\.' CYST APPARENTLY TORN A A S' SECOND iNEECTED. She generally E E E i.l; HOWEVER.. THAT THE LIS IONS A A Z ruV.'t than t ;; e v y;ere 3 EEOR E ii-ic MOVE pr ThlE plant. Past history revealed that Mrs. Ch a py. an has arthe-Tis APPROXIMATELY E OUR YEARS ACC A NO WAS- TREATED WITH COLD CHC.S 3 Y DR . oA'JEK AT 7 HA : . Y. Si; E DiD i-.Av... AN u. i_ >v o react:on to the cols wh ; c;-: cleared promptly and s.-e has hi A S NO 7RCLDLE W I 7 T i-i E A A THE ! 7 i S r 0 A A P P R 0 X i Y A 7 E L Y three years. TEENS. Sne den;ed any d ;rr i cslty w ;Th acne ` her Pv s ; c A l e x a y s n a t : on A E v c a l. e d y a n y e l a c h E a s s a n d c y s t s AND SCARS,, ESPECIALLY 3 EH; NO THE E A R S ON ThE INNER CH SENS AND UNDER THE ANCLES OR 7 hi E YANOiOLES. "f N E LEO I CNS WERE * EW'lR ON H - CH i N y E0x ,,h u.A D ^ il Ph^h A v.,\ A,\D LATERAL A RN S . ; hi .. Yh-IL'. NO h HA h IN l'.L, . ON-^ . i N y Y C P i N i O.N . HiR S . v. H A PN A N H.j. L A C Y l i i C A v. N ! i' u r; Y ERL Y P i ON ON Th. -- Sis i is ^ H-..\ , iCLL.-.R_Y 0/ N'.l. r l_ . -''iL'. . AND NECK DDE TO THE PA i NT AND CiL EDNES THAT SHE WAS EXPOSED TO AT WORN AT TH E ; N7ERNA7 .ONAL 3 ENT G..ASS COM PANY. `7 IS or INTEREST TO NOTE THAT THE i. EE iONS HAVE PERSISTED EVEN THOUGH SHE HAS SEEN AWAY E RON 7Hi DEPEND- i.'JG AG C.TTS FOR SEVERAL YEARS. i HAVE ASS 30 .'iOS . L 70 CG.NV : NU TREATMENT W S7r; ORS . XcXll ARE OUSKHASDT A.'iO WOULD SUCC3S7 THAT ROUTINE LIVES FUN 07 ION TllTS ST D0X3 . Please fell free to contact xe, :f you heqolse any ~usThES !.\FOSXAT iO.N C0.NC3S.S ;.':C'Ha CASE. ;; DSW 442112 4 STLCOPCB4056647 J T Caxuyaxac vCO Paul. lY:ov.::--: l:::j : l;>. ;mc. Sy . Leu is I; M;uuoux ;. ::x?l.oy^:z: ; ayxaaay :uaa '''> ' Y ' V/LAX -XL. ; Y X 0 o oxr ac- ?;-:vc:-5 cal. P.iw . ; ";-GaD .v/ayxd YA.-.Y e;-:X ... \:o A;: ; ;a. ay :>:7XA .'.A 7 ; 0.\A L lAY'.'Y _ A A A A A.-'. . Y A'. .' i-iY MC A LACY LAY.-. ;Y v/al: ;:aax;> o r 0 CACAL, AY V;0 Xc7 r. X 7 'Yu. A A.\.v. A ;U 7 X A X V.'. ;; ; :-',AY X i o.' l::c ;o a.;;,ay;:: tax wax cf aay Tax flaxy ay vjc.-.ya SUi>:-'X-l;:-2L'C7"L i-im-ZXJJih .- _VL.. 1'L'v:\.( i C^j.Y'rYi'LJ DSW 442113 STLCOPCB4056648 T'- X'v V--'. v1. \ i.-1 ' s/ l.C'00 :.i`A r. i\ ,' v' i C,T-.'V<>' 1A 0 i`-. -.`0 l lIA C V V r, -\T -L'X~ i'! A il ...... I ; Z VA,\ . .'.'C .VM ; : C-:\ i!! V A '.A .N; ; _ <>. i i V . , V 0 .* ;va vo ;;oavac7 . .Nr : : .n ;.\-c . C. ~ a \ _ V_... DSW 442114 STLCOPCB4056649 xas. V y CLAV.-N ,v,;6.;OL.\; s 0 V w T\ DSW 442115 frv, STLCOPCB4056650 I yua y;.::a \: vu co,\7.-..:v ;a7oa:;ay ;om coxccsaia:: yyu aay .......:ca;.:;. VLAY TRULY YU.::,.. . DSW 442116 STLCOPCB4056651 7 JT-iss.-^ '' :<t>.r CFO i" . CAAUTHFRG v-30 Paul 3a own Buildixc St, Lou; s ^ Missgurj. Po: L'ru . ,P ; Ta 1\ ; xc L X A _ 0Y L L ,` , XT LA A AT i 0 MAL _lLL\V L _ A S 0 . Blax Kr. Carutxlrg: . ., Vc LA CL ! LNT^ .V,RS . ;\ ; AC. \.A S U L L A ; A XY Or 7 \ CL TGGAY 7 L L T.-IL following xistgry and A,-;'/:;; cal. a ;xc ;..n:o, wlri ::...; c : t ls . i' ,:\i i in'- L . - v. u.' , ;, A . i. ,`J i_ A A L \v ;-, A w/s ; . A. L . ,'i . \. v A _ G-LAT ui,A5S U OX PA A Y C ,: X C 7 , V'.y ARC- OX VA'OOiJS v000 - :" I ALT 'As a glass cuttlx a ad tllx ao a soallxla aao xcx go various . ^V03G JACLUOiXC OR:l^:XG. Cv'UO VCRX, L7C , Al.. 07 T xLGL JCLSAXL ; X TXL SAXL ARIA WALT 0 XRS. ; NO !S CCxT ; \UCLSLY LXPCCLC TO i ".i.. 0 i l. AXj PA i X ; . L X ...0 . <\GX i .--. _ OvU.M) X. A ,-J A OX I TO* . l- L'/ UAL V A a A r .LA i n;; , 1 AG 7 . ; A . ... U > .x . ; .`.a _ .../ ..X . L'.LAGxO w OX 7 A X V j ,*X,\U ,\ ILL .LCiX, ; 0 DLV--LO.-' U'/c^.L A .VU L U G.\ X L. ,\ X A. .' G G I'i w <'> ,`v..- , A i~ A < o .\ , 1. _.-. 1 ^ g.ALS. i M c R L v/LaZ ALSo /-x w .' v^--ALr.-LASC A.. 0 : A O' 0 i , ; 0 X SAL slyllgflo many cyst ; c i,,Ls.o::c .,\ txl ztsl ;o xarcx-xG ax:; ;x- 0 1 L> L G F 'ir.Z LYLS . S, \ U SAG COX". .XULG iG G-LVLwG.-' L.-.7 I Li 0 : C Z TXiZY FIRST STARTLO ALT I./.S XGTOO XG OLCXZAOL . M T .; :<i;,C i-iAS OSLO X GO P i T A - i L LL TA.'-LL 7 '.XIO v/ T.L. : .7 7 XL FA GIT VF. re:-, a xznvous ^:jo;^oea a:.d ::c:v .a.::. ..a-: r v;A;v :a f,v. V;rA.:::7;s Hc7?.:'.'al ros a?:;g;c a.iat::;.y oa:: xc\";-i . :....... or Dr. Ve l -s :c\s cont ;:;uro ....:. s:-. c was 7:-,: ' 7::av yAOICATiO.N 7KA7 SaZ r:A;i COST : Mv 0 70 7AA7 :;-:C3 :-:oS 0;s;:;:AA70 r'ooy 7;-i hospital :~:A5 oolp; go; rose 7:-; NPtVC. XOO. ;\I7G GGi`iOG 7GA7 GOO 1;AG DGV7LGr-GG AN'.' 0 i GO 7 ; GA>:7 XG707.\ cr SL/iCiC-lCAO 00 ACMP-wGC LCO iCKS. AGO AOOZZCCZSCZ . MOO. Kl>:C r1. AS AAO VERY 017700 7f!0A70;0;.7 7 GO; . 0. GO:-, 0 ; ;;.'V ::;C OOGA or;. Adolph CONaAS Ja. AOOGGK :XA7ELY OSZ VOAr; AGO on crrrr v;s;7 at v/iiiC;-; 7 :o ;-;o ? :r o o c r.; o oo ~.v:c ...:;v.\v.\ o<... 7U DSW 442117 STLCOPCB4056652 DSW 442118 STLCOPCB4056653 STLCOPCB4056654 u-y, ,'6/fc . rvr^vrr.cv-^..zt.. - a& ?<;.rEriSVW?-Mi^rfc. G.\ 1 .\G ED ; G V/G.'^X i) ; 0 .\ Li O' one v.*z:::< .GO . ? ? E.\ Oi 0 > SCCO SEO A7 i vj '. w _0 , V;.' u \s . ci <_ <-> S L> ^ vs S .0 Ay.CU ,N i-. \D < V .-' VOLVEXENT . 1\ Kifty*1 Cysts o V4 O' a ,v,,v. vJ J\ :.\7 i.\ u N j NVCLA'EXG,\7 K* >*> b. no j K ' - .t ' -7 Sa' 7 v *- ' i* DSW 442120 STLCOPCB4056655 * V; *c y x L V^7\ oC Cu 0 \ 3 CO.NCCKN (NO Se-- zz-r & >c ' r. _~-- .. .-. < ~. . -.-. _ ' : ' .. ? '? DSIV 442121 ; ._ ............... -i STLCOPCB4056656 1V , - ,;.. ' :5CN:,\TOwOsiY edv/ai^d :-\ :iu::::3:ARTf :.;. d. OLIVEK A. y*. 13. 034 NORTH G RAN O GOULLVAKD ST. LOU1U. MO, GBiGb Pamient; Ruth Pruning 5640 Acne Bate of Initial examination; May 11, : 959 Age; .55 History3- The patient stated that she had been working an the International Lighting Company for fifteen years. She said that she hac, changed jobs many tines. She has been working 'ir. the Bent Glass department as an overseer and did all kinds of jobs there. At tame of examination she had been in the wiring department for one year. She statsfi that her skin problems had begun two or three years before initial examination. Onset was noted as lumps of the face and arms* with lesions also appearing on the back. She experienced marked pain on lying down because of the lesions, she said. She- has never had skin grouble before, she says. The menstrual periods are regular v;ith no particular association of the dermatitis with the cycles. ' She says that she had medical care for several months for her back and took penicillin injections and tablets. . Physical Examination; Physical examination showed a heavy con currence of lesions of the cheeks, angles of the mandibles, pre-, post-, and infra-aural regions, lateral aspects of the neck, lateral-posterior neck, lateral forehead, upper anterior and posterior back and mid-back. Bhe lesions are comedones, cilia-like cysts, varying in size and varying from skin colored to erythematous. . Bates . of visits; i_95. May 1 1-13-25 June 1-5-9-15-22 July 6-1 5-20-27 Aug. p--1 0--1 (~-24-- p* Seou. 1 4-- 2j -- 2oGc~e~. p-- 2c .\ov. 2--y--1c--2p--pO Bee. 7-14-21-28 16o~ Jan . 4-14-18-25 Feb. 1-15-22-2$ March 7-14-17-21-28 April 4-11-18-25 May p-5-9-12-17-2025-25-51 June 6-15-20-27 July 25 Aug. 1-6-15-22-29 Bent. -19 26-50 Oct. 5-31 Kov. 14-21-28 Bee. 12-19 ' c6i oar.. '9-16-23Peb. Ip-20-27 Mar. 6-1p-20-27'Apr. p-10-17-24 May 8-22-26 e un e 2-- 5--12--19 u uny 1 j-- 24-- p 1 nug . f-- ; 4-- r-^p^. 1 ; -- , o-- 2p-- 0; . . 2-- y-- 30 Bov. 15-20-27 Bee. 4 1962 Jan. 22-2$'Fob. 19-2o Mar. 19-26 Anr. 2-9-16-pO May 7-14-21-28 June 4-11-15-18-26 July 10-17-3*1 Mug. 7-21 Sent. 4-11 Oct. 2-9- 5fov. 6-13-27 Bee. 18-23 1965 Jan. 4-11-18 Feb. 1-8-15-22-28 Mar. c-lp-22-29 Aor. 5-19-26 May p-10-24 June 7-14-23 July pO Aug. 6-20 ' Sent. 3-17- Oct. 1-29 Nav. 12 Bee. p-17 1954 Jar.. 2: F0b. 4-25 Mar. 17-31 .tor. 14-28 May 12-19 -June 2-16 July 14-28 Aug. 4-11 18 Sept. 1-15-29 Oct. Ip-27 1955 Apr. 9-2p May 18 June 1-15 July *13 Sept. 21 Oct. 5-19 Nov. 9 Bee. 7 1955 Jan. 11 Feb. 21 SUPPLHMkiiTAL IRm-PRIAL MJiJIATIVB ftpATBMMMF OF r.oiltl Mhkhi.'.C. a-: ... D5W 442122 STLCOPCB4056657 ^ OafU^TOwOGY . *` ' ` ' #2 Ruth Bruning . . EDWARD T. BURKHART, M. D. OLIVER A. McICEIS, M. D. , G34 NORTH GRAND OOULLVARD ST. LOUIS. MO. 03103 Course; t . During her therapy, the patient has received various local and systemic medications. "The contents of the retention lesions were removed manually or surgically, as the need indicated. At various times, cysts were incised and drained or excised and sutured. . Conclusions: In view of the clinical aspects of this eruption and the patient's employment it is my impression that this represents a follicular retention syndrome or acneforn eruption associated with occupational factors. It is my impression also that individuals who have an active pilo- sebaceous system have a greater tendency under the proper conditions to develop this type of eruption on exposure to follicular Irritants. `' "arch 29, i9o5 (signed )_ r. - /. ;h. .uu.;. : Drs. Burkhart and McKee ef'o/bs DSW 442123 % US.-SL-;--<ar. - STLCOPCB4056658 i .V 4 >34C N. u!:ANi') SOtU.CVARD `:sh\ uoijJik'WO'. s a ';r< IjD\vau'l> f. uiTKi^ A irr, m. ouvEi; a, M_cKic:s, w. r>. Dli KM AT Gl.OCY v':-ni:-ir;/ 7^s L-.i'i. ) . t f~. W'm -;v.'-:a.o <.gad !>'. O. f,. t> ii2 bre . ho:ef.c bhcl-e::. --OV,. ' hi p? b '...:. c lot tr:.-.- ,J -: .1 -.1 hi hr:;; tfy, ;3c5 :u 19th ft. . `v.' o of OOOOluOt: Vi) OCIO; ;;^cor;or iv mr.* i -:'.:. of hr.ro'.;:.vucnt; b"o.: ored for thcr corptny . ^ 1; vcc i:: fervor for three yetr-b or - :. be h to ft. : heroin vieri: for the eor-pery in lata fovestber, 1 f.. 1 CV.y,>* ' V; ... bad C ' c f -t. .-. 1. t o f one beretd. or ; ratio-fit. says enret of ;b:'a ait'r r :.. years soo; hr r the ended her iilrev, yerfof of ct.pl error t vb.th too eo'r-.any. Cnees res nrt.;0 ever the face, rith h to rr.oulderv .-.-. h 1: eh. of r.i.c.:. ft f. . yr ct tree, '.v :. '''ace t;. the t: ..'... c.vciC at lavo' v .. a :,.. rich -ore i :volv...r.v;,t of the osdr the <5 err at it is to :ay;sptor.-ssi-:r si try:-, but roiteo her nervoet vhen c.... plcka at the places. . 1 .:t:.ry; the rays the report vh the covet of -he oates t it it to tuft e 4 but KCCivC-' Vee t.r 0 of.s-p ,, V-p-lny V.cr stay is dtnvcr, she a-y/s., toe nee': -eh ifrulbre e'er -,-d, bus -ft < r : o of the fae-c a-',-' eh la rears:;e;.'. ah-.: soya sse hoe t settees opyraeieb la toert 'ee hv; seventy of tt-:.yr;; ::h. .orthe chert tiro -een 1 evea or a-a j oo.v- cay. fhs v;;, Isle off . d; a,, eft or chr - ;.yiff, 1 to report bteh to v-orh a fev- coys; after eth f. art loo ,, Ope rut loo one e,-,.-. e:. ct...:: furinp v;e fir:, t per loci of ccployrtat '-...to, : tec c rpt;;;/ Ei-Ciiorhof it wire op for shoot four -oar-ip traeo ivorheo or. a Gctcaoer vivo occe.tloeovr v:orh os :. : oven-. c . ' . hr ; cr - rl -. r, 1 fffp oho Vr-yon rorhine on overt s v;itb roct:..; . torctahr j rest hiotorys Cenorcf. herlt:- it - :cc ,, foot ;.-1rthf ; fc shin trouble-. It not u.v.-cr tVr: cert of -- doctor ot this v; . ony other ailcerst.' ('e: , iUfPLEilibvff- i-f.e-v--.rbl ie- ih-.:. v.-.Vi. liiliyii; bp 50v!j ...'* Oi' ft DSVV 442124 -i. r-;' STLCOPCB4056659 v5*- !" V EDWARD F. BURKHART, M. D. OLIVER A. IIcKEE, M.'D. 634 N. GRAND EOULEVARO ST. LOUIS. MO , G3103 i:c in.ie T eel-. a _ -Joyd DERMATOLOGY 326 N. KIRXY/GOD ROAD KIRKWOOD, MO. CGI22 r of vis its; .for. -1 t07n <\f tpr 9 A -i --F-*}j.>'*-0n -11 12-1 cr 19- rir.'".f ; ':/ 7-. y _ 12-2 9-pi v.n o "2--* * font 7 7- 19-25 Oo . J- r, . 9-9-1 -hi . ; 9 ; <J a ' 7, ul if iov. 7 20- V7 .7 r/- 11- -21 .! 0 A- i" 0 ;./1 -- :A 6-1 ;iii - 7. -7. ;C M 7:0 7-1 ?:-v--77-79 9-1: '-r.O :.^r- ,, * .-..; :.S Oft o c. V'F-- 20 > r. ' r- Ja /;~Ofr I'V.V w July 7-6-9-! 5-;;0 Auc> 6-71 -~0 0 v 27 ,7o pt. -t- v?t: <r V: 0 1 1 i 0-1 7- 77| c av . r 1 -'789--'' / , r _ 7 r;^ t; tl "i. 11 Ft: * . ff~. _ ' w /.pi', 5 5-^9 77- 27 <7u;".0 10 -p/i J U P-29 ...u.;-. ; - 19 Copt. ; 5-90 oot. 5-ov. I '~6 io-n-; 9-2? -spr. 20-r.n '-iy 1 ;-! 7-79 .Vhtl i 7-77 July 1 ~-20 . J-17-31 rcy.t. 1 /;-2G Oct. :?-7:6 lien. 9-79 be o. 7- 2: Xf-n Jars. 4 F.-.C'. t far. :-!9 /.or. -25 :t.y 19 Juv:o- 7-2 July fii 9-jo 'r;cpt. jo oct,, n ?-ov. s. r.oc. 5 For. 2 1 icol Ltcar.inati'ins Physical ennrsination s-hcr. c& pie c or; odor, os with schncuoue retention cysts of the chioa in "?.-eh in, superior . anterior ;u;c7( meciol :;cc;;. the menstrual nor %'r; -'re "oyU;nr "uc there it no fxvrc o:? the corns.tit is arsccintca. Oho mndibulor Kfyirir, the poriaural croc -sue the lateral .: -.v-etc of the nock also shon lee' no. there v;ero cornedoner- ofuV.e calx/ iTC-xc of the checks, lateral to the eyes. `foe eysi s . very in sice up to ?-1 ,, on. in cior-otcr ,, . Course; ' liurins her ibrrnpy, t' c patient Vine x'caeivcfi various local f;nc cyctcnic nod icuiicnc <, the contents of the rotonti-n loci one \-:erc r-c-ovcso manually or ? uryi colly 3 re the noec; indi eMteci. At .various ticso> cycle acre incised unt drained , or :-;:eiao and sutured. ' Conclusions; in vie* of the clinical aspects of thi s eruption r.nC tV:c patient's employment it in ny inprersion thut this represents a folli cul-ti* retention syndrome or acncfom emotion associated nith occunntioml factors It is also r.y ' impression that individuals vto hove on active pi !o seboccous system have a greater tendency under the pr oner conditions to develop this type of eruption on exposure to follicular irritants. Mi reh 29, 1.900 ' (Ciyncd) hrs.,, Jui'i'hart and Voice efb/fc 4* -i :. DSW 442.125 t STLCOPCB4056660 + > 7 f-- 4 , DSW 442126 STLCOPCB4056661 i-u'Nr NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ROBERT A. TAFT LABORATORIES 4676 COLUMBIA PARKWAY, CINCINNATI. OHIO 45226 March 1, 1977 Mr. Paul E. Heisler Monsanto Route 3 Sauget, Illinois 62201 Dear Mr. Heisler: Enclosed is a draft of the industrial hygiene survey conducted at the W.G. Krummrich plant on July 21-22, 1976. I would appreciate you reviewing this report for any trade secret information that may have been inadvertently included and for technical correctness. Upon receiving your response, the report will be finalized with copies for warded to you, NIOSH Assistant Regional Director, OSHA Regional Director, local union representative and the Illinois Department of Labor. It should be noted that investigative findings and reports are subjected to mandatory disclosure, upon request, under the provisions of the Freedom of Information Act. I apologize for the delay in sending you this report; however, we were delayed in obtaining the analytical results and I have been traveling very much recently. Sincerely, cc.: J.T. Garrett Mark W. Jones Industrial Hygienist Industrywide Studies Branch f: r V * 5 DSW 442127 r. i i STLCOPCB4056662 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY OF THE Polychlorinated Biphenyl Production Operation Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Company Sauget, Illinois SURVEY DATE July 21-22, 1976 SURVEY CONDUCTED BY Mark Jones Janson Becker REPORT WRITTEN BY Mark Jones DATE OF REPORT Industrial Hygiene Section Industrywide Studies Branch Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Cincinnati, Ohio DSW 442128 Sir. STLCOPCB4056663 PLACE VISITED: DATE OF VISIT: PEOPLE CONTACTED: PERSONS MAKING VISIT: PURPOSE: Monsanto Company l-l.C. Krummricli Sauget, Illinois July 21-22, 1976 Mr. Art Leisy Manufacturing Superintendent Mr. Paul Heisler Supervisor - Air Pollution Mr. Bruce Eley Corporate Industrial Hygienist Mr. Virgil Braw'ley Supervisor - PCB Production Mr. John Peduzzi Supervisor - Incineration Mr. Julio Mundoz - Air Pollution Group Mr. Neil Sullivan - Air Pollution Group Mr. Frank Basile - Air Pollution Group Mr. Ed Newman - Air Pollution Group Mr. Dale Rachel - Foreman, PCBs Production Mr. Tom Carraco - Foreman, PCBs Production Mark Jones . Janson Becker To conduct an industrial hygiene survey to determine the'workers' level of exposure to chemicals present in the polychlorinated biphenyls production area at the Sauget, Illinois facility. DSW 442129 _ .......... ............ STLCOPCB4056664 INTRODUCTION Recentliterature has linked polychlorinated biphenyls with possible carcinogenic effects. Because this literature is incomplete, the Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has underway an "industrywide" study of industries using polychlorinated biphenyls. Since Monsanto is the sole producer of polychlorinated biphenyls in the United States, an industrial hygiene survey was conducted at their PCBs production area in Sauget, Illinois, on July 21-22, 1976. This survey was conducted by Janson Becker and Mark Jones. During the visit, 18 air samples were collected for evaluation of polychlorinated biphenyls exposure. In addition, samples were collected for exposure to iron silica and chlorine. DESCRIPTION OF THE FACILITY The polychlorinated biphenyls production operation is one of many operations present at the Monsanto facility in Sauget, 1.7 lino is. Sulfuric acid, benzene, and benzanerderivatives, rubber chemicals (antioxidants, etc.), activated chlorine and phosphorous products are other products produced at the facility. - The facility began production of polychlorinated biphenyls around 1929. Production continued to grow until 1970 when Monsanto began restricting the sale of PCBs for use in closed systems. DSW 442130 [ ; I ' STLCOPCB4056665 The entire work force at the facility is approximately 1300 persons, with approximately 835 of these persons being hourly employees. Approximately 25 employees are involved with the production of PCEs. The union representing this group is the International Chemical Workers, Local #12. MEDICAL, INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND SAFETY PROGRAMS A dispensary is located at the plant. Nurses are present at the dispensary 24 hours a day and a physician is present during the day. All employees are required to take a pre-employment physical examination. Certain employees are then required to take periodic physical examinations. Industrial hygiene matters at the facility are handled by the Air Pollution Group. The six people,who are assigned to this group>work in conjunction with the safety department. The only sampling that has been done for polychlorinated biphenyls is the discharge from the area is monitored twice a week and the collection of a few air samples (Appendix E) . Four people work in the safety department. Safety meetings are held every month and safety information is provided to the different work areas through safety committees. Personal protection programs used at the plant include safety shoes, safety glasses, hard hats, protective clothing and respirators (where needed). Corporate industrial hygienists also give support to the industrial hygiene and safety programs. 2- - DSVV 442131 STLCOPCB4056666 DESCRIPTION OF PROCESS Three products are made in the PCBs production area: Aroclor 1016, Aroclor 1242, and Aroclor 1254. Aroclor 1016 is used in capacitors and Aroclor 1242 and 1254 are used in transformers. The operation is outdoor and consists mainly of pipeline, reaction vessels, distillation columns and storage tanks. Even though the system is theoretically a closed system, samples are drawn off and leaks occur which give a potential for employee exposure. Biphenyl is brought to the facility by tank car and pumped to storage tanks. The chlorine used for the operation comes by pipeline from another part of the plant. The chlorine and biphenyl are piped into a chlorinator in the presence of an iron catalyst and allowed to react. There are two separate groups of chlorinators, one group for producing Aroclor 1254 and the other for Aroclor 1242. The product from the Aroclor 1254 chlorinators goes through a purifying operation which includes a still, receiving tank and filtering system. From this operation the polychlorinated biphenyls go to the appropriate storage tank. The product from the Aroclor 1242 chlorinators goes to an inter mediate storage tank and then either through a similar operation as the Aroclor 1254 or to a distillation column which separates the different polychlorinated biphenyl isomers for producing Aroclor 1016. From here it goes to the storage tanks. The mixing tanks are used to formulate the final product by the intro duction of the appropriate additives needed to give the polychlorinated -3- DSW 442132 i : STLCOPCB4056667 biphenyls the properties desired by the customer- To give the poly chlorinated biphenyls better electrical properties a small amount of diatomaceous earth is added to the blend tanks once a week and then filtered out. INSPECTION OF PLANT Potential Health Hazards Potential health hazards observed during this survey were as follows: 1- Polychlorinated biphenyls exposure 2. Chlorine exposure 3- Free silica exposure Ventilation Since the operation is outdoors there is very little ventilation. Local exhuast ventilation is used in two operations. The drumming operation is equipped with a hose which is placed near the opening of the 55 gallon arum while it is filled. Near the chlorinators is a work station where employees-perform specific tests on samples drawn from the chlorinators. This work station has a hood over the area where the testis are performed. Housekeeping Housekeeping in the polychlorinated biphenyls production area was taken care of fairly well. The aisleways were kept clean and clear. ' DSW 442133 -4- STLCOPCB4056668 SURVEY PROCEDURES General Air samples were collected in the polychlorinated biphenyls production area for evaluating exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls, iron chloride, and chlorine. A bulk sample of the diatomaceous earth used was analyzed for free silica content. The following paragraphs describe the methods used to collect and analyze the air samples. Polychlorinated Biphenyls Both personal and area air samples were collected in the polychlorinated biphenyls production area. Sipin SP1 pumps were used to collect the air samples on florosil tubes. The tubes contain a magnesium silicate absorbent called florosil and have a 100 mg primary section and a 50 mg backup section. Samples were collected for six to eight hours at a flow rate of approximately 200 cc/min. The polychlorinated biphenyls were desorbed from the florosil with hexane and analyzed by using a gas chromato graph with an electron capture detector. Iron Chloride Area air samples were collected for iron chloride while the employees poured the iron chloride (powder) catalyst into the reactors. MSA Model G pumps were used to collect the air samples on a 0.8 micrometer pore size mixed cellulose ester filter (37 mm in diameter). Samples were collected for the duration of the task which was approximately three minutes at a flow rate of 1.7 liters per minute. The samples were analyzed for iron by atomic absorption and are reported as such. -5- qS\N M2A34 sT.s I 5 : * f STLCOPCB4056669 Free Silica One bulk sample of the diatomaceous earth used was collected for analysis ot free silica content. The per cent free silica was determined by x-ray diffraction. Chlorine Detector tubes were used to evaluate concentrations of chlorine in the PCBs production area. Chlorine measurements were made using "Bendix Gastec Analyzer Tubes - Low Range (1-8 ppm)." I ' -6- DSW 442135 STLCOPCB4056670 r` *': I RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Polychlorinated Biphenyls The results of the area and personal air samples are given in Table I and the job descriptions corresponding to the job titles are in Appendix A. Eleven, personal and seven area air samples were collected for analysis for polychlorinated biphenyls. The polychlorinated biphenyls being produced at the time of the survey were for Aroclor 1016 (42% chlorine). 3 The personal air samples ranged from a concentration of 20 yg/iu to 86 yg/m3 while the area air samples ranged from 16 yg/m3 to 55 ug/m 3 . These-.are all well below the current standard for chlorodiphenyl (42% of chlorine) of 1 mg/m . However, this standard is based upon skin irritation and recent literature has linked carcinogenic effects to polychlorinated biphenyls. Therefore, this standard may not adequately protect the workers health. Iron Chloride The results of the air samples are given in Table II. Two samples ware collected for determining worker exposure to iron chloride. No iron could be detected on one of the samples, but the other sample had an iron concentration of 8.1 mg/m . Since this procedure of adding the iron catalyst to the reactor only takes 3 minutes and is done once a shift the workers time weighted average is well below the current standard for 3 iron salts of 1 mg/m based upon soluble iron. The big difference in sample results was probably due to the differences in operating procedures observed each time the task was performed. DSNN 442T36 STLCOPCB4056671 Free Silica '` The bulk sample of diatomnceous earth was analyzed and determined to have a free silica content of 9.8%. Since the procedure of adding diatomaceous earth to the blend tank is done usually only once a week, the survey team was unable to observe this procedure. Chlorine No concentrations of chlorine were detected. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the observations made during this survey and the results of the air samples, the following conclusions are drawn and recommendations for improvements made: 1) Even though the concentration of iron chloride found during the addition of the catalyst to the reactor is below the Federal Standard, it would be good industrial hygiene practice to continue wearing an approved respirator when this task is performed. 2) Since the diainmaceous earth contains 9.8% free silica, an approved dust respirator should be worn when the worker performs this task if this practice is not presently employed. 3) Because of the recent concern of the possible carcinogenic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls, engineering methods should be used to prevent employee exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls. 4) Emergency equipment (self-contained breathing apparatus) should be readily available in case of a chlorine leak. DSW 442137 ! t i : STLCOPCB4056672 . Table I CONCENTRATIONS OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL (detected as Aroclor 1016) IN A FACILITY MANUFACTURING POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS Personal Air Samples Job Title Premium Operator ff Second Operator If Column Operator (1 Still Operator 11 Standard Operator Distribution Operator II Date 7/21 7/22 7/21 7/22 7/21 7/22 7/21 7/22 7/22 7/21 7/22 Total Time (min.) 436 451 432 448 446 432 444 445 413 419 Volume (liters) 91.0 97.8 80.0 95.3 74.9 85.7 94.6 67.6 96.1 88.3 91.3 Concentration (pg/m3) 47 20 46 43 64 51 40 86 61 54 36 (pg'fmh 33 44 57* 63 61 45 Area Air. Samples Location Date Drumming 7/21 7/22 Temperature Testing It 7/21 7/22 Chlorinators It 7/21 7/22 Incinerator Burner 7/21 Total Time (min.) 418 418 417 455 419 459 409 Volume Cliters) 89.1 87.6 ' 201.6 105.4 89.0 70.3 81.6 . concentration Average if (pg/m3) `Ita/r.3) 45 48 | 51 I25 52 39 ]55 36 46' 16 16 ''ll |4 . ^Arithmetic Average DSW 442133 STLCOPCB4056673 Table II CONCENTRATIONS OF IRON CHLORIDE FOUND WHILE OPERATOR ADDED IT AS A CATALYST ; f ' Location Date Total Time (min.) Near Reactor Lid II 7/21 7/22 3 3 Volume (liters) 5.1 5.1 Concentration of Iron (mg/m3) Concentration of Iron Chloride (mg/m3) N.D. S-1 18.4 DSW 442139 !" Ji ll I f STLCOPCB4056674 Appendix A JOB DESCRIPTIONS Premium Operator - Operates both the continuous and batch chlorinators. This includes keeping the chlorinators running, adding the iron chloride catalyst once a shift and drawing samples off twice a shift. Second Operator - Loads the tank cars for shipment and takes care of the tank farm and blend tanks. Standard Operator - In charge of making sure area is clean and does all the filling of the 55 gallon drums. Column Operator - Operates the distillation column used to produce Arcelor 1016. Still Operator - Operates both stills used in producing Arolcor 1254 and 1242. Distribution Operator - Works in a different area of the plant and is in charge of operating the incinerator. DSW 44214Q P f I r. STLCOPCB4056675 Appendix B CONCENTRATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE IN THE MANUFACTURING DEPARTMENT BATTERY LIMITS AS MEASURED IN OCTOBER, 1975 Date 10/ 9/75 10/ 9/75 10/13/75 10/13/75 10/14/75 10/16/75 ' Location 12 ft* operating level at batch chlorinator 12 ft. operating level at continuous chlorinator 12 ft. operating level at batch chlorinator 12 ft. operating level at continuous chlorinator Ground floor operating level Ground floor, scrubber discharge area mg/m 0.022 0.012 0.057 0.058 0.006 0.338 SOURCE: Mons anto DSW 442141 : ! 7">' STLCOPCB4056676 .0.4* {*} S W. B. Papageorge - B3NB January 20, 1976 EPA-PCB Audit R. E. Bilger - B3NJ R. Flint - 1740 A. E. Leisy - 1740 J. C. Weber - B2SK Attached are copies :>f EPA memoranda relating to PCB' s which were seftt to state and regional personnel. These memoranda outline the programs which EPA, Washington, expects the regional offices to complete. gw Attachment W. B. Papageorge DSW 442142 STLCOPCB4056677 / /Th \ iSiSJ '*1 0't0 UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON. D C. 204G0 December 22, 1975 MEMORANDUM orricc of cr.rORcrwr.f.r TO: Regional Administrators Regional Enforcement Directors Regional Surveillance & Analysis Directors ' FROM: Assistant Administrator for Enforcement SUBJECT: Identification and Control of Environmental Sources of PCBs As the Administrator enunciated in his statement to the press today, attached as Exhibit A, the elimination of the introduction of PCBs into the environment is a high Agency priority. His statement outlines several measures EPA is undertaking to accomplish this. He has asked the Office of Enforcement to coordinate the efforts of the Regional Offices to accomplish the first of these measures: the elimination of PCBs from discharges from facilities using PCBs, particularly those facilities manufacturing transformers and capacitors, and the elimination of PCBs, related wastes and by products from dis charges from facilities manufacturing and formulating PCBs. The steps necessary to implement this task are set forth below and are summarized in the work schedule attached as Exhibit B. 1. By 12/31/75 each Regional Office should identify each manufacturer, formulator and user of PCBs within its jurisdiction, including the manufacturers of PCBs, capacitors and transformers listed on Exhibit C. ' 2. By 1/9/76 submit to the Office of Water Enforcement, to the attention of Blake Biles, a schedule to survey such facilities. All surveys of the facilities listed in Exhibit C should be completed by 2/28/76 and surveys of other facilities, as appropriate, should be completed as soon thereafter as is possible. The survey of the facilities listed in Exhibit C shoul-d follow the format outlined in Exhibit D to determine all points at which PCBs enter the environment from the subject facilities and to identify appropriate corrective measures. The surveys will develop information on PCS losses to water, air and land. The resulting water data will be used by the Regional Offices to accomplish steps 4 and 5, discussed below. The air and land data will be forwarded by the Office of Water Enforcement to other offices for the development of appropriate remedial measures. Since the land disposal data may ultimately be used by Regional solid waste personnel, in conjunction with state and local solid waste authorities, Regional solid waste personnel 1 DSW 442143 STLCOPCB4056678 r 2 should accompany your survey teams. It will be impossible to survey all users of PCBs. As indicated above, all facilities listed on Exhibit C should be surveyed. Priority should be given to facilities concerning which little information is presently available. Surveys of other facilities should focus on larger users of PCBs and can be incorporated as priority items into routine compliance monitoring visits. A meeting will be held in Washington, D. C. on January 7, 1976, to discuss in detail the surveys and appropriate remedial controls. Your lead person on the surveys from the Surveillance and Analysis Division and your lead person on the permit effort from the Permit Branch should plan to attend this meeting. Further information on the meeting, will be forthcoming from Carl Schafer, Acting Director of the Permit Division. Please contact Tom Gallagher, Director of the K'EIC, immediately if you will require NEIC assistance to complete these surveys. 3. By 1/31/76 review the fiPDES permit status of all known dischargers of PCBs and commence enforcement actions where appropriate. Check DMRs and other data on discharges to identify noncompliance with existing PCB effluent limitations. Determine whether enforcement actions should be taken for any failure to identify PCB discharges in permit applications. Immediately commence actions against any non-filers and expedite issuance of permits to any dischargers who have applications on file. Include a summary of all such activities in your February status report described in item 8 below. . 4. By 3/31/76 issue a public notice of the proposed issuance of a permit to-any facility listed on Exhibit C which has a direct discharge and which does not currently have a permit, and issue public notices of proposed modifications of permits previously issued to facilities listed on Exhibit C. All such proposed permits and modifications should contain conditions requiring the elimination of PCBs from the discharges as expeditiously as possible. . 5. By 3/31/76 commence negotiations with all facilities listed on Exhibit C which discharge into municipal treatment systems to eliminate PCBs from their discharges, utilizing jawboning, public pressure, proposed zero PCB limitation in municipal permits, and possible section 504 actions. Since success in regard to these facilities may require municipal as well as Federal action, municipal facilities should be fully briefed and their active cooperation should be solicited. A municipal inspector should be invited to accompany surveys of these facilities. It should be noted that some states require permits for dischargers of industrial wastes into municipal treatment systems. Where this is the case, active state participation should also be sought to the end of modifying such state permits to require a final zero PCB 1 imitation. DSW 442144 STLCOPCB4056679 3 In regard to items 4 and 5, it should he noted that the Administrator will be meeting in January with the presidents of companies utilizing PCBs in the manufacture of transformers and capacitors. At the meeting he will outline the measures we expect them to undertake to eliminate PCB contamination. This should lay the groundwork for your subsequent contacts with these facilities. A range of measures designed to accomplish the elimination of PCB contamination is discussed in Exhibit D. In regard to items 4 and 5 it should be further noted that some of the facilities discharging PCBs are located in states with NPDES authority. You should coordinate your activities with them to make sure that all actions called fcr are accomplished expeditiously. In this regard, attached as Exhibit E is a copy of a memorandum sent today to those states outlining the problem and the requested course of action. Please note that EPA may modify an outstanding EPA issued permit, unless the state wishes to use the occasion to issue a state NPDES permit with a zero final PCB discharge. Where a state wishes to issue its own NPDES permit incorporating a zero final PCB discharge, EPA should terminate its permit after the state permit is effective. ' 6. By 3/31/76 submit a schedule to accomplish the same actions, as appropriate, for all PCB dischargers not listed on Exhibit C. 7. Some Power plants use capacitors and transformers which contain significant quantities of PCBs. You should assure that permits for all such power plants contain zero PCB limitations. For power plants with permits that presently contain no PCB limitations, the facility should be contacted by telephone to determine whether it has transformers or large capacitors that contain PCBs. If it does, its permit should be modified to contain a zero PCB limitation. As you know, the effluent guideline for the Steam Electric Power Gene rating Category contains a zero discharge PCB limitation. 8. The Administrator has expressed a strong desire to be kept completely informed of EPA's activities with regard to PCBs. My memorandum of August 29, 1975, attached as Exhibit F, was designed to initiate regional activities to control PCB discharges and provide appropriate feedback to the Administrator. In order to provide the Administrator with the information he needs, please provide, by the first Friday of each month,,a detailed account of your activities during the previous month. . The first report is due on January 9, 1976, and should describe fully all of your activities to date in response to the August 29th memo together with the dates on which such actions were taken. Items to be covered in the January 9th report are: DSW 442145 STLCOPCB4056680 4 (a) The complete list of PCB manufacturers, formulators, users compiled pursuant to item 1. above; (b) A brief statement of what specific actions (if any) have been taken with regard to each facility on the list in item 1. above; (c) Where no action has taken place with regard to a facility on the list in item 1. above, a reason for the non-action and a schedule of what will be done; (d) Additional activities performed or to be performed in response to the August 29th memo; and . (e) A full description of all activities that NPDES states have performed regarding PCBs. Blake Biles and Murray Strier are the appropriate contact persons in the Office of Enforcement for these activities. In particular, all information and reports requested herein should be directed to Blake Biles (202-755-8731) and all questions relating to the technical aspects of PCBs and their control should be directed to Murray Strier (703-557-7420). . . Enclosures Stanley w. Legro DSW 442146 STLCOPCB4056681 Exhibit B 12/31/75 1/7/76 . PCB WORK SCHEDULE Identify each manufacturer, formulator arid user of PCBs. (Item "1) Commence review of NPDES permit status of all known dischargers of PCBs. Attend meeting in Washington, D.C. to discuss plant surveys and appropriate remedial controls. (Item #2) 1/9/76 Submit monthly activity report to Blake Biles, EM-338, Office of Water Enforcement. (Item #8) This report should cover the items described on page 4 of the attached cover memo. Submit (with monthly activity report) a schedule to survey all facilities listed in Exhibit C. (Item #2) ` 1/31/76 2/6/76 Complete review of NPDES permit -status of all known dischargers of PCBs and commence appropriate enforcement actions. (Item #3) Submit monthly report of January activities. (Item "8) 2/28/76 Complete surveys of all facilities listed in Exhibit C. (Item #2) 3/5/76 3/21/76 . Submit monthly report of February activities. (Item #8) No later than this date, issue public notices of proposed issuance or modification of NPDES permits to require the elimination of PCBs from the discharges from facilities listed in Exhibit C as expeditiously as possible. (Item #4) No later than this date, commence negotiations and other activities to eliminate PCBs from the discharges into municipal treatment systems from facilities listed in Exhibit C. (Item 5) Submit a schedule to accomplish plant surveys, permit issuances and modifications, elimination of discharges of PCBs by industrial contributors into municipal treatment systems, and similar activities for all PCB dischargers not listed in Exhibit C. (Item 6) 4/2/76 Submit monthly report of March activities. (Item #8) 5/7/76 Submit monthly report of April activities. (Item S8) In addition to the items listed in the above work schedule, you should review the NPDES permit status of power plants as soon as possible, and act promptly to make any modifications and take necessary enforcement action. (Item #7) Furthermore, you should review the NPDES permit status of all PCB dischargers whose identity you learn after 1/31/76, and you should take appropriate enforcement actions for any discharges in violation of the NPDES permit program. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ L DSW 442147 . STLCOPCB4056682 Exhibit C Region I - PCB Users . AEROVOX Industries, 740 Belleville Ave. Inc. New Bedford, Mass. 02741 617-994-9661 contact - Norman Butterworth Manager of Environmental Control Cornell Dubilier Electric Corp. 1605 East Rodney French Blvd. New Bedford, Mass. 02741 contact - Fhilip Murray, General Manager Jard Company, Inc. Bennington, Vermont 05201 contact - Richard L. Rollins . Sanders Associates, Inc. 95 Canal Street Nashua, New Hampshire 03060 contact - E.J. Boutin Sprague Electric Company Brown Street ' North Adams, Mass. contact - Fred A. Windover Tobe Deutschmann Laboratories Canton, Mass. 02021 . contact-Tobe Deutschmann Universal Manufacturing Corp. Capacitor Division 902 Crescent Ave. Bridgeport, Conn. 06607 corporate offices: UniveraJ Manufacturing Corp. 29-51 East Sixth St. Paterson, N.J. 07509 contact - N. Ray Clark ` I 1 ' DSW 442148 STLCOPCB4056683 Region II PCS Users Axel Electronics, Inc. 134-20 Jamaica Avenue Jamaica, New York 11418 contact - Robert H. Elkes, Data Manager General Electric Corp. 570 Lexington Ave. . New York, N.Y. 10017 . ' .contact - Stu Richel 518-374-2211 Inductotherm Corp. 10 Indel Ave. Rancocas, N.J. 08073 contact - Roy T. Ruble 609-267-9000 R.'F. Interonics, Inc. 100 Pine Aire Drive Bay Shore, Long Island N.Y. 11706 contact - Mervin H. First 516-231-6400 Niagra Transformer Corp. .1747 Dale Road P.O. Box 233 1 . Buffalo, New York 14225 . contact: Herman E. Gabel', Jr. 716-896-6500 Research Cottrell, Inc. Radel Ave. Finderne, N.J. 08805 Bridgewater Township . corporate offices: P.O. Box 750 Bound Brook, N.J. 08805 . contact - Frank L. Armour . Associate Counsel Universal Voltronics 27 Radio Circle Dr. Mt. Kisco, N.Y. 10549 contact: Lewis Cohen % SlV 442149 STLCOPCB4056684 Region II - continued York Electronics Corp. 104 South Fourth St. Brooklyn N.Y. 11217 contact -- H. Dubilier o DSW 442150 STLCOPCB4056685 Region III - PCD U.sers Buell Division of Envirotcch Corp. 200 North Seventh St. Lebanon, Pa. 17042 corporate offices: 253 North Fourth St. Lebanon, Pa. 10742 ' contact: D.J. St. John Energy Systems Company Division of Aydin Corp. 960 River Road Croydon, Pa. 19020 ' corporate offices: Energy Systems Co. Division of Aydin Corp. 401 Commerce Dr. Fort Washington, Pa. 19034 contact: Nicholas J. Scafidi H.K. Porter Company, Inc. Transformer Manufacturing Plant Lynchburg, Va. 24505 corporate offices: ` H.K. Porter Company, Inc. Porter Building Pittsburgh, Pa. 15219 contact - F.M. Vignovitch 412-391-1800 R.E. Uptegraff Manufacturing Co. P.O. Box 182 Scottsdale, Pa. 15683 contact - R.E. Uptegraff, Jr. President Westinghouse Electric Corp. Power Systems Transformer Division 469 Sharpsville Ave. Sharon, Pa. 16146 DSW 442151 STLCOPCB4056686 Region III - continued Westinghouse Electric Corp. Small Power Transformer Division Box 920, Highway 5SW South Boston, Va. 24592 corporate offices: Westinghouse Building Gateway Center Pittsburgh, Pa. 15222 ' contact - Roger Wills, Jr., Attorney Western Electric Baltimore Works 2500 Broeninq Hiqhwav Baltimore, Maryland 21224 . corporate offices: Western Electric 222 Broadway New York, New York 10038 t DSW 442152 0^*- - STLCOPCB4056687 Region IV - PCB Users Carolina Capacitors, Inc. Division of Baldour Electric Co. P.0. Box 125 Ridgeville, South Carolina 29472 contact - E.J. Wershey Helena Corp Helena Industrial Park P.0. Box 251 Helena, Alabama 35080 contact - K.A. Thallner General Manager & Vice President Sangamo Electric Co. Capacitor Division P.O. Box 128 Pickens, South Carolina 29671 . contact - Jessie L. Butner Manager, Manuracturing Services McGraw Edison Power Systems Division 1520 Emeral Road Greenwood, South Carolina 29646 ' corporate offices ` McGraw Edison Power Systems. Division P.O. Box 440 Cannonsburq, Pa 15317 contact - F.P. Campeau Building?'. Grounds Section Hevi-Duty Electric Division of Sola Basic Industries, P.O. Box 268 ` Goldsboro, North Carolina 27530 Inc. corporate offices: Hevi-Duty Electric Marine Plaza Guite 1934 Milwaukee, Wis. 53202 . contact: Harry Eikenberry, President DSI/V 442153 STLCOPCB4056688 Region IV - conbinned Kuhlman Electric Co. Division of Kuhlman Corp. 193 Porter St. Crystal Springs, Miss. 39059 corporate offices: Kuhlman Corp. P.0. Box 288 Birmingham, Michigan ' 48012 contact: J.A. Smelko, Vice Presdient P.R. Mallory & Co., Inc. Mallory Capacitor Co-. Waynesboro, Tennessee corporate offices: P.R. Mallory & Co., 3029 E. Washington, Indianapolis, Ind. Inc. St. 46202 contact: S.P. Wolsky - Director, RSD Middle South Transformer Co. Highway ^9W ' Belzoni, Miss. 39038 ' corporate offices: Standard Transformer Co. 212 Dana St., N.E. Warren Ohio 44481 contact - O.M. Olivier, Vice President of Operations Baldor Electric Co. Carolina Capacitors, Inc. P.O. Box 125 Ridgeville, South Carolina 29472 corporate offices: Baldor Electric Co. P.O. Box 2860 St. Louis, Missouri 63122 contact: E.J. Wershey 803-873-2481 DSW 442154 STLCOPCB4056689 Region V - PCB Users Dings Company 4740 W. Electric Ave. Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53246 contact - Dennis M. Pural Electrical Utilities 2427 St. Vincent Ave. La Salle, 111. 61301 ' contact - Richard L. Hauser, President Westinghouse Electric Corp. . Distribution Apparatus Division Curry Pike Bloomington, Ind. 47401 Westinghouse Electric Corp Outdoor Lighting Division 1216 West 58th Str. Cleveland, Ohio 44102 . corporate offices: Westinghouse: Building Gateway Center Pittsburgh, Pa. 15222 . contact - Roger Wills, Jr., Attorney Cornell Dubilier Electric Corp. Distribution Center 2070 Maple Ave. Des Plaines, Illinois 60018 contact - Philip Murray General Manager McGraw Edison Power Systems Division P.O. Box 300 11131 Adams Road Franksville, Wis. 53126 corporate offices McGraw Edison Power Systems Division P.O. Box 440 Cannonsburg, Pa 15317 contact - F.P. Campeau Buildings & Grounds Section DSW 442155 STLCOPCB4056690 Region V - continued Standard Transformer Co. 212 Dana St., N.E. Warren, Ohio 44481 Elgin Transformer Co. 560 Chester St. Elgin, 111. 60120 Western Electric Hawthorne Works Hawthorne Station Chicago, 111. 60623 ' corporate offices: Western Electric 222 Broadway New York,N.Y. 10038 ' . contact: J.R. Lauritzen 212-571-2345 Van Tran Electric Ccrp. 1505 Van Tran Ave. Vandalia, 111. 62471 contact - A.E. Bolin, Jr., President DSW 442156 STLCOPCB4056691 Region VI - PCB Users Van Tran Electric Corp. 7711 Imperial Dr. Waco, Texas 76710 corporate offices: Van Tran Electric Corp 1505 Van Tran Ave. Vandalia, 111. 62471 contact - A.E. Bolin, Jr., President McGraw Edison Power Systems Division P.O. Box 627 Nacogdoches, Texas75961 corporate offices ' McGraw Edison Power Systems Division P.O. Box 440 ' Cannonsburg, Pa 15317 contact - F.P. Campeau , Buildings & Grounds Section i 1. . DSW 442157 STLCOPCB4056692 Region IX - PCB Users Capacitor Specialists, Inc. P.O. Box 2052 Del Dios Highway Escondido, Calif. 92025 contact - C. Wayne White, Vice President, Engineering Electro Engineering Works 401 Preda St. San Leandro, Calif 94577 contact - Richard Maycock ' Manufacturing Manager 415-569-3326 Electro Magnetic Filter Co. 4083 Transport St. ' Palo Alto, Calif. 94303 . . . corporate offices: Cine-Chrome Laboratories, 4075 Transport St. Palo Alto, Calif. 94303 Inc. . . contact - Harold E. Martin Vice President - Cine-Chrome 415-321-5678 Federal Pacific Electric Co. 1200 Piper Dr. Milpitas, Calif 95108 ' contact - Ralph H. Moore - Manager, Transformer Marketing Glenn-Gibson Corp 205 Teal Court Benicia, Calif 94510 ' contact - Robert G. Glenn 707-745-3100 H.K. Porter Company, Inc. Transformer Manufacturing Belmont Works 1777 Industrial Way Belmont, Calif. 94002 Plant . coi l >r,i tr o f f i res : Standard Transformer Co. 212 Dana S'.., M.H. Warren Ohio 44481 contact. - O.M. Olivier, Vice President, of Operations . 0S\N 442458 STLCOPCB4056693 Region X - PCB Users Pacific Standard Transformer Co. 8001 Table Rock Road Medford, Oregon 97501 corporate offices: Standard Transformer Co. 212 Dana St., H.E. Warren Ohio 44*181 .I \ contact - O.M. Olivier, Vice President of .Operation:; McGraw Edison Power Systems Division 7533 Ave. 304 Visalia, Calif. 93277 corporate offices McGraw Edison Power Systems Division P.0. Box 440 - Cannonsburg, Pa 15317 contact - F.P. Campoau Buildings & Grounds Section DSW 442159 STLCOPCB4056694 Exhibit ^ TRANSFORMER AND CAPACITOR PLANT DESCRIPTIONS . Introduction The purpose of the inspection program for'transformer and capacitor plants is to determine how filling fluid is lost and what can be done in each case to eliminate the losses so that the requirement of "zero" discharge of toxic fluid or any of its components can be met. . The filling fluid for transformers may be mineral oil or a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). For capacitors, they will usually be a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or, in certain cases, other oily liquids such as caster oil. Polychlorinated biphenyls are sold under various trade names, but most commonly as Aroclor. Aroclors are manufactured by Monsanto Chemical Co. The PCB liquids are commonly called "Askarel" in the electrical equipment industry. A list of trade names under which PCBs are sold in provided herein. The way our inspections will be oriented is to try to account for all the PCBs brought into the plant; this means to establish a weight balance of purchases, uses of products, and losses to air, water, and landfills. Typical transformer and capacitor plant operations are described herein, including the important filling operations and specific ways that PCBs would be. expected to be lost from the process. Thereby, it would be possible to make the necessary recommendations for loss control. . A check list is provided to assure that all key points of the plant have been adequately covered and for conveniently recording the values necessary for performing the weight balance for each plant in a uniform manner. Inspection Details (A) General Before a plant site visit is made, it is important to review the details of the section 3C8 letter response for that plant. Pertinent areas of the plant include the following: (1) receipt, transfer, and storage; (2) process - 00 electrode, insulator, and container fabrication ' and preparation, . (b) filling liquid purification, and ' ' (c) vacuum filling; DSW 442160 STLCOPCB4056695 (3) laboratory; ` (4) process waste treatment; and (5) land disposal. f All parts of transformer and capacitor manufacture are performed under cl ean and sterile conditions, since performance is dependent on the absence ..of foreign matter, especially water. _ . (B)Plant Operation The filling fluid is received by tank car, tank truck or 55-gallon drums. It is likely to be transferred into stainless storage containers under inert gas pressure. Transfer hoses, pipes and nozzles and, in fact, all transfer equipment and procedures must be scrupulously clean. The fill ing liquid may be stored under vacuum or inert gas pressure. The filling liquid is purified prior to inclusion in transformer or capacitor by treatment with filter-aid clay-like material to effect removal of last traces of impurities. This is done while the liquid is heated. The spent clays may be reactivated by heating at elevated temperatures prior to reuse. Suitability of the liquid for capacitor or transformer filling is determined by electrical measurement. . Pri or to filling with liquid, capacitors and transformers are assembled in the dry state, including electrodes and insulating material in appropriate inert containers. Last traces of moisture are removed by heating under vacuum. Filling with liquid is cone under heat and vacuum (direct) for the larger devices. Smaller capacitors may be filled under flooding conditions (submersion under liquid) under vacuum. Then, the device is sealed and tested for leaks. The sealed capacitor or transformer is finally tested electrically for its appropriate circuitry. Assembled capacitors and transformers failing to pass the sealing and electrical tests and which cannot be readily repaired are dismantled, with essential components salvaged and reused accordingly. When a liquid other than PCBs is used prior to PCBs for capacitor filling in the same manu facturing line, the line must be scrupulously cleansed of the other liquid. The plant would have a laboratory for performing tests of a quality control nature on filling liquids such as dielectric constant and loss tangent and miscellaneous mechanical and electrical tests on solid component materials. The larger plants of 1000 employees or greater are likely to be performing research on filling liquid modification, advance purification, component modification, and advanced design prototype testing. > DSW 442161 STLCOPCB4056696 -3- Waste treatment practices for handling PCBs in water by direct dischargers consist of oil-water separation at various degrees of sophis tication from simple settling to dissolved air-flotation. Included would be filtration by filter-aid, incineration of the oil phase, and use of activated carbon to achieve the most refined separation of organic phase from the water effluent. Process wastes and possibly storm runoff wastes will be treated here. Cooling water blowdown may be included as well. Land disposal sites for the plant's solid wastes are likely to contain such items as discarded transformers and capacitors and solid components, spent filter-aid (clays), spent'sorbents, miscellaneous solids . removed during the oil-water separation in the waste treatment operations, and various solid residue, including slags from incineration. All of these solids could contain PCBs. (C) Significant Points of PCB Losses In qeneral, it may be said that the principal cause for losses of fill ing liquid during plant operations will occur during various liquid transfer operations. These will now be highlighted. Receiving and Storage: Transfer of filling liquid from the tank car or tank truck to the storage vessel i.s a likely area for leaks and spills. Joints, valves, pipes, and hoses are'potential loss points. At this point samples of liquid would be taken for loss tangent (dissipation factor) measurement to assure quality of the liquid. The condition of the arc-as around joints, valves, and pumps would be indicative of the amount of care exercised in liquid transfer. Routine internal cleaning and disposal of rinsings, especially when other liquids have been used in advance, contribute to losses. This area is likely to contribute most significantly to storm runoff owing to its openness and the nature of the operation. The general housekeeping condition will determine the contribution of storm runoff to filling liquid loss. Purification of Filling Liouid: This is likely to be a source of filling liquid and its vapor. The loss would occur during filtration by means of clay-like filter-aid under heat and vacuum. Filling liquid vapors are exhausted through vents or hoods. Spent filter-aid is reactivated by furnace (dynamic gas draft) or oven heating without draft. Expelled vapors are exhausted through hoods, vents or vapor condensers. Unreactivated filter-aid destined for discard is likely to contain sorbed filling liquid. Overall, the purification of filling liquid and regeneration of filter-aid processes will be conducive to those losses associated with handling and \ SW 442162 STLCOPCB4056697 transfer operations involving vacuum, heating filtration, and regeneration of clay-like material at elevated temperatures. Drip pans, pumps, valves, pipes, filtration equipment, and miscellaneous/chemicals are involved. The purified filling liquid is sampled for electrical insulating quality prior to vacuum impregnation of capacitors or transformers. The preparation and assembly of dry capacitors and transformers with associated heating and vacuum to attain an optimal moisture-free state, is obviously free of any loss of filling liquid. Capacitor Liquid Filling: This operation is performed under scrupu lously clean conditions in order to minimize chances of any foreign matter entering the device. In this operation the filling is performed under heat and vacuum from a filling liquid tank. Once again, various connecting hoses, valves, and adapters are used. Direct vacuum filling is less likely to lead to liquid losses than flood filling. In the former operation, losses will occur around connecting points at the top. In the latter operation, the entire outside of the device container will be wet with filling liquid; therefore some losses will be expected during wash and cleaning procedures with organic solvent, i.e., trichlorethylene. Further filling liquid may be lost during seal testing-for maintenance of vacuum, especially if a leak is detected and-the seal or cover must be replaced. The techniques for vacuum seal testing and repair are likely to vary to different degrees of refineness. In the entire vacuum filling operation losses may be associated with transfer and filling operations, i.e., the manner by which this is generally being handled. Drip pans, hoses, mechanical pumps, steam ejectors, liquid condensers, vents and exhausts, and gas scrubbers (wet or dry), will be associated with lost filling liquid. Transformer Filling: Same losses as for direct filling of capacitors. Laboratory: In this area tests are performed on the filling liquid for quality control purposes. The most frequent test would be "loss tangent" or otherwise known as "dissipation factor," which is a measure of the impurity of the liquid. Although the amount of liquid required for the test may not be more than an ounce or so, there will be seme losses, due to cleaning of test equipment before each test. Disposal of test liquid may vary but it is likely to be returned for further purification. Other tests such as distillation, density (specific gravity), electical breakdown, etc., would result in further losses. If the plant is large enough to perform its own R&D, then larger-scale uses and losses of filling liquid would occur. . DSl/V 442163 I STLCOPCB4056698 Name Aroclor Asbestol Askarel Asbestol Chlorextol Diaclor Dykanol Elemex Hyvol Inerteen Fenclor Clophen Kennechlor No-Flamol Phenoclor Pyranol Pyrolene PK Saf-T-Kuhl Santotherm Soval LISTING OF HAKES AND MANUFACTURERS OF PCBs IN CAPACITORS AND TRANSFORMERS Manufacturer Monsanto * -- -- American Corporation Allis Chalmers Sangamo Electric Cornell Dubilier McGraw Edison Aerovox Westinghouse Electric Caffaro (Italy) Bayer (Germany) Kenneclor (Japan) Wagner Electric Prodelec (France) General Electric Prodelec (France) Caffaro (Italy) Kuhlman Electric Mitsubishi (Japan) - -- ' . Capacitor / X -- X .-- -- --. -- -- -- . ' --- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Transformer X X -- X X -- -- -- -- X -- -- -- X -- X -- -- X -- X DSW 442164 STLCOPCB4056699 Check List .-- Capacitors Date of Inspection . j ' Company Identification Plant (name, address, telephone) Parent company or headquarters (name, I .i address, telephone) Yes Responsible Officials Plant (name, title) Parent company or headquarters (name, title) Inspection Team Federal (name, title, division, organization) State (name, title, division, organization) Municipal (name, title, division, organization) Other (name, title, division, organization) , . Disposition of Wastes Receiving waters (for direct discharge) Municipal treatment system (including receiving waters) Landfill (name, address) Incineration (name, address) Other (such as disposal) Filling 6r impregnating fluids used ' Receipt, Transfer, and Storage - How received (tank cars, trucks, drums) ' ' Where received (how far from use area) How unloaded into storage tanks Are tank cars cleaned after unloading? How? What happens to flushings or contaminated cleaning solutions? Drip pans under hose or pipe connections to tank car or trucks? Transfer hose or pipes drained where? Unloading area paved and diked? Collection sump? How are sumps emptied and to where? . Unloading area roofed? . How are samples taken? Where is excess sample disposed of? What disposition .is made of samples after testing? . ' Storage tank area paved and diked? Collection sump? ' No DSW 442165 STLCOPCB4056700 ' Yes No Receipt, Transfer, and Storage -- cont. . ' Are raw filling fluids stored open to the atmosphere or under inert gas or under specially dried atmosphere or vacuum? If vacuum, how is vacuum obtained? Where does vacuum system exhaust to? ' Is exhaust equipped with vapor condenser? If so, where does condensate go? . Where is vacuum pump cooling water obtained? Where does vacuum pump cooling water go? Is vacuum pump equipped with drip pans? How Is contaminated vacuum pump oil disposed of? I I If stored under special atmosphere: What is it (nitrogen, dry air, etc.)? What pressure maintained on tank? Where does tank vent to? Is vent equipped with vapor condensor? If so, where does condensate go? Are transfer pumps in the storage area provided with drip pans: In all cases where drip pans are used, what disposition is made of accumulated drips? . General Observations Workers handling of fluids Housekeeping Other ' ' Filling or Impregnating Fluid Purification Are pumps and filters equipped with drip plans or diked, with sumps? If filter aid blending tank surrounded by paved, diked area? . How is spent filter aid taken off the filter? How is spent filter aid packaged for disposal? Is spent filter aid handled by employees? How? What is disposition of spent filter aid? If regenerated on site, where does regeneration provess exhaust to? Is exhaust equipped with vapor condensor-? If so, where docs condensate go? . I DSW 442166 I STLCOPCB4056701 -3- Purification -- cont. . Yes Is purified fluid sampled? How are samples taken? What is done with excess sample?. . If fluid docs not meet requirements, what happens? .What disposition is made of samples after testing? How are miscellaneous floor spills of fluid cleaned up? What happens to the sweepings? What happens to rage, wiping cloths, etc.? What happens to workers' clothing, gloves, etc,? General Observations Workers handling of PCBs Housekeeping Other Capacitor Impregnation-Submersion or Flood Filling Process Is impregnation tank cleaned before each filling? What is done with any filling fluid removed from the tank in cleaning it? . What is done with any rags used in the cleaning? What is done with workers' clothing worn in cleaning? . Are PCB vapors given off in preheating the tank prior to loading with capacitors? Where is tank vented to during preheating? How is vacuum obtained? Where does vacuum system exhaust to? . Is exhaust equipped with vapor condensor? If so, what happens to condensate? Is vacuum pump equipped with drip pans? What oil is used in vacuum pump and how much? What happens to contaminated oil: After capacitors have been flooded, where is impregnation tank drained to? Are drainings sampled? How? . What happens to excess sample? What happens to sample after testing? What happens if drained fluid is defective: to the fluid? - to the capacitors? What happens if drained fluid is good? . Are pumps equipped with drip pans? . No DSW 442167 STLCOPCB4056702  '' Arc tanks surrounded by paved, diked areas? With sumps? What disposition is made o contents of sumps and drip pan? Yes No - After impregnation tank is drained, are capacitors allowed to drip in tank, or taken out? If the capacitors are taken out for dripping, are drip pans provided? What is done with the contents of the drip pans? ` Is the area where newly filled capacitors allowed to drip adequately ventilated? How? Where docs ventilation system exhaust to? Is the exhaust equipped with vapor condensor and, if so, what happens to the condensate? . How are capacitors transferred to the sealing area? Are drip pans provided? What disposition of contents? .. . How are spills or overflows of PCBs collected in the sealing area? ' *. After sealing, how are capacitors cleaned of residual fluid on the outside? .. If by solvent or vapor degreasing, how is solvent reclaimed? How is filling fluid residue from the solvent recycle system collected? How is it disposed of? '- If by washing with water or detergent solution, how are contaminated washings disposed of? Are capacitors rinsed after washing? If so, is rinse rater reused? How is contaminated rinse water disposed of? What happens to solid waste contaminated with filling fluid? Especially, what happens to wiping rags and workers' clothing? If solvent cleaned, how is filling fluid residue from the ` solvent system collected? .' How is it disposed of? General Observations Use of protective* clothing, gloves, etc. . Workers' handling of fluids Housekeeping Other . ' * ' Ncte in particular whether walls and ceilings are coated with filling fluid in the vicinity of the impregnation tank and drip area. DSW 442163 STLCOPCB4056703 .` -5' ` - Yes Observe workers who come in contact with filling fluid for chloroacne or pigment discoloration. j 'l If oil-water separator is used to separate filling fluid from water, what is done with oil layer? With the water layer? . . Nr Laige Capacitor Impregnation/Transformer filling -- Direct Filling process Is area around filling operation paved and diked? How are spills cleaned up? What disposition is made of contaminated solid waste? - How is vacuum pulled on the capacitor or transformer? If by vacuum pump; where pump exhaust to? Is exhaust equipped with vapor condenser? * Where does condensate go? Where does pump cooking water go? How is contaminated vacuum pump oil disposed of? ' If by steam jet, how is steam condensed? What disposition is made of condensate? . How is filling line drained? . Laboratory Wo. of employees . Quality control Types of test performed and amount of sample used (a) d ieletric constant and loss tangent (b) electrical breakdown . (c) distillation range (d) density (specific gravity) (e) others . R&D . Types of equipment used, test performed and amount of samples used? Samples to be taken: Soil scrapings in tank car unloading area Vacuum pump cooling water Oil-water separators (water layer) Spent detergent solutions Contaminated rinse water, etc. Plant effluent a) direct discharge b) to municipality Steam jet condensate . . ' ` . General How are defective capacitors or transformers disponed of? Is filling fluid recovered? Is rejected unit storage area paved and diked? ` DSW 442169 STLCOPCB4056704 UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON. D.C. 204G0 Exhibit E OFFICC OF ENFORCf MCNT MEMORANDUM TO: State NPDES Directors FROM: Assistant Administrator for Enforcement (EN-329) SUBJECT: Identification and Control of Environmental Sources of PCBs As you know, the discharge of PCBs into the environment represents a substantial national problem. Attached as Exhibit A is a copy of a press statement made today by the Administrator outlining the problem and EPA's response to it. Since the control of PCB discharges into the Nation's waters represents the most positive action the Agency has authority to undertake at the present time, the issuance and modification of NPDES permits to require the expeditious elimination of PCB discharges naturally assumes primary importance in our PC3 program. Insofar as dischargers of PCBs are located in your states, your active cooperation and participation will be necessary to assure the success of this program. Attached as Exhibit B is a memorandum that I am sending today to our Regional Offices outlining the steps we are requesting of them to implement. I am asking you, as partners in our national regulatoryprogram, to cooperate fully in these efforts and to take any necessary implementing actions with regard to dischargers of PCBs subject to your jurisdiction within the same time frame outlined in my memorandum to the Regional Offices. Insofar as your efforts could be strengthened by field assistance in conducting appropriate surveys, please contact EPA's Regional Offices for assistance. I am not asking you to report to me on your actions taken to implement this program, but do ask you to keep EPA's Regional Offices fully informed so that they can do so. Please feel free after contacting the Regional Offices to make specific inquiries of Murray Strier and Blake Biles of this office regarding any questions you have on these efforts. Murray Strier is the appropriate contact on technical matters regarding plant surveys and permit issuance and modification (703-557-7420). DSW 442170 STLCOPCB4056705 2- Blake Biles is the appropriate contact on the broad range of EPA's PCB efforts (202-755-3731). The attendance of your representatives at the technical meeting on PCBs on January 7, mentioned in my memorandum to the Regional Offices, is also invited. Attachments DSW 442171 STLCOPCB4056706 Exhibit F *<N o UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 7, WASHINGTON. D.C. 20460 August 29, 1975 OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT MEMORANDUM TO: All Regional Administrators FROM: Assistant Administrator for Enforcement SUBJECT: Enforcement Activities Concerning Discharges of PCB Compounds and Mixtures As a part of the Agency's efforts to limit discharges into the environment of Polychlorinated Byphenyls (PCBs) and comparable chemical substances, we must ensure that all known discharges of PCBs are in compliance with all applicable provisions of the FWPCA, particularly those concerning NPDES permits. I am therefore requesting that you review the permits held by those companies in your Region which have been identified as possible users of PCBs. Such companies include those to whom EPA recently addressed Section 303 letters, plus any others which have been identified by personnel in your Region. . For permits which contain limitations or prohibitions upon the discharge of PCBs, you should in the near future determine whether the permittees are complying with such limitations or prohibitions. In any cases of noncompliance, appropriate enforcement actions should be taken immediately. Where no application is on file from a discharger of PCBs enforcement action should be undertaken immediately. Enforcement actions should also be taken against any dischargers of PCBs whose permits contain no PCB limitations and who did not identify PCBs either directly or by a general term (e.g. chlorinated hydrocarbons) as present in their discharges in their Refuse Act or NPDES permit applications. In order to aid in the identification of such dischargers, your staff should review the responses to the recent 308 letters. Please inform Blake Biles of the Legal Branch at (202)755-8731 of all such PCB users whose permits contain no limitations or prohibitions for the discharge of PCBs. You should also contact Blake regarding proposed modifications of limitations contained in permits which were previously issued by the Agency . DSW 442172 STLCOPCB4056707 If your Region is proposing to issue permits which will contain limitations upon PCBs, (other than through the application of effluent guidelines) or if permits with such limitations are the subject of adjudicatory hearings, please contact Bob Schaffer of the Permits Division at (703)557-7470 for assistance in developing the precise effluent limits v/hich should be included in such permits. Thank you for your prompt attention to this important matter. DSW 442173 STLCOPCB4056708 Monsanto ............ . A,,nN' B2SK Cole Weber March 5, 1976 PCBsl OTS Review D. B. Hosmer - E1SF A. Leisy - 1740 J. P. Mieure - T2F R. A. Pohl G. Roush W. W. Withers D. Wood 3 \m K. W. Easley - 1920 R. G. Potter D. L. Sliney J. J. Zeman W. C. Hammann - T3A Attached for your information is a "Review of PCB Levels in the Environment" prepared by the EPA Office of Toxic Substances in January, 1976. cs Att. Cole Weber IN iORlV ' ' DSW 442174 STLCOPCB4056709 REVIEW OF PCB LEVELS IN THE ENVIRONMENT .JANUARY 1976 OFFICE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, DC 20460 DSW 442175 STLCOPCB4056710 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction....................................................................... .................................................... 2.0 PCB Levels in the Environment..................................................................................... 2.1 Until I'rum Nat ional Monitoring Programs...................................................... 2.1.1 W/il or.................................................................. ..................................... 2.1.2 Hod IiiicmU....................... 2.1.3 Soils............................................... 2.1.4 Air............................................................................................................. 2.1.5 Fish............................................... 2.1.6 Birds........................................................................................................ References.............................................. ................................................ 2.2 Data from Localized Monitoring Efforts -Lakes........ 2.2.1 Lake Ontario ............................. 2.2.2 Lake Erie............................................................................................... 2.2.3 Lake Superior................................. 2.2.4 Lake Michigan............................................ ................................. 2.2.5 .. Lake Huron........................................... ...'.............................. 2.2.6 Cayuga Lake ........................ .............. . References .................................................... 2.3 Data from Localized Monitoring Efforts -Rivers ............................... 2.3.1 Iowa - Mississippi River.......................................... 2.3.2 Now York - Hudson.................................. ... ..................................... 2.3.3 Maryland - Chester River .............................................................. 2.3.4 Connecticut......................................... ................................................ References ........ .................. ......... 2.4 Data from Localized Monitoring Efforts -Marine Environment . 2.4.1 Atlantic Ocean..................................................................................... 2.4.2 Bay of Fundy ............................................................. 2.4.3 Gulf of Mexico - Caribbean Sea................................. 2.4.4 California............................................................ .................................. 2.4.5 Escambia Bay, Florida........................................ References..................................... 2.5 Data from Localized Monitoring Efforts -Industrial Plants Products, Sewage Treatment Facilities andLandfills ........................ 2.5.1 Industrial Plants................................ . 2.5.1.1 Monsanto Co., Sauget, Illinois .......................... 2.5.1.2 Yates Manufacturing Co., Chicago, Illinois 2.5.1.3 Valcast Corp., Troy, Michigan .......................... 2.5.1.4 General Electric, Hudson Fall3 - Ft. Edward, N.Y. ...................................... .... . . 2.5.2 Sewage Treatment Facilities ................... ....... 2.5.2.1 Illinois .............................................................................. 2.5.2.2 Michigan ............................................................................. 2.5.2.3 Wisconsin ..................... 2.5.2.4 Ohio....................................................................................... 2.5.2.5 California .............................................................. References........................................................................ 1 3 3 3 9 15 18 19 28 30 31 31 35 37 40 48 52 54 56 56 57 60 62 64 65 65 72 73 78 82 86 88 88 88 92 94 98 101 101 105 108 112 113 117 DSW 442176 STLCOPCB4056711 2.6 Data from Localized Monitoring Efforts - Cities ............................ 2.6.1 Jacksonville, Florida ................................................................... References............................................................................................... 1.0 Behavior of PCB's in the Environment............................................... 1.1 Comport 1l Lon of Aroelor Products........................................................ 1.2 Wal or Solubility of I'CB'h.......................................... 1.1 lul or/ul Ion of I'CD'h with SoIIh..................................... 1.4 Evaporation of PCB's from Water............................ 1.5 Environmental Sampling Guidelines ........................ ........ References ....................................................................................................................... 4.0 Occurrence of PCB's in Food.......................................................................................... References . ............................ 5.0 Exposure and Biological Accumulation of PCB's in Man............................. 5.1 National Monitoring Programs ............................................................................ 5.2 Localized Studies......................................................................................... References....................................................................... 6.0 Environmental Trends..............................................................'......................................... 118 118 121 122 122 122 121 .1.24 124 129 130 133 134 134 134 136 137 DSW 442177 STLCOPCB4056712 1.0 Introduction 1 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) were first manufactured commer cially in 1929. They are currently manufactured in the United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, USSR, Spain, Italy and Czechoslovakia. The sole producer of PCB's in the United States is the Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Company, where products are marketed under the trade name "Aroclor". Various Aroclor products that have been marketed include Aroclor 1221, 1232, 1242, 1248, 1254, 1260, 1262 and 126S. The latter two digits designate the percent chlorine in each formulation. Since their introduction, PCB's have been used in a variety of commercial and Industrial products such as transformers, capacitors, paints. Inks, paper, plastics, adhesives, sealants and hydraulic, fluids. Through this widening product useage and their resistance to degradation, PCB's have been identified In the environment since 1966 with increasing frequency. On September 1, 1971 an interdepartmental task force was established in the United States to review the data linking PCB's with adverse health and environmental effects and "to coordinate a government wide investigation into PCB contamination of food and other products". The task force concluded in its report of May 1972 that PCB's were highly persistent, could bioaccumulate to relatively high levels in fish and could have serious adverse effects on human health. It recommended the discontinuance of all PCB uses except in closed electrical systems. Since the 1972 Task Force Report, environmental sampling and laboratory studies have indicated that PCB's were a more serious and continuing environmental and health threat than had been originally realized. These concerns were highlighted this past November at the National Conference on Polychlorinated Biphenyls held in Chicago,. 11 lino Ik. ThLs study reviews the current PCB data base to assess the PCB levels in the environment on a national level; the full spectrum of PCB levels reported in man and the environment were of interest. Data were obtained from a number of national monitoring programs, the literature and many unpublished reports. The data examined was inclusive to December 1, 1975 and it is anticipated that this review will be updated in October 1976. . It should be stressed at the outset, that due to the complexity and difficulty of PCB identification and measurement, that levels reported are not really comparable between different investigators. This aspect could not be compensated for or identified in the data presented. In addition, some of the Aroclor identifications reported may only have been best estimates of the pattern observed and may not have really identified the true Aroclor discharged or the quanti tative level of the polychlorinated biphenyl found In the sample. However, the levels reported do give an indication of the contamination levels in different media for a given locality. DSW 442178 l- r % STLCOPCB4056713 Recognizing the faults of combining different data bases, the sheer mass of data supports the conclusion that there is widespread contamination of the environment by PCB's. There are regional variations, but effects are consistent across all media (e.g., water, sediment, fish, birds), generally showing greater concentrations of PCB's in highly developed areas and in areas of industrial activity. Over the years examined, the situation has shown no improvement nationally. This report is divided into five major sections: PCB's in the environment Behavior in the environment Occurrence in food . . Bioaccumulation in man Environmental trends Wherever possible, the level of data reported has been greatly reduced over that originally reported, especially for the older studies, however every effort has been made to indicate the locality aind the level of contamination originally reported. More recent studies are presented in greater detail. Trend assessments, cross media comparisons and conclusions are drawn where justified. DSW 442179 ! i STLCOPCB4056714 2.0 I'CB heveJu In the* Environment 2.1 Data from National Mon l Lor In# Programs 2.1.1 Water There is no national monitoring program for PCB's in water. PCB monitoring is a limited activity of the overall Rational Pesticides Monitoring Program operated by the U.S. Geological Survey. Analysis of the PCB data in EPA's STORET water quality file has provided little information, although scattered whole water measurements have been taken by a number of states over the years. Those states reporting nonzero readings are few in relation to the number of states showing zero concentrations. At the direction of various local, state and federal agencies, l lie USGS collects and analyzes water data, producing a data file of mi I form Integrity. Current data from this file" covering the period October 1972 (o 19/5 provides the best available national data and I lie hauls for I he following, analyses. PCB levels, gathered by the USGS during the period January 1971 to June 1972 were reported by Crump-Wiesner, Feltz and Yates2. While the data suffers from the lack of representative sampling within states and multiple samples from the same locations, they concluded that significant concentrations of PCBs were widespread in the water resources of the nation. Their published summary of PCB residue data for surface and ground waters has been updated with the 1972-1975 data and is presented in Table 2.1-1. The preponderance of zero readings in whole water and the low levels of scattered non-zero readings could be masking widespread PCB contamination in the nation's waters. Zero readings are due to the low solubility of PCBs and the analytical procedure commonly used which limits detection to 0.1 ppb. There is a disparity between whole water and bottom deposit measurements. In almost all cases in which samples of both whole water and bottom sediment were taken simultaneously and the latter reading was non-zero, the whole water concentration was measured at zero ppb This occurred even when the concentration in bottom sediment was as high as 4000 ppb8. More recent water studies3 to the ppt level have consistently shown measureable PCB levels. DSW 442180 41 STLCOPCB4056715 A State Alaska AI alt/unn Arizona Arkansas California Co lorado Connecticut Delaware D.C. Florida Table 2.1-1 Summary of PCB Residue Data for Surface and Ground Waters, January 1971-(partial) 1975 Year No. of Samples Occurences Concentration (ppb) Median Concentration (ppb) 71 3 73 73 A 7A 2 0 - 0 0 . . -- 71 8 72 8 73 38 7A 1A 75 A 0 0 0 0 0 71 32 72' 8 73 28 7A 22 75 1 0 0 1 0 0 0.2 -- 71 161 72 27 73 110 7A 99 75 A2 2 0 0 2 0 0.1, 0.1 0.1, 0.1 -- 71 32 72 3 73 6 7A 9 0 0 0 0 ------- -- 71 13 72 16 73 A5 6 6 1 0.1-0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 ------- NO ACTIVITY NO ACTIVITY 72 16 73 106 7A 60 75 22 0 A 0 0 0.1-1.0 0.1 DSW 442181 STLCOPCB4056716 State Yeajr Moor}.', In 71 /4 Hawn I I 71 72 73 74 Idaho 72 73 74 Illinois Indiana 74 75 J 74 Iowa 71 72 73 74 Kansas 71 72 73 74 Kentucky 71 Louisiana 71 73 74 75 Maine 71 72 73 74 Maryland 71 Massachusetts 71 73 74 75 Table 2.1-1 (cont.) No. of Samples Occurences 10 79 0 50 10 10 10 10 10 60 10 10 10 24 0 10 27 1 20 10 0 40 24 1 30 70 90 195 0 147 0 22 2 20 10 60 10 61 51 51 61 51 Median Concentration Concentration (PPh?--__________ ____ (PPJ'i........... 0.1 0.2 0.1-0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 DSNN 442182 STLCOPCB4056717 State Year Midi lf>an 71 72 73 74 75 Minnesota 71 73 74 Mississippi 71 73 74 75 Missouri 71 72 73 Montana 71 72 73 74 Nebraska 71 72 73 74 75 Nevada 72 73 74 New Hampshire 73 74 New Jersey 71 72 73 74 New Mexico 71 72 73 74 6 Table 2.1-1 (cont.) No. of Samples Occurences 20 21 60 23 0 18 0 32 10 10 80 10 52 0 60 0 21 0 70 19 0 47 0 90 32 0 80 44 0 30 24 0 17 0 20 40 60 50 30 30 11 3 51 29 2 29 0 36 0 10 0 50 50 Concentration (PPb) Median Concentration ____ (ppb)_______ 0.1 0.1-0.3 '. 0.1 <0.5 <0.1,<0.1 0.1 os'J'1 t I STLCOPCB4056718 State Year New York 71 73 74 North Carolina 72 73 74 North Dakota 71 72 73 .74 Ohio 72 73 74 Oklahoma 71 72 73 74 75 Oregon 71 72 73 74 75 Pennsylvania 71 73 74 75 Rhode Island 73 South Carolina 72 73 74 South Dakota 71 72 73 74 Tennessee 73 74 Table 2.1-1 (cont.) No. of Samples 325 32 16 3 1 1 40 3 4' 3 14 1 3 19 5 77 37 11 13 2 9 9 1 2 1 25 20 3 2 2 12 18 1 5 1 1 2 Occurences 52 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Concentration (ppb) Median Concentration 0.1-4.0 0.1 0.3 0.1-E.2 0.1-2.9 0.1-0.2 2.0-3.0 0.1 -------------------- --~----------- --- -- DSW 442184 STLCOPCB4056719 8 State Year Texas 71 72 73 74 Utah 72 73 74 Vermont 73 Virginia 71 72 73 j 74 Washington 71 72 73 74 West Virginia 71 74 Wisconsin 71 72 73 74 75 Wyoming 71 72 73 74 Puerto Rico 73 74 Table 2.1-1 (cont.) No. of Samples 660 82 385 297 1 8 16 1 4 12 5 1 25 1 6 6 4 1 3 1 12 30 2 18 1 6 3 34 63 Occurences 12 1 6 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 . 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Concentration (ppb) Median Concentration (ppb) 0.1-3.0 . 0.1 0.1-0.6 0.2-0.7 0.4 0.3 0.3 ______ 0.1 ' ------- --------- ' 0.1 ' --------- --------- . . ---- 0.8 E - estimated. SOURCE: This table is an extension of Table 2 in Crump-Wiesner, J.S., H.R. Feltz and M.L. Yates, J. Research USGS, J., 603-607; (1972) incorporating the newer data of PCB Data Base, October 1972 to (partial) 1975, The U.S. Geological Survey, Quality of Water Branch, Reston, VA. SVV 442185 STLCOPCB4056720 2.1.2 Sediment Nationwide sampling of bottom sediments have shown PCB concen trations to have widespread occurrence. Data from Crump-Wiesner, el. al.,? January 1971-June 1972 are summarized in Table 2.1-2. The October 1972 to 1975 USOS data are summarized In Table 2.1-3. Table 2.1-3 permits distinguishing between those states where the non-zero I'CB readings were from one or a limited number of stations with multiple readings and those states where the non-zero readings come from a number of stations within the state. The map in Figure 2.1-1 indicates the distribution of PCB contamination from 1972-1974 based on the figures in the tables. States which monitored sediment concentrations to any appreciable extent detected the presence of PCB's in concentrations often higher than 40 ppb. A greater proportion of states are reporting PCB's in bottom sediment each year, as displayed in Table 2.1-4. Although the sediment data is meaningful, some caution is necessary in interpretation: measurements may be the result of past contamination, not present discharges; mean readings and ranges are somewhat inadequate to summarize the data - geographic locations are essential since readings show patterns only in particular water basins. DSW 442186 i 4 ii STLCOPCB4056721 10 Table 2.1-2 Summary of PCB Residue Data for Bottom Sediments January 1971 - June 1972 State Alaska . . . .............................. No. of Samples 3 Occur rences .0 Concentration (ppb) -- Median Concentrat (ppb) -- Arkansas ......... 23 4 20-2,400 60 California , . ........................ 13 3 20-190 85 Connecticut ............................. 11 4o 40 Georgia ...................................... 12 10 10-1,300 300 Maryland ...................................... 11 5 10-1,200 30 Mississippi ............................. 8 2 50;170. New Jersey . ............................. 12 10 8-250 4 2 15;140 20 Pennsylvania ............................. 16 11 10-50 20 South Carolina . ................... 11 8 30-200 50 Texas ........................................... 293 23 7.9-290 80 Virginia ......... 10 8 5-80 40 West Virginia ........................ 10 2 0 1 10 ----- SOURCE: Crump-Wiesner, J.S., H.R. Feltz and M.L. Yates, J. Research USGS, _1, 603-607, (1972). DSW 442187 * STLCOPCB4056722 11 - Table 2.1-3 Summary of PCB Residue Data for Bottom Sediments // Stations measuring///Stations with at least one non zero reading Range of non-zero readings (mean), in ppb STATE AJ abaina Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico 1972 1973 1974 (partial) 1975 ________ -- 1/0 6/0 1/0 1/0 16/8 <5-E800 (127.5) 27/7 <5-400 (93.6) -- 1/0 1/0 -- -- 1/0 ____ 1/0 1/1 (<2) -- 4/0 1/0 3/0 2/2 <5 ,<10 3/0 1/0 2/0 1/0 -- 1/0 1/0 6/0 15/4 <2-29 (12.8) 15/0 18/2 . <2-65 (33.5) 1/0 1/0 16/11 40/31 <5-40 (14.1) <2-350 (71.5) NO ACTIVITY 64/34 68/16 <2-600 (35.8) <2-530 (43.3) 1/0 9/7 <1-51 (13.6) 1/0 1/0 I/O 1/1 (20) -- -- 4/2 <9-61 (35) 2/0 1/0 2/0 NO ACTIVITY 3/0 1/0 18/0 .-------------- ' NO ACTIVITY NO ACTIVITY 13/8 <4-60 (17.6) 1/0 1/0 1/0 50/13 <3-56 (16.4) NO ACTIVITY 6/0 4/0 3/0 1/0 3/0 3/0 NO ACTIVITY 20/18 15/7 <3-4000 (230.2)* <1-800 (172.2) 4/0 1/0 -- -- -- -- _, _ -- 2U/2 <140-430 (285 -- _.___ ' -------------- 1/0 -- -- 4/1 (5) ----- -- 15/4 <10-58 (29.5) -- -- -- ____ ________ DSW 442188 | STLCOPCB4056723 Table 2.1-3 (eont.) I.' STATE New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma . Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island Soul li Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Puerto Rico E - estimated 1972 1973 1974 1975 ------------- 17/5 17/14 -- <2-1300 (519)* <2-450 (95.8) 1/0 -- 2/0 -- 2/0 1/0 -- --'-- 1/0 3/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 2/0 9/7 5/3 23/16 <5-E100 (50.7)i <5-20 (11.7) <6-700 (105.6) NO ACTIVITY 2/0 1/0 2/0 1/0 5/1 (6) '--------------- - --------------- 1/0 1/0 41/3 58/8 58/17 <4-120 (61 .7) <3-45 (17.6) <1-153 (45.5) -- 3/0 1/0 NO ACTIVITY NO ACTIVITY 1/0 3/0 2/0 NO ACTIVITY -- 9/1 (10) 21/0 -- -- 3/0 1/0 6/0 16/5 <10-640 (242) ____ -- -- -- -- -- 3/3 <42-240 (144) -- ------ - -- .--------------- -- -- -- 2/0 -- -- *meau figure does not include anomalous values SOIJKCK: I'CB Data Base, October 1972 to (partial) 1975, U.S. Geological Survey, Quality of Water Branch, Reston, VA. DSW 442189 r STLCOPCB4056724 Table 2.1-4 States Reporting PCB's in Bottom Deposits 1971-72 1973 1974 1975 (partial) 29/15 (51.72%) 39/8 (20.51%) 32/14 (43.75%) 6/4 (66.67%) // states measuring PCB's in bottom sediments/// with at least one n;>n-zero reading SOURCE: PCB Data Base, October 1972 to (partial) 1975, U.S. Geological Survey, Quality of Water Branch, Reston, VA. DSW 442190 i 1 STLCOPCB4056725 DSW 442191 FIGURE 2.1-1 STATES MONITORING PCB's IN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS 1972-1974 O DARKENED SYMBOL REPRESENTS AT LEAST ONE DETECTION 15 2. 1.5 So LI h Two national soils monitoring programs are conducted by EPA as part of its Pesticides Monitoring Program covering both cropland and urban soils. In 1973, the only year in which PCB's were analyzed in cropland soils, virtually no occurrences were detected1. The urban soils program is a small one, consisting of 5 different urban locations each year. The sampling design recovers one analytical sample per square mile in the city proper and one per twenty square miles in the suburbs. The results of the program for the years 1971-1973 are summarized in Table 2.1-5 and Figure 2.1-21. Assuming that sites were randomly selected within the cities sampled, 60% (3 of 5) of the cities sampled each year had at least one positive I'Cll sample. Over the three years an average of 2.68% of the sites in these cities (roughly corresponding to 2.68% of the total area) allowed PCB concentrations in ranges from 0.9-11.94 ppm. The anomalous reading of 11.94 was found in a residential lawn in Gadsden, Alabama. Seventeen of the twenty two positive readings were below 1 ppm. DSW 442192 i * t STLCOPCB4056727 Table 2.1-5 * National Urban Soil Monitoring Program PCB Detections 1971 - 1973 Total No. of Sites No. of Positive Detections Percent Positive Detections Range of Positive Detections (ppm) Arithmetic Mean (ppm) PCB Type(s) , 1971 ' Baltimore, MD. Gadsden, AL. Hartford, CT. Macon, GA. Newport News, VA. 156 55 48 43 78 6 1 ND ND 1 3.9 0.09 - 0.74 0.02 1260 1-lawn, 5 waste 1.8 11.94 .,, 0.21 Not identified, residential lawn - - 1.3 3.30 0.04 1254 lawn 1972 Des Moines, IA Lake Charles, LA. Fitchburg, MA Pittsburgh, PA. Reading, PA. ' 82 70 35 189 , 49 3 1 ND 1 ND 3.7 1.4 - 0.5 ". 0.34 - 0.94 1.31 1.01 0.03 0.02 0.01 Not identified, 2-lawn 1-waste 1254 Not identified, lawn 1973 Evansville, IN. 82 ND - Greenville, SC 86 3 3.5 0.13 - 1.59 0.02 Pittsfield, MA. 45 ND - Tacoma, WA. 95 6 6.3 0.18 - 0.63 0.03 Washington, D.C. 116 2 1.7 0.32 - 0.80 <0.01 D in ^ SOURCE: Carey, Ann, 1975, EPA National Soil Monitoring Program, unpublished. fc. c. fo CO CO 1254 3-lawn 1-1254, Others not identified, 2 lawn, 4 waste 1-1254, Others not identified, 1 lawn, 1 waste STLCOPCB4056728 442l94 FIGURE 2.1-2 NATIONAL URBAN SOU. MONITORING PROGRAM-PCB's ^4 SW 44219s editor: ?.i-? NATIONAL URBAN SOU. MONITORING PROGRAM-PCB's STLCOPCB4056731 DSW 442196 FIGURE 2.1-2 NATIONAL URBAN SOU. MONITORING PROGRAM-PCB's 2.1.4 Air J'o I yoli 1 or I n.il od l> I phony 1 ii linvo not lioon inoiinurod In <i I ron n ii.il lonw I do IniH I h . 18 OS\N 442197 rr STLCOPCB4056732 2.1.5 Fish Fish have long been a popular snmplLng medium for PCR levels primarily due to the minimal difficulties of sampling and analysis relative to other media. Data on residue levels in fish, however, present problems of Interpretation: the eating habits. Lipid content, age, sex and size affect PCB levels; residue love La In fish, like those in sediment indicate past, not necessarily current, exposure; residue levels in fish are slow to reflect changes in levels of contamination of the water; distinguishing Aroclor 1254 from 101b is difficult. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service of the Department of the. Interior provides the best national overview with the National Fish and Wildlife Monitoring Program. One of the elements of this program is the annual sampling of freshwater fish at 100 stations (as of 1970). Beginning with the 1969 collections, whole fish samples were analyzed for PCB's. The most recent data from this program are the unpublished results of the 1973 collection. While many species of fish are sampled through out the country, a reasonable summary of the data is provided in Table 2.1-6, which concentrates on the four most commonly sampled species of fish, largemouth bass, channel catfish, carp and yellow perch. The great number of stations reporting "no detection" for those four specLes in 1973 is significant. Generally lower levels were reported for other species in 1973 also. Furthermore, when sampling data is totalled, ignoring both species and geographic location, as in Table 2.1-7, marked declines in both the proportion of composites with some PCB residues and the proportion with residues above the recommended maximum of 0.5 ppm are exhibited. While there is a downward trend in the number of stations reporting significant residue levels, those which have reported high concentrations in the past continue to do so. Walker9 notes that PCB residues have been found in forty to sixty percent of the samples in residue concentrations exceeding 0.5 ppm and that the geographic dispersion shows that the higher concentrations appear to be associated with certain river systems having industrial activity: thirty-one of thirty-five stations in the Mississippi river system reported residues in excess of 0.5 ppm in the 1970-73 sampling program; all stations in the Great Lakes drainage area reported concentrations exceeding 0.5 ppm. Several factors related to interpretation of this data must be recognized: the PCB residues prior to 1973 are reported as "estimated", while those for 1973 are the result of the analysis for three Aroclors (1242, 1254 and 1260) totalled; a. trend cannot be inferred from the data of one year, regardless of how dramatic it is, although such data may signal a turning point; analytic protocols for sample analysis, especially determination of specific Aroclors, are suspect and the results of cross check analyses show that some laboratories used for the analysis typically expressed PCB levels of only 5 to 20 percent of those discovered by more sophisticated analytic protocols of the Fish Pesticide Research Laboratory9. ' SW 442198 4 ' ' STLCOPCB4056733 W Table' 2.1-6 PCU Residues In Selected Species of Flab (averages of composite samples, expressed In . ppm, wet weight, whole fish) State AL A'A AR CA CO Waterway/ Station Location Species Alabama R. Chrysler Tombigbee R. McIntosh -' _ Largemouth bass Channel catfish Carp Largemouth bass Channel catfish Colorado R. Imperial Reservoir Colorado R. L. Havasu Colorado R. L. Powell Gila R. San Carlos Res. Arkansas R. Pine Bluff ' Sacramento R. Sacramento San Joaquin R. Los Banos Largemouth bass Carp ,Channel catfish Carp Largemouth bass Channel catfish Carp Largemouth bass Carp . Largemouth bass Channel catfish Carp Channel catfish Carp Largemouth bass Carp Channel catfish Klamath R. Hornbrook Yellow perch Largemouth bass Rio Grande Alamosa Arkansas R. John Martin Res. Carp Carp . Channel catfish 1969a <0.10 0.40 0.25 0.64 1.69 0.10 <0.10 0.10 0.10 1970a 3.70 0.86 1.30 1971a 1.35 0.17 0.93 0.11 0.13 0.17 0.03 0.17 0.17 0.14 0.21 0.05 0.14 0.09 0.09 0.06 0.10 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.03 0.21 1.25 0.52 2.62 0.73 3.74 1.72 0.14 0.24 0.09 1.04 0.28 0.12 0.21 0.06 0.12 0.26 0.09 0.15 0.06 0.05 0.11 1972a 1973b 6.5 N.D. 1.5 N.D. ** N.D. ** N.D. 0.01 ' N.D. N. D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. <0.10 0.16 ** ** ** N.D. 4.35 3.7 ** N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 2.53 N.D. N.D. <0.10 N.D. 0.05 N.D. N.D. DSW 442199 P": 4 STLCOPCB4056734 Table 2.1- (cont.) State err . i'i. GA ID IL IN . IA Waterway/ Station Location Species l(Iiiiiih'c Icut R. Windsor Locks Yellow perch SI. John's R. ' . We I aka St. Lucie Canal . Indiantown Suwanee R. Old Town Apalachicola R. Jim Woodruff Dam Savannah R. Savannah Altamaha R. Doctortown Channel catfish Largemouth bass Channel catfish Largemouth bass Largemouth bass Channel catfish Largemouth bass Carp Largemouth bass Channel catfish Carp Largemouth bass Bear R. Rreston Salmon R. Riggins Snake R. Lewiston Carp Yellow perch Carp Carp Ohio R. Metropolis Illinois R. Beardstown Carp Channel catfish Carp Wabash R. New Harmony Carp Channel catfish Des Moines R. . Keosauqua Mississippi R. Guttenberg Carp Channel catfish Largemouth bass Carp Largemouth bass 1969a 3.40 0.14 0.31 1.25 0.56 0.69 <0.10 <0.10 1.18 0.58 11.3 0.54 1.41 JL970a 2.45 0. 18 0. 37 0.26 0.62 0.31 0.67 0.53 0.70 2.92 0.79 0.89 1.29 0.14 0.29 2.01 3.78 0.82 3.10 1.07 0.22 0.40 0.30 1.79 1971a 1972a L7. 1 6.6 0.07 0.28 0.09 0.08 0.5 0.62 0.12 0.14 0.12 0.27 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 0.35 2.5 N.D. 0.64 2.30 1.20 0.82 0.42 0.06 0.65 1.9 1.0 0.11 3.16 6.07 0.64 7.1 5.7 . 2.1 1.13 3.95 . 1.6 3.3 0.16 0.86 1.21 1.11 1.33 1.60 N.D. 1.0 1.25 1973 5.6 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 0.3 N.D. N.D. 0.5 3.2 N.D. 0.8 2.35 N.D. 1.4 5.45 1.45 2.1 1.27 1.00 0.90 1.2 0.96 DSW 442200 W 4 STLCOPCB4056735 Table 2.1-6 (cont.) 22 Si ate KS LA ME Ml) MA MI MN MS MO Waterway/ ' Slat Ion Location Species Kaiman K. Bonner Springs Carp Channel catfish Mississippi R. Luling Red R. Alexandria Carp Channel catfish Channel catfish Carp Penobscot R. Old Town Kennebec R. Hinckley Susquehanna R. Oonowingo Potomac K. . Little Falls Yellow perch Yellow perch J. Carp .Channel, catfish Yellow perch Carp Channel catfish Largemouth bass Merrimac R. Lowell Yellow perch L. Huron Bay Port Carp Channel catfish Yellow perch Red R. (north) Noyes Channel catfish Yazoo R. Redwood Carp Channel catfish Mississippi R. Cape Girardeau Missouri R. Hermann Carp Largemouth bass Carp Channel catfish 19_69a 0.46 0.66 1970" 0.55 0.86 0.58 1971a 1.28 0.77 0.28 1.95 0.31 0.33 0.23 0.30 0.15 0.69 1.21 1.31 1.04 1.04 2.6 1.77 2.39 0.63 0.69 0. 94 0.95 0.81 6.12 21.2 2.76 3.80 3.33 : 5.50 1.53 2.83 0.68 2.29 1.95 .. 5.26 3.51 1.29 0.21 0.68 1.63 1.89 3.20 7.6 197 2 n 1.30 4.5 6.6 N.D. 0.36 0.20 1.9 4.5 1.9 1.1 9.5 0.49 0.17 N.D. 2.42 2.8 2.00 19 7_}' 1.2 0.80 0.3 N.D. 0.60 1.2 0.5 N.D. 12.0 4.30 6.6 4.25 N.D. N.D. N.D. 1.9 1.0 4.6 ' - * 0S>N i STLCOPCB4056736 Table 2.1-6 (cont.) L.. 23 State MT NE NV \ . NJ NM NY NC waterway/ Station Location Species Big Horn R. Hardin Yellowstone R. Sidney Carp Channel catfish Channel catfish Carp Missouri R. Nebraska City . Carp Channel catfish North Platte R. L. McConaughy Carp Channel catfish South Platte R. Brule Carp Platte R. Louisville Carp Channel catfish Colorado R. L. Mead . Carp Largemouth bass Channel catfish Truckee R. Fernley Carp Largemouth bass Raritan R. Highland Park Largemouth bass Carp Rio Grande Elephant Butte Res Channel catfish Largemouth bass Hudson R. Poughkeepsie St. Lawrence R. Massena L. Ontario Port Ontario Largemouth bass Yellow perch Yellow perch Roanoke R. Roanoke Rapids Cape Fear R. Elizabethtown .Largemouth bass Carp Channel catfish Largemouth bass 1969a 0.54 <0.10 4.82 0.10 1970a 197 la 1972 u 3 975* 0.42 0.55 0.14 0.05 . N.D. 0.10 N.D. N.D. ' 0.20 N.D. 1.38 0.53 0.24 0.21 0.08 0.71 0.62 0.06 0.09 .0.22 ` 0.23 0.43 0.67 0.50 N.D. N.D. 1.15 1.50 4.30 0.30 N.D. N.D. 0.50 0.33 1.70 0.13 0.09 0.51 0.73 1.68 0.09 0.13 1.21 0.42 N.D. 0.26 0.76 1.8 2.1 0.20 N.D. 0.20 0.83 1.00 4.9 2.1 0.35 0.65 0.52 0.30 0.92 1.54 N.D. N.D. 9.37 1.45 2.48 34.5 2.12 7.34 13.0 3.15 6.2 3.2 1.1 5.2 0.89 3.33 0.37 0.81 1.40 0.65 3.90 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. DSW 442202 rn *> STLCOPCB4056737 Table 2,1-6 (coat.) 24 State HD OH Waterway/ Station Location Missouri R. Garrison Dam Ohio R. Marietta Oli lo K. Cincinnati OK Verdigris R. Oologah Canadian R. Eufaula White R. DeValls Bluff Red R. Lake Texoma Arkansas R. Keystone Res. OR Willamette R. Oregon City Columbia R. Bonneville Rogue R. Gold Ray Dam PA L. Erie Erie Allegheny R. Natrona SC Pee Dee R. Dongola Cooper R. Summerton Species Carp Carp Channel catfish Largemouth ba9s Carp Channel catfish Carp Largemouth bass Carp Largemouth bass Channel catfish Carp Channel catfish Carp Largemouth bass Carp Largemouth bass Channel catfish Carp Channel catfish Carp Carp Largemouth bass Yellow perch Carp Largemouth bass Carp Largemouth bass 1969a 0.10 8.07 -' 0.24 0.66 <0.10 1970a 0.08 4.82 11.85 24.5 0.61 0.40 0.81 0.14 1.77 1.82 0.25 0.21 0.45 1.25 1.25 2.60 0.87 2.40 4.59 0.62 1.04 0.45 1971a 1972a p 1973 N.D. N.D. 5.20 14.5 22.65 25.8 27.3 0.8 0.09 0.31 0.36 0.73 2.32 0.26 0.13 0.29 1.28 2.5 9.75 19.0 30.0 ** ** 1.5 N.D. N.D. 0.5 ** 11.0 24.0 25.0 21.5 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 0.19 0.44 <0.1 1.4 N.D. 5.4 1.11 5.52 0.35 0.18 1.65 4.0 3.70 N.D. 3.20 0.75 1.75 0.5 1.5 3.3 DSW 442203 \ I 1 STLCOPCB4056738 State SD TN TX UT VT VA WA Table 2.1-6 (cont.) Waterway/ Station Location Species James R. 01ivet Carp Channel catfish Cuiiilx-i I/iikI R. Ol/n kjiv 1 1 1 TcnneiiHcc K. Savannah Mississippi R. Memphis . . Carp Largemouth bass Carp Channel catfish Largemouth bass Carp Channel catfish Pecos R. Red Bluff Lake Brazos R. Richmond Colorado R. Wharton Nueces R. Mu l li I a . Rio Grande Brownsville . Channel catfish Largemouth bass Channel catfish Channel catfish Carp Channel catfish Largemouth bass Channel catfish Utah Lake Provo Green R. Vernal Carp Carp Channel catfish L. Champlain Burlington Yellow perch James R. Richmond Channel catfish Largemouth Snake R. Ice Harbor Yakima R. Granger Columbua R. Pasco . Channel catfish Carp Carp Largemouth bass Carp 1969 1970 0.20 0.H9 3.1.6 1.67 2.92 1.46 4.32 1,20 3.26 1.07 0.06 1.17 0.32 0.03 0.05 0.40 0.29 0.83 0.18 0.09 0.10 0.78 . 0.79 0.34 1.00 1.24 0.63 0.17 25 t 1971 1972 1973 0.65 0,20 N.D. 1.20 N.D. <0.10 0.69 1.19 0.33 3.18 0.63 1.22 0.19 16.0 5.0 4.65 11.0 10.0 5.4 0.60 4.3 .3.8 1.5 9.8 3.1 1.5 N.D. 0.38 3.62 0.10 0.6 0.22 0.5 1.1 N.D. 7.70 ** ** ** N.D. N.D. N.D. 3.46 0.26 N.D. N.D. 0.74 1.20 1.21 0.44 0.33 1.5 1.5 0.62 0.19 0.22 0.19 1.3 1.70 1.4 0.5 N.D. N.D. N.D. DSW 442204 iri STLCOPCB4056739 Tabic 2.1-6 (cont.) State WV W1 WnLurway/ Station Location Kanawha R. Winfield L. Michigan Sheboygan Wisconsin R. Woodman Species Carp Yellow perch Carp Channel catfish 1969 0.31 1970 1971 1.25 0.61 7.42 1.15 0.17 11.45 . 1.44 1.11 1972 12.0 5.3 1973 3.8 7.85 3.67 ** - PCB-like compound present N.D. - Not Detectable , a. estimated PCB levels b. total of Aroclors 1242, 1254 and 1260 SOURCES: 1969 Data - Henderson, C., A. Inglis and W.L. Johnson, Pesticides Monitoring Journal, 5_, 1-11 (1971). ' 1970-1973 Data - National Fish and Wildlife Monitoring Program, ' Results of Freshwater Fish Monitoring 1970-1973, . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of . Interior, Washington, DC (unpublished). DSIV 4422q5 4 STLCOPCB4056740 Table 2.1-7 Summary of PCB Residues Detected in Fish from 1969-1973 National Pesticide Monitoring Program Year 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 Tola! 147 393 587 401 400 Number of Composite.s With Rea(dues No. % WKh Heal due h Above 5 ppm NV Z . ' Range (ppm) 147 390 581 311 202 100 99 99 78 51 89 61 239 61 284 48 215 54 160 40 0.10-14.8 . 0.03-24.8 0.02-41.0 <0.05-30.0 <0.01-25.0 SOURCES: 1969 - Henderson, c., A. Inglis and W.L. Johnson, Pesticides Monitoring Journal, 5, 1- 11 (1971). 1970-1973 Data - National Fish and Wildlife Monitoring Program, Results of Freshwater Fish Monitoring L970-1.973, U.S. Fish anil Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, DC (unpublished). DSW 442206 T STLCOPCB4056741 28 2.1.6 Birds Two of the three elements of the National Fish and Wildlife Monitoring Program mentioned in the previous section are: mallards and black ducks; starlings. PCB's have been found in all of the starling samples taken in 1970, 1972 and 1974. The level of residues appears to be declining over this period with national arithmetic means of 0.65 ppm, 0.43 ppm and 0.12 ppm for the three years respectively9. Results of sampling of mallards in 1970 and 19729 are shown by flyway on Figure 2.1-3. Residues are highest in the Atlantic flyways, with average concentrations more than double that of any other flyway and more than 10 times greater in some cases. Samples of black ducks were also taken in the Atlantic flyways in 1969 and 1972 and the mean PCB concentration was constant at 1.36 ppm. In the 1969 mallard study4 not only did mallards from the Atlantic flyway show the greatest average PCB concentration, but with the exception of Maryland all of the states in the Atlantic flyway had averages exceeding 0.5 ppm with the highest residues from New Hampshire southward through Delaware. In the Mississippi flyway, residue levels were highest in states bordering the Great Lakes, generally diminishing as sampling moved southward. . 4 j| . _ STLCOPCB4056742 FIGURE 2.1-3 PCB's IN MALLARDS (AVERAGES, WINGS, PPM*, WET WEIGHT BASIS) REFERENCES, Section 2.1 Carey, Ann, 1975, EPA National Soil Monitoring Program, unpublished. Crump-Wiesner, J.S., H.R. Feltz and M.L. Yates, J. Research USGS, 1, 603-607 (1972). Haile, C.L. , G.D. Veith, C.F. Lee and W.C. Boyle, Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in the Lake Ontario Ecosystem (IFYGL 1975), unpublished EPA report, EPA-660/3-75-022. Heath, R.G. and S.A. Hill, Pesticides Monitoring Journal, 2.* 153-163 (March 1974). Henderson, C., A. Inglis and W.L. Johnson, Pesticides Monitoring Journal, 5, 1-11 (1971). - . Martin, W.E. and P.R. Nickerson, Pesticides Monitoring Journal, 6, 33-40 (June 1972). . National Fish and Wildlife Monitoring Program, Results of Freshwater Fish Monitoring 1970-1973, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC (unpublished). PCB Data Base, October 1972 to (partial) 1975, U.S. Geological Survey, Quality of Water Branch, Reston, VA. ' Walker, Charles R., The Occurence of PCB's in the National Fish and Wildlife Monitoring Program, presented at the National Conference on Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Chicago, Illinois, November 19-21, 1975. OSNN a*2209 STLCOPCB4056744 31 2.2 Data from Localized Monitoring Efforts - Lakes Figure 2.2-1 is provided in order to display the relationship of the different lakes in the Great Lakes region as discussed Ln 2.2.1 - 2.2.5. 2.2.1 Lake Ontario Lake Ontario is one of the lesser studied Great Lakes for PCB's. A thorough study of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the Lake Ontario ecosystem was performed in 1972 by Haile, Veith, Lee and Boyle.6 Samples of various media were taken from 19 different locations in Lake Ontario during the summer of 1972, as indicated in Figure 2.2-2, and significant concentrations of PCBs were reported in all media. Findings for water, sediment and net plankton are summarized in Table 2.2-1. Other than the south shore areas off Oswego (77 ppt) and the north of the Niagara River (97 ppt), the PCB content of the Lake Ontario water appears relatively uniform in the range of 35 to 56 ppt, with an average of 45 ppt. PCB concentrations in sediments around the south shore areas off the mouths of the Welland Canal and Niagara River and off Oswego averaged more than twice the concentrations found at the four other sites (means of 184 ppb vs. 72 ppb). This led the authors to conclude that the Niagara and Oswego Rivers may be important sources of PCB associated with settleable particulates. Plankton samples were not taken at the south shore sites; lake wide levels averaged 7.2 ppm. Fish samples selected in the same study found mean PCB concentra tions on a whole fish basis in smelt (2.65 ppm) similar to those re ported in Lake Michigan smelt. Mean PCB levels in alewives (2.35 ppm) were lower than values reported for Lake Michigan alewives (4.6 ppm). Bottom feeding slimy sculpin, which are less migratory than the latter two species, exhibited greater station to station variability in PCB levels, with a lake wide average of 4.63 ppm. Average concentrations in Cladophora we're 515 ppb and for benthic fauna were 471 ppb. Samples were not taken consistently across media at stations and the results suffer accordingly, but the authors do draw one of the few estimates of accumulation factors for chlorinated hydrocarbons. They estimate re lative concentrations as 1; 2500; 10,000; 150,000; and 300,000 for water, sediment, benthos, net plankton and fish, respectively. Kaiser10 shows PCB levels in two 1973 fish samples from northern Lake Ontario as 5.99 ppm (total PCB, fat, northern longnose gar) and 2.38 ppm (total postanal fins, northern pike), magnitudes considered comparable to those of other fishes from Lake Ontario. AA#A0 4 STLCOPCB4056745  KEY ro RIVERS 1. AU SA8LE 2. THUNDER SAY 3. CHEBOYGAN 4. MANISTEE 5. MUSKEGON 6. GRAND ' 7. KALAMAZOO 8. BATTLE CREEK 9. PORTAGE CREEK 10. ST. JOSEPH 11. RAISIN 12. HURON 13. ROUGE 14. DETROIT 15. CASS 16. FLINT 17. SHIAWASSEE 18. SAGINAW 19. TITTASAWASSEE 20. BAY CITY 21. BOARDMAN 22. ELK O % s ' INDIANA OHIO FIGURE 2.2-1 THE GREAT LAKES (AND RIVERS IN MICHIGAN) I LO ro PCB Concentration:., Lake Ontario Ecosystem Summer 1972 Sample Location (map reference) 1 8. 10 12 13 30 36 45 46 60 75 90 91 96 Enter (pi:. 49 35 97 44 45 40 *' 5 6 77 Sec- im-ant (ppb dry) 245 155 80 43 79 84 158 Net Plank' (ppm dry) 3.4 10.6 7.6 3.6 11.8 6.0 SOURCE: Haile, C.L., G.D. Veith, G.F. Lep. and W.C. Boyle, Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in the Lake Ontario Ecosystem (IFYGL), EPA Report. EPA 660/3-75-022 (1975). n STLCOPCB4056747 t, ^ "FIGURE'2T2-2~LAKE ONTARIO SAMPLING SITES FOR CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON ANALYSIS. NOTATIONS ARE: f-FISH, w-WATER, s-SEDIMEMT, p-NBT PLANKTON, C-CLADOPHORA, b-BENTHOS. STATION NUMBERS ARE IFYGL STATION IDENTIFIERS. *1' r.i '.WAX . r* - - 1 , . , ' 4.;v ,/ ) *i. 4 ti . t U> .> 2.2.2 Lake Erie Several studies of PCB concentrations in fish samples from Lake Erie are summarized in Table 2.2-2. Levels are generally lower than those reported from Lake Michigan and Lake Superior, but are inconclusive other than demonstrating the presence of FCB's in the lake water. Water measurements in tributaries to Lake Erie1 including the Rouge river, which is tributary to the Detroit River are in Table 2.2-3, the Raisin and Rouge Rivers show relatively high levels of concentration when contrasted to the concentration levels in fish in the preceding table. STLCOPCB4056749 Table 2.2-2 Mean FCB Levels in Fish, Lake Erie ^' (ppm, whole fish) Species Carp Catfish Drum Yellow Perch Salmon Walleye WIiiLe Bass Smallmouth Bass 1970a 2.0 4.4 1.1 0.8 2.1 2.1 1972b 0.25 1.02 0.71 1973C 9.3 0.9 Trace 0.5 2.5 SOURCES: a Carr, R.L., C.E. Finsterwalder and M.J. Schibi, Pesticides Monitoring Journal, J5, 23-26 (1972). b Kelso, J.R.M. and R. Frank, Transactions American Fisheries Society, 103, 377-581 (1974). - c 1973 Great Lakes Environmental Contaminant Survey - Data Summary and Analysis, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Michigan (1973). Table 2.2-3 PCB Concentrations in Michigan Tributaries to Lake Erie in 1971-72 and June 1973 in ppb as Aroclor 1254 River Mean PCB Concentration Raisin Huron Rouge Detroit 0.210 0.012 0.470 0.020 Range (1971-72) < 0.068-0.500 <0.010-0.039 0.058-1.600 <0.010-0.053 1973 < 0.010 <0.010 0.460* <0.010 * Aroclor 1242 - l(> SOURCE: Hesse, J.L., Status Report on Polychlorobiphenyls in Michigan Waters, Michigan Water Resources Commission, June 1973. DSW 442215 + STLCOPCB4056750 37 2.2.3 Lake Superior The results of several available I lull studies are presented In Table* 2.2-4 for different spec leu ol flab. Lake Lrout ate In I lie highest trophic level wlLbin l lie I alee and biological acciimu I at ton should remiIt In this apeclea possessing aome ol the highest concent rat Iona of PCI}'a. The study by Veith and Glass19 , summarized in the table, drev samples from three areas in the western portion of the lake. There was variability in the levels of PCB's in fish caught in different areas, but no conclusions are drawn in the study. Samples from the Apostle Island region (Wisconsin) had higher mean concentrations for all species than those from the other two regions (Minnesota). Parejko and John ston114 note that the biphenyls containing lower percent concentrations of chlorine predominated in the sample. The latter study involved tests for correlation between factors of age, sex, geographical location and concentration level; surprisingly, no significant correlations were discovered. i The geographic distribution of lake trout samples from' the 1972 1974 Great Lakes Environmental Contaminant Survey5' Is detailed in Table 2.2-9. As regards recent screening of fish against tlu; FDA guideline, Kle Inertl/ reports that of 64 fifth samples collected In I lie nearshore wal eru during 1974, none exceeded Lhe ' ppm guideline and only two exceeded a levei of 1 ppm. DSW 442216 9* STLCOPCB4056751 Table 2.2-4 Species Mean PCB Levels in Fish, Lake Superior (ppm, whole fish) 1971C 1972a 1973 Burbot Chubs Herring Lake Trout Long-Nose Sucker Smelt Whitefish 7.08 0.7 0.9 2.0 0. 8 0. 3 K6b 1.8b 1.8 0.93 0.43 0.3b 2.64 1974 L. >.) IS SOURCES: 3 Veith, G.D. and G.E. Glass, PCBs and DDT in'Fish from Western Lake Superior, U.S. EPA National Water Quality Lab., Duluth, Minnesota (1974). b 1973 Great Lakes Environmental Contaminant Survey - Data Summary and Analysis, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Michigan (1973). c Parejko, R. and R. Johnston, Uptake of Toxic. Water Pollutants, (PCB) by Lake Trout. Project Completion Report, U.S. Dept, of the Interior, Office of Water Resources Research, Contract 14-01-0001-3522 (1973). ^ Willford, W.A., Contaminants in Upper Great Lakes Fishes, Presented at Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Upper Great Lakes Committee Meetings, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, March 1975. e Hesse, J.L., PCB Situation in Great Lake Fish, Report to Michigan Water Resources Commission, April 17, 1975. DSIV 442217 r* STLCOPCB4056752 Table 2.2-5 Mean PCR Levels In Lake Trout from Lake Superior (ppm) Lean Varh-sy MS 1** 1972 1973 1974 MS 2 1972 1973 1974 MS 3 1972 1973 1974 MS 4 1972 1973 1974 MS 5 1972 1973 1974 MS 6 1972 1973 1974 <17" .lZr?P." ______ 2.4 (4)* -- ________ 2.9 (1) -- 0.5 (3) -- -- 1.8 (3) -- 1.6 (12) 0.6 (3) ________ 1.9 (7) 0.1 (2) ---- J ________ 0.5 (2) -------- -- 1.0 (6) 0.5 (2) -- -- -- -- 1.2 (3) 1.8 (2) -------- -- 0.9 (3) 2.2 (8) -- 1.0 (3) 0.4 (2) 7o-:M>" ----- 5.6 (3) ---- 3.4 (3) 1.2 (3) 2.2 (6) 4.5 (8) 0.4 (9) 4 6 (3) 2.0 (6) 0.7 (4) ` . 3.3 (6) 1.2 (3) 1.4 (4) 1.4 (3) 1.5 (3) 2.8 (7) 1 -- 4.8 (4) -- --------- 5.2 (2) 5.2 (1) 2.7 (3) 4.8 (ID 2.0 (12) 5.7 (8) 4.7 (9) 1.4 (3) 2.1 (3) 1.9 (3) 1.5 (6) -- --- 1.3 (3) 2.6 (5) Fat or Siscowet Variety MS 1 MS 2 MS 3 MS 4 1974 1974 1974 1974 0.5 2.5 4.4 12.7 (3) (5) (6) (2) 3.6 6.2 12.6 5.4 (2) (10) (2) (8) 1.9 (4) 11.3 (6) 7.4 (7) ---- 3.8 (3) 3.3 (2) 6.8 (7) 6.1 (6) Concentrations in parts'per million (ppm) in fillet; wet weight. Number of samples in parentheses ( ). **Refers to geographic area in Figure 2.2-1. SOURCE: Hesse, J.L., Contaminants in Great Lakes Fish, Staff Report, Michigan Water Resources Commission, Department of Natural Resources, (1975). DSW 442218 IT STLCOPCB4056753 2.2.4 Lake Michigan Lake Michigan is the most henvLly studied of the Croat Lakes. It has been established that the lake contains the highest concent rat ions of agricultural pesticides due, in part, to the large useage in t lie watershed relative to the flushing period for the lake and to the relatively low biomass density. There were seizures of hake Michigan fish by the FDA during 1975. Samples from a shipment of bake Michigan Chinook and Coho Salmon in May 1975 were found to exceed the 5 ppm guideline.2 PCB levels in these fish ranged from 7.6-10.9 ppm. Hesse7 reports a February 1975 seizure of large, surplus salmon exceeding the FDA guideline. In May 19752 a seizure of chubs resulted in analysis which showed that concentrations did not exceed the guideline. Such activities, however, have dramatized the hazards to both the lake and its fishing industry. In June, 1975, the Secretary of the State of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, based on evidence' indicating that most large trout and salmon contain PCB's at levels exceeding the 5 ppm tolerance level, concluded that most fish over 24 inches in length appear to have excessive levels. ' To provide a broad historical perspective, data from several studies of Lake Michigan fish are assembled in Table 2.2-6. ' The question of trend in the levels of fish contamination has been addressed by both Hesse8 and Willford21, referring specifically to the data of Table 2.2-7. Both conclude that the situation has generally remained static since 1972. Statistical analyses show no significant differences in the levels of the three species over the three year period 1972-1974. Data from the Great Lakes Environmental Contaminant Survey for this period for lake trout is detailed, by sampling area, in Table 2.2-8. The sample sizes are generally small and, while not allowing for rigorous statistical analysis, document the presence of a widespread PCB problem in lake trout of larger sizes and an intensification of the problem in southern Lake Michigan. The general conclusions that larger fish such as brown, lake and rainbow trout and chinook and coho salmon contain PCB residues at levels exceeding the FDA guideline, that concentrations increase with the percentage of fat and the size of the fish, and that levels found in'the southern portion of the lake exceed those in the northern portion are supported by various studies2. . The results of some earlier (1971-72) fish sampling undertaken by the Illinois EPA3 found PCB levels in the edible portion of five species (yellow perch, chub, carp, coho salmon and alewife) generally below the 5 ppm tolerance limit. This is in apparent contradiction to the later studies discussed in the preceding paragraph - especially since the Illinois samples came from the southern portion of the lake. Data from this study is included in Table 2.2-6. There are, of course, many variables which Impact on the interpretation of data from fish sampling lipid content, fish size and age, season of capture, location, etc. Thus, mean readings may not be truly representative although this statistic is commonly used to provide broad summarization of an abundance of data. DSW 442219 * STLCOPCB4056754 Measurements taken on Lake Michigan open waters and sediment tend to show results which are consistent with reported sediment data from other sections of the country (see section 2.1.3), and somewhat higher readings for concentrations in whole water. The Illinois EPA has found tributary sediments with higher concentrations than those from open waters (1971): averages of 23.06 ppb as Aroclor 1242 and 14.66 ppb Aroclor 1254 for the former contrasted with 95.77 ppb Aroclor 1242 and 32.27 ppb Aroclor 1254 for the latter1*. Whole water concentrations in tributaries analyzed as Aroclor 1242 or 1254 ranged from 0.1 to 4.0 ppb during the period 1971-19742. PCB concentrations measured by the Illinois State Board of Health in tributaries to Lake Michigan during 1973-1974 ranged from 0.01 to 0.09 ppb. The Milwaukee River, a Wisconsin tributary to Lake Michigan was sampled in August 1969 for PCB's20; concentrations of Aroclors 1260 and 1242 were in the ranges trace to 0.26 ppb and trace to 2.07 ppb, respectively. The high Aroclor 1242 reading was validated by a repeat measurement (of 2.80 ppb in February 1970) and attributed to combined sewer outfalls and contaminated industrial cooling waters. Estimates of PCI5 concentrations in sewage treatment plant effluents in March, 1970, ranged from 0.04 ppb to 0.25 ppb, but the effluent from a chemical plant had a concentration of 2.50 ppb. This led the authors to conclude that PCB's were discharged to natural waters through municipal and industrial wastes and that PCB's in such large ecosystems as Lake Michigan have resulted in part, through water transport from metro politan areas. This certainly is true; unfortunately no follow-up studies were performed to estimate the effect of both controls and increased attention to the PCB problem. With the exception of a contamination problem in the Kalamazoo River, most PCB measurements in Lake Michigan tributaries within the state of Michigan are at levels in whole water of less than 0.1 ppb. Data showing levels identified in 1971-1972 are in Table 2.2-9. The Kalamazoo River was the subject of studies in both 1971 and 19728. Concentration levels were higher downstream from Battle Creek, and some sources of contamination were identified. - Fifty four fish samples were collected from 15 stream sections on the Kalamazoo River in July 19711*. Measurable concentrations were found in nearly all fish samples tested with concentrations ranging from less than 0.01 to 109.9 ppm in edible portions of.fish on a wet weight basis. Those fish from the north and south branches and the main stream of the river down to Battle Creek had low concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.33 ppm. Downstream from the Battle Creek wastewater treatment plant the levels in fish increased ranging from 0.82 to 18.75 ppm and remained high downstream with levels below Kalamazoo ranging from 1.35 to 109.9 ppm4. . . Settleable solids were only sampled at eight stations in 1971 with levels identified ranging from 0.01 to 0.422 ppm4. The levels in the. mainstream were 10 to 20 times higher than those in the north and south branches and gradually increased downstream. The sample from the Battle Creek River had the highest concentration in the watershed indicating that the tributary contributes significantly DSW 442220 f STLCOPCB4056755 to the total problems in the mainstream. Since the Kalamazoo River la l he most polluted Input to hake Michigan further Humpllng to identify possible sources ot I'Cll loss to the environment wmh conducted In the vicinity of the ('.fly ol Kalamazoo In I9721 I'Cli eoncenlrnl Ions from the discharge of several Industries und a wastewuLe.r treatment plant were below the limit of detectability. However, Portage Creek, which receives effluents from several industries including two paper mills, had 0.47 ppb of Aroclor 1242. Settleable solids that were collected showed concen trations ranging from 0.23 to 2.63 ppm at eight of the ten stations. The two stations that did not have significant concentrations were upstream from the paper mill ponds. Sediment core samples taken from the Bryant paper mill ponds had concentrations up to 368.7 ppm as deep as six to eight inches.5 . Further data collected in the spring of 1973 on settleable solids are presented in Table 2.2-10 demonstrating considerable sensitivity of measurements to sampling intervals. The levels detected in 1975 were also generally higher for the Kalamazoo River than were detected in 1971. 42 DSW 442221 P* * STLCOPCB4056756 Table -2.2-6 Mean PCB Levels in Lake Michigan Fish (ppm, whole fish) / Species 197 lb 1972d 1973f 1974s Alewife Brown Trout Carp Chub Chinook Salmon Coho Salmon . Lake Trout Perch Rainbow Trout Red Sucker Smelt White Sucker Whitefish Menominee Suckers Steelhead Bloater Chubs Yellow Perch 2.84a, 4.6 7.3 2.04a, 4.2 2.85a, 6.0 11.4 1.68a, 11.5 13.53c , 15.5 5.8 9.3 3.0 2.7 3.9 3.0 0.22a 2.4 3.9 7.0, 2.83a 12.4 11.2, 10.93e 7.4, 12.86e 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.0 6.0 5.66e 0.3a ' 4.48 6.4 4.9, 12.17s 18.93e 1.6 . 0.9 1.0 0.45 5.24s 0.4 10.45 22.91 5.57 SOURCES: aU.S. EPA, Pesticide Monitoring Programs: Lake Michigan and Tributaries in Illinois, EPA 600/3-74-002. Weith, G.D., Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Fish from Lake Michigan, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, unpublished report on EPA Project 16020 PBE, (1973). CU.S. EPA, An Evaluation of DDT and Dieldrin in Lake Michigan, EPAR3-72-003, (1972). dHesse, J.L., Status Report on Polychlorobiphenyls in Michigan Waters, Michigan Water Resources Commission, (June 1973). . eBremer, K.E., State of Concerns of the Lake Michigan Toxic Substances Committee Related to.Polychlorinated Biphenyls (draft) U.S.EPA, (1975). ^1973 Great Lakes Environmental Contaminant Survey-Data Summary and Analysis, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Michigan, (1973). DSW 442222 r * STLCOPCB4056757 Table 2.2-7 Concentrations of PCBs in fall collections of Lake Michigan Bloaters and Lake Trout off Saugatuck, Michigan, and Coho Salmon from between Ludington and Frankfort, Michigan Spec Ion and Year Bloatera 1972 1973 1974 Number of 1'inh 120c 160c 110c Average Length (min) Total j^l'Clhi .(TPTM)............ 255 250 _ 257 5.66 (0.95) 5,24 (0.37) 5.57 (0.31) Coho salmon 1972 1973 1974 10 29 30 693 10.93 (2.12) 620 12.17 (0.77) 665 10.45 (0.92) Lake trout 1972 1973 1974 9 30 30 648 12.86 (4.75) 602 18.93 (2.08) 616 22.91 (3.73) aAnalysis performed by Great Lakes Fishery Laboratory. ^Concentrations in whole fish, wet weight with 95% confidence interval in parentheses. cComposite samples, 10 fish per sample. SOURCE: Bremer, K.E., State of Concerns of the Lake Michigan Toxic Substances Committee Related to Polychlorinated Biphenyls (draft) U.S. EPA, (1975). - oS\N 44222s * STLCOPCB4056758 Table 2.2-8 Mean PCB Levels in Lake Trout from Lake Michigan (ppm) MM 1** MM 2 MM 3 MM 4 MM 5 MM 6 MM 7 MM 8 1972 1973 1974 1972 1973 1974 1972 1973 1974 1972 1973 1974 1972 1973 1974 1972 1973 1974 1972 1973 1974 1972 1973 1974 <17" ------ . 2.2 (1)* 0.7 (1) -- 2.6 (3) _ 2.6 (2) 1.0 (3) -------- -------- 2.4 (1) -- 1.1 (9) 2.7 (2) -- 2.4 (9) ______ 5.1 (6) -- 17-20" -- 3.6 (2) 1.6 (2) 20-25" -- ------- - --------. -------- . --;-- . >25" -- -- -- -- 2.4 (3) _____ ' _ 1.8 (I) 3.1 (3) ______ ' ------- --- ---- -------- -- . . ' -------5.8 (1) 7.5 (6) _____ 6.4 (1) 2.5 (16) 7.1 (2) 5.6 (11) _____ -- :-------- 6.8 (1) -- 8.9 (8) 5.8 (2) 8.2 (3) -- 6.4 (1) 10.1 (4) ---- 11.] (3) 10.6 (3) 6.5 (3) 8.5 (3) ---.--- -- 7.3 (2) 9.6 (6) 4.1 (1) 11.0 (3) 9.6 (18) 7.3 (3) 11.2 (3) 11.9 (2) 12.4 (3) 12.6 (4) -------- . *Concentrations in parts per million (ppm) in fillet; wet weight. Number of samples in parentheses ( ). . **Refer to geographic area in Figure 2.2-1. SOURCE: Hesse, J.L., Contaminants in Great Lakes Fish, Staff Report, Michigan Water Resources Commission, Dept, of Natural Resources (1975). Sn, 44^4 'nr STLCOPCB4056759 ' Table 2.2-9 Mean PCB Concentrations in Michigan Tributaries to the Lake Michigan Basin, 1971-72 and 1973 (ppb as Aroclor 1254) River 1972-72 Average Range 1973 St. Joseph 0.013 <0.010-0.039 <0.010 Kalamazoo 0.065 0.019-0.097 0 - 0a 0 Orund 0.041 0.011-0.080 0.033 Muskegon 0.010 <0.010-0.037 <0.010 Manistee 0.014 <0.010-0.039 0.037 Boardman Elk 0.017 6.012 <0.010-0.044 <0.010-0.039 0.018 <0.010 46 SOURCE: Hesse, J.L., Status Report on Polychlorobiphenyls in Michigan Waters, Michigan Water Resources Commission, (June 1973). DSW 442225 * STLCOPCB4056760 Table 2.2-10 .. Concentrations of PCB's (polychlorinated biphenyls) in the settleable solids collected from the mouths of the Grand, Kalamazoo and St. Joseph Rivers; Spring 1973, for comparison of variable sampling periods. Concentrations in ppm on an oven-dry basis. . iver rand Kalamazoo ;t. Joseph Sample Typea Sample Dates 3/21 3/23 3/30 4/2 4/4 4/6 4/9 4/11 4/13 4/20 4/27 4/30 5/2 5/4 5/11 Means . 3X . 3.24 1.6* 0.95 1.0 <0.1 0.93 1.58 0.83 3.5 0.53 1.43 Weekly 1.25 0.94 1.1 1.0 0.55 0.74 0.80 0.77 0.89 Biweekly 0.85 0.73 0.50 0.60 0.67 Monthly 1.41 0.50 0.96 Mean = 0.99 3X Weekly Biweekly Monthly 6.7 27.5 6.83 3.0 3.77 2.08 <0.1 2.52 1.33 3.20 <0.1 3.54 3.77 2.54 2.11 3.09 2.98 2.64 3.11 3.50 3175 4.72 2.88 4.87 3.87 2.50 2.86 3.14 2.63 Mean = 3.52 3X Weekly Biweekly Monthly 2.13 0.68 0.85 0.95 0.75 0.67 0.63 0.82 0.73 0.83 1.21 1.16 0.95 1.24 0.83 0.75 Mean = 0.97 *3X = Sample collected Mon, Wed. and Friday ^Concentration based upon a 1:1 ratio of Aroclor 1242 and 1251. All other concentrations calculated as Aroclor 1242. . . SOURCE: Monitoring for Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Aquatic Environment, Michigan Water Resources Commission, (May 1 2.2.5 Lake Huron Levels of PCB'h In fish samples from Lake Huron are detailed In Table 2.2-1J from urena mi Indian led In I'lgurr I. The Sap, Innw Hay area, den I pan Led an Mll-4 on l lie map, baa been I lie objeel ol detailed analysis, and significant eonconl ral Ioiih have been delected. WuLer measurements In tributaries to Lake Huron, including tbe Saginaw Hay area, are in Table 2.2-12. Concentrations in fish taken from the Saginaw River in 1971 were as high as 165 ppm as shown in Table 2.2-13. The waste water treatment plant on the Saginaw River is the Bay City facility. During 1971, this plant had an average effluent concentration of 120 ppb with a high of 340 ppb. After control measures were initiated by some industrial sources in October 1972, there was a sharp drop in PCB levels at the mouth of the river. Levels measured in 1972 ranged from <0.020 to 0.640 ppb and in 1973 from <0.100 to 0.200 ppb. This is one of the noteworthy examples of controls effecting a marked change in PCB contamination8. SW 44222? i + i STLCOPCB4056762 Table 2.2-11 Mean 1'Cll Levels, Whole Fish In bake Huron (ppm) Spec 1 i'_h Brown Trout Catfish Menominee Yellow Perch Salmon Walleye Smelt Whitefish 1973 3.6 A.9 0.4 0.2 8.4 1.1 0.6 0.5 (MH-2)* (MH-4) (MH-1) (MH-1) (MH-1,3) (MII-1) (MH-3) (MH-1) *Refer to geographic area in Figure 2.2-1 SOURCE: 1973 Great Lakes Environmental Contaminant Survey - Data Summary and Analysis, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Michigan (1973). DSW 442228 ii STLCOPCB4056763 Table 2.2-12 Mean PCB Concentrations in Michigan Tributaries to Lake Huron in 1971-72 and 1973 (ppb ns Aroclor 1254) River SCaasgsinaaw Flintd Shiawassee Tittabawassee Au Sable Thunder Bay Cheboygan Average 1.100 0.014 0.078 0.029 0.140 <0.010 0.023 0.032 1971-72 Q Tributaries to Saginaw River ^Aroclor 1242 Range 0.450-2.900 <0.010-0.048 0.010-0.150 <0.010-0.073 <0.022-0.230 <0.010-0.010 <0.010-0.037 <0.010-0.053 197_3 0.210b <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 0.013 <0.010 <0.010 SOURCE: Hesse, J.L., Status Report on Polychlorobiphenyls in Michigan Waters, Michigan Water Resources Commission, (June 1973). 4A2#9 r i i i STLCOPCB4056764 2.2.6 Cayuga Lake In October 1970 lake trout were collected from Cayuga Lake in Ithaca, New York. Since these fish are marked each year when they are stocked in the lake their ages were accurately known. Table 2.2-14 shows the residues of PCB's identified along with the age, length, weight and sex of each fish. The peak heights of individual PCB isomers did not vary with the age of the fish indicating that there is no selective metabolism or storage of specific PCB isomers as the fish matures. However, the concentration of total PCB's does increase progressively with maturity. The variation in PCB concen trations among individual 11 or 12 year old fish may be due to differences among foraging, metabolic and excretary capabilities of the older fish.1 qS\N 442230 r STLCOPCB4056765 Table 2.2-14 Residues of PCB's in Cayuga Lake Trout as a function of maturity; j , juvenile. Age (years) Sex Length (cm) Weight PCB ..(B). ... .... .(EPl). 1J 0.6 1J 1.6 1J 0.5 1J 1.2 2 J 27.7 181 2.0 2 J 28.7 226 1.3 2 J 33.5 407 2.5 3 J 44.5 815 2.2 3 J 44.5 725 2.4 3 J 41.1 770 1.2 4 J 53.8 1310 3.5 4 J 50.3 1160 4.1 4 J 55.1 1359 5.1 5 M' 61.0 2030 5.7 6 M 63.5 2440 . 3.4 6 M 66.4 2850 9.7 6 F 68.3 2310 8.6 7 M 63.5 2260 4.0 7 M 68.9 3300 5.5 7 59.7 1990 10.5 8 F 75.2 3390 17.5 8 M 71.6 2805 13.4 8 F 69.0 3300 4.5 9 F 71.2 3390 . 30.4 11 M 80.3 4200 12.4 12 M 71.6 2535 13.4 12 M 75.5 3120 26.2 12 F 70.6 3440 7.4 SOURCE: Bache, C.A., F.W. Serum, W.D. Youngs and D.J. Lisk, Science, 177, 1191-1192, (1972). DSW 442231 rt STLCOPCB4056766 REFERENCES, Section 2.2 1. Bache, C.A., F.W. Serum, W.D. Youngs and D.J. Li.sk, Science, 177, 1191-1192, (1972). 2. Bremer, K.E., State of Concerns of the Lake Michigan Toxic Substances Committee Related to Polychlorinated Biphenyls (draft) U.S. EPA, (1975). 3. Carr, R.L., C.E. Finsterwalder and M.J. Schibi, Pesticides Monitoring Journal, J5, 23-26, (1972). 4. Evaluation of the Aquatic Environment of the Kalamazoo River Watershed, Part A, Biological Survey, June-August 1971, Michigan Water Resources Commission, (May 1972). 5. 1973 Great Lakes Environmental Contaminant Survey - Data Summary and Analysis, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Michigan, (1973). 6. Haile, C.L., G.D. Veith, G.F. Lee and W.C. Boyle, Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in tiie Lake Ontario Ecosystem (IFYGL), EPA Report EPA 660/3-75-022, (1975). ' 7. Hesse, J.L., Contaminants in Great Lakes Fish, Staff Report, Michigan Water Resources Commission, Dept, of Natural Resources, (1975). 8. Hesse, J.L., Status Report on Polychlorobiphenyls in Michigan Waters, Michigan Water Resources Commission, (June 1973). 9. Hesse, J.L., PCB Situation in Great Lake Fish, Report to Michigan Water Resources Commission, April 17, 1975. 10. Kaiser, K.L.E., Science, 185, 523-525, (1974); 11. Kelso, J.R.M. and R. Frank, Transactions American Fisheries Society, 103, 577-581, (1974). 12. Kleinert, S.J., Environmental Status of PCBs in Wisconsin, Wisconsin Dept, of Natural Resources, unpublished, (1975). 13. Monitoring for Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Aquatic Environment, Michigan Water Resources Commission, (May 1973). 14. Parejko, R. and R. Johnston, Uptake of Toxic Water Pollutants (PCB) by Lake Trout. Project Completion Report; U.S. Dept, of the Interior, Office of Water Resources Research, Contract 14-01-0001-3522, (1973). 15. Polychlorinated Biphenyl Survey of the Kalamazoo River and Portage Creek in the Vicinity of the City of Kalamazoo, 1972, Michigan Water Resources Commission, (January 1973). 16. U.S. EPA, An Evaluation of DDT and Dieldrin in Lake Michie-in EPA-R3-72-003, (1972). cnigan, DSW 442232 t iJ STLCOPCB4056767 17. U.S. EPA, Pesticide Monitoring Programs: Lake Michigan and Tributaries in Illinois, EPA 600/3-74-002. . 18. Veitli, C.D., Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Flab from Lake Michigan, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, unpublished report on EPA Project 16020 PBE, (1973). 19. Veith, G.D. and G.E. Glass, PCBs and DDT in Fish from Western Lake Superior, U.S. EPA National Water Quality Lab., Duluth, Minnesota, (1974). 20. Veith, G.D. and G.F. Lee, Water Research, _5, 1107-1115, (1971). 21. Willford, W.A., Contaminants in Upper Great Lakes Fishes, Presented at Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Upper Great Lakes Committee Meetings, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, (March 1975). 55 SW 442233 V *1 STLCOPCB4056768 2.3 Data from Localized Monitoring Efforts - Rivers 2.3.1 Iowa - Mississippi River Monitoring Iowa rivers for pesticides concentrations over a period of years indicated that chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides used in row crop agriculture were being carried Into the rivers by soil erosion. Since fish are excellent biological compositors, measurement of trace elements in their tissues can give a picture of the relative pollution of a river. Therefore a study of the pesticide levels in the eggs of some fish from locations in Iowa was undertaken in the spring of 1971.2 Two of the sites had measurable amounts of polychlorinated biphenyls. The PCB's detected match Aroclor 1254. The concentrations identified in the roe removed from the fish from these sites on the Mississippi were as follows: Site Species Date Length of PCB Concentration in Collected Fish 15 grams of roe (ppm' Near Northern border Channel Catfish Largemouth bass Walleye 06-04-71 05-20-71 04-16-71 23.4 16.4 27.5 ' 1.5 3.2 4.2 Near Southern border Channel Catfish Largemouth bass Walleye 04-16-71 04-15-71 04-13-71 24.0 17.5 24.3 0.9 2.9 5.5 The levels of PCB's found in the same species from the two lo cations are approximately the same indicating that the major source of these industrial chemicals is upstream from both of these sites. dS\j\J 442234 !i t \ STLCOPCB4056769 J/ 2.3.2 New York - Hudson River The Hudson River in New York State provides an interesting ecosystem in which to study PCB's, primarily because it is the receiving water for effluents from two plants of the General Electric Co., at Hudson Falls and Fort Edward. These plants use PCB's in the production of transformers and capacitors. Summaries of extensive sampling during 1975 of the Hudson River are presented In Figures 2.3-1 and 2.3-2. The CE plants appear to be the major contributors to the PCB residue levels in the river. Although trace levels of PCB's are evident above the CE plant outfall location, levels in water and sediment at Station 1 located at the outfall of the Fort Edward plant were as high as any levels measured in the country. In the immediate area downstream from this outfall, PCB concentrations in water exceed the equilibrium solubility level by more than a factor of 10. Major effects on the levels in sediment are noted more than 35 miles downstream from the outfalls. The data indicate elevated concentrations in aquatic life far from the outfalls: fish samples approximately AO and 66 miles downstream from the outfalls showed PCB levels in excess of 5 ppm while the same species showed only traces of PCB's directly upstream from the outfalls. Since sediment samples above the plants also show some concentration there does appear to be some PCB source upstream of the.plants. os* ^ + 1 STLCOPCB4056770 * STLCOPCB4056771 VALUES ARE WEIGHTEO AVERAGES OF SAMPLES OF FISH FROM 3 SIZE GROUPS (EXCEPT AS NOTED) TAKEN AT VARIOUS TIMES IN 1375 ONLY ONE FISH SAMFLEO STATIONS 04: NADEAU, RJ. AND R.P. DAVIS, INVESTIGATION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS IN THE HUDSON RIVER, 1375, EPA REGION II OTHER FISH DATA: MEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT L'F ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION. DIVISION OF FISH AND WILDLIFE, 1375, ANALYSES OF PCS's IN FISH FLESH OTHER WATER DATA: NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSER VATION, DIVISION OF FORE WATERS, PCS MONITORING IN THE UTTER HUDSON RIVER 5AS-H. OCTOBER 1375 et'i'ipe? 1 -1 MAP OF HUDSON DIVER. NEW YORK. SHOWING DEVELOPED AREAS AND SAMPLING STATIONS WITH PCS LEVELS On 00 Ml 220 Ml 218.8 CORINTH O CO Is) to CO \ i. rw \glen falls i Ml 2C0*^"mL198-9 / !..... HUDSON-.^-. V~*: FALLS \ STATION 6 (V! 197.3) GLEN \ r ALLb FALLS DAM W Ml 196.2 .* ;T / G.E. comtcai I OUTFALLS JIJlD GENERAL ELECTRIC-P--L--A--N--T- STATION 1------^0 ._J f STATION 2 \J i--r rnii)* mi 190 Ml 188.4 STLCOPCB4056772 FIGURE'2.3-2 DETAILED MAP OF A PORTION OF THE HUDSON RIVER Ln vO 2.3.3 Maryland - Chester River This study was conducted in the Upper Chesapeake Bay in 1971-1972 the study area is shown in Figure 2.3-3 . The Bay and its tributaries receive chlorinated hydrocarbons as a result of industrial, agricultural and waste disposal activities occurring along the shorelines of these waterways and within the total watershed. Sediment samples were collected approximately quarterly except for the last set which was taken early in order to collect data shortly after tropical storm "Agnes". The PCB's identified were almost exclusively Aroclor 1242. The first readings, taken in November 1971 ranged from 0-21 ppb with an average of 83 ppb. By April 1972 the average had climbed to 110 ppb with a range from 0-300 ppb. By June the readings taken ranged from 0-150 ppb with the average reduced to 53 ppb. After "Agnes" in July the average had again increased to 96 ppb with readings ranging from 0-180 ppb. . The explanation given for the variations is that during the early spring, massive amounts of suspended sediment from the Susquehanna River entered the Chester River and were carried upstream in the flow of water along the river bottom. The peak sediment loads from the Susquehanna generally come at the end of February, decreasing abruptly after the end of March due to a reduced flow rate of the river. An equilibrium net transport develops in the Chester River in April. In May, fine sediments were transported slowly into the Bay. However, over the year there is a movement of sediment along the river bottom into the river from the Bay. Thus, the upper Chesapeake Bay, i.e., the Susquehanna River is the major source of suspended sediments in the lower tidal portion of the Chester River. The average values and ranges identified in biota of the Chester River taking into account variability due to seasonal fluctuations, distributional differences resulting from sample location, and species as well as individual uptake differences were as follows: Oysters Soft shelled clams Fish Crabs Average (ppb) 55 58 18.5 20 Range 16-250 13-180 2-570 0.4-51 Based on data collected June 6, 1972 from the nine stations along the main river course it was determined that concentrations of PCB's decreased as a function of distance up river from its mouth at Love Point in its upstream direction at the rate of 4.20 ppb/Nautical mile. DSW 442238 STLCOPCB4056773 61 l i r`. if "l u f i'i i y if d 'I M t FIGURE 2.3 3 CHART OF CHESAPEAKE DAY SHOWING MAJOR TRIDUJmmiuo /aimu lulhi iuim Of TI'I: CHESTER RIVER. . y STLCOPCB4056774 2.3.A Connecticut Jn October 1974 the Suite of Connecticut intensively sampled bollom sediment in rivers and lakes thoughout tlie atnte. The results are shown in Figure 2.3-4, based on a computer mapping provided by the Connecticut District Office of the U.S. Geological Survey.*' The data show PCB contamination to be both widespread and at high levels through out the state, particularly around the highly developed areas cE Hart ford, New Haven, Stanford-Greenwich and all along the Housatonic Rever flowing from Massachusetts. The state had sampled mostly whole water for PCB's prior to 1974, with no appreciable residue levels discovered, but now has switched to a yearly bed material determination. The readings for the baseline period of October 1974 are to be updated yearly. 0S\N 4*W40 r |. STLCOPCB4056775 REFERENCES, SECTION 2.3 Clarke, W.D. Ed., Chester River Study, A Joint Investigation by the State of Maryland Department of Natural Resources and Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Vol. I-III, November 1972. Johnson, L.G., Morris, R.L., Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, LI, 503-510, (1974). Nadeau, R.J. and R.P. Davis, Investigation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Hudson River, 1974, U.S.E.P.A., Washington, D.C., 21 pp. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Fish and Wildlife, 1975, Analyses of PCB's in Fish Flesh, unpublished report. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Pure Waters, PCB Monitoring in the Upper Hudson River Basin, October 1975, unpublished report. Thomas, Chester E. , Assistant District Chief, Connecticut District, U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, personal communi cation, July, 1975. DSW 442241 STLCOPCB4056776 65 2.4 Data from Localized Monitoring Efforts - Marine Environment 2.4.1 Atlantic Ocean . In addition to the many PCB studies that have been conducted within the United States, a few studies have been carried out inves tigating the air, water and fish off the east coast of the United States. These studies, conducted between 1971 and 1974 covering Providence, Rhode Island; Grand Banks; Vineyard Sound; Georges Bank and Bermuda show PCB's to be extensively distributed over the Atlantic Ocean. The general sampling area is shown in Figure 2.4-1. . One of the few air studies that has been published was carried out by Harvey and Steinhauer11 in 1973. Table 2.4-1 shows the sampling locations and Aroclor 1254 concentrations identified. The highest concentrations were in Vineyard Sound which is approximately 100-150 miles from the Boston, Hartford, New York, New Jersey complex. Over 1000 miles away at Grand Banks the concentrations were 100 times less than in Vineyard Sound. Figure 2.4-2 shows the relationship of atmospheric PCB levels with distance from these industrial areas. The seaward decrease appears to be exponential. Later studies on PCB's in surface and subsurface waters were done by Harvey13. Although the concentration range across the northern North Atlantic is broad, from 1-150 ppt, the average was about 35 ppt in surface waters and 10 ppt at 200 meters depth. Looking at the lower latitudes it appears that the surface waters of the Sargasso Sea have slightly lower concentrations than other parts of the North Atlantic, averaging 27 ppt. The widespread PCB distribution implicates the atmosphere as a predominant mode of transport in the Atlantic with variations due to the seaslicks, localized rainfall or discharges from ships. During the period of February-June 1973, PCB concentrations in the marine atmosphere of the Bermuda - Sargasso Sea and Providence, Rhode Island area were measured by Bidleman and Olney1. It is interesting to note that most of the PCB was trapped on the polyurethane foam collection surface suggesting that PCB's are in the atmosphere mainly as vapors rather than adsorbed onto particulate matter, or that they volatilize from the trapped particles collected on the glass fiber pre filter. Table 2.4-1 gives the locations and levels identified as Aroclor 1242 or 1248. ' Sargasso Sea surface water was also measured by Bidleman and Olney1 in 1973. From Table 2.4-2 it can be seen that the concentra tions were higher in the surface layer than in the subsurface samples. Follow-up by Harvey , et. al. , indicated that PCB concentrations in North Atlantic surface waters declined forty fold from 1972 to 1974 presumably following the cessation of certain industrial uses of those compounds. However, Longhurst and Radford dispute the decrease stating that either the analytical methods were inaccurate or Harvey's original estimate of the total amount of dissolved PCB's in the upper 200 m was incorrect. Harvey and Steinhauer have agreed17 oS\N 442242 STLCOPCB4056777 that their extrapolation may well have been improper and planned more sampling for 1975. In 1.971 a nonfood monitoring program*11 waH conducted on (lie Kant Coast of the United States. It is difficult to make Interapeclea comparisons but as can be seen in Table 2.4-3 the highest Aroclor 1260 level was in flounder from Jacksonville, Florida. 66 j dS\N 442243 Pr 4 STLCOPCB4056778 Table 2.4-1 PCB Concentrations Over the Western North Atlantic Station Bermuda Sample volume ((m3\) 3 560 480 820 500 1070 1320 918 1950 1740 732 1300 860 0.5= 0.4"' 0.16. 0.15= 0.59" 0.30 0.65* 0.62* 0.55* 0.52* ' 0.61* ' 0.21* 3320'N, 3439'N, 3848'N, 4032'N, 6514'W 6615'W 6914'W 7020'W .< 300 267 222 196 1.6* 0.79* 0.72* . 0.83* Georges Bank (4140'N, 6730'W) 105 675 660 655 640 650 1.4= 0.82 = . 0.58= 0.61= 0.80= ' 1.60= Vineyard Sound (4120'N, 7050'W) 105 224 3.9= 5.3= Grand Banks (4516'N, 5208'W) 780 960 840 940 540 0.05= : 0.07= 0.10= 0.16= 0.05= Providence, R.I. 392 1071 744 76 " 4.0* 2.1* 5.8* 9.4* -Calculated as Aroclor 1254 ^Calculated as Aroclor 1242 or 1248 :. SOURCE: Harvey, R.G. and W.G. Steinhauer, Atmospheric Environment, Nature, ^52, 387-388 (November 29, 1974). 67 DSW 442244 * STLCOPCB4056779 Table 2.4-2 PCB's Measured in Sargasso Sea Area, 1973 Location 2956'N, 6440'W 3()45'N, 6655'W 3034'N, 6659'W 2853'N, 6507'W 2956'N, 6300'W 3000'N, 6430'W 3134'N, 6349'W 3l38'N, 6357'U Sample* SM SS SM SS SM SS SM ' SS . SM SS SM SS SM SS SM SS . ,-EP.lL 11.2 3.6 4.9 *0.9 8.3 1.0 42.6 , 19 : <0.9 , <0 . ' 3.8 . <0.9 ' 5.6 1.6 5.0 1.8 8.4 0.9 68 *SM - sample is surface microlayer SS - sample is subsurface water **PCB calculated as Aroclor 1260 SOURCE: Bidleman, T.F., and C.E. Olney, Science, 184, 516-518 (Feb. 8, 1974). r + STLCOPCB4056780 J 69 FIGURE 2.41 ATLANTIC OCEAN SAMPLING SITES STLCOPCB4056781 70 | SOURCE-.HARVEY, G.R. AND W.G. STEINHAUER, ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT^, 777-782,(1974). iFIGURE 2.4-2 RELATIONSHIP OF ATMOSPHERIC PCB LEVELS WITH j DISTANCE FROM INDUSTRIAL AREAS e? \ DSW 442247 XT * STLCOPCB4056782 * 71 i Table 2.4-3 PCB Residues in Seafood I Species Sample Quantity Aroclor 1260 Blue crabs Shrimp Flounder Weak fish Drum JACKSONVILLE, FLA. 15 1 kg 3. 5 5 0.08 . 0.60 0.65 0.44 0.17 Blue crabs Shrimp Pilot shrimp Oysters Kazorback clams Squ Ld Flounder ' SAVANNAH, 16 0.5 kg 0.5 kg 15 28 5 4 GA. > .. ' ' '' _ ---------------------------------- ` --------- _ Blue crabs Shrimp Oysters Squid Croaker . CHARLESTON, 10 1 kg >15 >15 1 S.C. --------0.02 ------- -------- . Blue crabs Shrimp Oysters Clams Scallops Flounder Spanish mackerel Weak fish Blue fish Fish meal MOREHEAD CITY, N.C. 15 1 kg 24 20 12 3 2 2 2 0.5 kg -- ------- : 0.02 -- -------' ------ -' ----- ----- -- '-- 0.11 Blue crabs Weak fish Striped sea bass Spot - Herring CHESAPEAKE BAY 25 3 3 5 10 0.02 0.49 0.02 0.10 Blue crabs Flounder Weak fish Striped bass Mullet Croaker DELAWARE BAY 15 2 5 2 5 1 0.13 0.07 0.23 0.07 0.21 0.50 . SOURCE: Markin, G.P., J.C. Hawthorne, J.L. Collins and J.ll. Ford n. . I t . .. V 1 m .. .. DSW 442248 * STLCOPCB4056783 2.4.2 Bay of Fundy As early as 1969, PCB residues were identified in harbour porpoises from the Bay of Fundy, located in the northeast section of Maine5. Zitko, et. al.2\ identified Aroclor 1254 in a number of different fish ranging from 0.07 ppm in the muscle of basking shark and 0.21 ppm in the muscle of sea raven to 3.55 ppm In Herring Oil and 218 ppm In the liver of white Bhark. The species studied and the levels meusure.d are listed In Table 2.4-4. ' Table 2.4-4 PCB and Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides in Aquatic Animals from the Bay of Fundy - Gulf of Maine Area. Species Herring Mackerel Plaice White hake Ocean perch Cod Sea raven . J Basking shark White shark Bluefin tuna Herring oil Fishmeal Double-crested cormorant Herring gull Tissue Aroclor 1254, whole fish muscle muscle muscle muscle muscle muscle viscera muscle liver muscle liver muscle eggs muscle liver subcutaneous fat abdominal fat eggs muscle liver :. subcutaneous fat 0.34 ' 0.35 0.38 0.44 0.32 0.55 0.21 . . 0.73 0.07 1.07 0.77 218 1.54 3.55 0.54 43.5 17.2 3.38 2.13 38 52 12.6 5.54 5.06 6.50 75 SOURCE: Zitko, V., 0. Hutzinger and P.M.K. Choi, Environmental Health Perspectives, 47-50, (April 1972). DSW 442249 f STLCOPCB4056784 73 2.4.3 Gulf of Mexico - Caribbean Sea Runoff from approximately two-thirds of the United States and one-half of Mexico enters the Gulf of Mexico and is swept generally westward to be trapped in the Western Gulf for as much as 100 years. Therefore a buildup of man-made toxic chemicals is possible in the Western Gulf especially since there is a heavy concentration of chemical manufacturers in Louisiana and Texas.7 The earliest samples collected in this area were brown Pelicans collected in 1969 from the Atlantic and Gulf Coast of Florida and in 1970 from Florida Bay. The highest levels, 1.0-7.5 ppm came from the Atlantic Coast while those from the Gulf Coast ranged up to 4.2 ppm and those from the Keys in the Bay only had concentrations up to 2,6 ppm. The birds represented a wide range of ages and both sexes, but the immature and adult birds always had higher resLdues than the young.2 In 1971 a seafood monitoring program18 for the insecticide mirex was set up. Three of the stations were located in the Gulf of Mexico and identified Aroclor 1260 as indicated in Table 2.4-5. Due to the different kinds of species involved a comparison of levels is difficult to prepare. However, it is clear that the levels in samples from Mobile Bay, Alabama ranging from 0.01 to 0.40 ppm were higher than those from the Mississippi Sound where the highest level was only 0.20 ppm. Fish and other marine organisms were collected in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea in May and October 1971 as shown in Figure 2.4-3. While PCB's were detected in nearly all the samples analyzed the levels were generally low. The samples from coastal waters generally had higher levels than samples from open waters. This same observation holds true for sea plankton. Of the six samples containing PCB's above 100 ppb wet weight four of them were near Coastal areas.8 Groupers were also collected8 since they tend to spend their post larval life in one locality and should therefore yield data more representative of a particular area. Figure 2.4-3 shows the sampling locations. The levels are generally low although the highest levels do come from the western Gulf. Note also that at Anton Lizardo the levels in the groupers increase with increasing size as can be expected since the fat content of the fish increases with increasing size and age of the specimen. Table 2.4-6 presents some of the levels identified in 1971. Giam et. al.6 again took measurements from stations in the Gulf of Mexico in 1973-1974 as indicated in Figure 2.4-3 and Table 2.4-7. The concentrations in biota are lower than they were in the 1971 survey with an average according to Giam of about 20 ppb reduced from 60 ppb. It must be noted, however, that these stations were all close to the southern coast of the U.S. with no samples collected in the Western Gulf. OS\N 442250 * STLCOPCB4056785 . Table 2.4-6 Biota and Plankton from the Gulf of Mexico - 1971 Station 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 27 28 29 . 30 31 32 Weight Biota Flounder co (lbs.) Flounder oo Flounder eo Flounder oo Plankton + Crustacean oo Crustacean oo Shrimp oo \ Rock Shrimpoo Squid oo King Mackerel muscleoo Planktonf Tuna muscleoo Tuna muscleoo Plankton+ Planktonf Planktonf Planktonf Planktonf Planktonf Planktonf Groupers) 3.1 2.9 1.9 1.9 0.7 Grouper^ 4.9 4.8 2.8 CrouperQ 10.0 3.7 Grouper^ 2.9 6.0 4.8 1.6 3.0 2.4 GrouperS) 3.3 GrouperS) 18.0 Standard Length (mm) 398 378 306 287 222 414 416 338 514 403 354 495 459 315 385 339 352 681 ` PCB's (ppb) 32 36 59 34 678 151 22 167 6 40 34 <3 58 36 100 30 <3 1055 44 42 191 110 32 14 14 12 33 12 10 7 7 6 5 3 3 14 6 81 220 . xGiam, C. S., A.R. Hanks , R.L. Richardson, W. M. Sackett and M.K. Wong Pesticides Monitoring Journal, 6, 139-143, (Dec. 1972) +Giara, C. S., M.K. Wong, A.R. Hanks, W.M. Sackett and R. L. Richardson Bulletini of Environmental Contamination and1 Toxicology , 9, 376-382, (1973). flGiam, C. S., R.L. Richardson, D. Taylor and M.K. Wong, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, IT, 189-192, (1974). 74 I DSW 442251 STLCOPCB4056786 Table 2.4-5 PCB Residues in Seafood Species Sample Quantity Crabs Shrimp . Squid Flounder Speckled sea trout Spanish mackerel Weak fish Atlantic whiting Fish oil Fish meal Ground fish (unprocessed) MISSISSIPPI SOUND 15 1 kg 1 kg 3 3 3 5 5 1 liter 1 kg 1 kg Aroclor 1260 1 0.07 -- 0.03 0.03 0.20 0.06 . 0.12 0.10 0.02 0.02 0.04 Blue crabs Shrimp . Oysters Squid Flounder Speckled sea trout Spanish mackerel Weak fish Atlantic whiting Croaker Red snapper Mullet Anchovy Shad . MOBILE BAY, ALA. 15 1.3 kg 20+ 10 3 1 2 5 5 3 2 5 >20 >10 . 0.12 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.11 0.40 0.18 0.37 0.11 0.33 0.14 0.11 0.08 0.09 Crabs Weak fish Mullet TAMPA BAY, FLA. 10 5 5 0.03 0.83 0.31 SOURCE: Markin, G.P., J.C. Hawthorne, J.L. Collins, and J.H. Ford, Pesticides Monitoring Journal, 7_, 139-143, (March 1974). 75 DSW 442252 STLCOPCB4056787 76 a BIOTA 1971 GROUPERS 1971 BIOTA, WATER. SEDIMENT, 1973-1974 * PLANKTON 1971 FIGURE 2.4-3 GULF OF MEXICO SAMPLING SITES oS\N 442253 STLCOPCB4056788 // Station 7 18 19 20 ' 21 22 23 24 25 26 Table 2.4-7 Concentrations of PCBs in Selected Samples from the Gulf of Mexico, 1973-74 Biota (ppb) Water -(P-Ptl 20 4.1 11 2.1 22 . 1.7 23 -- 37 1.7 14 -6 2# 1 2.4 11 1.3 ' . 94 68 0.8 2.7 Sediment (pP.b) <0.2 35.0 33.0 <0.2 <0.2 . --=-- ; --- . -------- <0.2 -- SOURCE: Giam, C.S., J.S. Chan, J.P. Kakareka and G.S. Neff, Trace Analyses of Phthalates and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Gulf of Mexico Samples. DSW 442254 v . STLCOPCB4056789 78 2.A.A California . ' According to Horn and Riaebrough1 ** PCBs have become a significant component of the marine food webs of southern California. They have been associated with a high incidence of premature births among sea lions and eggshell thinning with consequent reproductive failure in fish-eating bfrdH. One study collected different levels of sediment from the Santa Barbara Basin. 1,1 The dated and analyzed sediments indicated that the deposition of PCB's began about 19A5 probably as a result of the rapid increase in PCB use as electrical insulating fluids and paint additives during World War II. Through 1967 there was no indication of a leveling off in the rate of PCB deposition. Levels in the 1940-19A5 layer . were 31 ppb increasing to A9 ppb in the 1947-1952 layer. 66 ppb in the 1955-1960 layer and 103 ppb in the 1962-1967 layer. 4 . Risebrough23 has suggested that the observation of PCB's in the sea indicate that they are dispersed by wind currents. Table 2.4-8 shows the distribution of PCB residues in several collections of marine fish collected from the Coastal waters of southern California in late 1965 and early 1966 and in marine birds collected in late 1966. Note that the levels in the birds 0.08-109 ppm were higher than those in fish, N.D.-1.2 ppm. Petrels and shearwaters breed on remote islands spending their entire lives at sea. They do not dive for fish but feed primarily upon organisms obtained at or near the surface where aerial fallout could he expected to retain temporally the water-Insoluble chlorinated hydrocarbons components. Two Peregrine Falcons showed PCB levels ranging from 1.5 ppm, net weight, in the brain of an immature bird to 1,980 ppm lipid weight in the carcass of an adult bird. Analyses of Western gull eggs22 show that eggs from San Francisco Bay, with levels from 24-950 ppm contained more PCB's than eggs from the Farallon Islands 27 miles west of the Golden Gate Bridge with levels from 12-1010 ppm. These were both higher than eggs from Baja California where the levels were 1.2-471 ppm. . Concern over reproductive failure of the Double Crested Cormorant led to a study in 1969 of Cormorant eggs from three locations in southern California. The levels identified ranged from 12-1,100 ppm in the yolk lipids.10 A similar concern also led to a study of Brown Pelicans on Anacapa Island in May 1969. Fat samples from six adult birds and one immature bird ranged from 77 to 366 mg/gm.15 Early data collected by Munson in 1970 from San Diego and Orange Counties showed levels in aquatic biota ranging from <2.0 to 8.8 ppm lipid weight (N.D. - 1.0 wet weight) in San Diego and 0.62 - 38 ppm lipid weight (0.008 to 1.4 wet weight) from Orange County. However, the difference in residue levels may be due to a different type of uptake mechanism since the samples from Orange County were invertebrates while those from San Diego were fish. . DSW 442255 r* STLCOPCB4056790 79 In addition to the studies of Double Crested Cormorants and Brown Pelicans, Faber et. al.*1 studied Common Egrets and Great Blue Herons. The PCB levels ranged up to 15 ppm in the brain and 93 ppm in the livers of adult egrets from the Audubon Canyon Ranch. Fish which the birds might feed on from Bolinas Lagoon showed levels from 0.072-0.079 ppm. In order to assess the potential contamination from chlorinated hydrocarbons the U.S. Geological Survey initiated a study in February 1972 of the San Francisco Bay. Bottom material was collected from 26 streams that discharge into San Francisco Bay. The results of the analyses are given in Figure 2.4-4 illustrating the widespread distribution of PCB's in the San Francisco Bay area. The readings from Steven Creek of 180 ppb and from Alamitos Creek, of 610 ppb were higher than anticipated since neither area had any apparent industrial or commercial development. Despite the extreme range up to 1400 ppb there was no significant difference between the average residue of streams discharging into the Bay south of San Francisco and those discharging into the Bay north of San Francisco.16 . Studies of Waste Water Treatment Plants in the Southern California area will be presented in Section 2.5.3.4. . STLCOPCB4056791 80 Tabic 2.4-8 Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Residues in Marine Fish and Marine Birds, 1965-1966 Species Locality,___________________ ________ Northern Anchovy Terminal Island Shiner Perch San Francisco Bay English Sole San Francisco Bay Monterey Jack Mackerel Channel Islands Hake Puget Sound Channel Islands , . Bluefin Tuna Body muscle Liver Yellowfin Tuna Liver Skipjack Tuna Liver Cassin's Auklet Ancient Murrelet Fulmar Fulmar Red Phalarope Rhinoceros Auklet Slender-billed Shearwater Sooty Shearwater Sooty Shearwater Peregrine Falcon "Breast muscle, second year Female, migrant from Artie Breast muscle, immature California Breast muscle, adult female, California PCB 1.0 0.4-1.2 0.05-0.11 0.04 0.02 0.16 0.12 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.1 0.16 0.15 0.08 0.34 0.10 0.36 2.1 1.2 0.9 22 10.5 109 SOURCE: Risebrough, R.W., Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems. DSW 442257 STLCOPCB4056792 cioimr o a .a pro'Q tM RAW FRANCISCO RAY AREA STREAM BEDS STLCOPCB4056793 82 2.4.5 Escambia Bay, Florida The first detection of Aroclor 1254 residues in Escambia Bay was in oysters in April 1969.3 Later sampling also showed residues in water, sediment, fish, blue crabs and shrimp as Indicated In Table 2.4-9. One source wan apparently an 1 inlimt r In 1 out I all which had had accidental Leakage of a heat exchunge fluid. Fish, shrLmp and crubs contained higher concentrations than oysters but are also more mobile and therefore not as useful as monitors for a particular area. Figure 2.4-5 identifies the sampling locations (stations 1-7). Less than 0.1 opb occurred in the water at station 2 but it was not detected in lower bay water. Leaching from sediments is presumably the cause of the continued presence of Aroclor 1254 in the river water. Sediment samples taken near the outfall reached 486 ppm in August 1969.3 ' Pink shrimn collected at the same time from the bay were f4oAund to contain whole body residues of Aroclor 1254 as high as 14 ppm. Residues in seven composite samples of at least five shrimp ranged from 0.6 to 120.0 ppm. Fiddler crabs collected in April 1970 from the lower Escambia River and Upper Escambia Bay had individual whole body residues of 0.45 to 1.5 ppm. The largest accumulations were found in the sediments with the maximum residue of 61 ppm observed in the River at the outfall from the industry. The maximum in the Bay of 30 ppm was found near the mouth of the river. Although Aroclor was not detected in sediments collected above the plant, soil samples from the bank near the mouth of the river downstream from the source 6.5 km had 1.4 to 1.7 ppm. Subsequent samplings from three stations in the bay showed little change in the chemical even after nine months. Table 2.4-9 shows the levels identified for these sediment collections as stations 8-20.20 The amount of PCB in sediment samples appeared to decrease after the initial February 1970 survey.21 , The decrease is especially noticeable in December 1970 and October 1971. In general, the residues identified in 1971 were about one-tenth the 1970 values. Cores taken in a 1972 survey generally indicated less PCB than in 1971. Table 2.4-9 identifies the readings taken for these three years as stations 21-23. . Later surveys of biota from the estuary showed levels to remain relatively high. Table 2.4-10 compares residues in the same species or those occupying similar trophic levels captured on the same day in Escambia and East Bays; the East Bay site being about 35 kilometers from the original source of the material. Although sand seatrout and Atlantic cutlassfish could be expected to have the highest residues since they are predators the highest levels were actually found in silversides whose diet consists mainly of plankton. Note also that the concentrations in species from Escambia Bay were 5 to 10 times greater than those found in East Bay but that Aroclor 1254 was found even in species captured distant from the original source of PCB.21 OS* ^ STLCOPCB4056794 83 FIGURE 2.4-5 ESCAMBIA BAY SAMPLING STATIONS DSW 442260 STLCOPCB4056795 84 Tab 1e 2.4-9 Residues of Aroclor 1254 in Samples from Escambia Bay and River Location Sample Residuc-s of Aroclor 1254 (ppm) 1969 1_970 1971 1972 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 :4 l 2 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 . 19 20 21 22 23 Speckled trout 20.0 Flounder liver 184.0 Menhaden 5.7 Menhaden Menhaden Flounder liver . Flounder muscle Flounder gills Croaker Pinfish Shrimp 11.0 12.0 76.0 4.5 19.0 12.0 10.0 2.5 Blue crab 7.0 Blue crab Shrimp 6.3 1.5 Blue crab 1.0 Sediment 486 Sediment <.03 Sediment 1.7 Sediment Sediment Sediment Sediment Sediment Sediment Sediment Sediment Sediment Sediment Sediment Sediment Sediment Sediment 0-2 in. Sediment 2-4 in. Sediment 4-6 in. Sediment 6-8 in. Sediment 0-2 in. Sediment 2-4 in. Sediment 4-6 in. Sediment 6-8 in. Sediment 8-10 in. Sediment 10-12 in. Sediment 0-2 in. Sediment 2-4 in. Sediment 4-6 in. Sediment 6-8 in. N.D. 61.0 5.7 4.1 1.9 1.8 30.0 4.2 3.3 4.9 0.6 2.5 1.4 78.0 30.0 6.1 0.4 10.0 11.0 15.0 20.0 18.0 1.2 0.19 0.08 0.02 N.D. 8.1 0.12 N.D. N.D. 0.91 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 0.19 N.D. N.D. N.D. 0.97 5.8 ------' -------0.14 N.D. N.D. __ __ -------__ __ -- . ------- -- ' SOURCE: Nimmo, D.R., D.J. Hansen, J.A. Couch, N.R. Cooley, P.R. Parrish and J.I. Lowe, Toxicity of Aroclor 1254 and its Physiological Activity in Several Estuarine Organisms, (unpublished). <3 Qw t STLCOPCB4056796 Table 2.4-10 Comparison of Concentrations of Aroclor 1254 Found in Species Collected in Escambia and East Bays Species Spartina Zostera Olive Nerite Rangia Penaeid Shrimp Blue Crabs Bay Anchovy - Catfish Tidewater Silversides Silver Perch Sand Seatrout Spotted Seatrout Spot Atlantic Croaker Hogchoker Atlantic Cutlassfish Escambia Bay . (PPm-) N.D. N.D. 0.49 N.D. 0.98 6.90 3.00 3.80 10.00 4.50 1.50 -- 1.80 1.60 1.30 2.90 East Bn; N.D. N.D. ' N.D. N.D. Trace 0.46 . 0.68 0.58 0.95 0.48 - '-------0.12 Trace Trace N.D. 0.72 85 SOURCE: Nimmo, D.R., D.J. Hansen, J.A. Couch, N.R. Cooley, P.R. Parrish and J.I. Lowe, Toxicity of Aroclor 1254 and its Physiological Activity in Several Estuarine Organisms, (unpublished). OS>N 442262 $ * STLCOPCB4056797 86 REFERENCES, Section 2.4 1. Bldleman, R.F. and C.E. Olney, Science, 184, 516-518, (Feb. 8, 1974). 2. Blus, L.J., A.A. Bellsle and R.M. Prouty, 1'entic.IdeR Monitoring Journal, _7, 181-194, (March 1974). . 3. Duke, R.W., J.J. Lose and A.J. Wilson Jr., Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, _5, 171-180, (1970). 4. Faber, R.A., R.W. Risebrough and H.M. Pratt, Environmental Pollution, 3, 111-122, (1972). .. 5. Gaskin, D.E., Nature, 233, 499-500, (Oct. 15, 1971). 6. Giam, C.S., J.S. Chan, J.P. Kakareka and G.S. Neff, Trace Analyses of Phthalates and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Gulf of Mexico Samples. , . 7. Giam, C.S., A.K. Hanks, R.L. Richardson, W.M. Sackett and M.K. Wong, Pesticides Monitoring Journal, 6^, 139-143, (Dec. 1972). 8. Clam, C.S., R.L. Richardson, D. Taylor and M.K. Wong, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 189-192, (1974). 9. Giam, C.S., M.K. Wong, A.R. Hanks, W.M. Sackett and R.L. Richardson, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 9^, 376-382, (1973). 10. Gress, F., R.W. Risebrough, D.W. Anderson, L.F. Kiff and F.R. Jehl Jr., The Wilson Bulletin, R5, 197-208, (June 1973). 11. Harvey, G.R., and W.G. Steinhauer, Atmospheric Environment, 777-782, (1974). . 12. Harvey, G.R., Steinhauer, W.G. and J.P. Miklos, Nature, 252, 387-388, (Nov. 29, 1974). 13. Harvey, G.R., W.G. Steinhauer and J.M. Teal, Science, 180, 643-644, (May 11, 1973). . 14. Horn, W., R.W. Risebrough, A. Soutar and D.R. Young, Science, 184, 1197-1199, (June 14, 1974). . 15. Keith, J.O., L.A. Woods Jr., and E.G. Hunt, Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference, _15, 56-63, (1970). 16. L.M., Law, and D.F. Goerlitz, Pesticides Monitoring Journal, 8^, 33-36, (June 1974). 17. Longhurst, A.R., and P.J. Radford, Nature, 256, 239-240, (July 17, 1975). DSW 442263 STLCOPCB4056798 87 18. Markin, G.P., J.C. Hawthorne, J.L. Collins, and J.H. Ford, Pesticides Monitoring Journal, T_y 139-143, (March 1974). 19. Munson, T.O., Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, l, 223-228 (1972). 20. Nimmo, D.R., P.D. Wilson, R.R. Blackman and A.J. Wilson Jr., Nature, 231, 30-52, (May 7, 1971). '21. Nimmo, D.R., D.J. Hansen, J.A. Couch, N.R. Cooley, P.R. Parrish and J.I. Lowe, Toxicity of Aroclor 1254 and its Physiological Activity in Several Estuarine Organisms, (unpublished). 22. Risebrough, R.W., Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems. 23. Risebrough, R.W. and V. Brodine, Environment, _12^ 16-27, (January-February 1970). ` .' 24. Zitko, V., 0. Hutzinger and P.M.K. Choi, Environmental Health Perspectives, 47-50, (April 1972). 25. Zitko, V. , and P.M.K., Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 7, 63-64, (1972). OS* *264 * rr * STLCOPCB4056799 88 2.5 Data from Localized Monitoring Efforts - Industrial Plants, Products, Sewage Treatment Facilities and Landfills 2.5.1 Industrial Plants 2.5.1.1 Monsanto. Co.. Saucer, Illinois Tlio only PCI5 production facility In the Un 11 e<l Stales Is the Monsanto plant at Sauget, Illinois which has produced PCI! mixtures ranging from 20 to 68 percent chlorine. Polychlorinated terphenyls have been jroduced at this facility, but production was suspended in 1971. . Soil contamination studies7 were initiated in February 1976. The sampling locations around the Monsanto facility are identified in Figute 2.5-1. The levels of Aroclor 1242, Aroclor 1260 and decachlorobiphenyl found at these sampling sites are listed in Table 2.5-1. The distri bution of all PCBs analyzed appears to be higher near the plant site and generally decreasing with distance from the site. There is some evidence that higher concentrations are present in the soils located to the southeast which corresponds with the predominant wind direction in this area. . . A typical chromatogram of a soil sample obtained near the plant is shown in Figure 2.5-2 along with the reference chromatograms of Aroclor 1242 and 1260 run under the same instrument conditions. Using these reference spectra, this sample contains 11 ppm Aroclor 1242, 9.3 ppm Aroclor 1260 and 1.0 ppm decachlorobiphenyl. 05\N 442265 STLCOPCB4056800 8`) Table 2.5-1 PCB Levels In Soils, ppm, Monsanto Sample Station Aroclor 1260 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0.05 0.12 1.4 0.31 0.20 1.3 2.9 9.6 0.65 0.28 0.10 0.26 9.6 0.03 0.39 Aroclor 1242 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.68 <0.01 0.82 3.0 6.1 <0.01 0.45 <0.01 <0.01 10.0 <0.01 0.46 Decachlorobiphenyl Total : 0:097 0. 61 . 0.90 0.38 0.27 1.6 1.3 2.4 0.12 0.081 0.049 0.081 1.1 0.40 0.12 0.147 0.73 2.3 1.37 0.47 3.72 7.2 18.1 7.7 0.811 0.145 0.341 20.7 0.43 0.97 SOURCE: Unpublished Report, Contract 68-01-2978, USEPA, Office of Toxic Substances; July 1975 ' DSW 442266 r- STLCOPCB4056801 91 DSW 442268 FIGURE 2.5-2 TYPICAL CHROMATOGRAMS OF STANDARD AROCLORS. DECACHLOROI1IPHENYI. AND A SOIL SAMPI E TAKEN IN THE VICINITY OF MONSANTO CO.. SAUCE T, ILLINOIS ------------------ --- 4 J STLCOPCB4056803 2.5.1.2 Yates Manufacturing Co., Chicago, Illinois The Yates Manufacturing Co. is an investment casting wax manufac turer. Prior to 1972, Aroclors 5460, 6090 and 5442, mixtures that contain both PCBs and polychlorinated terphenyls, were used. Subsequent to 1972, this company has been purchasing decachlorobiphenyl from foreign sources. Soil contamination studies7 were initiated in February 1976. The sampling locations around the Yates facility used to study soil con tamination are identified in Figure 2.5-3. The concentration levels of Aroclor 1242, Aroclor 1260 and decachlorobiphenyl found at these sampling sites are listed in Table 2.5-2. Table 2.5-2 PCB Levels in Soils, ppm, Yates Manufacturing Sample Location Aroclor 1260 Decachlorobiphenyl Total 1 0.22 . <0.001 0.22 2 0.24 0.053 0.293 3 0.81 0.033 0.113 4 0.34 0.19 0.53 5 0.51 0.58 1.09 6 0.40 1.2 1.6 7 0.26 0.51 0.77 8 1.5 0.75 2.25 9 0.57 0.040 0.61 .10 0.67 0.020 0.69 11 1.6 3.6 5.2 12 0.29 0.001 0.291 n 0.56 0.034 0.594 1.4 1.8 <0.001 1.8 SOURCE: Unpublished Report, Contract 68-01-2978, USEPA, Office of Toxic Substances; July 1975 . OS\N 442269 4 STLCOPCB4056804 STLCOPCB4056805 2.5.1.3 Valcast Corp., Troy, Michigan Valcast Corp. is an investment casting facility located in a small industrial park in suburban Detroit, Michigan. PCBs are a constituent of the wax mold compound used to fashion intricate shapes which are to be cast. Soil contamination studies7 were initiated in February 1976. The sampling locations around the Valcast facility are identified in Figure 2.5-4. The concentration levels of Aroclor 1260 and 1242 found at these sampling sites are listed in Table 2.5-3. Figure 2.5-5 is a typical chromatogram of a soil sample extract taken from this location. Aroclor 1260 was present in many of the soil samples taken from the Valcast area, but decachlorobiphenyl was absent. The one observed concentration of 18 ppm of Aroclor 1242 appears to be anomalously high, however, replicate analysis yielded values of 16 ppm and 19 ppm, respectively. Aroclor 1242 was not detected in any other soil samples from tills area, A small drainage ditch that passes adjacent to the north boundary of the Valcast facility was sampled. This ditch serves to remove storm water runoff in the vicinity and receives discharged cooling water from Valcast and other local small industies. Analysis of the Valcast cooling water at the point of discharge and of water in the drainage ditch failed to detect PCB levels greater than the detection limit of 0.1 ppb Two bottom sediment samples taken from this drainage ditch, however, had concentrations as follows: Aroclor 1242 Aroclor 1260 Decachlorobiphenyl 2.3 ppm 6.7 ppm 0.09 ppm . 9.4 ppm 8.9 ppm 0.11 ppm. DSW 442271 l * STLCOPCB4056806 PCB Levels in Soils, ppm, Valcast Sample Station Aroclor 1260 1 . <0.01 2 . <0.01 3 0.04 4 0.06 5 0.05 6 0.04 7 0.14 8 0.07 9 < 0.01 10 0.12 ]J ' 0. 01 J 2 0.12 13 0.03 14 <0.01 15 0.03 16 0.02 Aroclor 1242 18.0 SOURCE: Unpublished Report, Contract 68-01-2978, USEPA, Office of Toxic Substances; July 1975 DSW 442272 .' f STLCOPCB4056807 ROAD FIGURE 2.5-4 SAMPLING LOCATIONS, VALCAST IF * STLCOPCB4056808 DSW 442274 FIGURE 2.5-5 TYPICAL CHROMATOGRAMS OF SOIL SAMPLES TAKEN IN THE VICINITY OF VALCAST CORP., TROY, MICHIGAN - (a) 0.01 ppm, (b) 0.014 ppm AROCLOR 1260 2.5.1.A General Electric, Hudson Falls - Ft. Edward, N.Y. The General Electric Plants at Hudson Falls and Ft. Edward use large quantities of PCB's for filling capacitors and transformers. Both plants have chemical waste treatment facilities, but, significant PCB and oil/grease levels are discharged by the waste stream. The NPDES Permit Application lists: . Outfall Location Daily Average Concentration ppm Oil/Grease PCB Average Daily Loading (lbs.) Oil/Grease PCB Maximum Daily Loading (lbs.) Oil/Grease PCB Hudson Falls Hudson Falls FL. Edward 13.7 2.1 8.9 .5 ----- 5.0 239.8 4.9 38.27 10.0 ------20.0 250.9 5.25 44.5 17.6 ------30.0 In the summer of 1974, EPA Region II initiated a sampling program in the general vicinity of the General Electric plants.2 The five sampling stations established for this program are shown in Figure 2.5-6. Station 0 is upstream from the plants and serves as the control station; station 1 is located at the junction of the outfall stream from the Ft. Edward facility and the Hudson River, station 2 is located about 0.25 miles downstream from the outfall junction, station 3 is about C.5 miles downstream from station 1, and station 4 is located about 0.75 miles downstream from station 1. Samples collected included sediment, water, fish and snails; Ar dors identified included 1016, 1254, 1248 and 1242. The levels found at each sampling location are listed in Table 2.5-4. PCB's identified as Aroclor 1016 were conclusively identified in the water samples at detectable concentrations at all sampling locations except Station 0 (control) and station 4, the furthest downstream. At all stations the sediments contained higher concentrations of Aroclor 1016 than the water column resulting from adsorption of PCB's on suspended or already settled materials. The biological samples collected at station 0 contained PCB's characteristic of Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1248. Distinctly different from the samples at station 0 were the samples collected in the vicinity of or below the General Electric discharge; Fish data from these areas suggests that Aroclor 1242, Aroclor 1016, or a mixture of these two formulations are present in the Hudson. There are no distinguishing features which can reliably determine whether the mixture is Aroclor 1016 or 1242 at this time. DSW 442275 [? STLCOPCB4056810 99 Table 2.5-4 Environmental PCB Levels from the General Electric, Hudson Falls - Ft. Edward N.Y. Area Media____ Water (ppb) Aroc 1 o r .1016 Station 0 <1.0 1 2800 2 2.2 3 3.0 4 <1.0 Sediment (ppm) 1016 6.9 6700 540 2980 6.6 _ ____ 1254 4.0 FJhIi (ppm) _ 1248 L2_4 2_ 13.0 45a b 350 78 c a 27 aSnails (composite) ^Rock Bass cShiner Minnows SOURCE: Nadeau R.J., and R.P. Davis, Investigation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in The Hudson River, USEPA Region II. SW 44227g nr p. STLCOPCB4056811 100 FIGURE 2.5-6 MAP OF HUDSON FALLS-FT. EDWARD, NEW YORK. NOTE LOCATION OF SAMPLING STATIONS RELATIVE TO GENERAL ELECTRIC FACILITIES. DSW 442277 * STLCOPCB4056812 101 2.5.2 Sewage Treatment Facilities 2.5.2.1 . Illinois An early study8 of discharges into Lake Michigan was conducted by the state of Illinois in 1970-1972 from locations as shown in Figure 2.5-7. Only two counties in Illinois border on the lake and all sewage treatment plant effluents and tributary stream sources enter the lake from Lake County. In most cases, sewage treatment plant effluents had higher concentrations of PCB's than the tributary streams. PCB's were not measured in 1970; however, in 1971, 37 sediment samples were collected from tributary streams and ravines in Lake County and at stations offshore from Lake and Cook counties and analyzed for PCB's. The lake samples were collected 40 to 80 yards offshore from seven North Shore SanLtary District sewage treatment plants and at stations approximately one to three miles offshore. Aroclor 1242 in tributary sediments ranged up to 553 ppb in an unnamed channel in Waukegan and Arcelor 1254 ranged from 1.54 to 232.00 ppb in Pettibone Creek in North Chicago. Samples from open water sediments had Aroclor 1242 concentrations ranging up to 106.07 ppb. The highest level was found 40-80 yards offshore from the North Shore Sanitary District sewage treatment plant at North Chicago. Aroclor 1254 concentrations ranged from 2.48 to 46.92 ppb. Selected values are given in Table 2.5-5. Water samples were collected in both 1971 and 1972 at the tributary streams and sewage treatment plants. Aroclor 1242 and 1254 ranged from 14.00-1810.0 ppt and 192.0-388.0 ppt in 1971 respectively and up to 653.0 ppt for Aroclor 1242 and 61.0 to 841.0 ppt for Aroclor 1254 in 1972 in tributary streams. However, In samples from sewage treatment plants Aroclor 1242 concentrations ranged from 268.0-4020.0 ppt in 1971 and up to 21.0 ppt In 1972. Aroclor 1254 concentrations ranged from 139.0-568.0 ppt In 1971 and from 97.0 to 178.0 ppt in 1972. The highest readLngs were from the North Shore Sanitary District at Waukegan in 1971. Table 2.5-6 presents the levels identified in water samples from Illinois Streams and Sewage Plants Tributary to Lake Michigan. DSV\f 442278 p * STLCOPCB4056813 102 FIGURE 2.5-7 LOCATIONS OF WATER AND SEDIMENT SAMPLING STATIONS DSW 442279 STLCOPCB4056814 . Table 2.5-5 Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Sediments from Lake Michigan and Tributary streams in Illinois 1971 (ppb) dry weight basis I/x-ut Ion __ 1242" __Aroclor *................ r'"l254 <1 to 3 miles offshores Cook County 1 2 3 Lake County 4 5 Highland Park STP Lake Forest STP Lake Bluff STP North Chicago STP Waukegan STP 10-50 yards upstream from Lake Lake County 6 7 8 N.D.-18.55 17.23-83.35 3.58-13.65 7.43-19.25 4.98-46.11 11.11 10.51 44.36 106.07 17.32 N.D.-4.32 1.31-173.40 1.77-553.00 2.48-17.25 9.38-46.92 3.15-12.42 . 5.26-17.45 8.36-34.52 . 12.42 ' 7.02 14.45 . 26.54 '11.97 1.54-17.90 2.54-232.00 2.56-131.00 103 SOURCE: USEPA, Pesticide Monitoring Programs: Lake Michigan and Tributaries in Illinois, EPA 600/3-74-002 ." DSW 442280 *y STLCOPCB4056815 Table 2.5-6 Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Water Samples from Illinois Streams and Sewage Plants Tributary to Lake Michigan 1971 - 1972, (ppt) Location 1971 Waukegan River Pettibone Creek Waukegan STP North Chicago STP 1972 Waukegan River Pettibone Creek Waukegan STP North Chicago STP 1242 Aroclor 1254 1810.0 140.0-187.0 601.0-4020.0 268.0-1070.0 388.0 192.0-194.0 . 139.0-568.0 153.0-260.0 57.0-120.0 N.D.-653.0 N.D.-17.0 N.D.-21.0 . ' 61.0-136.0 107.0-841.0 ' 97.0-139.0 100.0-178.0 104 SOURCE: USEPA, Pesticide Monitoring Programs: Lake Michigan and Tributaries in Illinois, EPA 600/3-74-002 DSW 442281 * STLCOPCB4056816 2.5.2.2 Michigan Samples collected in 1971 and 1972 from municipal waste water treatment plant effluents throughout Michigan11 indicated these plants as a major source of PCB's with an average concent rat Ion of 2.55 ppb for 60 effluents sampled. Only seven of tlie effluents exceeded 1. ppb but one, the liny 01 Ly treatment plant on the Saginaw Ulver, had an average effluent concentration of 120 ppb with a high of 340 ppb. Samples collected from 58 waste water treatment plants in 1973 averaged 0.52 ppb. The Bay City PCB discharge had been greatly reduced as a result of control measures in industries served by the waste water treatment plant. ; Sewage Sludge from 57 of the 58 plants tested in 1973 showed Bay City to have the highest concentration of PCB's in the sludge being removed by the treatment process averaging 352 ppm compared to a state wide average of 15.6 ppm. The range of values for all waste water treatment plants sampled in 1971-1973 are given in Table 2.5-7. ' dS\j\] A42282 1 STLCOPCB4056817 106 Table 2.5-7 PCB Levels from Waste Water Treatment Plants, Michigan UN'Incut (I`171.-72) City Aroclor _ ' 1254 ...........* Adrian Alhion Ann Arbor . Battle Creek . Bay City Benton Harbor St. Joseph . Brighton Charlotte Constantine Detroit Dexter E. Lansing Escanaba Essexvlllo El Int I'l iisb 1 ng (Mad.st one Grand Haven Grand Rapids Holland Houghton-Hancock Iron Mountain- Kingsford Ironwood Jackson Kalamazoo L'Anse Lansing . Manistique Marquette Marshall Menominee Midland - Milford Monroe Mt. Clemens Mt. Pleasant Muskegon Muskegon Heights Niles Norway 0.41-14.00 0.44 <0.10-0.14 0.16-0.92 5.70-340.00 0.31-0.99 0.38 0.61 0.85 j0. 88-3.00 <0.10 0.35-0.69 0.29 0.21-0.28 0.10-1.30 0.52 0.19 <0.50 0.37-0.68 0.42-0.79 <0.10 0.55-1.20 0.16 <0.10 0.19-1.30 <0.10 0.13-0.23 <0.20 0.35 <0.10 0.35 0.13-0.40 <0.10 0.33-0.60 1.40-10.00 <0.10 0.28 0.37 0.68 0.40 Mil Incut ( I *) / I! 1242 (pi'b) Aroclor 12_5_4 S I mlgc ( 1') / 1) (ppb) Aroclor 1242 1254 3.20 2.15 0.44 1.05 <0.10 0.18 0.69 <0.10 1.12 0.22 0.63 0.29 0.15 0.57 <0.10 <0.10 0.29 0.83 0.18 0.48 <0.10 0.34 0.25 <0.10 352.0 0.20 0.34 0.46 32.1 0.23 0.18 . . 0.10 <0.10 <0.10 0.29 23.3 0.31 . 2.20 2.90 175.0 1.5 1.1 2.8 13.8 <0.1 6.8 2.1 3.2 ' 4.6 5.9 3.9 6.3 4.1 4.1 11.8 0.8 5.5 9.5 5.2 3.0 4.4 5.3 1.5 2.8 3.9 4.2 2.9 3.3 6.5 12.7 11.0 7.8 <0.1 DSW 442283 r * STLCOPCB4056818 107 Table 2.5-7 (cont.) s City Effluent (1971-72) (ppb) Aroclor 1254 Ontonagon <0.10 Owosso <0.10 Parchment <0.10 PonLiac (Auburn Rd) <0.10-0.61 Pontiac (E. Blvd) 0.15-1.30 Portage 1.90 Port Huron 0.28-0.52 Saginaw 0.74-3.80 St. Ignace <0.20 South Haven <0.10 Swartz Creek <0.10 Three Rivers <0.30 Trenton J 0.14-1.10 Warren 0.10-0.16 Wayne County (Wyandotte) 0.17-0.64 Wyoming 0.44-0.55 Ypsilanti 0.21-0.22 Ypsilanti Twp ill <0.10-0.12 Ypsilanti Twp H2 0.16-0.19 Cadillac Howell Sault Ste. Marie Traverse City. Effluent (1973) .(ppb) Aroclor 1242 1254 Sludge (1973) (ppb) Aroclor 1242 1254 0.12 0.31 0.60 0.54 1.80 0.77 2.0 5.0 1.5 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 0.40 0.22 <0.10 <0.10 0.53 . -- 0.73 <0.10 2.01 0.31 4.1 <0.1 <0.1 2.0 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 ' 15.0 2.4 1.8 SOURCE: . Monitoring for Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Aquatic Environment, Michigan Water Resources Commission, May 1973 DSW 442284 P* * STLCOPCB4056819 loa 2.5.2.3 Wisconsin . Samples from sewage treatment facilities in Wisconsin were- collected in March 1970. The PCB concentrations identified in the effluents ranged from 0.04 to 0.25 ppb and are presented in Table 2.5-8.9 " In 1971 ll municipal sewage treatment plants in eleven southeasternWisconsin cities were sampled as shown in Figure 2.5-8. Table 2.5-9 shows the results of this study and indicates that six of the eleven sewage plants had effluents ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 ppb of Aroclor 1254 while two sites were greater than 1.0 ppb for the same Aroclor. However Portage had 42 ppb of Aroclor 1248 in the effluent with 5.2 ppm in the digester sludge. It is interesting to note that even though Port Washington is not as highly industrialized as Grafton the effluents from both cities contained approximately the same concentrations of PCB's ranging from 0.12 to 0.23 ppb. ' .1 - Since the concentrations for Cedarburg were so high a special 24 hour study was conducted. The concentrations in raw sewage began to increase at the beginning of the working day from 0.54 ppb to a maximum of 3.1 ppb at 4:00 p.m. Table 2.5-10 presents the readings taken. The concentration in the final effluent appears to begin increasing from 0.33 ppb at midnight to a maximum of 0.77 ppb at 2 p.m. The concentration of PCB's in the effluent is approximately 30 percent of that in the influent. The concentration of PCB's in the sludges is approximately 1,000 times higher than in the fluid wastes. These data demonstrate that the time of sampling waste effluents is of importance in mass transport estimates.1 fiSVJ442285 STLCOPCB4056820 109 Table 2.5-8 Concentrations of PCBs in Outfalls into the Milwaukee River on March 26, 1970 Location West Bent STP effluent Fredonla STP effluent Tributary at Fredonia Saukville STP effluent Chemical plant effluent, Saukville Grafton STP effluent Aroclor 1254 1254 1260 1260 1242 1254 PCB Concentration (ppb) 0.25 0.12 0.04 0.13 . 2.50 0.04 SOURCE: Veith, G.D., and G.F. Lee, Water Research, 5, 1107-1115, (1971) , .. Table 2.5-9 PCB Concentrations in the Effluents from 11 Southeastern Wisconsin Sewage Treatment Plants, 1971 ' City PCB Concentrations (ppb) Estimated Mass Transport (in lb/day) Beaver Dam Port Washington Grafton Cedarburg Racine Burlington Lake Geneva Walworth Beloit Ft. Atkinson Portage 0.05 0.12-0.22 0.07-0.23 0.28-1.1 0.60-0.83 0.08-0.14 2.2-2.8 0.17-0.34 3.89-11.75 1.24-2.48 32-42 . 0.0002 0.0027 0.0008-0.0015 0.0027-0.018 0.142 0.0017 0.018 0.0038-0.0052 0.0015 ' SOURCE: Dube, D.J. Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Effluents from Sewage Treatment Plants in Southeastern Wisconsin DSW 442286 STLCOPCB4056821 .(/o FREDONIA / SAUKVILLE GRAFTON CEDARHURG RACINE \ BURLINGTON LAKE GENEVA .WALWORTH FIGURE 2.5-8 WISCONSIN CITIES WHERE MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS WERE SAMPLED IN 1971 DSW 442287 ii I ? II I I STLCOPCB4056822 V Table 2.5-10 A 24-hcnir Survey of PCU1 h 1 n the Cedarhurg Treatment . Plant on April 15, 1971 . Time 0:00 1:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 17:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 Flow (in gal/min) 1480 1360 1300 1250 1200 2000 2100 1900 1900 1850 1900 1950 1800 1650 In the Influent PCB Concentrations (in ppb)1 In the lit the Primary Effluent Trickling Filter 0.30 -- 0.33 -- 0.19 0.20 0.10 0.13 0.35 ---- 0.16 0.54 0.39 0.40 0.50 1.7 0.23 0.69 1.5 0.77 3.1 -- 0.70 ------- ' 0.25 , 0.30 ------- . 0.22 ------- , . O'. 14 0.36 0.34 'The Chromatograms of the samples most closely resembled the chromatogram of Aroclor 1254. 111 SOURCE: Dube, D.J. Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Effluents from Sewage Treatment Plants in Southeastern Wisconsin . 0SV\! 442288 4 STLCOPCB4056823 2.5.2.4 Ohlo Very little information is available from the Ohio River. The values reported are given in Table 2.5-11. .. Table 2.5-11 PCB Levels from Sewage Treatment Plants, Ohio, 1971 Collection Site Dayton Hamilton Middleton Aroclor Detected 1254 1248 Concentration (ppb) 17 10 N.D. . 112 SOURCE: Polychlorinated Biphenyls and the Environment, Inter departmental Task Force on PCB's, May 1972 OS'N 442289 p STLCOPCB4056824 2.3.2.5 California 113 In 1970 over a billion gallons of waste water entered the sea each day from urban sewage systems in California. Since two kilograms of PCB output per day are equivalent to one ton per year, outfalls of 9 sewage treatment plants discharging waste to the sea in California were sampled in an effort to identify potential PCB sources. The samples were all taken from sewage outfalls at sites closest to the points of entry into the sea as shown in Figure 2.5-9. The highest output was reported in Los Angeles County which is one of the most industrialized areas in the state. Table 2.5-12 shows the PCB levels identified in the samples collected.5 '. The only other available data were collected in early 1975 on sludge as part of the California Compliance Monitoring Survey for Chlorinated Hydrocarbons.6 The results obtained are listed in Table 2.5-13. .. .. ' Only one plant was sampled in both studies, the Hyperion Plant in l.os Angeles. The 1970 sludge samples had 78.5 and 98.1 ppb concent rat Ions while Lhc 1975 readings ranged from 1,000-1,400 ppb. DSW 442290 * STLCOPCB4056825 114 FIGURE 2.5-9 LOCATIONS OF TREATMENT PLANTS SAMPLED. CALIFORNIA OS^ STLCOPCB4056826 ` Table 2.5-12 PCB Compounds in Urban Sewage Outfalls in California - 1970 Sampling Station Description Flow Richmond . Serves most of Richmond including one of the most heavily industrialized regions of the Bay Area. . 21.5 EBMUD East Bay Municipal Utility District . Discharges primary treated waste water and digested sludge into San Francisco Bay. ' 155 San Francisco (Southeast Sewage Treatment Plant) Serves the industrial area of San Francisco. 31.5 Oxnard Serves Oxnard. 10.0 Hyperion Waste Water (City of Los Angeles) Sludge Mostly domestic sources. 340 5 White Point Serves Long Beach, Torrance and other heavily industrialized areas of Los Angeles County. 350 Terminal Island Serves Wilmington and Terminal Island seas. Processes mostly industrial waste. 9.3 Orange County (plant #2) Serves most of Orange County. 130 San Diego . . Serves San Diego and surrounding communities. 80 PCB Type PCB ppb N.D 1260 1260 -- 1254 1254 3.1-3.8 3.8-5.8 N.D 0.16-0.37 . 78.5-92.1 . 1242, 1254 76 1242 1242 r 5.8-12.8 0.21-0.64 .. . N.D ' PCB est. kg/day 2.0 0.6 -- 0.4 1.6 100 0.35 0.18 115 STLCOPCB4056827 SOURCE: Schmidt, T.T., R.W. Risebrough and F. Gress, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology J5, 235-243, (1971) SW 442292 ' Table 2.5-13 PCB Levels in Sludge, California, 1975 Location Description Orange County Sewage Treatment Plant Fountain Valley Digester Sludge Hyperion Sewage Treatment Plant Los Angeles, Digester Sludge Fort Ord Sewage Treatment Plant Secondary Digester Sludge . J Treasure Isle Sewage Treatment Plant Sludge Travis Air Force Digester Sludge Base, Sewage Treat ment Plant Mather Air Force Base Sacramento Primary Digester Sludge McClellan Air Force Base Secondary Sludge Beale - Air Force Base Primary Digester Polychlorinated Biphenyls (ppm) Aroclor Aroclor Aroclor 1254 1260 1242 ------- .. ------- 38-40 1.0-1.4 0.2-0.4 0.4-0.6 WWW . . " 0.6-0.8 . M- H U 0.4-0.6 * " " " ----- - 4.5-5.5 -----~ 0.3-0.5 SOURCE: Unpublished Data, USEPA National Field Investigation Center, August 1975 SW 442293 STLCOPCB4056828 117 REFERENCES, Section 2.5 Pubo, P.J. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (u Kl'lluoulu I rum Sewage Treal nient Planta In Soul heaut ern Wlnc.nnalit Nadeau, R.J., and R.P. Davis, Investigation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Hudson River, USEPA Region II . . Polychlorinated Biphenyls and the Environment, Interdepartmental Task Force on PCB's, May 1972 Monitoring for Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Aquatic Environ ment, Michigan Water Resources Commission, May 1973 Schmidt, T.T., R.W. Risebrough and F. Gress, Bulletin of Environ mental Contamination and Toxicology 235-243, (1971) Unpublished Data, USEPA National Field Investigation Center, August 1975 t Unpublished Report, Contract 68-01-2978, USEPA, Office of Toxic Substances; July 1975 USEPA, Pesticide Monitoring Programs: Lake Michigan and Tributaries in Illinois, EPA 600/3-74-002 Veith, G.D., and G.F. Lee, Water Research, 5, 1107-1115, (1971) DSW 442294 T STLCOPCB4056829 118 2.6 Data from Localized Monitoring Efforts - Cities ^' 2.6.1 Jacksonville, Florida Samples of ambient air, water, soils and bottom sediments were collected in the vicinity of Jacksonville, Florida, on September 10, October 6-7 and November 20-21, 1975, for PCB analysis.1 Figure 1 Illustrates the sampling locations In the Jacksonville urea. The outlined area on Figure 2.6-1 circumscribes a municipal sewage sludge disposal site which has been used for the past several years-by Ihc. OlLy of Jacksonville. .. AIR DATA. . Air samples ware collected at the fire station off Fort Caroline Road using a high-volume sampler equipped with polyurethane foam as the collection medium. Measured PCB concentrations are reported in Table 2.6-1 for the 24-hour period of November 20-21, 1975^ The levels measured throughout this period ranged from 4 to 9 ng/m , with the lowest levels being observed during the early morning period. Chromatograms indicated the presence of the lower substituted PCB components of Aroclors 1221 and 1016. Quantitation of the PCB levels was performed after perchlorination to decachlorobiphenyl. WATER, BOTTOM SEDIMENT AND SLUDGE DATA . The analytical data for water, bottom sediment and sludge arc sum marized In Table 2.6-2 for the sampling poinLs shown on Figure 2.6-1. I'CB content of bottom sediments range from 10 to 572 ppb, surface water con centrations ranged from the analytical detection limit of 20 ppt to 285 ppt, expressed as decachlorobiphenyl. The highest sediment concen tration (572 ppb) was observed near the cooling water discharge of the Jacksonville Electric Authority Southside Generating Station. This may be related to use of PCE-containing materials at the generating station. Intermediate concentrations were observed in sections of the St. John's . River which is surrounded by urban and industrial development. Drainage creeks from the municipal sewage sludge landfill area had bottom sediments of lower concentration. Inspection of gas chromatographic elution patterns indicates the presence of Aroclor 1260 in these sediment samples. A concentration level of 720 ppb was measured for fresh sludge taken from the Monterey sewage treatment plant. Two-year-old sludge, taken . . from the landfill area, had a concentration level of 119 ppb. DSVV 442295 IF STLCOPCB4056830 kSLN STLCOPCB4056831 V Table 2.6-1 PCB In Ambient Air in the Vicinity of Jacksonvi 1 le, Florida Dale Perlod 1 1/20/75 11/20/75 11/20/75 11/20/75 11/21/75 11/21/75 1200-1600 1200-1800 1800-2400 2000-2400 2400-0600 0600-1200 * Reported as decachlorobiphenyl. Concent nil Ion ^ug/m')* 9 8 9 7 4 6 120 Table 2.6-2 I'CB Analysis of Environmental .Sample.*) in the Jacksonville, Florida, Area. Sample Site Sample Type Site Description Concentration (ppb)* 1 Sludge Monterey sewage treatment plant 720 2 Soil SW section of sludge landfill; 119 about two years old 3 Soil Air collection site 68 9 Sediment Unnamed Stream into Mill Cove 10 10 Sediment Ginhouse Creek 21 11 Sediment Arlington River Mouth 74 11 Water Arlington River Mouth 0.260 12 Sediment Generating Station Discharge 572 13 Sediment St. John's River 142 14 Sediment Trout River 167 14 Water Trout River 0.020 16 Water Jacksonville College Pier 0.285 17 Water St. Joseph's River ' 0.103 18 Water Broward River Mouth 0.020 *Reported as decachlorobiphenyl. SOURCE: Unpublished Report. Contract 68-01-2978, Office of Toxic Substances, EPA, December 1975. . . DSW 442297 .r ' STLCOPCB4056832 121 REFERENCES, Section 2.6 Uii|mi!> I I filled Itopor l. El'A, DctciiiIkt 19 76. Cent rnct (ifl-()l-2()7R, Of Hoc of Toxic SoliHt Miiooii , DSW 442298 STLCOPCB4056833 3.0 Behavior of PCB's in the Environment In general, PCB environmental movement is dependent on stability, solubility and volatility. These properties will control their trans port via air, soil, water and/or sediment depending on the partition coefficient in each phase. General discussions on the thermal, photochemical and chemical properties of PCB's have recently been published by Hutzinger, Safe and Zitko5. Various transport mechanisms have received considerable attention9'1*. Current air data indicates that the predominant movement of PCB's in the atmosphere is not attached to particulates as is the case with DDT, but rather as the free unbound molecular species. Some of the complexities of the behavior of PCB's in the environment include the following characteristics which are discussed in subsequent sections: (a) the complexity of the composition of different Aroclor products, (b) the difficulty in definition of water solubility and adsorp tion properties due to the complexity of the mixtures, and.(c) the variability of the volatilization process depending on the starting mixture and point of release. By coupling these areas, the focus will be on those PCB properties that influence environmental sample collection, control their distribution in environmental samples and present potential difficulties in environmental sampling. 3.1 Composition of Aroclor Products PCB's have been manufactured in the United States by the Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Company, and marketed under the trademark Aroclor with a numerical designation0. Table 3-1 provides an overview of the major Aroclors produced with their associated chlorine content. These Aroclor products are mixtures of different isomers. A typical analysis of the currently produced products and the associated chlorobiphenyl composition is shown in Table 3-2. In addition, the number of potential isomers making up the chlorobiphenyl component are also indicated. From this chemical analysis, Aroclor 1221 can be considered primarily as a monochlorobiphenyl and is the only Aroclor with a significant biphenyl concentration; Aroclor 1016 and 1242 are primarily trichlorobiphenyls, with the 1016 having a lower penta and hexa content than the 1242 pro duct; Aroclor 1254 is primarily a pentachlorobiphenyl product. The composition of the different isomers could be quite different for each product. . 3.2 Water Solubility of PCB's The water solubility of various Aroclor products and some chloro biphenyl isomers has been measured by different investigators. A limited set of reported values are shown in Table 3-3. The solubility for all three monochlorobiphenyl isomers is listed and range from 1190 5900 ppb. The solubilities for all of the higher chlorobiphenyl isomers have not been measured and only representative compounds are listed to 0SV\! 442299 STLCOPCB4056834 123 show the range of values possible and the component solubilities for Aroclor 1221; for the dichlorobiphenyls, the 2,4-, 2,2'-, 2,4'-, 4,4'- dichloro isomer is listed out of a possible 12 isomers and range in solubility from 80-1880 ppb; for the trichlorobiphenyIs, only tlu* 2,2* ,5-tric.hloro is listed out of a possible 24 Isomers; for the I o- trachlorobiphenyls only the 2,2',5,5'-tetraohloro Is listed out of a possible 42 isomers. These values indicate that I'l'll * s have low so 1- uhlllLies and the solubility decreases with (he number of chlorine atoms present in the isomer, i.e., the lower isomers containing chlorine show the highest solubility. factors that contribute to the variability of the results include adsorption to particulate matter or wall surfaces and the slow equilibration process. .. Studies by Haque et. al.,3 show that equilibration of Aroclor 1254 in water required approximately two months to reach complete equilib rium, with the major portion being achieved in a week. These studies . also included various types of adsorbent surfaces ranging from sand to highly organic soil samples. The adsorption increased strongly with the organic content of the adsorbent studied. Starting with an original concentration of Aroclor 1254 at 56 ppb, the addition of 100 grams of sand or silica gel had very little effect on the final PCB concentration. However, by adding a high organic content soil, the final PCB concentration was reduced by approximately 85%. .. Studies by Kirholbcrger1 on the behavior of PCB's In river water over a 16 week period indicated that the levels of recovery of'10 ppl> spiked Aroclor 1242 samples were 87, 76, 73, 60, 53 and 43 percent for zero time, I, 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks respectively. bosses wore attributed to irreversible adsorption on either the walls of the sample container or the silt contained in the sample. 3.3 Interactions of PCB's with Soils The behavior of PCB's in soil is a complex process dependent on a number of factors which include surface properties and composition. Soil composition can be identified by characterizing the percentage of sand, silt, clay and organic carbon. Depending on the surface properties, soils can act as an effective barrier to PCB migration in landfill sites and as an effective sink to PCB's deposited via aerial fallout. Once the PCB's are adsorbed, factors that would influence PCB movement are leaching when water is added to the soil and re-evaporation under normal atmospheric conditions. In a series of experiments directed at understanding the leaching properties for various soils that could be encountered at different land fill sites, different types of soils were studied10. These experiments percolated water through a column packed with soil coated with Aroclor 1016 and monitored the effluent water. Breakthrough of the PCB's was found to be related to the clay content of the soil. Soils with the higher clay content retained the PCB's. The isomer distribution in the DSW 442300 r> * i STLCOPCB4056835 124 effluent reflected the different water solubility and adsorption properties characteristic of the Aroclor 1016 isomers. The less chlorinated Isomers were more readLly leached. Results from these experiments are shown in Figure 3-1, where an Aroclor 1016 and 1221 standard .solution Is compared with the leached mixture. The resulting Isomer distribution Is slgnltl- can.lly changed from the1 starling Aroclor 1016 and has a closer resemblance to the Isomer pattern of Aroclor 1221. In the worst case, less than 0.05% of the total Aroclor 1016 available was leached under conditions equivalent to forty years of annual rainfall. . Adsorption and evaporation studies3 with Aroclor 1254 on different soils show that due to the few adsorption sites in sand, sand surfaces adsorb relatively small amounts when compared to the other types of soils. Consequently the vaporization loss from a sand surface will be signifi cantly higher than soil surfaces where it is more tightly bound. The less chlorinated isomers show a greater loss than those isomers of high chlorine content. . 3.4 Evaporation of PCB's from Water The transfer of PCB's from water to the air environment may be significantly faster than expected when considering that these compounds have a high molecular weight, low solubilities and low vapor pressures6'7. On examination, Lhe.se compounds exhibit very high activity coefficients In aqueous solution resulting In high equilibrium vapor partial pressures and consequently high evaporation rates. The rates are relatively Insen sitive to temperature. For different Aroclor products, the evaporation process is complex depending on the chlorobiphenyl isomers present, leading to different isomer concentrations in each phase with time. The calculated half-lives for Aroclor 1242 and 1254 for a water depth of one meter are 12.1 and 10.3 hours respectively. Using the half-life values, if a monitoring station is located one hour downstream from a source of Aroclor 1242, by the time the water reaches the' station, approximately one twentieth of the initial levels may have been evaporated. Where the water body is turbulent, the evaporation rate will be increased signifi cantly. 3.5 Environmental Sampling Guidelines . Based on these limited studies, the following guidelines and precautions are suggested: .. (1) laboratory measurements of field samples should be made as soon as possible; . (2) concentration levels of field samples measured in the laboratory will be lower than actual concentrations; (3) concentration levels in water may be much lower in some areas depending on the type of suspended particulate matter; (4) samples collected at plant outfalls will be non-equilibrium samples; .y DSW 442301 STLCOPCB4056836 125 I 1 SOURCE: MIEURE, J.P., 0. HICKS. R.G. KALEY AND V.W. SAEGER, "CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS." NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON POI YCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS, CHICAGO, ILL., NOVEMBER 19-21, 1975 FIGURE 3-1 SW 442302 n * STLCOPCB4056837 (5) sampling methods should be employed which reduce the problem of irreversible adsorption on container walls; (6) soil samples will have an enriched high chlorobiphenyl isomer concentration; (7) '' leached water and air samples will have an enriched lower chlorobiphenyl isomer concentration; (8) true identification of the specific Aroclor released into the environment becomes more difficult with time. DSW 442303 V \ STLCOPCB4056838 Table 3-1 AROCLOR PRODUCTS Produced by Monsanto Currently in Production 1221 - 1016 1242 . : :, 1254 '. Discontinued 1232 1248 1260 1262 1268 127 Percent Chlorine 21 32 . 41 42 ' 48 , 54 . 60 62 68 Table 3-2 COMPOSITION OF SOME AROCLORS Chlorobiphenyl Number of Composition Isomers C]2H10 c12h9ci 3 C12H8C12 C12H7C13 C12H6C14 C12H5C15 C12H4C16 C12H3C17 C12H2C18 12 24 42 46. 42 24 12 V Chlorobiphenyl Percent Distribution of some Aroclors 1221 1016 1242 1254 11 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 51 1 .1 <0.1 32 20 16 <0.5 4 57 .49 1 2 21 25 21 <0.5 1 8 A8 ND <0.1 1 23 ND ND <0.1 6 ND ND ND . . ND ND "None detected, <0.1% DSW 442304 STLCOPCB4056839 128 Table 3-3 SOLUBILITY OF AROCLORS AND CHLOROBIPHENYLS IN WATER Aroclor Products Solubility (ppb) Media ' References 1016 1221 1242 1254 1254 1254 1254 1254 225-250 distilled water 200 . distilled water 200 distilled water 300-3000 fresh water 300-1500 salt water . 50 distilled water 56 distilled water 40 distilled water 10 .8 9 12 . 12 9 3 8 Chlorobiphenyl. Compounds 2-chlorobiphenyl* 5900 3-chlorobipheny1 - 3500 4-chlorobLphenyl* 1190 2,4-dichlorobiphenyl 1400 2,4-dichlorobipheny1 637 2,2 '-<1 ichl.orobiphony 1* 1500 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl* 1880 4,4 '-d ich l.o rob ipheny 1* 80 2,2',5-trichLorobipheuyl 248 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl 46 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl 26 5 5 5 5 2 5 5 5 2 11 2 *These are the major chlorobiphenyl compounds in Aroclor 1221; the other major constituent is biphenyl which has a solubility in water, of 4600 ppb. O t. * STLCOPCB4056840 J 29 REFERENCES, Section 3.0 1. Eichelberger, J., unpublished data. .. 2. Haque, R., and D.W. Schmedding, Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 14, 13 (1975). 3. Haque, R., D.W. Schmedding and V.H. Freed, Environ. Sci. Technol. 8, 139 (1974). 4. Harvey, G.R. , and W. G. Steinhauer, Atmospheric Environment, 2 777 (1974). 5. Ilutzingcr, 0., S. Safe and V. Zltko, "The Chemistry of PCB's," CKO Press, Cleveland, Ohio (1974). 6. Mackay, 1)., and P..1. l.einonen, Environ. Sci. Technol. 9, 1178 (1975). ' . 7. Mackay, D., and A.W. Wolkoff, Environ. Sci. Technol., ]_, 611 (1973). 8. Mieure, J.P. , 0. Hicks, R.G. Kaley and V.W. Saeger, "Characteriza tion of polychlorinated Biphenyls," National Conference on Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Chicago, 111., November 19-21, 1975. 9. Nisbet, C.T. , and A.B. Sarofin, Environ. Health Perspec. _1,' 21 (1972). . 10. Tucker, E.W., W.J. Litschgi and W.M. Mees, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 1J, 86 (1975). 11. Wallnofer, P.R., N. Koniger and 0. Hutzinger, Analab Res. Notes 13, 14 (1973). 12. Zilko, V., Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 5, 279 (1970). DSW 442306 STLCOPCB4056841 .. 4.0 Occurrence of PCB's In Food ft. ' no . Some of the earliest findings of PCB's in foods occurred during the fall of 1969 in coho salmon and milk from West Virginia which was traced back to the misuse of a transformer fluid containing ITU's for defoliant spraying adjacent to dairy pasturage. In 1971 ITU's were found in poultry from North Carolina. Contaminated fIsh meal was implicated as the causative agent. The contamination was traced back to a leak in heat exchange equipment using PCB's. The fish meal samples examined contained from 14 to 30 ppm of PCB's. Follow up sampling of eggs showed that 71 of 224 eggs contained residues in excess of 0.5ppm ranging from 0.6 to 4.2.ppm.2 The Food and Drug Administration conducts a comprehensive food surveillance program yearly to determine pesticide residues, PCB's, heavy metals and other contaminants in the dietary Intake of consumers in the United States and to target emerging problems and trends. The FDA has analyzed all raw agricultural commodities sampled under the pesticide surveillance program for PCB's since 1969. PCB's have been encountered most frequently in fish, both freshwater (catfish, chub, and smelt) and saltwater (porgies, sea trout, bonita and sardines), with trace levels in shellfish. Table 4-1 presents the results of this program from July 1970 to September 1971.2 The total diet studies for FY 70 and FY 71 showed composite samples containing PCB residues up to 0.36 ppm. The positive readings were found in meat, fish, poultry, dairy and the grain and cereal composites. The 0.36 ppm value was found to be caused by migration of PCB's from the grayboard container and dividers to packaged shredded wheat.2 The FY 73 study included thirty market basket samples from representative areas of the United States consisting of the total 14-day diet of a 15-20 year old male in the region of collection including about 117 individual food items. 1 These 117 food items are separated after any necessary prepara tion into twelve food group composites for analysis: I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Dairy Products Meat, Fish and Poultry Grain and Cereal Products Potatoes Leafy Vegetables Legume Vegetables Root Vegetables Garden Fruits Fruits Oils, Fats and Shortening Sugar and Adj uncts Beverages (including drinking water) DSW 442307 STLCOPCB4056842 Most of tiie PCB levels identified In 1973 were trace amounts resulting in a daily intake of only 1 |ig/day. The most frequent occurrences were in the meat-fish-poultry and grain-cereal products groups with 33% and 17% positive analyses. It has been suggested that environmental contamination may be the source in the first group and lingering recycled paper contamination in the second group. Of 30 composites examined for each commodity group PCB residues were only determined in five of the groups as follows: Group Dairy Products Meat, Fish and Poultry Grain and Cereal Products Potatoes Oils, Fats and Shortening Frequency 3 10 5 1 1 The range Tor all 20 positives was trace to 0.073 ppm. In fact 19 . of the 20 readings wore only trace amounts with the 0.073 ppm composite appearing in the Crain and Cereal Products group.1 Data for 1974 are not available yet. However preliminary informa tion is that there were only 14 positive readings with 13 of them in the Meat, Fish and Poultry Group and the other one in the sugar and adjuncts group. The range of levels measured was trace to 0.05 ppm with the maximum levels in the Meat, Fish and Poultry group.3 Using the preceding figures it is estimated by FDA that the daily intake of PCB's from all twelve food group composites was 1.07 yg/day in 1973 and 0.388 yg/day in 1974.3 DSW 442308 r STLCOPCB4056843 132 Table 4-1 PCB Residues in Selected Food Commodities July 1970 - September 1971 Number of Number of - samples samples Percent PCB levels. examined positive positive bow ppm, high Fish , 670 Cheese 1344 Milk 941 Shell eggs 550 Fish by-products ------ 363 91 69 161 13 54 6 7 29 . T 35.29 T 1.0 T ' 27.8 T 3.74 T 5.0 Total (excluding fish by-product)3505 684 19 Average 1.87 .25 2.27 .55 1.17 1.14 SOURCE: Kolbye, A.D., .Jr., Environmental Health Perspectives, 85-88, April 1972. SW 442309 STLCOPCB4056844 . 133 . REFERENCES, Section 4.0 Food and Drug Administration, Compliance Program Evaluation, Total Diet Studies: FY 1973, Bureau of Foods, January 9, 1975. Kolbye, A.C., Jr., Environmental Health Perspectives, 85-88, Apri] 1972. Unpnl) I. Islicd Da La, Food and Drug Administration. j DSW 442310 STLCOPCB4056845 134 5.0 Exposure and Biological Accumulation of PCB's in Man 5.1 National Monitoring Programs The National Human Monitoring Program for Pesticides is conducted by the Office of Pesticide Programs, EPA. Small samples of adipose tissue from postmortem examinations and from specimens submitted Tor pathological examination during therapeutic surgery are collected and analyzed for the presence of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Analysis for PCB's was begun in 1968. Summaries of the data from 1971 are reported in Table 5.1-1 and from 1972 to 1974 in Table 5.1-2. Note that although classes are different in the two sets of results, the proportion of samples showing traces of PCB's is increasing: 50.7%, 1971; 73.99%, 1972; 75.49%, 1973; 90.93%, 1974. The increase between 1973 and 1974 is dramatic. However, the percentage of tissues which contained quantifiable (greater than 1.0 ppm) of PCBs appears to be re maining relatively constant (31.1%, 58.53%, 35.08%, 40.30%, 1971-74). 5.2 Localized Studies There have been several localized studies showing the presence of PCB's In both human plasma and milk. A 1968 study in Charleston . County, South Carolina3, reported that of 612 plasma samples collected from healthy volunteers, 45% showed some PCB residue. Levels ranged to a maximum of 29 ppb with a mean plasma residue of 2.12 ppb. This study also tested for the significance of several factors on PCB levels, concluding only that residues were more frequent and higher in whites and urban residents. A follow-up study conducted in 19721 in the Charleston area sampled plasma and scalp hair specimens from 37 refuse burners and 54 controls. PCB residues were not detected in hair samples, but 81% of the refuse burners (compared with only 11% of the controls) had detectable PCB residues in plasma. Median levels for those with detectable amounts in plasma were 2.6 ppb for the refuse workers and 3.7 ppb for the controls, with maximums of 14.1 ppb and 20.2 respectively. A 1971-72 study6 of 40 human milk samples in Colorado discovered PCB residues in 20% of the samples in ranges from 40 to 100 ppb. A 1971 study of 47 lactating women in Texas2 reported an absence of PCB residues both in milk from all subjects and in serum from 28 subjects. A minor study of blood samples from nine cachectic patients and 15 healthy nonpatients from Missouri and surrounding states'* reported detectable PCB residues in all patients (mean 48 ppb, range 10-100 ppb) and none detectable in the nonpatients. No conclusions were drawn. DSW [*C \ 4 STLCOPCB4056846 '* Table 5.1-1 PCB Concentrations in Human Adipose Tissue, 1971 135 Sample Size 637 Absent Trace to Below 1 ppm Number % Number % 314 49.3 125 19.6 1-2 ppm Number % 165 25.9 2 ppm Number 33 SOURCE: Yobs, Anne R., Environmental Health Perspectives, ]L, 79-81 April 1972. . Table 5.1-2 PCB Concentrations in Human Adipose Tissue, 1972-1974 Absent Below 1 ppm 1-3 ppm 73 ppm Sample Size Number % Number % Number % Number % 1972 1973 1974 4102 1277 1047 1067 313 95 26.01 24.51 9.07 634 513 530 15.46 40.17 50.62 2079 378 371 50.68 29.60 35.43 322 70 51 7.85 5.48 4.87 SOURCE: Kutz, F.W., Project Officer, National Human Monitoring Program for Pesticides, Office of Pesticides Programs, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC. DSW 442312 ? *. STLCOPCB4056847 REFERENCES, Section 5 .136 1. Bumgarner, J.E., D.I. Hammer, A.V. Colucci, J.P. Creason and ,'J.F. Finklea, 1973, Polychlorinated Biphenyls Residues in Refuse Workers, Bioenvironmental Laboratory Branch, Human Studies Laboratory, National Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, unpublished report dated June 26, 1.973. 2. Dyment, P.G., L.M. Hebertson, E.D. Gomes, J.S. Wiseman and R.W. Hornabrook, Bulletin of Environmental Contaminants and Toxicology, 532-534, (1971) 3. Finklea, J., L.E. Priester, J.P. Creason, T. Hauser, T. Hinners, and D.J. Hammer, Annual Journal of Public Health, 62_, 645-651, (1972). 4. Hesselberg, R.J. and D.D. Scherr, 1974, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 11, 202-205, (1974) 5. Kutz, F.W., Project Officer, National Human Monitoring Program for Pesticides, Office of Pesticides Programs, U.S. EPA, Washington, ' DC. ; 6. Savage, E.P., J.D. Tessari, J.W. Malberg, H.W. Wheeler and J.R. Bagby, Pesticides Monitoring Journal, 7_, 1-3, June 1973 7. Yobs, Anne R. , Environmental Health Perspectives, 1, 79-81, April 1972 OS'N * STLCOPCB4056848 6.0 Environmental Trends There are few data bases or environmental studies which provide an adequate basis for sound analytic determinations of national trends in environmental levels of PCB's. Such a data base would be a result of a system of studies involving consistent sampling across media, i.e., statistical samples taken at the same locations at representative time periods, analyzed according to standard protocols, taken over a period of time long enough to establish a trend. Some studies do show consistent sampling within specific media, e.g., the Great Lakes Environmental Contaminant Survey, but the literature is full of snapshot studies with neither predecessor nor successor, and baseline studies which have not been followed by any further work. Thus, whether due to funding, modification of priorities or personnel changes, long-term consistency and coordination have not been achieved. As a result, the conclusions drawn in this section represent qualitative judgements drawn from the large mass of generally uncoordinated PCB studies analyzed. . : Even recognizing all the faults of the available data base, the sheer mass of data supports the conclusion that there is widespread contamination of the environment by PCB's. There are regional variations, but effects are consistent across all media (e.g., water, sediment, fish, birds), generally showing greater concentrations of PCB's in highly developed areas and in areas of industrial activity. Over the past five years of Increasing recognition of and attention to the .problems of PCB's, the situation has shown no -improvement nationally. Conscious efforts have, however, resulted in substantial improvement in some localized instances. PCB contamination of the nation's waterways was termed widespread by the USGS over the period 1971-1972; more recent data from the USGS up to 1975 has shown no reduction in either levels or in geographical dispersion. Although sampling stations in the USGS data base are not expected to be representative of the U.S. and the data suffers from multiple observations at some stations and spot readings at others, over the period 1971-1975 states which had reported PCB's in sediment continued to do so while six of the 23 states which had shown no contaminated samples in 1973 did report some contamination in 1974. Sediment concentrations are imperfect indicators of current contamination levels and whole water measurements would be better. However, the currently,.practiced analytical protocol for water measurements,, which limits detectability to 0.1 ppb, leads to a preponderance of zero readings in whole water which mask the very real problem of PCB con tamination in the nation's waters. In almost all cases in which samples of.both whole water and bottom sediment were taken simultane ously and the sediment had a non-zero PCB level, concentration in the water was reported as zero ppb. This occurred even when the con centration in bottom sediment was as high as 4000 parts per billion! Were water measurements to be taken at the parts per trillion level as some recent studies have done, whole water readings would certainly show PCB contamination, to an extent similar to that shown by sediment readings. . 137 qSV\I 442334 r * STLCOPCB4056849 138 The results of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's fish monitoring activities show that stations which have reported high concentrations in the past continue to do ho, and that tin? higher concent rat Ions are associated with river systems having slgntl leant Industrial activity. Such results are consistent with those lor water and sediment item the U.StlS water quality flic. The fish data, however, .shows a decline in both the proportion of composites with some I'CH residues and the proportion with residues in excess of 0.5 ppm in the 1970-73 sampling program. Levels of detection are generally lower in 1973 than in previous years. While there are cautionary notes (see section 2.1.5), some improvement in PCB contamination appears evident, although mostly at those stations with prior low contamination levels. . Water is recognized as being a major sink and transport mechanism for PCB's and, therefore, residue levels in water and fish are signi ficant. Yet other media confirm the stability and breadth of contamina tion over the nation. Data on human adipose tissue show a steady climb over the years 1971-74 in the percent showing traces of PCB's. Soil monitoring shows that sixty percent, i.e., 3 of 5 cities sampled each year since the National Soils Monitoring Program started have had at least one positive PCB sample. Bird monitorj-g conducted as part of the U.S. Bureau of Fish and Wildlife's portion of the National Pesticides MonLtoring Program shows residue levels in black ducks . and mallards increasing between 1969 and 1972 in lhe Atlantic /uul Mississippi flyways and slightly decreasing In the Central and Pacific Flyways. PCB residues in starlings for 1970, 1972 and 1974 appear to be decreasing, yet PCB residues have been found in all samples each year, underscoring the ubiquitous nature of PCB's throughout the country. STLCOPCB4056850