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2 EuRIC - Sound Management of Waste & Chemicals Requirements by the Recycling Industry OUTLINE OF THE BROCHURE 1 Circular economy The importance of recycling to close the loop within the value chain 2 Recycling industry State of the Art 3 The presence of chemicals of concern (e.g., SVHCs) How do they affect the recycling industry? 4 Potential solutions and future work to address the concerns EuRIC AISBL - Recycling: Bridging Circular Economy & Climate Policy 2 EuRIC - Sound Management of Waste & Chemicals Requirements by the Recycling Industry 1 Circular Economy The importance of recycling to close the loop within the value chain Linear economy Traditionally, the dominant practice of business in production industries has been based on a Linear Economy model: using raw materials to produce a product and indirectly a waste that needs to be further disposed. RAW MATERIALS PRODUCTION USE RESIDUAL WASTE N UCTIO RE RECYCLING With a growing world population, the amount of raw material requirements has increased H[SRQHQWLDOO\ FDXVLQJ VLJQL4FDQW QHJDWLYH LPSDFWRQWKHVRFLDODQGQDWXUDOHQYLURQPHQW In response, the only long term sustainable DOWHUQDWLYH LV D CPiRrcUuHlar Economy , ZKHUHUHVRXUFHVDUHKDQGOHGPRUHH]FLHQWO\ RAW MATERIALS UAL WASTE SID PROD USE Circular economy The Circular Economy PRGHO DLPV WR FUHDWH YDOXH IURP ZDVWH E\ UHFRYHULQJ DQG UHXVLQJ UHVRXUFHV-Q DOO DUH JHQHUDWHGERWKLQSURGXFWLRQDQGXVH5HF\FOLQJFDQFORVHWKHORRSE\VLJQL4FDQWO\UHGXFLQJWKHFRQVXPSWLR VDYLQJERWKHQHUJ\DQG&e2missions. 2 A Circular Economy aims for A Circular Economy aims for the A Circular Economy aims for the the creation of economic value, creation of social value, inspiring creation of environmental value, UHYDORUL]LQJZDVWHDQGSURGXFLQJpDeWopDle to rethink and redesign, by reducing raw material dependency ORZHUFRVWZKLOHWKHHFRQRPLFYDOXIRHVRWI HULQJ LQQRYDWLRQ DQG FUHDaWndLYwLaWst\e disposal, which contributes materials and products increases. to meet societal, economical and to an increase in the resilience of HQYLURQPHQWDOQHHGV QDWXUDOUHVRXUFHVDQGWKHSUHYHQWLR contamination. A Circular Economy is not viable without the recycling industry 5HF\FOHUVRSHUDWHDWWKHHQGDQGDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHYDOXHFKDLQE\UHFRYHULQJPDWHULDOVIURP(QGRI/LIH(R/S UHLQWURGXFLQJWKHPDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHSURFHVVYDOXHFKDLQ EuRIC AISBL - Recycling: Bridging Circular Economy & Climate Policy 3 EuRIC - Sound Management of Waste & Chemicals Requirements by the Recycling Industry 2 Recycling Industry Environmental benets Primary production related Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions GLOBAL GHG EMISSIONS 44 GT CO 2 ENERGY/PROCESS EMISSIONS 28 GT CO 2 INDUSTRIAL CARBON EMISSIONS 10 GT CO 2 Deforestation/ Agriculture/ Decay 36% Energy/process CO 2 emissions 64% Buildings 31% Other 7% 27% Transport Industry 35% Other 45% Cement 19% Steel 25% Aluminium 3% Plastic Paper 4% 4% Source: Allwood, J.M.; and Cullen, J.M. (2011). Sustainable materials - With both eyes open, UIT Cambridge. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.592.9544&rep=rep1&type=pdf Recycling materials saves both CO 2 and energy compared to primary production 7DEOH SUHVHQWLQJ DYRLGHG &2 2 emissions and energy consumption for each recy cled material. Metal Paper Glass Plastic Textiles Tyres Aluminum Steel Copper HDPE PET CO savings 2 92% 58% 65% 18% 87% 89% 70% 98% 88% Energy savings 95% 72% 85% 47% 82% 89% 83% 99% 85% Source : - Metal - BDSV (2019). The future of the steel scrap. Technical, economic, ecological and social characteristics of steel recycling. Results of the Fraunhofer Institute's UMSICHT stud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yres - Aliapur (2010). Analyse du cycle de vie pour 9 voies de valorisation des pneus usages non reutilisables. R&D Aliapur. Retrieved from https://www.aliapur.fr/fr/mediatheque. html#bibliotheque Recycling also helps to create local jobs and reduce the dependency over extra EU material supply... EuRIC AISBL - Recycling: Bridging Circular Economy & Climate Policy 4 EuRIC - Sound Management of Waste & Chemicals Requirements by the Recycling Industry 2 Recycling Industry State of the Art Product RESIDUES (non-recyclable waste) Raw material COLLECTION RECYCLING SECONDARY RAW MATERIALSPRODUCTION MANUFACTURING (further sorting, shredding, and preparation for reuse, etc. = treatment operations) SMELTING DISMANTLING/SORTING/ PREPARING FOR REUSE Sorting separates wastes into different material streams & prepares for re-use (manual, mechanical, automated, physico-thermal processes, etc.) used for sorting COMPOUNDING EXTRUDING PAPER MILL KEY ARTICLES FOR REUSE Waste phase Product phase What is mechanical recycling? 6RUWLQJ RI ZDVWH PHFKDQLFDO VHSDUDWLRQ VKUHGGLQJ FUXVKLQJ HWF IROORZHG E\ SK\VLFDO VHSDUDWLRQ GHQVLW (GG\FXUUHQWVHSDUDWLRQHWFZKLFKFDQUHFRYHUPDWHULDOVDQGUHPRYHLPSXULWLHV RECYCLING INDUSTRY Recycling-related technical specicities Industrial economical specicities The input for any recycling operation is highly 5HF\FOLQJ FDQ RQO\ EH YLDEOiHmpLoIrtant YDULDEOHDQGLWVFRPSRVLWLRQLVQRQKRPRJHQHXVEXWquantities are treated in a short time, and in the output is highly stable in content: standards and LQGXVWULDOO\H]FLHQWSURFHVVHV VSHFL4FDWLRQVH[LVWIRUUHF\FOHGPDWHULDOTXDOLW\ (J7KHUHLVDERXWW\SHVRIUHFRYHUHGSDSHU 3ULPDU\UDZPDWHULDOVDUHIUHTXHQWO\FKHDSHUWKD secondary raw materials. Waste entering the recycling facilities can contain substances of concern but the largest part is UHPRYHGGXULQJWKHWUHDWPHQWSURFHVVHV (J 3E WUHDWHG GXULQJ VPHOWLQJ RU %)5V GXULQJ VLQN5RDWSURFHVV As they were obtained from waste products not designed to be recycled, recycled materials may FRQWDLQ XQZDQWHG PDWHULDOV ORZHULQJ WKHLU YD 7KHUHIRUHGHVLJQIRUUHF\FOLQJSOD\VDNH\UROH EuRIC AISBL - Recycling: Bridging Circular Economy & Climate Policy 5 EuRIC- Sound Management of Waste & Chemicals Requirements by the Recycling Industry 3 The Presence of Chemic als of Concern (e.g., SVHCs) How do they af fect the r ecycling industry? The pr esence of substances of concer n in the r ecycling pr ocess One of the main challenges associated with the Circular Economy is the presence of substances of concern in products, which are being passed onto waste and have to be removed by recyclers. RAWMATERIALS PRODUTCION PROCESS PRODUTC END-O-FLIFE PRODTUC RECYCLING PROCESS LANDFILL INCINERTAION Interface between chemical, pr oduct and waste legislation 5HF\FOHUVKDYHWRDGDSWWKHLUSURFHVVHVWRIXO4OQHZUHTXLUHPHQWVZKHQHYHUVXEVWDQFHVDUHUHJXODWH EHLQJUHJXODWHGRUXSGDWHVDQGHQVXUHWKDWUHF\FOHGPDWHULDOVQRWRQO\PHHWLQGXVWU\VSHFL4FDWLRQ KHDOWKDQGWKHHQYLURQPHQW7KLVPD\OHDGWRVLJQL4FDQWTXDQWLWLHVRIPDWHULDOORVWIRUWKH&LUFXODU( URQPHQWDOEHQH4WVKHQFHWKHXWPRVWQHHGWRHQVXUHWKDWDVVHVVPHQWRIUHJXODWHGVXEVWDQFHVLPSDF FRQVLGHUDWLRQZDVWHLQWULQVLFSURSHUWLHVDQGVDIHHPQDGWXHVUHLVDROIUVHF\FOHG CHEMIACLS PRODUTCS WASTE LEGISTLIAON IN PROGRESS DecaBDE PAH Plastics from WEEE and ELV 3%'(V DUH VWULFWO\ UHJXODWHG E\ WKH (8 323 5HJXODWL 5HF\FOHUV KDYH GHYHORSHG VWDWHRIWKHDUW WHFKQ WR VHSDUDWH 323IUHH SODVWLFV IURP IUDFWLRQV FRQW 3%'(V )RU LQVWDQFH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI 3%'(V LQ SODVW IURPXVHG&5779FDQEHDERXWSSPWLPHV KLJKHUWKDQWKHDSSOLFDEOHFRQFHQWUDWLRQOLPLW 'LVSURSRUWLRQDOO\ ORZHU WKUHVKROGV IRU /RZ FRQWHQWFRQFHQWUDWLRQFRQVLGHUHGZLWKLQWKHIU RI WKH %DVHO &RQYHQWLRQ ZRXOG KDPSHU KLJKTXD recycling in Europe. Synthetic turfs made from EoL tyres (ELT) REACH restriction on granules or mulches containing more than 20 ppm of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 3$+DQGXVHGDVLQ4OOPDWHULDOLQV\QWKHWLFWXUISL PVC Window frames, blinds, pipes The European Commission's proposal, based on ECHA's UHVWULFWLRQ GRVVLHU IRU OHDG LQ 39& VHWV D KLJKHU F WUDWLRQOLPLWIRUOHDGLQDUWLFOHVFRQWDLQLQJUH XSWRIRUVRIW39&DQGXSWRIRUULJLG39&DVVHVVHG to be safe for human health and the environment given 39&V LQWULQVLF SURSHUWLHV DQG HQGXVHV 5HMHFWLQ GHURJDWLRQ ZRXOG UHVXOW LQ ODQG4OOLQJ 39& ZDV VXEVWDQWLDO QHJDWLYH HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQVHTXH negate the Circular Economy. Disproportionate threshold values, disregarding sound risk assessment for safe end-uses, would exclude KLJKTXDOLW\UHF\FOLQJSURFHVVHVIRUWKRVHHOHPHQWVUHVXOWLQJLQDQLQFUHDVHGGHPDQGIRUODQGOODQG How can substances of concer n in r ecycled pr oducts be avoided if primary pr contain them? As recyclers cannot avoid the presence of the substances in the material, improving the interface between product - waste legislation is fundamental to promote recycling and foster a more Circular Economy. oducts chemical - EuRIC AISBL - Recycling: Bridging Cicrular Economy & Climate Policy 6 EuRIC- Sound Management of Waste & Chemicals Requirements by the Recycling Industry Main concerns from the recycling sector ergarding the interface chemical - porduct - waste legislation Recyclers treat EoL products per day. While producers are aware of the substances used within their processes, of individual substances by recyclers in the input of their activities can be challenging . There is a lack of practical and easily accessible information on regulated substances for recyclers. Waste treated by recyclers may contain substances that are no longer allowed in new products (i.e., legacy substances). EU rules on end-ofwaste are not fully harmonised , and same type of waste. Eco-design considerations are crucial for constantly improving recycling rates. However, it is mostly focused on addressing the issue and less on the recyclability potential. Imported articles that are not subject to authorisation requirements, may lead to a competitive disadvantagefor EU producers and recyclers who are subject to REACH authorisation. PRODUCT WASTE ? ? ? In addition, waste dangerous ornot, is set on a hazard basedlegislation and takes onyl partially into account the risks posedby a waste stream. Waste is,by to products for which hazardbased legislation is designed. Dier ence between HAZARD and RISK perspective hazardous properties, but do not present the same level of risk. Hazard RISK Exposuer RISK = Haazrd x Exposure HAZARD - Refersto the inherent propertiesof a chemicalsubstance that makeit capableof causingharm to a personor the environment. EXPOSURE - Describes the amount of, and the frequency with which, a chemicalsubstance comesinto contact with a personor the environment. RISK- Isthe possibility of harm arisingfrom a particularexposureto a chemical substance. EuRIC AISBL - Recycling: BridgingcuClair Economy & Climate Policy 7 EuRIC - Sound Management of Waste & Chemicals Requirements by the Recycling Industry 4 Potential Solutions and Future Work to address the concerns on this topic Enforcement of chemicals legislation at EU ERUGHUV It should simply not be allowed to import articles that are not FRPSOLDQWZLWK(8 UXOHVLQVLGH(8 3URPRWHHFRGHVLJQ for circularity by any means available $YRLGLQJZKHQHYHU possible, the use RIKD]DUGRXV substances. In the DEVHQFHRIDQ(35 scheme or any agreement with manufacturers FRYHULQJWKHFRVWRI HOLPLQDWLQJKD]DUGRXV substances in waste, recyclers should not be responsible for bearing the costs of it. -PSURYHWKH recyclability of products by taking into account the recycling process constraints at design stage. Better tracking of substances of concern 'HYHORSDUHJXODWRU\IUDPHZRUNHQDEOLQJWRWUDFN substances of concern in close collaboration with recyclers, in order to be practical and support their real needs. ENE RGY PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION TE, REFURBISH, REMA U N IB UFACTURE ECO-DESIGN CONSUMPTION AND STOCK SE, REPAIR, REDISTR EU R ls l materia Biologica aterials Technical m MATERIALS RECYCLING WASTE EMISSIONS EXTRACTION AND IMPORT OF NATURAL RESOURCES INCLUDING ENERGY CARRIERS INCINERATION LANDFILL 3URSHUULVNEDVHGZDVWH FODVVL4FDWLRQ :DVWHFODVVL4FDWLRQVKRXOG take into account the risks posed by a waste stream, QRWRQO\WKHKD]DUGV related to their chemical composition. (JFXUUHQWKD]DUGEDVHG WKUHVKROGVDUHXQ4WIRU ZDVWHFODVVL4FDWLRQLIWKH\ are not complemented by broader risk assessment, taking into account exposure parameters. +DUPRQL]HGZDVWH OHJLVODWLRQZLWKLQWKH(8 6DPHZDVWHFODVVL4FDWLRQ EHWZHHQGLHUHQW 0HPEHU6WDWHV7KLV could be extended to any regulation enforcement, as discrepancies in enforcement among 0HPEHU6WDWHVVKRXOGEH PLQLPL]HG 6SHFL4FVWDWXVIRUUH SURFHVVHGZDVWH 3RWHQWLDOO\PRYHRXWRIWKH GLFKRWRP\EHWZHHQZDVWH DQGSURGXFWVWDWXVE\ KDYLQJDQLQWHUPHGLDWH category for processed waste. 5XOHVIRUVHFRQGDU\PDWHULDOVWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWZDVWHLQWULQVLFSURSHUWLHV 6HWUHVWULFWLRQVZKLFKDUHVWDEOHLQWLPHDFKLHYDEOHDQGUHDOLVWLF&RQVLGHULQJWKHSURJUHVVDQGOLPLWDW DQGUHWDLOPDQXIDFWXULQJVHFWRUKDYLQJGHURJDWLRQVIRUOHJDF\VXEVWDQFHVHLWKHU *HQHUDOGHURJDWLRIRQUVOHJDF\VXEVWDQFHVLQUHF\FOHGPDWHULDOV(J5($&+DXWRULVDWLRQIRU'(+3LQ39& 7 LPHOLPLWHGGHURJDWLZRLQWVKSKDVHRXWVWUDWHJLHVWRSUHVHUYHDVRXQGUHF\FOLQJLQGXVWU\ZKLOHHOLPLQDWLQ VXEVWDQFHV(JWLPHOLPLWHGGHURJDWLRQWR5($&+UHVWULFWLRQIRUWKHXVHRIOHDGLQ39&XVHGDVDFRQVWUXFWLRQD time limit of derogation could be based on article lifecycle. 8VDJHOLPLWHGGHURJDWLRXQVVDJHZKHUHKD]DUGRXVVXEVWDQFHVDUHSUHVHQWEXWULVNLVOLPLWHG(J&DGPLXPLQ39& 6RXUFH(($&LUFXODUE\GHVLJQ3URGXFWVLQWKH&LUFXODU(FRQRP\(XURSHDQ(QYLURQPHQW$JHQF\ (X5-&$-6%/5HF\FOLQJ%ULGJLQJ&LUFXODU(FRQRP\&OLPDWH3ROLF\ %RXOHYDUG$XJXVWH5H\HUV%%UXVVHOV ZZZHXULFDLVEOHX SOUND MANAGEMENT OF WASTE & CHEMICALS REQUIREMENTS BY THE RECYCLING INDUSTRY EuRIC AISBL - Recycling: Bridging Circular Economy & Climate Policy