Document e77yVVrwjzNpOdr1GXmR7NDa9

API LIBRRRV MAY-10--'90 THU 17:04 ID:API LIBRARY < TEL NO:1-202-682-8232 ,s. AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE 50 WEST FIFTIETH 5TELEET - NEW YORK iO, N.Y. 8201 P02 PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT EXX 55 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE !* 1955 SECTION VI (INTERDIVISIONAL) ADDRESSES AND REPORTS Note.--Statements contained herein, although prepared for use in publications of the American Petroleum Institute, represent the ex pressed opinion of tha author. . ' EM002997 API LIBRARY MAY--10--* 90 THU 17:0d ID:API LIBRARY TEL I'd: 1-702-682-8232 ; Industrial Hygiene in the Petboleuk Industry -------------------------------------------------------------------------:-- -- ------------------------------------ ?------------------------------------ II20FP03 17 INDUSTRIAL HYfifRNR IN THF PFTRm piliai wiuustuy + \k J. W. Hammond* ; ABSTRACT The obltditM of industrial lqr|hn< ilu vtinw don at dUesae a,,id low of efficiency through the control of oeeupattoual Rostov* Mek may affect normal people, la tho imtt Intiualriaf-hrfirne practice* were directed mainly toward the control of existing condition*. Today engineering control feature* are applied to potential health haaarda fit the design or blueprint Me(c, and a number of procedure* have been dfrdvptd for evaluat ing Problreu whiah am tint apparent nr cannot L- mum. (celled a* A* feelfa or (IrrciODmaM itaam. Moat of the etcupalioatl and health haaarda found to the petmleom indmttr pro not paraHar tn it, and tha aepeeianaa gained in other industries can bo applied directly In cralnathtg and poking its problem*. BepmwmtatUre ex. ample* of prohahie chemical haaarda. their sources, and extent in major deportments nt an oil efewpaay am Ilalad. Introduction Modem public-health technique* have allowed the preaent world to build congested Industrial, butineaa, and roaidoniisl Centers. The ScueL of Ud dcvelopmunt Ke in our control of communicable diseases. Benefits from eantml of the environment tic ulnknn lu everyonu living in n modem community, where our food and water supply, waste diapnnal, insect-rector control, and general sanitation ore guided by public-health principles. Control of communicable diseases in modem industrial communities ho* given rite to a new standard of living in our homes. It has bean said that there i* no better ^taxxUuc* Ui gag?} CttlVUZC OX & fiQTffflUinlty tfiSH t&it of basic sanitation. Today we have Urge groups of people woiidup dowdy logeiiicr in modern plants where efficiency and production are greatly accelerated because we have these control!. Communicable diseases have been brought Under Control bv a cuiiiltinniliin of medtoal and engineering practices. Gtmerally, isolation, vaccina tion, protection of food and water auuidlce. and limita tion of contacts and transmittal by insect vectors have been the winning approaches. Occupational dlHMw are also controlled by tha appli cation of present-day scientific knowledge. The practice of this science is called induatrial bvidene and industrial medicine. This field haa many fseats and, therefore, requires the application of several branches of basic soianoea, oil does Ihu contra! at infectious disease*. in dustrial hygiene has multiple dividends to offer induo try, the asms aa snvixmmontal aanitatien has multiple rvwards. Specifically, we also have sanitation for aesthetic reasons. The pleasure we derive from boating and fish ing on our rivers, and from our beaches and parks, is an example of the worth of suitable conditions in recreational areas. Also, for aetthetio reasons, wo build v HumbU Oil and Keflalng Oo., Bavitec. <?txat. t Pr***at*d to a medical sad health iroop tenlon durioe the SSth Annual Mssttsg of the American Petroleum Inal., la the Fairmont BOM, VL J. Xathbeae, 8StaaxxSFarradnOelUKO0, .C(aMliaf.w, KJoevra. eISy),, 1M8eSwB;luprrke.afldt.loXr,. nnr washrooms and toilets in modern refineries as at tractive otruetyires, using til* oud ulher suitable ma terials for easy:cleaning and pleasing appearance. . The petmlrmp industry has gono to mueh expense to inorsas* the comfort Of employees, thereby promoting mpntnl and physical affiaiandy. Induatrial naufemouv ho* recogniisd for years that, during tha summer nMm, man's efficiency may fall and there is more need for vacation periods, and that recuperation from heavy physical and mental activities takes longer. Further indication of the w*t of discomfort can be noted by examination of the dogma* of civilisation throughout lu worm, uccuuae n is iouna tnat civilization haa de veloped to the greatest degree in the t*mp*rat sons*. This development is undoubtedly associated with the ability to work efficiently, both mentally and physically. Last, but not least, we are intexeeted in tha control of nrroiuitlnnat diseases. It l* tbo aOntMl of these latter diseases which we shall discuss for the next several minute*. Occupational diseaaes are not a new entity in the field of medicine and the ilia of mankind. Greek scholar* in too B.C. wrote about them, and early aoentuta in the field of modlefnc recognized tha ills of occupation when asm in th^ir patient*. The material* responsible for these ills have Inmn Identified and measured in quan titative term* fay; toxicologists, A few medications have been prescribed for soma of these diseases, which today urn numbered by the hundred*. Tbs cure is generally limited to prolonged removal from contact with the offending mcuiiU Tha only sura control of occupational disease is prevention. This is the science of industrial hygiene or occupational health engineering. Modern industrial hygisna had it* beginning in the first dsc*de of the 20th century in the U.8. Bureau of Min** working in cooperation with the U.S, Public Health Service. It soon moved cut of the experimental stage and became a practical tool for operating manage ment in industry to maintain the important assets-- manpower end human efficiency. EM002998 fiPI LIBRfiRV MAY-10-'90 THU 17:05 ID:API LIBRARY TEL NO:1-202-682-8232 8201 P04 18 INTEEDXVISIONAL Vol.85 [VI] <i955, Objective* and Scope of Industrial Hygiene The abjective* f taiipatrial hygiene are to prevent dimaiia and loan nf hunuji efficiency through the control Of Uui vUu|iAii)Mll Xu111*li lMy afftot nOitlXlftl people. The acope of thie science is to detect materials tmd physical acents witiin an environment which Here health significance, to evaluate them in quantitative terms in relation to their effect nn man, and to prescribe or design practical controls. To accomplish thin it io necessary to understand nun's limitations. Ids occupa tional relation to his tods, his physical contact \vith materials in his work, and physical factors of the chemi cal and material atmospheric contaminants of his work ing environment. There is no material too toxic to be used safely and, conversely, there Is no material so innocuous that it can bo ignored. Industrial-Hygiene Team An industrial-hygiene team, to be fully reliant, is generally made up of`the physician, tne industrial- hygiene engineer, and the chemist. They must work closely with allied groups. Other speakers on this pro grain have ably touched upon the important part of the physician. The industrtai-hygiene engineer is concerned primarily with field studies, collection of atmospheric samples, making of physical measurements, and evalua tion of results in terms of enect on Health and in the preparation of proposed control measures. The chemist is concerned with analytical worn involved in handling samples, as well os MBiftlng in the collection of them. Fnqusntly ha serves by supplying information relative to the toxicity of products or materials and the in terpretation of the field results. ' lnduaial'UygiMM Itaaetie** Past industrial-hygiene practices luvo been .directed mainly toward the control of the existing working en vironment where processes, units, and operations were well established. It has been necessary to play-"catch up," and this has often made it difficult and costly to provide effective control facilities. Today industrial hygiene has advanced to the point where it is realized that problems of environmental health will continue to increase as the "catch-up" approach alone is used. The best time to apply enginesring control features to poten tial health hazards and factors in the working environ ment Is at the design and blueprint stage. A good illustration occurred in a new goo plant. In the laboratory it was necessary to use mercury in the distillation units. Spilled mercury found its way be hind a lnlmrsthry hmrh and intn minute cracks In the floor surface. Prom these places, its vapor rose to con taminate the atmosphere during tne nesting season while windows and doors were dosed. It was necessary to roploee the flooring with Impervious material, and to relocate the furniture to allow cleaning behind cash piece, to correct this moderately serious health .hazard. Admittedly, it will always be necessary for indtutrial- hygiena personnel to sjiend a good portion of their tiimstudying evisting environmental oondltions and to vulu nto them is terms of Quantitative facta. The fact cam.r.i lie overemphasised that there are many obvinqg &dvnit. cages to the application ox induatriat-nygieno principle at the design stage. For example, control features are more acceptable and economical, and control feature* built into the process' are more efficient, than thou, added at a later date. Furthermore, when the control measures are part of the original unit, no health hBIlr,| is permitted to exist even for a short period or until it could cause harm. One finds that design engineers usually welnuns con. struct!ve comments on anticipated health problems ami COUtiel iuctlunh. It turn/ bo liounNHu, fox Ilia Industrial hygienist to establish channels for receiving plans for review, and it is necessary to stress the reasons for wanting thorn. It should always bo made dear that II.,- hygienist is in no way in competition with the design juiu uvwiuputcnt enjfmocm nut wience tu nerve as u consultant staff member in a specialized phase. Usual]y the information which lie may eupply lu the tuigineerlng group is: 1, bow toxic the materials in question arc; 2, whether it is a problem of inhalation or skin contact: 3, what the possible points of exposure are; 4, how taivUa the wuuld be, and,- S, wlial wuulil Li the beat and most economical control methods. Unfortunately, all pruLlwu* cannot be controlled ,,t the design stage. Obviously, some problems will not be apparent; hut, if proper consideration is given to ma terials and proeoaoos to bo uaod, potential hoalth haaardc can be predicted. For evaluation of new potential prob. leiuu, w wdl u old mice, U following steps awtvo lu point out the procedures commonly followed by the in dustrial hygienist: 1. Uavolop taxioltjr da^a on all materials ncod. 2. Determine quantitatively the atmospheric concentra tion of toxic materials; 3. Then, evaluate the health hazard based on recognized limits or standards, commonly called maximum allow able concentrations. 4. Place exposed workers under proper surveillance, 5. Develop, if needed, engineering methods of control. The evaluation of lha unvlronmuntal health vf a plant may be accomplished In the following order: 1. Hake a preliminary survey, which is an inventory of the health factors, and a list of all materials used. 2. Whenever toxicological information eo indicates, make atmospheric tests. 3. Determine atmospheric contaminants and physical factors of the environment in quantitative valuer* 4. AnniyrA hinlnglrai samples (hndy fluids) where M*' rated. d. Hake statistical studies of sickness records. 6. Occasionally, develop toxicological data and apply them to the other factors in the survey. v. Carefully study possible correlation between envi.ui'imental and medial data. 8. Develop central procedures whenever indicated. Hi dt EM002999 fiPI LI^RRRV - MTlY-lQ-'^a THU 17:06 ID:flPI LIBRHRY TEL MO:lr202-682-8232. tt201 P05 milllHTKUli JiYCIWB DJ THE PEttUHJiiuss. iNUUSTRT 19 This him tochriiaue auiy he applied to handls most indoatriol environWnUl health problems. The data, whethsx ^iiwioavc or positive idatln to health, provide a dafinita hosts for mnnagutaent fffjtivua till ttm Tired ror control. ' . The experience of a unit with a regular painter paint* out the need for definite data. Survey* of material* e*d uni method* at application showed no exponue to lead. However, the urinary lead Indicated hazardous absorption. Impaction at the worker** off-duty activitlee disclosed that his expoeure came from hie home paint shop, where he paintod farm machinery with red lead for his neighbor*. He stopped that exposure and wns soon normal in lead excretion. Extent of IndaatzisbHygtoae Problems It is of interest that most problems found in the petroleum industry an nat peculiar tn it. Materials and occupational health hazards recognised in machine shops and maintenance work, and in chemical, metal, electronic, and other industries throughout the nation, cause the same problems. This is good news, inasmuch as the application of industrial hygiene is relatively new in the petroleum industry, find rvpsriana# gained in other iminstrir* can' be directly applied in tin uvuluutlon and notation of it* luuUmue, A few representative examples of Industrial-hygiene services to major depart ments of an oil company are listed in Table 1, Benefits of Industrial Hygiene Uninn and labor interest in fields of health iul fringe benefits necessitate good liaison with official agencies. These agencies axe 'state departments of health and labor, compensation hoards, and other regulatory groups. One must be prepared to compare data for work areas in plants with their data, We often find It possible to be of service to the sales department in preparing precautionary labels as to safe use of petroleum products. Other fields of service may be to customers concerning the saf* u* of petroleum products in their plants. This field is not static. It is dynamic; and, therefore, it is necessary to keep in contact with others in this hold by participfitifm in professional activities. toduvtVidhhvsrinna netiybi** extend the medical imrvtwMf out of the clinic intoithe industrial plant Thfiy provide a mnroni Mata** tito-- IL .-.aln--ttog uw maintenance group in the fieldtand the physician. Conclusion To summarise tome of the benefit* which arise from an active and cow;trnetive industrial-hygiene program: It provides facts ^regarding working environment; it prevents,, or reduces to a minimum, occupational dis eases; it reduces pauperisation costs; it demonstrates company interest in health and welfare; it permits control of hasards before injury is done to employees; it assists medical departments in protecting employee health; it serves asj a clinical diagnostic aid; it reduces lost time caused by illness; it reduce* employee illness wets; and it provides most effective aiul nranomlesl control of hazard*. . Industrial hygiene is a natural evolution in the en- lightetnal, resourceful industrial world. It is another practical tool of ocicne* used to increase the efficiency, lower the cost, andmaintgin higher ntondnrd* of living in. our frec-enterpriw system. Today mni'iagenwt XMug- nirs* that no longs* is aiUupuw'ur vimji. Slight looses in efficiency are important. . Stannary Tn the broad csnjio, any program of environmental health o* industrial;hyg<cuu la one at preventive medi cine. For many occupational diseases there is no satis factory medication;'th only method of control lies in prevention. There are certain medical and engineering principiee whinh can be applied to the working environ ment to enable an industry to locate and eliminate work mg conditions which are likely to cause illness, lower production, and the like. Modern industry, especially the petmlanm industry, Msepta 4h* tapvnalbiUty for the health of the worker while he is on the job, and it is willing to institute the necessary steps for adequate health maintenance.. It needs to be guided In the ap proach to this goal. EM003000 i API LIBRflRV WAY-10-'90 THU 17:07 IB:API LIBRARY TEL NO:1-202-682-8232 tt201 P06 20 IntHUDIVISIONAL Vol. 86 CVI] (1955) TABLE 1 Example of lndnttiiaLHy||Mn Sttrlw to Hi)*r Departments of no Oil Conpwjr vcfuinwat Material fl*d Refining- Mercury Benzene Dost (dike) Dustclay .Carbon tetrachloride Mercury Production Lead Insecticidal Benzene Carbon tetrachloride Herbicide* Noil* Solvents (petroleum) Pipeline Exploration T A set . 'Hydrogen sulfide Carbon monoxide Solvent vapors . ~ Dvgraulng solvents .Bitumaatle coating Carbon tetrachloride Mercury Benzene .Fluorineted plastic* Crude oil Manama! waste Air pollution RMMrrh and deuelopKoai, Mercury Curium disulfide Nickel carbonyl .Radiation agents Salo* Cuttingoils Solvent* Lead oxide Unitor Pxpccts Fainting Doctoring ? Weldinr and burning Gasoline finiahing (tajxaethylloed) ("Laboratory j Meter end inotrauent ehop 'Pilot pllmt rHydrofonner < laboratory 1Dewaxing /Lubricating oil (.Reclamation Contact treater Electrical ("Meter -j Geological i-Gas tenting Painting Camp site Paraffin removal Core analyses Field maintenance Drilling Drilling /Pump station iGaging Pumpstation Pumpstation Maintenance Pipe doping and painting Core analyses Core analyses Cable shop Electrical Claim Claim Claim Reservoir laboratory LSLui-mtory Catalyst Reagents ' Customer shops Customer shops Paint plent tv|taoUi Hazard Severe Moderate Sever* Severe Moderate Moderate Severe Slight Moderate Severe Moderate Moderate Moderate Seven Moderate Seven Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Severe Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Severe Moderate Modemt* Moderate Moderate Servers Sevan Severe Moderate UII(U Blight Moderate Sevan Severe Seven Moderate Moderate Moderate Seven EMja0300l