Document e5z8ge5d735z0KyoLNN42J9e4

N49777 v- v1' f: MINER YEARB METALS AND M (EXCEPT F Volum 19 Prepared by the staff of the BUREAU OF MINES MINERALS DIVISION Lead By O. M. Bishop 1 and Edith E. den Hartog 3 HE OUTSTANDING feature of the United States lead industry Tin 1952 was the transition from scarcity to plenty. Imports, more than double the 1951 total, established a new record and were the determining factor in the change in the supply position. The great influx of foreign lead resulted from expanded free-world production and price drops in foreign markets, which stimulated shipments to the United States. The increased availability of lead was first indi cated late in 1951 and became more apparent early in 1952. Foreign prices began a steady decline in February, and in April domestic prices dropped for the first time since June 1950. The United States selling price declined from the 19-cent-a-pound ceiling in effect since October 1951 to a low of 13.5 cents, but by the end of the year had risen to 14.75 cents. The National Production Authority revoked all controls on lead May 15 owing to abundant supplies. Free trading was established on the London Metal Exchange on October 1 for the first time in 13 years, and dealings in lead futures were resumed in the New York Commodity Exchange on May 20. Lead supply totaled 1,477,000 tons in 1952, an inereaso of 28 percent over 1951, comprising 390,000 tons of recoverable mine production, 471,000 tons of secondary lead, and 616,000 tons of imports (exclusive of scrap). Consumption of lead, including the quantities consumed in pigments and chemicals, totaled 1,131,000 tons compared with 1,185,000 tons in 1951. Producers' stocks of primary refined lead increased from 19,000 tons on December 31, 1951, to 31,000 tons at the end of 1952, and antimonial lead stocks increased from 6,000 tons to 11,000 tons during the year. Consumers' stocks rose 19 percent to 123,000 tons. In 1952 the five-volume report by the President's Materials Policy Commission, popularly known as the Paley report, was released. Volume II, Resources for Freedom, reviewed' the lead supply and demand of the United States and evalued reserves, conservation practices, market demand, and position of the free world. Projected demand for lead in 1975 is estimated at 1,950,000 tons, or approxi mately 61 percent more than in 1950. Projected supply at that time is estimated at 300,000 tons of domestic mine production, 750,000 tons of secondary lead, and 900,000 tons of imports.* * i Commodlty-lndustry'analyst. * Statistical assistant. 600 LEAD GOVERNMENT REG Adcquato supplies of lead resulted in on March 3, 1962, whereby all restrict removed and consumers were permitte ventory instead of the 30-day supply pr 15 the National Production Authority M-38 and M-76, governing the use an tively, thus ending all domestic control the National Production Authority wit list A, designating scarce materials, and national Trade removed quota restrictio lead that might be exported. Export however, for exports to all countries exc GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS UNDER ACT OF 19 The Defense Minerals Administrati under provisions of the Defense Produc duction of critical minerals and metals Late in 1951 this organization was term respect to exploration activities by the D Administration and with respect to p Materials Procurement Agency. The objective of the Defense Mineral was to encourage mineral exploration an tion of strategic and critical minerals with this program, the Government fina total cost of approved exploration proje end of 1952, 151 exploration contracts i force. Government participation in th contracts totaled $5,595,473 or approx ment participation in all defense-minera The Defense, Materials Procurement its procurement function made purchase domestic),'granted floor-price contrac recommendations for production expans certificates of necessity for accelerated The Agency also certified the essent programs. Table 2 in the Zinc chapter of this vol Defense Minerals Exploration Administr and tables 3, 4, and 5 list purchase con amortization programs and access road zinc. '' 592 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1952 TABLE 1.--Salient statistics of the lead industry in the United States, 1943-47 (average) and 1948-52, in short tons 1043-47 (average) 1948 1949 1950 1051 1062 Production of refined primary lead: From domestic ores and base bullion.. From foreign ores and base bullion -- Imports (general): Consumption of primary and secondary Priced (conls per pound): Now York: Mine production of recoverable lead *........ World smelter production of lead................ 306,388 339,413 65,045 67,281 431,433 406,004 388, 201 600,071 198,895 1,271 65,712 4, 211 270,013 7,186 G3,907 *390 1,082,344 1,133,805 404, 449 418, 809 342, 644 383,358 72,889 89,605 75.049 89,494 477,338 608,314 417,G93 472,862 412,183 482,275 518,110 471,294 289,889 2,373 107,279 969 461,827 3.488 70,620 2, 736 * 188,176 2,281 i, 261 623,050 389 104,615 1,762 957,674 1,237,981 1,184,793 1,130, 705 8. 40 9.41 18.04 21.60 16.30 12.00 13.30 17.00 17.40 10.00 7.57 17,1C 16.05 13.29 20. 26 396,140 1,386,000 300,476 M, 504,000 409,908 >1,659,000 430,827 1,812,000 >1,768,000 16.47 14.12 17.09 300,162 1,980,000 i Includes Alaska. 1 Revised figure. DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Statistics on lead output may be prepared on a mine or smelter and refinery basis. Mine-production data, compiled on the basis ol lead content in ores and concentrates, adjusted to account for aveiage losses in smelting, are a better measure of domestic output from year to year and are more accurate for showing the geographic distribution of production. Pig-lead output, as reported by smelters and refiners, presents a more precise figure of actual lead recovery but indicates only in a general way the source of crude material treated, bmelter and refinery output usually differs from the mine figure owing to the lag between mine shipments and smelter treatment of ores and concentrates. MINE PRODUCTION Domestic mine output of recoverable lead increased slightly to 390 000 tons in 1952. Gains were made in the first half of the year, when higher prices stimulated production; during the latter half of the year, when lead and zinc prices were lower, lead was produced at a rate 4 percent below the 1951 rato. Missouri was by far the. leading producing State, supplying 33 percent of the total United States output. Idaho and Utah ranked second and third in production, with 19 percent and 13 percent of the total, respectively. Production in 7 of the 16 principal States was higher than in 1951; the largest tonnage increases were in Missouri, Washington, arid Virginia, and the largest decreases were in Kansas, Idaho, and California Lead output in Kansas was the lowest since 1918, and m Arizona, Nevada, Idaho and New York mine production was the smallest siuce 1943, 1945 1946, and 1946, respectively. On the other hand, production in 1952 from Washington was larger than in any year, that from Wis consin was the largest since 1927, and that of Illinois was the largest in more than 50 years. LEAD Of the total lead produced in the United St came from 25 properties. Missouri continued otates m the production of lead, and the Sou trict continued to be the largest lead-produ nearly 32 percent of the total domestic outp first 6 months from Southeast Missouri was on the output in the last 6 months, indicating which began in April, had less effect on produc had elsewhere in the lead-mining industry. D ever, was curtailed to some extent. The St. tinued as the largest individual lead producer i United States. The company operated its 4 m daily capacity of 26,800 tons, and its Bonne T (including Doe Run), and Leadwood groups Belt throughout the year. It also began prod Creek property in September and continued de Creek property. In addition, the St. Josep Mine La Motte and its 2,000-ton mill as a j National Lead Co. The National Lead Co. Kenning Division) operated its Madison lead-c ton mill throughout the year. TABLE 2. Mine production of recoverable lead in t (average) and 1948-62, by States, in s State Western States and Alaska: Alaska................................ Arizona.............................. California........................... Colorado............................ Idaho.................................. Montana............................ Nevada............................... New Mexico..................... Oregon................................ South Dakota................... Washington. Wyoming......................................... Total.............................................. West Contra] States; Arkansas........................................... Kansas............ ........................ Missouri.......................................... . Oklahoma........................... ............ Total.............................................. States east of tbo Mississippi-River; Illinois.................................. :........... Kentucky.................................. New York................................. '___ Tennessee......._......... .......... Virginia........................................... * Wisconsin......................................... Total............ Grand total. 1943-47 (average) 1948 1949 . 127 . 17,701 . 77,473 . 12,763 . 6,401 . 6,386 .6 . 17 . 28 . 47,800 . 4,699 .I . 202,200 - 329 29,899 9,110 26,143 88,644 18,411 9,777 7,663 7 16 170 56,950 7,147 262,166 33.66 10,31 26,86 79,29 17,99 10,62 4,05 1 13 63,07 0,41 243,00 4 7,941 161, 605 14,866 184,318 22 8,386 102,288 16, 018 127,614 9,77 127,62 19,85 157,15 2,642 170 1,486 60 3,867 1,373 3,695 216 1,231 4,703 861 3,824 18 1,317 26 3,313 867 9,618 10, 706 9,766 396,110 | 390,476 1 409,908 594 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1952 Lead production in the Tri-State district increased nearly 2 percent ovor the 1951 total. Output in Kansas and Oklahoma declined 34 percent and 9 percent, respectively, while output from southwestern Missouri increased markedly and accounted for the overall increase in the district. Production dropped 20 percent in the latter half of the year as compared with the first 6 months; many small mines curtailed production or were closed because of the sharp decline in the zinc price, as zinc constitutes the major values in most of the district. The Quick Seven pit (Brown & Root and American Zinc, Lead & Smelting Co.), the Kelsey Norman pit of the Wild Goose Mining Syndicate, and the Potter-Sims Snap open-pit mine were the major sources of lead and zinc produced m southwestern Missouri. The Eagle-Picher Co. remained by far the largest lead producer in the Tri-State district, followed by the American Zinc, Lead & Smelting Co. Other significant producers were tho National Lead Co. (opera tions were shut down on account of a labor strike during the last 4 months of the year), Beck Mining Co., Potter-Sims Mines, Inc., Federal Mining & Smelting Co., and the Dines Mining Co. Mine production of recoverable lead in the combined Western States decreased 1 percent in 1952. During the year mines in these States accounted for 59 percent of the total domestic output, or slightly less than in 1951. Idaho continued to be the leading producer of lead in the Western States and second only to Missouri in the United States, despite a 4-percent decrease in output in 1952. Declining market prices for lead and zinc and a restriction on the use of electric power were the principal factors contributing to the reduced output. The Signal Mining Co. Hilarity mine and the Idaho Custer Mines, Inc., Livings ton mine were shut down, and Day Mines, Inc., Spokane-Idaho Mining Co., and Sunset Minerals, Inc., curtailed operations because of low metal prices. Pacific Northwest consumers of power using more than 8,000 kw.-hr. per week were required to reduce their consumption to 90 percent of that in 1951, owing to the lack of rain during the sum mer and fall. More than 90 percent of the State total lead output in 1952 came from the Coour d'Alene region. Tho remainder was produced chiefly in tho Warm Springs, Bayhorse, and Texas districts. The Bunker Hill & Sullivan mine was again by far the largest producer in the State, followed by the Pago, Star, Morning, and Triumph mines. Other important producers wero the Sunshine, Golconda, Sidney group, and Constitution properties and the Dayrock mine of Day Mines, Inc. These 6 mines accounted for 65 percent of the State lead. Zinc-lead ore yielded about 79 percent of the State output. Output of recoverable lead in Utah in 1952 was approximately tho same as in 1951. Zinc-lead ore supplied 92 percent of the State total lead. About 68 percent of the output came from tho West Mountain (Bingham) district, 15 percent from the Park City region, and 9 per cent from tho Tintic district. The United States & Lark property remained by far the largest producer in tho State and was followed by the Chief Consolidated mine, New Park property, West Calumet, Park Utah property, Silver King Coalition mine, and tho Butterfield group. In the Park City region the Park Utah Consolidated Mining LEAD Co. property was shut down on June 25 be the Silver King Coalition Mining Co. pro because of low metal prices. Tho Chief property in the Tintic district was shut nearly 3 months during the summer. > Mine production of lead in Colorado in 1 that in 1951. Many mines could not op metal prices in effect tho latter part of tho y mostly small producers, shut down. Tho of output were the Resurrection group, T group, Eagle group, Smuggler Union grou group. Zinc-lead and zinc-lead-copper ore State total lead, zinc ore 15 percent, and l Montana's production of lead in 1952 w as in 1951. The bulk of the output came Mining Co. owned and leased operations at of lead were obtained from the American subsidiary, tho Mike Horse mine (which wa to low prices and a substantial exhaustion Jack Waite and Iron Mountain mines. State lead was recovered from zinc-lead ore; lead ore. Lead output in Arizona decreased 5 p since 1943. Reduced output resulted larg Eagle-Picher Co. San Xavier mine in Au prices. The chief producers in tho State were tho Iron King mine, Mammoth-St. group, San Xavier mine, Copper Queen min Six districts--Aravaipa, Big Bug, Harsh Warren--accounted for 88 percent of the S ore yielded 93 percent of the total output. Production of lead in Washington in 195 cent above the 1951 output and 14 perce high. The leading producers in order o Oreillo mino, Grandview mino, Bonanza m mine. These four properties accounted fo lead during the year. Over 88 percent of recovered from zinc-lead ore, and most of lead ore and old lead tailings. California's lead output in 1952 was 20 pe The Anaconda Copper Mining Co. Darw supplied the bulk of the State production. curtailed production in June to explore for nado Copper & Zinc Co., the only other lar State, terminated mining operations at August owing to ore depletion. Many of ducers ceased operations after midyear o price. There was some exploration for n activity centering mainly in Inyo, San Bern ties. Zinc-lead ore provided about 60 per lead ore 36 percent. 596 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1952 Mine production of lead in New Mexico in 1952 increased 20 percent above the 1951 output. Most of the output came from mines in the Central and Magdalena districts; minor tonnages of; lead and barite ores wore mined in the Hansonberg district. The leading producers in order of output were the Ground Hog group, Bayard group, and the Lynchburg mine. Zinc ore yielded 64 percent of the State total lead, zinc-lead ore 21 percent, and lead ore 15 percent.1 TABLE 3.--Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States, 1943-47 (average) and 1948-62, and by districts that produced 1,000 tons or more during any year, 1948-62, in short tons District Stato 1943--47 (avor- 1948 1049 I960 1051 1952 age) Southeastern Missouri re 157,390 100,054 120,209 233,680 122,318 gion. 71,933 82,687 74,152 94,097 70.570 West Mountain (Bing* Utah...................................... 25, 507 30,672 32,000 27,472 29,120 bam). Trl*8tate (Joplin region).. Summit Valley (Butte)... California (Leadville)........ Kansas, Southwestern Missouri, Oklahoma. Utah...................................... Colorado.............................. 20,788 4,480 2,087 11,192 4,891 3,393 20,901 13,217 3, 804 12,670 4,745 5,013 30,883 11,490 6,285 8, 683 6,080 0,030 31,157 15,079 7,780 7,638 6,392 0,761 26,000 16, G30 8,008 11,719 5.996 4,751 Utah...................................... Upper Mississippi Valley. Iowa, Northern Illinois, 4,005 5.783 1,770 1,078 4,382 3,080 1,090 3,740 5,970 2,070 1,120 5,400 4, 703 1,807 2,479 0,676 3,330 1,000 6,788 3.313 2,046 2,316 0,620 4,357 2,110 6,980 3,254 1,801 3,133 6,663 4,036 4, 274 1 4,241 1,608 1,023 122,942 67,330 34,328 27,366 16,153 7.667 7,494 5.624 4,632 4,486 4,135 3,080 3,913 3, 792 3,532 Kentucky-Southern HU- nols. Rush Valley and Smelter (Tooele County). Kentucky, Southern liJi- nois. Utah .............................. Pima (8ierrit&s, P&pago, Twin Buttes). Montana........................... St. Lnwrenco County........ New York........................... California............................ Ten Mile............................... 2,691 2,609 2,494 1,880 1,304 2,905 2,935 2,339 2,822 3,451 4,185 2,953 2,410 1,772 2,058 2,430 1,969 3,917 1,388 1,546 4, 232 7,584 387 2, 539 1,480 1,480 1,480 () 013 54 355 215 563 834 206 025 4,906 3.808 108 330 < ) 11,253 461 1,040 1,231 1,880 2,820 750 791 234 1,142 1,107 1,788 COO 1,001 4,177 0,078 4.297 1,426 1,394 <>) 13,805 1,102 2,336 1,317 1,073 1,102 1,004 1,080 1,290 1,271 678 1,221 1,024 729 3,671 4,928 4,030 342 2,011 < ) 3,069 2,648 2,626 1,393 1,138 1,931 2,996 7, 700 1,422 030 1,079 020 800 048 604 1,408 323 045 1,013 87 910 8, 470 7, 445 237 2,640 ('> 3,963 3,036 2,510 2,074 2, 231 1,608 2,834 1,600 1,107 1,398 1,407 1,732 1,004 1,004 712 1,204 669 761 (*) 317 0 7,191 6,234 937 1,768 (*) 3,464 3, 455 2, 790 2,506 2.230 1,921 1,364 1,828 1,613 1, 261 1,001 1,040 1, 044 007 865 8 (') (') (*) (') (') 1 llevistju uguio. . s Figure not shown to avoid disclosure of Individual company operations. This district is not listed in order of 1952 output. TABLE 4.--Twenty-five leading lead-producing mines in the United States in 1952, in order of output LEAD 598 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1962 Recoverable lead output in Nevada in 1952 decreased 5 percent below the 1951 tonnage, owing chiefly to the closing of the Copper Canyon Mining Co. Copper Canyon mine in October and tho Ely Valley Mines, Inc., mine in August because of low metal prices. The Pioche group of mines was by far tho largest producer in the State, followed by the Copper Canyon and Ely Valley properties. Zinc-lead ore supplied 76 percent of the State total lead and lead ore 20 percent. Mines in States east of tho Mississippi River produced 47 percent more lead in 1952 than in 1951. Lead is produced chiefly as a by product or coproduct of zinc and fluorspar mining in these States. Increased output was attributed in part to resumption of full-scale operations at the Austinville mine in Virginia and to greatly increased production from mines in Wisconsin and Illinois. Small quantities of load were also recovered in 1952 from ores mined in Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, and Arkansas. . The 25 leading lead-producing mines in the United States in 1952, listed in table 4, yielded 69 percent of the total domestic output; the 10 leading mines produced. 51 percent and the 4 leading mines 37 percent. ... Detailed information on the production of mines and mining dis tricts in the United States may be found in Volume III of this Yearbook. I'ig u h Iv 1.--Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States, 1944-52, by months. TABLE 5.--Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States,1 1951--52, by months, in short tonsi Month 1951 January........................................ February..................................... March.......................................... April............................................. May.............................................. June.............................................. July.............................................. 36,102 32,80-1 30, 474 32,672 33,637 32,148 30,040 1052 Month 1051 34,661 34,001 33,037 34,724 34,087 32,202 30,090 August......................................... 8optember.................... ............. Octobor........................................ November................................... Decomber...................... ............ Total.................................. 20.487 27,494 33,058 32.060 32,028 388,164 1052 30,464 30, 633 33,863 30,162 31,178 390,102 i Includes Alaska. LEAD SMELTER AND REFINERY Pig (refined) lead produced in the U three principal sources--domestic mine p ores and base bullion, and scrap materials smelters)--and is recovered at primary r bullion, and small quantities of scrap a process scrap exclusively. Of the 13 prim States, 6 combine smelting and refining base bullion (containing approximately 9 silver, and small quantities of other impu smelted), and 2 confine their activities to antimonial or "hard" lead mav be prod secondary plants. Because of the large q battery scrap, melted at secondary sm type of operation is' principally antimo production of refined lead and alloys at s the Secondary Lead section of this chapt The 11 primary smelters in operation short tons (lead content) of primary mate concentrates, of which 81 percent was do foreign origin. Consumption was 14 perc almost 3 percent below that of 1950. ACTIVE LEAD SMELTERS AN Primary lead smelters and refineries op in 1952 were as follows: California: Selby--Selby plant, American Smel refinery). Colorado: Leadville--Arkansas Valley plant, Am (smelter). Idaho: Bradley--Bunker Hill Smelter, Bunker H trating Co. (smelter and refinery). Illinois: Alton--Federal plant, American Smelti refinery). Indiana: East Chicago--U. S. S. Lead Refinery, Kansas: Galena--Galena plant, Eagle-Picher Co Missouri: Herculaneum--Herculaneum plant, S refinery). Montana: East Helena--East Helena plant, Am (smelter). . Nebraska: Omaha--Omaha plant, American Sm New Jersey: Barber--Perth Amboy plant, Am (smelter and refinery). Texas: El Paso--El Paso plant, American Smelti Utah: :. Midvale--Midvale plant, United States S (smelter). , Tooele--Tooele plant, International Smeltin REFINED LEAD Primary refineries in the United States of refined lead in 1952, an increase of 13 pe Of the 472,900 tons of refined lead prod during the year, domestic ores and base b percent and imported ores and bullion 600 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1952 percent, respectively, in 1951). Table 7 gives the production of refined lead by source material and by country of origin. Details of the sources of lead from domestic ores are given in the Mine Production section of this chapter. TABLE 6.--Refined lead produced at primary refineries in the United States, 1843-47 (average) and 1848-62, by source material, in short tons Source 1943-47 (average) 1948 1949 ' 1960 1051 1962 Refined lead: From domestlo ores and base bullion........................ From foreign ores................. From foreign base bullion.. 366,388 64,944 101 339, 413 00,829 6, 462 404, 440 71,413 1,476 418,809 86,241 3,204 342,644 71,984 3,005 383,358 89,002 402 Total from primary sources.............................. From scrap............................. 431,433 11,086 400,694 4,952 477,338 23,230 608,3t4 6,465 417,003 3,893 472,852 3,070 Total refined lead............. Average sales price per pound.. 442,619 $0.084 411,646 $0,179 600,668 $0,168 613,709 $0.135 421,686 $0,173 476,022 $0,161 Total calculated value of prlmary refined lead 1................... $71,866,000 $145,600,000 $160,840,000 $137,245,000 $144,622,000 $163,246,884 > Eicludes value of roflned lead produced from scrap at primary reflnerlos. TABLE 7.--Refined primary lead produced in the United States, 1943-47 (average) and 1848-62, by source material and country of origin, in short tons Source 1043-47 (average) 1048 1949 1950 1951 1662 366,388 339,413 404,440 418,809 342, C44 Foreign ore: Other foreign.............................................. Total ................................................... Foroign base bullion: Othor foreign.............................................. 14,793 6,344 3,628 15,437 24,742 64,944 44 67 101 65,045 431,433 6,729 3, COS 43 4,427 24,589 21,433 60,829 400 5,037 62 297 0, 452 67,281 400,694 6, 465 3,317 30 8, 477 29,163 23,961 71,413 1,382 30 68 1,476 72,889 477,338 6.984 7,892 6,992 38,770 26,603 86,241 2, 427 435 402 3,264 89,605 508,314 9,056 7,086 17 3,020 30,849 14, 466 71,084 2,815 27 76 148 3,065 75,049 417,093 383,358 6,888 7,113 454 2,344 48,626 24,668 89,092 70 177 165 402 89,404 472,862 ANTIMONIAL LEAD Production of antiinonial lead at primary refineries in 1952 dropped 11 percent below the 1951 output. Production increased at 2 of the alloy-producing plants but declined at the other 4. Distribution of antimonial lead production at primary refineries in 1948-52 by source material is shown in table 8, as is also the average antimony content. Although antimonial lead is an important byproduct of the refining of base bullion, the quantity derived from this source is only a small part of total domestic output. Tlio major production is recovered LEAD from the smelting of antimonial lead sc Production data from lead-smelting plan exclusively are summarized in the followin TABLE 8.--Antimonial lead produced at primar States, 1943-47 (average) an Year Production (short tons) Antimony content Short tons Percent L Fro me 1943-47 (average)................ 1948........................................ 1949........................................ 1950........................................ 1961........................................ 1962........................................ 62,893 100,764 41,402 67,069 66,309 68,203 4,081 6,760 8,386 4,604 4,410 4,302 6.6 6.7 8.2 7.8 6.7 7.8 SECONDARY LEA Some scrap lead is treated at primary sm is processed at a large number of plants th ment of secondary materials. Secondary le of refined lead, antimonial lead, and other Secondary lead recovered in 1952 fell established in 1951 to a total of 471,294 to mine production for the seventh consecutiv by type of plant, in 1948-52 are shown in tab on secondary lead appears in the Secon chapter of this volume. TABLE 9.--Secondary lead recovered in the Un and 1948-62, in short t 1943-47 (average) 1948 1949 As roflned motal: 11,080 00,864 4,062 120, 961 23,2 Total................................ 71,940 131,903 162,6 In antimonial lead: 40,007 162,282 49, 626 194,027 32,7 140,0 Total____ _____ In other alloys............................... 202,289 114,032 243,662 124,616 172,7 80,8 Grand total: 388,261 600,071 $69,017,982 $179,026,418 $130,249,8 LEAD PIGMENTS The principal lead pigments are litharg sublimed lead, leaded zinc oxide, and orange are manufactured for the most part from concentrates are converted directly into p production of lead pigments are given in the and Zinc Salts chapter of this volumo. 342070--55----- 30 602 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1952 CONSUMPTION AND USES Domestic lead consumption (including lead in lead ore consumed directly in the manufacture of lead pigments and salts) totaled 1.131.000 tons in 1952--a 5-percent decline from 1951. Of the total consumed, 726,000 tons was refined soft lead, 275,0()0 tons was con tained in antimonial lead, 29,000 tons in white metal scrap, 43,000 tons in percentage metals, 26,000 tons in copper-base scrap, and 22,000 tons in residues and drosses; and 10,000 tons was recovered from ore in leaded zinc oxide. About 42 percent of all lead consumed was used m metal products, 31 percent in storage batteries, 11 percent in pig ments, 13 percent in chemicals, including tetraethyl lead, and 3 percent for miscellaneous and other purposes. Cable covering took about 13 porcent (12.6 percent) of the total and tetraethyl load almost 13 percent (12.9 percent). In June 1952 Chemical Engineering3 reported that the Ethyl Corp. had completed a new tetraethyl lead plant with a capacity of 40.000 tons per year on the Houston, Tex., ship channel and noted that the E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., was completing new facilities at Deepwater, N. J., that would increase the capacity to 25.000 tons of tetraethyl lead per year. These new plants give the United States a total tetraethyl lead capacity of about 270,000 tons per year. Current trends point to higher octane gasoline require ments, which can be met most economically by the use of ethyl fluid.i TABLE 10.--Consumption of lead in the United States in 1951-52 by products, in short tons 1951 1952 1951 1952 Metal products: Ammunition............................. Bearing metals........................... Brass and bronze....................... Casting metals........................... Foil............................................... Pipes, traps, and bends........... 8older........................................... Terne metal................................ 40,242 35,410 29.858 131,863 40,644 22,497 13.067 2,881 33,095 31,210 82,405 2,051 28,230 Total metal products........ 600,000 Storage battorlos: Antimonial lead........................ 199,838 Lead oxides................................. 176,646 Total storage batteries___ 376,384 36,182 36,646 25,807 142, 671 45,160 18,017 10,006 2,124 29,406 28,007 72,064 1,812 27,413 470,642 187,606 163,424 360,930 Pigments: White lead.................................. Red lead and litharge............... Pigment colors..... ...................... 25, 578 88,031 12,766 13,069 22,943 76, 742 12,839 9,775 Total plgtnonts................... 139,604 122,200 Chomlcals: Totraothyl load.......................... 128,407 Miscellaneous chomlcals.......... 6,949 140,723 3,990 Total chemicals.................. 135,366 160,719 Miscellaneous uses: Annealing.................................... Lead plating............................... Weights ana ballast.................. G, 066 2,173 1,444 7,913 6,084 2,002 1,037 7,6GO Total miscellaneous uses.. 18,180 Other, unclassified uses............... 16,364 16,783 14,622 Grand total......................... 1,184,793 1,130,796 1 Includes lead oontent of leaded zinc oxide production. i Chemical Engineering, Big Jump for TEL Vol. 69, No. 6, June 1962, p. 274. LEAD TABLE 11.--Consumption of lead in the United short tons 1 Month 1961 1952 January........................................ February...................................... March........................................... April.............................................. May....................................... . Juno............................................... July........................................ . 126,022 101,603 120,826 118,372 102,624 94,468 81,427 97,603 92,627 88,664 83, 719 82,714 87, 679 85,668 August... Septemb October.. Novembe Decembe To 1 Includes lead content of leaded tine oxide production. TABLE 12.--Consumption of lead in the United S and type of material, in B Total................................................................................................... Excludes 0,633 tons of lead contained In leaded ilnc oxide. STOCKS Producers' Stocks.--Lead stocks, as r Bureau of Metal Statistics, are shown in and antimonial lead include metal held by some of the refiners of secondary metal w cording to reports released by the Americ tics, total lead stocks increased during 149.778 tons (21 percent) and refined a 25,339 to 43,560 tons (72 percent). TABLE 13.--Stocks of lead at smelters and refine of year, 1943-47 (average) and 194 (American Bureau of Metal S 1943-47 (average) 1948 is 3 Refined pig lead................................................ Antimonial lead................................................ Total......................................................... Lead In base bullion: At smelters and refineries....................... In transit to refineries.............................. In process at refineries............................. Total......................................................... Lead In ore and matte and In process at smelters..................................... ............... Grand total.............................................. 27,302 6,980 33,282 8,139 4,338 16,692 28,069 86,627 146,878 29,060 9,694 38,644 31,737 76,373 146,764 604 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1952 The Bureau of Mines annual survey of primary smelters and refiners indicated stocks of 31,400 tons of refined soft lead at these plants on December 31, 1952, compared with 18,500 tons on January 1. Stocks of primary antimonial lead (lead content) at these plants increased from 6,400 to 11,000 tons during the year. Stocks of ore and con centrates (in terms of lead content) decreased in 1952 from 44,400 to 34,000 tons, and inventories of base bullion at refineries that receive bullion and smelters that produce bullion for shipment to refineries increased from 12,700 to 13,500 tons. Stocks of in-process base bullion or work lead at four combination smelter-refinery plants are not included in reports to the Bureau of Mines. No direct comparison can be made between these data and the figures of the American Bureau of Metal Statistics. Figures reported to the.Bureau of Mines represent physical inventory at the plants, irrespective of ownership, and do not include material in process or in transit. Consumers' Stocks.--Consumers' stocks of lead increased 19 percent in 1952. On January 1 they totaled 103,000 tons, increased to 132,000 tons at the end of July, dropped to 105,000 tons by October 31, and rose again in November and December to total 123,000 tons on December 31. Stocks of refined soft lead, white metal scrap, lead in copper-base scrap and in the drosses increased 43, 23, 60, and 45 percent, respectively; decreases were reported in antimonial lead and percentage metals. TABLE 14.--Consumers' stocks of lead in the United States at end of year, 1948 62, by type of material, in short tons, lead content Year Refined soft lead Antimonial lead Unmelted white scrap Percentage Coppermetals base scrap Drosses, residues, etc. 1048......................... 1949......................... 1950......................... 1061......................... 1952......................... 62,077 64,642 87,286 66; 731 80,888 35,088 16,837 27,737 28,221 20,309 4.828 2,957 5, 406 3,140 3,877 7,932 6, 405 6,446 7,054 6,101 2,301 2,087 1,568 1, 429 2,282 6,972 6,439 11, 462 6,166 8,983 Total 119,198 97, 267 139,884 102, 760 122,630 PRICES The two major markets for lead in the United States are New York and St. Louis. The bulk of the lead produced domestically is sold at prices normally based upon quotation in these markets. The differ ential between St. Louis and New York prices is about 0.2 cent a pound, an amount approximating the freight charges between the two cities, the St. Louis price being the lower. The London market has had no direct influence on New York quotations since suspension of trading on the London Metal Exchange in September 1939; however, on October 1, 1952, free trading in lead on the Exchange was resumed, and United States prices declined to the lowest point of the year, following sharp reductions in the London quotations. The market price for common lead, New York, held at the ceiling of 19 cents per pound set by the Office of Price Stabilization on October 2, 1951, until April 29, 1952, when increased supplies and lower con sumption caused a decline to 18 conts. Later drops brought the price to 15 cents a pound on May 12. The quoted price advanced to 16 LEAD cents on June 24, where it remained unti dropped to 15 cents. Limited buying cau following weeks, and on October 22 the pri the low point of the year. In November improved, and on December 30 the quotati a pound. TABLE 16.--Average monthly and yearly quoted York, and London, 1950-52, in ce Month 1050 St. New Lon 8t. Louis York don 1 Louis January___________________ February................................... March........................................ April........................................... May............................................ June............................................ July............................................ August....................................... September................................ October..................................... Novombor...... .......................... Decomber................................. Average.......................... 11.80 11.80 10.76 10. 43 11.52 11.61 11.46 12.73 16.60 16.84 16.80 16.80 13.10 12.00 12.00 10.90 10.63 11.72 11.81 11.60 12.93 15.80 16.04 17.00 17.00 13.30 12.11 12.11 11.06 10.57 11.61 11.84 11.58 12.84 16.70 16.00 17.00 17.00 13.29 16.80 16.80 16.80 10.80 16.80 16.80 10.80 10.80 16.80 18.72 18.80 18.80 17.29 > St. Louis: Metal Statistics, 1963, p. 633. New York: Metal Metal and Mineral Markets. 1 Conversion of English quotations into American money based Federal Reserve Board. * Froo trade In lead on London market resumod October 1. Q bids as quoted In E4MJ Metal and Mineral Markets. The official London price of 175 per lo to 21.86 cents per pound computed on the October 1, 1951, was lowered to 170 (21 1952. Thereafter subsequent drops reduce cents) on July 10, where it remained unt the London free lead market was opened, exchanged functioned sinco August 31, 19 weeks of free trading the price ranged fr 80 (9.99 cents). At the close of the y 102 15s (12.83 cents). FOREIGN TRADE Imports.--Imports of lead reached an a total, including 12,000 tons of scrap, was times greater than the quantity imported in the previous record established in 1950. T in 1952 was brought about chiefly by this which in turn reflected increased world pr ably in excess of foreign demand. < Figures on Imports and exports compiled by Mae B. Prloe and from rocords of tbe U. S. Department of Commorco. 606 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1952 TABLE IS.--Total lead imported into the United States in ore, matte, base bullion, pigs, bars, and reclaimed, 1948-52, by countries, in short tons 1 [U. S. Department of CoimncrcoJ Country 1948 1949 I960 1961 * 1952 * Ore and matte: Bolivia............................................................................. Chile.............................................................................. 10, 142 6,017 . 20, 300 8, 2K8 3, 430 260 23 <11 2, 702 8, 648 16 1,001 31,373 8,683 24,008 10,320 3,306 333 2,827 466 8,388 14,970 279 1,842 10,713 6,792 13, 336 0, 462 2,006 417 326 412 2,846 10,010 949 663 10, 673 . 7,423 16, 089 7, 230 1,946 286 3,160 381 > 2, 625 10,040 789 106 22, 666 8,032 18,473 11,037 3, J07 120 4,721 606 2, 487 28,210 2,440 736 Base bullion: 03, 007 107,279 2, 246 82 0, 465 Gill 30 26 102 70,620 * 07,471 2, 263 232 021 2, 234 72 47 104,516 206 J23 (*) Pigs and bars: Peru................................................................................. 7, 186 607 30,469 8,611 2,343 63,978 21,349 39 98,460 1,820 23,550 1,053 422 2,889 711 2,373 3,488 2,281 280 17,192 212 1,414 50,432 8,333 3,419 2,108 61 120,308 219 34,626 341 23,436 779 22,006 166 107,073 8,643 6,712 220, 767 484 31,988 *440 49 43,865 2 2, 279 13, 698 331 60,969 738 * 30,887 31,528 209 * 36,311 2 389 0, 070 82,800 1,786 635 104,631 6,052 198,872 2,747 42,109 6,600 4, 210 63, 997 737 Reoluimed, scrap, etc.: Chile........... .................................................................... 247,116 344 3,600 080 11,687 447 w 2,304 1 155 1,644 2, 400 223 276, 240 479 2,971 320 205 1,860 384 289 CG3 346 89 2, 705 845 609 92 441,788 * 179,032 1,061 13 1,317 310 290 61 14,709 934 4 80 2,175 * 1,730 228 84 88 252 470 2,080 18 234 610, 720 024 0,047 868 346 872 300 2, 341 1,144 99 114 06 2 8 100 668 106 6 81 282 C52 346 1,961 1,686 990 763 1,010 28.897 14, 640 20,039 *0,143 12, 339 347, 106 399,641 641,836 * 267,927 627,963 i Data are "general Imports," that Is, include lead imported for immediate consumption plus material entering the country undor bond. * In addition to data shown, "flue dust or fumo containing lead and zinc, and othor minerals or metals (lead content)," imported as follows--1061: 13 tons (revised figure), 1052: 40 tons. * Revised figure. * Less than l ton. West Gorniany. LEAD Of the total lead imported, 511,000 ton form of pigs and bars, 105,000 tons or 17 12,000 tons or 2 percent as reclaimed, sc tons in base bullion. Mexico supplied 39 p Canada 20 percent, Australia 16 percent, Peru 8 percent. Of the ore and matte imp Peru, 22 percent from the Union of Sou Bolivia, 11 percent from Canada, and Canada provided 49 percent of the impor TABLE 17.--Lead imported for consumption in classes 1 IU. S. Dopartmont of Comm Year Load In ores, flue dust, and mattes, n. s. p. i. Lead In base bullion Short tons Value Short tons Value Pigs and bars Short tons Value 1948.... 33,632 $8,360, 607 1049.... 121, 848 34,397,026 1960.... 96,068 21,046,414 1961___ * 31,359 *8,278,266 1062___ 107,681 32,766,497 10,922 $3, 239,136 244,692 $80. 922,7 1,133 374, 964 272,437 80,148,1 1,148 193,366 434,410 104,340,6 *179,021 *63,682,0 2,951 1,137,813 610, 718 165,018,9 i Id addition to quantities shown (value Included In total valu follows--1048: 28,897 tons, $8,320,428; 1949: 14,076 tons, $4,003,974; figures. 8,020 tons. $2,183,240; 1962: 11,361 tons. $3,197,621; and "f and other minerals or metals (load content)/* Imported as follow 1952: 40 tons, $13,412. Figures Include load received by the Gove imports for manufacture In bond and export, which are classif U. S. Department of Commerce. * Rovlsed figure. TABLE 18.--Miscellaneous products containing in the United States, 19 (U. 8. Department of Comm Year Babbitt metal, solder, whlto me and other combinations cont ing load Gross wolght (short tons) Lead contont (short tons) Valu 1048................................................. 1040................................................. I960............................................. 1961................................................. 1952................................................ 267 281 4,346 1,633 1,282 184 127 2,744 988 847 $213 459, 2,814, 1,494, 1.102, i Revised figure. Exports.--Total exports of pig lead in pared with 1,300 tons in 1951. Export 2,400 to 2,700 tons in 1952. Export res Export Control Act of 1940 remained in fo 608 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1952 TABLE 19.--Total lead exported from the United States in ores, matte, base bullion, pigs, bars, and scrap, by destinations, 1948-62, in short tons 1 (U. 8. Department of Commerce) ` Destination 1948 1949 I960 1061 1052 Ore, matte, base bullion: Pigs and bars: * Chllo ........................................................................... Scrap: 9 9 1 *7 42 16 40 >8 121 l 24 11 >63 65 >399 408 1,016 1,616 76 126 14 16 40 60 68 131 16 34 29 4 1 63 7 7 60 148 72 069 362 05 11 270 747 3,332 132 1 133 47 306 10 36 123 61 16 90 6 174 660 306 1 67 734 06 81 2,735 41 204 1,271 1,676 4,444 667 667 37 62 138 24 107 42 48 35 14 11 112 17 3 424 02 146 1,281 31 203 145 105 20 694 2,432 830 836 433 40 18 193 10 62 84 23 10 4 34 78 10 280 231 67 186 1,762 20 65 76 2,673 1 Id addition, 86 tons of foreign lead In pigs and bars was reexported In 1949,63 tons In I960, none in 1948 and 1961, and 2 tons in 1962. * Revised figure. Tariff.--Owing to the shortage of lead in the United States in 1951 and early 1952, import duties were suspended on February 12, 1952, until March 31, 1953, or until the end of the existing emergency. The congressional act suspending the duty stipulated that the rates of June 6, 1951, which were in effect until February 12 (1K cents and % cent on pig lead and lead in ores and concentrates, respectively) were to be reimposed if the average market price of lead fell to 18 cents a pound for a calendar month. The Tariff Commission informed the President on June 6 that the average price of lead for May was below 18 cents a pound, and on June 20 the President signed theordcr onding Lho duty suspension. LEAD TECHNOLOGY During 1952 the Bureau of Mines publis of Investigation which relate in whole or in 4876. Separation of Lead, Cadmium, and German Concentrates. 4900. Recovery of Thallium From Smelter Produc 4907. Lead-Zino Deposits of Southwestern St. Law 4908. Benefioiation of Sherman Pyromorphite Lea 4909. Guymard Lead-Zinc Deposit, Orange Coun 4927. Concentration Tests on Various Base-Meta Other Bureau of Mines publications givi on lead include the lead chapters in the made in cooperation with the United State National Security Resources Board; Bulle the limits of flammability of gases and vap lead tetramethyl; and Information Circula lurgical and Mineral Dusts and Fumes in L Publications of the United States Geol 1952 and relating to lead include: Circular 131. Exploratory Drilling in the Prairie d Zinc and Lead District. Circular 168. Geochemical Studies in the Coeur d Bulletin 978-d. Zinc-Lead Deposits at Shawangun Bulletin 978-e. The Wallapai Mining District, M Sevoral excellent articles on lead-ore dep appeared in the technical press, among wh C.Hu f f , Ly ma n Abnormal Copper, Lead, an Metalliferous Veins. Econ. Geol., vol. 47, No Tr ip l e t t , W. H. Geology of the Silver-Lead-Zin dencia District of Mexico. Min. Eng., vol. 4, Cl a v e a u , Ja c q u e s , a n d Ot h e r s . The Lead and Z Touissit Area, Eastern French Morocco. Eco 1952, pp. 481-493. Cr e a s e y , S. C. Geology of the Iron King Mine, Geol., vol. 47, No. 1, January-February 1952, L.Oh l e, Er n e s t Geology of the Hayden Creek L Min. Eng., vol 4, No. 6, May 1952, pp. 477--4 Po w e r s , Ha r o l d , a n d Ot h e r s . Geophysical Cas District, Missouri. Min. Eng., vol 5, No. Tech. Paper 3507L, February 1952. Several articles on new applications or d were published. One describes a slag-fum 52 at the American Smelting & Refining Co Mexico, to process monthly 19,000 tons of 12 percent zinc and 1 percent lead. The fining Co. was also constructing a slag-f Calif., smelter during 1952. Vacuum dezincing of desilverized lead Davey in some detail in an article based of vacuum distillation. Production of high-purity (99.995) lead b MacDonald, V. R., Chihuahua Slag Fuming Plant to Proces vol, 6, No. 0, June 1963, pp. 784-790. * Davey, T. R. A., V&ouum Desinclng of Dcailverlted Load Bu 1963, pp. 991-097. f Cbomica) Ago, Production of High Purity Lead: Vol. 68, No. Lead and Zinc Pigments and Zinc Salts By Robert L. Mentch 1 HE OUTSTANDING feature of the lead and zinc pigments Tindustry in 1952 was the continuing decline in volume of business. Shipments of the products covered by this report wero well below the 1951 rate. Decreases in shipments of zinc pigments ranged from 4 percent for lead-free zinc oxide to 40 percent for lithopone. Ship ments of lead pigments declined from 9 percent for litharge to 25 percent for white lead (dry and in oil). Zinc salts (zinc chloride and zinc sulfate) decreased 14 and 17 percent, rospoctivcly. Decreases in shipments of pigments and salts were attributable partly to decreases in the volume of business in industries that are important consumers of these products and partly to increased use of substitutes. In 1952 the production of passenger automobiles was 19 percent lower than that in 1951, and output of trucks and buses declined 15 percent from the 1951 total. Consumption of natural and synthetic rubber increased 4 percent compared with 1951. The value of public and private construction was 5 percent greater than in 1951, and the value of sales of paint, varnish, and lacquer materials in 1952 was approximately the same as the 1951 total. Construction gains reflected, in part, higher material and labor costs. Lead and zinc, the chief raw materials of the pigments industry, were in plentiful supply during the latter half of the year in contrast with the situation in 1951 and the first several months of 1952, when demand exceeded available supplies. Increased production of both lead and zinc on a worldwide basis permitted greatly oxpanded imports, which, combined with lower consumption in the United States, resulted in an oversupply situation in both metals and brought about marked reductions in prices as the year progressed. The price for common lead, New York, dropped from the 19-cent-a-pound ceiling established m October 1951 to 18 cents per pound on April 29 and was selling for 14.75 cents at the end of the year. The quotation for Primo Western grade slab zinc, East St. Louis, fell from 19.5 cents, first effective in October 1951, to 17.5.cents on June 2 and thereafter declined to 12.5 cents per pound on October 23, at which level it remained for the bal ance of the year. Lead- and zinc-pigment price quotations maintained their histori cally close relationship to pig-lead and slab-zinc prices throughout the year. Prices for the pigments and zinc salts dropped considerably lollowmg the declines in metal prices; decreases averaged about 20 percent compared with reductions of 22 percent and 36 percent in lie selling prices of lead and zinc. 1 Commodity-Industry analyst. 618 LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND All National Production Authority restr were revoked completely on May 15 and Jun to the increased abundance of these metals. Shipments of white lead (dry) and of the 32 and 10 percent, respectively, from 195 utilization of white lead is markedly downw varieties in 1952 were the smallest by far sin ning of the present century. Litharge shipm in 1952 but were considerably above average World War II. Shipments of red lead decli well below the yearly average for World W shows trends in shipments of lead pigments Zinc oxide (lead-free) shipments declined lowest percentage decrease among the pr report, and were comparable in quantity to a during the World War II period. Leaded z 15 percent lower than in 1951 and, except fo since 1935. Shipments of lithopone dropped was 40 percent below 1951 and the lowes shipments of zinc pigments are shown in figu Shipments of zinc salts declined considera decreased 14 percent and zinc sulfate fell 17 TABLE 1.--Salient statistics of the lead and zinc pig States, 1943-47 (average) and 1943-47 (average) 1948 1949 Production (shipments) of principal pigments: white lead (dry &Dd Zinc oxide........do-- Leaded tine oxide Lithopono........do.... * 60,670 44,664 138,188 146,131 04,050 145,303 46,070 30,787 154,776 150,958 67,441 140,033 77,356 24,866 121,062 110,132 30,722 78,336 Value of products: i*62,267,400 <$60,615,000 <$58,504,000 All tine pigments----- 44,055,600 65,547,000 43,162,000 Total......................... 96,323,000 <156,462,000 <101,716.000 Value per ton received by producers: Litharge....................... Leaded zinc oxide___ Lithopone.................... $194 206 187 149 149 84 $363 396 387 218 246 116 $351 333 324 230 242 116 Foreign trade: Lead pigments: Value of exports.. Value of imports. Zinc pigments: Valuo of Imports. Export balance $1,229,000 36,000 3,299, 600 : 9,300 4; 483,300 $970,000 633,000 5,229,000 7,000 5,559,000 $1,167,000 143,000 3,426,000 52,000 4,388,000 1 Roportod 03 sales boforo 1946. i Data for basic lead sulfate la 1940 Included under whlto lead; B puraieiy. * Excludes value of basic lead sulfate; Bureau of Mines not at libe 620 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1052 LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN The distribution of shipments of pigments to consumers in 1952 remained essentially the same as in previous years. The paint industry continued the largest user by far of white lead, leaded zinc oxide, and lithopone, receiving approximately 90, 99, arid 73 percent, respectively, of shipments. In addition, 43 percent of red-lead shipments, 22 percent ol zinc oxide (lead-free) shipments, and 4 Eercent of litharge shipments went into paint manufacture. Storageatterv makers were the chief users of litharge and red lead, taking 69 and 45 percent, respectively, of producers' deliveries. The rubber industry continued as the largest consumer of zinc oxide, taking 51 percent of total shipments. Relatively small quantities of litharge, lithopone, and leaded zinc oxide were also used in the manufacture of rubber products. The ceramics industry ranks fourth in consump tion of lead and zinc pigments and was surpassed only by the paint, storage-battery, and rubber industries. In 1952, 11 percent of litharge shipments, 5 percent of zinc oxide (lead-free) shipments, 4 percent of white lead shipments, and 1 percent of red lead shipments were used in making ceramics. Titanium pigments continued to furnish the chief competition to lead and zinc pigments in paint making. Production and shipments of titanium pigments dropped 4 and 11 percent, respectively, from the records established in 1951. Insufficient plant capacity and shortages of raw materials had been limiting factors in titanium pigment production in previous years; in 1952, however, the decrease was attributed principally to the general reduction in consumption of all types of pigments. At present, the Bureau of Mines is not at liberty to publish statistics for titanium pigments. PRODUCTION The value of shipments of lead and zinc of that for basic lead sulfate, which cannot b a 17-percent decrease from the 1951 value. 53 percent of the total value and zinc pig compared with 54 and 46 percent, respect For many years figures on "sales" were u as a better guide to activity in the pigment Beginning with 1945 the base was changed with data compiled on Bureau of Mines Available information for 1945 (the year difference between sales and shipments i tonnages of pigments, an attempt is mad one of the chief problems being that finish blended to make another product. Basic for example, are blended to make leade instance the pigment weights appear in th class only. Pigments consumed by prod products beyond those covered by this rep batteries, and other articles--are considere LEAD PIGMENTS Shipments of lead pigments decreased 19 percent in value in 1952. Substan prices received by producers accounted 622 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1952 decrease in value. Shipments of white lead, red lead, and litharge declined 25, 13, and 9 percent, respectively, from those in 1951. Average values of lead pigments reported by producers were well below the record selling prices of 1951; the yearly average for white lead (dry) was $403 per ton, 5 percent under the 1951 average; red lead sold at an average of $376 per ton, also a decrease of 5 percent; and litharge brought $348 per ton, 9 percent less than the 1951 average. White lead.--The decline in shipments of white lead, first evident in the late 1920's, continued as competitive pigments supplanted both classes in many paint formulations. Total shipments fell 25 percent and were the lowest by far since long before the beginning of the 20th century. Paint manufacturers that had been using white lead almost exclusively are now using increasing quantities of other pigments. Basic lead Sulfate.--The Bureau of Mines is not at liberty to publish figures on basic lead sulfate for 1946-52. TABLE 2.--Production and shipments of lead pigments 1 in the United States, 1961-52 1051 1052 Pigment Produc tion (short tons) Short tons Shipments Value i Total Average Produc tion (short tons) Shipments Short tons Voluo * Total Avcrago White lead: Dry................ In oil........... Red lead.............. Litharge............... 22,082 11,177 34,065 162,155 23,360 12,056 36,352 154,753 $0,052,883 9,007,201 14,025,182 50,287,262 $420 498 307 383 16,405 11,464 32,620 144,564 16,770 10, 884 30,026 140,708 $0.363,285 6,177,314 11,634,060 40,064,874 $403 476 376 348 * Exoept (or basic lead sulfate, figure (or which is withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company operations. 1 At plant, exclusive of container. 1 Weight of white lead only, but valuo of paste. TABLE 3.--Lead pigments shipped by manufacturers in the United States, 194&-47 (average) and 1948-52, in short tons Year White lead Dry In oil Total Basic lead sulfate or sublimed lead White Blue Red lead Orange mineral Litharge 1943-47 (average)).... 1946............................... 1049............................... I960.............................. 1951............................... 1952............................... t 38,868 26, 661 16, 710 28,606 23,369 18,770 30,802 10,610 11,036 16,670 12,050 10,884 l 60,670 46,070 27,355 46,176 36,415 26,063 1 6^642 M m m (!) 1,270 8 () 8 44,064 30,787 21,866 36,072 . 36,362 30,026 143 138,188 154,775 121,052 177, G66 164,763 140,708 i Daslc lead Bulfate for 1946 Included with white lead (dry) In order to avoid disclosure of individual com pany operations. * 1941-46 average; tu footnote 1. * Figure withheld to avoid disclosure of Individual company operations. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN Red lead.--Shipments of red lead declin were 43 percent below shipments in 1944, Orange Mineral.--No shipments of oran in 1947-52. Litharge.--Although declining 9 perce litharge shipments remained at a compa exceeded only in 1947, 1948, 1950, and litharge has been the largest quantity le covered by this report. Battery manufacturers produced 76,00 suboxide of lead in 1952 for their own use quantity compares with 77,000 tons in 195 This suboxide production required 73,000 the same as in 1951, and 77,000 tons in 19 ZINCIRIGMENTSIAND S Total shipments of zinc pigments decrea and 14 percent in value in 1952. Shipme the most important of the zinc pigments clined 4 percent; tonnage shipments of lea percent; and lithopone shipments fell 40 pe among the products covered by this report Although declining slightly from the p producers' average values were the second n values received by primary shippers we (load-free) $307 per ton, a loss of 1 perce per ton, a drop of 2 percent; and lithopon of 3 percent. Shipments of the zinc salts, zinc chloride 14 and 17 percent, respectively, from 195 of the two compounds increased; zinc ch per ton in 1951 to $93 per ton and zinc sulf per ton. TABLE 4.--Production and shipments of zino pig States, 1961-52 1961 Pigment or salt Produetlon (abort tons) Short tona Shipments Value) Total Average Zinc oxide *........................ 168,714 Leaded zinc oxide*.......... 60,072 Lithopone........................ 107,610 Zinc cblorlde 50 B......... 62,527 Zinc sulfate........... ............. 23,663 147,710 44,841 102,837 60,730 23,624 $46,048,219 14,179,003 14,470,742 6,152,882 3,769,826 $311 320 141 86 160 i Value at plant, exclusive of container. > Zlno oxide containing 6 percent or more lead is classed as leaded zinc oxide include a small quantity containing less tban 6 percen G24 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 10 62 TABLE 6.--Zinc pigments and salts shipped 1 by manufacturers in the United States, 1943-47 (average) and 1948-62, in short tons Year Zinc oxide Leaded zinc oxide Llthopono Zinc chlo ride (60 31.) Zinc sulfate 1048 ......................................................... 1040........................................................................ 1060........................................................................ 1961........................................................................ 1052........................................................................ 146.131 160,968 110.132 100,829 147,716 142,210 64,050 67,441 30, 722 63,973 44,341 37,892 146,363 140,033 78,335 106,660 102,837 61,832 60,' 730 61,966 Tl'624 16,' 687 * Reported as sales before 1946. Zinc Oxide.--Lead-free zinc oxide shipments remained at a rel it Lively high level in 1952, declining only 4 percent from 1951. TABLE 6.--Production of zinc oxide (lead-free) by processes, 1943-47 (average) and 1948-62, as percent of total Process 194J-47 (avorago) 1948 1040 1060 1061 1662 American process (ore and primary residues)..___ trench process (metal and scrap)............................... Other.................................................................................. Total........................................................................ 77 76 71 72 76 10 16 17 18 18 7 9 12 10 7 100 100 100 100 100 74 20 6 100 Leaded Zinc Oxide.--Shipments of leaded zinc oxide in 1952 were 15 percent lower than in 1951. Four grades of leaded zinc oxide, classified according to lead con tent, are produced in the United States. The bulk of the output, however, is the 5- to 35-percent grade; only relatively small quan tities of the other grades--less than 5 percent lead, over 35 to 50 percent lead, and over 50 percent lead--are produced. For publi' ution purposes, the 2 top and 2 lower grades are combined. Pro duction in 1952 (comparison with 1951 in parentheses) was as follows: 3'.:,401 (46,960) tons of 35 percent lead and under and 5,468 (4,012) tons of over 35 percent lead. Lithopone.--Lithopone shipments fell 40 percent below 1951 deliveries and were much lower than all years from 1922-51, inclusive. The lithopone statistics in tliis report are given on the basis of ordinary lithopone sold as such plus the ordinary lithopone content of the high-strength product. Consumption of ordinary lithopone in the manufacture of titanated hMvopone has diminished to very small proportions. The trend has I" on downward almost continuously since 1937, when 19,400 tons wore used in making the titanated variety. The tonnage consumed for this purpose in 1952 was 42 percent below the quantity used in 1951 and was the smallest on record. The lithopone figures in table 7 are included in the totals for ordinary lithopone in other tables. Zinc Sulfide.--In 1952 only one company produced zinc sulfide, hence the Bureau of Mines is not at liberty to publish figures for this pigment. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN TABLE 7.--Titanated lithopone produced in th lithopone used in its manufacture, 1943-47 (a tons Year Titanated llthopono produced Ordinary llthopono usod Y 7,780 2,100 2,000 6,010 1,700 1,700 I960............ 1061............ 1962............ Zinc Chloride.--Shipments of 50 B. solu 14 percent in 1952 and were the lowest in Zinc Sulfate.--Zinc sulfate shipments d the 1951 total and were the smallest since RAW MATERIALS U Figures covering the raw materials used salts in 1952 and 1961 are shown in the acc Lead pigments and zinc pigments and sa a variety of materials, including ore, refined materials as scrap, residues, ashes, drosses approximately 95 percent of the lead in p pig lead and the remainder from ore; in 195 of contained lead from metal was 94. Of th leaded zinc oxide, about 13 percent (12 sources. The proportion of zinc in zinc 76 percent (76 in 1951) from ore and co from slab zinc, and 13 (15) percent from s 26 (19) percent of the ore used was of fore Tables 8 and 9 give the source of the m each pigment and salt. Pig lead is em directly or indirectly, in manufacturing wh and orange mineral and is used also in sulfate. The lead content of leaded zinc o sulfate, which in turn is made from pig le in the table. Zinc oxide is the only pigm slab zinc is used. Ore is employed in leaded zinc oxide, lithopone, zinc sulfide, z sulfate. Nearly balf of the zinc containe in 1952 and 53 in 1951) and virtually a (100 percent in 1952 and 1951) produced derived from secondary material. The pr duction derived from metal and scrap incre compared with 24 percent in 1951. For a United States entered World War II there in the quantity of secondary zinc used in The scarcity of supplies of both metal and s of the total oxide made by the French proc and scrap--to drop sharply in 1942 and low in 1943-46, despite tno fact that the t and scrap rose in 1943 and continued upw ruption m 1944-50. The production of 626 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1952 scrap accounted for the following percentages in relation to total production: 41 percent in 1939, 16 percent in 1942, 19 percent in 1943, 22 percent in 1944, 25 percent in 1945, 2G percent in 1940, 28 percent in 1947, 26 percent in 1948, and 29 percent in 1949 and 1950. TABLE 8.--Lead content of lead and zinc pigments 1 produced by domestic manufacturers, by sources, 1951-62, in short tons 1961 1952 Pigment Lead in pigments pro* duced from-- Ore Domostlc Foreign Pig lead Total lead in pig ments Lead Jn pigments pro duced from-- Ore Domestic Foreign Pig lead Total lead In pigmonts Total........................ 11,237 11,237 27,409 30,880 141,216 1,681 1,681 199,604 27, 409 30,880 141,216 12,818 212,322 8,368 8,368 22,287 29, 570 134,445 1,276 1,275 180,302 22, 287 29,670 134, 445 9,633 196,035 i Excludes lead In basic lead sulfate, data for which are withheld to avoid disclosure of Individual company operations. . TABLE 9.--Zinc content of zinc pigments 1 and salts produced by domestic manufacturers, by sources, 1951-52, in short tons 1951 1052 Pigment or salt Zlno in pigments and salts produced from-- Ore Domes* For* tio elgn Slab zlno Second ary ma terial * Total zlno In pig ments and salts Zinc in pigments and salts produced from-- Ore Domes For tic eign Slab zinc Second ary ma teria] * Total zinc In pig ments and salts 77,806 18,275 16,666 21,364 4,046 7,084 2,010 69 Total pigments... 106,863 24,331 15,714 2,203 468 14,909 126,644 26,410 11,098 20,861 26.007 172,006 14.078 14,078 6,008 7,669 67,839 23,811 10,240 16,367 3,211 6, 644 796 2 78,740 27,818 16, 242 2,422 297 12,872 6, 261 18,133 11,309 3,022 110, 762 18,608 11,603 140,933 11,300 6,341 Excludes line sulfide, data for which nro withhold to avoid disclosure of Individual company operations. These figures are higher than thoso shown in tho report on Secondary Metals--Nonfcrrous because tboy include zlno recovered from byproduct sludges, residues, etc., not classified as purchased scrap material. CONSUMPTION AND USES LEAD PIGMENTS White Lead.--The bulk of the white lead used in the United States goes into the making of paint; the paint industry usually accounts for 90 percent or more of total consumption. In 1952, however, the customary percentage was not indicated by. available statistics. This situation probably was due to the inability of shippers to give complete data on end-use classification. It is known that in the past LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS A some white lead sold to the Government w and it is likely that a substantial part of cation belongs properly under paint. Sh and manufacturers of plasticizers and sta 4 percent of total distribution in 1952. TABLE 10.--Distribution of white lead (dry and 1943-47 (average) and 1943-62 Industry 1948-47 (overage)1 1948 194 Total................................... 63,003 1,262 6,416 09,070 40,892 1,369 3,809 46,070 24 2 27 > Reported as sales boforo IMS. ' Shipments of basic lead sulfate Included with white lead for pany operations. * Includes the following tonnages for plasticizers and stabiliz Basic Lead Sulfate.--Statistics coverin sulfate shipments by uses have not been a 1945, when 3,000 tons went to the pain rubber industry, and 700 tons to other in tities of lead sulfate are used as an inte facturing leaded zinc oxide. Such qu shown in this chapter under leaded zinc sulfate. Bed Lead.--Shipments to storage-b represented the largest proportion of dis margin than in previous years. In 19 comprised 45 percent of the total compare shipments to the paint industry, the se counted for 43 percent of the total comp Relatively small quantities were used in TABLE 11.--Distribution of red-lead shipments and 1948-62, in shor Industry' > 1943-47 (averago) 1948 19 fltorago batteries......................... Paints............................................ Ceramics....................................... Other............................................. Total............................. L. 24,710 15,493 866 3,695 44,664 14,864 10,863 1,276 3,795 30,787 1 2 > Reported aa sales before 1946. Orange Mineral.--No shipments of reported since 1946 when 123 tons went Litharge.--The use of litharge for accounts for roughly two-thirds of total portion was 69 percent compared with ceramics industry is the second largest 628 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1952 ments for this purpose declined 30 percent from 1951 and comprised 11 percent of the total in 1952. Shipments to insecticide makers fell 52 percent, and deliveries to oil refineries and rubber manufacturers decreased 33 and 20 percent, respectively. The tonnage of litharge used for varnish was about the same as in 1951, whereas shipments for chrome pigments declined 25 percent. Shipments to makers of floor coverings dropped 55 percent but were well above average yearly quantities in previous years. TABLE 12.--Distribution of litharge shipments,1 by industry, 1943-47 (average) and 1948-62, in short tons Industry 1943-47 (avorago) 1048 1949 1060 1061 1052 Storage batteries........................ Ceramics...................................... Chrome pigments...................... Varnish......................................... Oil refining................................... Insectioides............................... Rubber......................................... Floor ooverings........................... Other............................................. Total................................... 78,996 13,067 9,817 3, 361 6, 325 17,160 2,705 116 6,062 138,188 100,645 10, 979 7,455 4,424 7,248 6,033 2,835 152 6,004 ' 164, 776 77,163 13.299 8, 667 4,286 6. 720 6,363 1,398 62 6, 214 121,062 105,668 27.771 10,017 4,347 6, 488 10,661 3,047 220 9, 669 177,668 94,064 22,816 11,117 5, 684 6,068 6,691 2, 641 1,772 5,001 154,753 97, 656 16,906 8, 370 5, 672 4,080 2, 724 2,109 701 3, 684 140, 798 1 Reported as sales before 1945. ZINC PIGMENTS AND SALTS Zinc Oxide.--Shipments of lead-free zinc oxide to consuming industries followed the same distribution pattern in 1952 as in previous years. The rubber industry and paint manufacturers remained by far the leading consumers, accounting for 51 percent (48 in 1951) and 22 percent (22), respectively, of total shipments. Shipments for ceramics and coated fabrics and textiles comprised 5 and 4 percent of the total (7 and 5 in 1951), respectively. Except for the rubber industry, which increased its receipts of zinc oxide slightly, shipments to all consuming industries declined in 1952. TABLE 13,--Distribution of zinc oxide shipments,1 by industry, 1943-47 (average) and 1948-62, in short tons Industry 1943-47 (average) 1948 1949 1050 1961 1052 Rubber........................ Paints........ Ceramics.................... Coated fabrics and textiles Chemical warfare ___ } Total.................................. 71,377 30,103 6, 470 11,016 10,308 16,867 / l 146,131 82,806 26, 779 12, 327 0,474 4,938 14, 645 150,058 68, 496 26, 206 6, 982 5, 200 2,666 10,684 110.132 82,944 39,690 12,679 6, 303 3,070 15, 634 ICO, 829 71, 607 32, 034 10, 324 7, 266 3, 114 22, 672 147,716 72,774 31,424 7, 760 6, 262 2, 413 21,677 142, 210 1 Reported as sales before 1946. 1 Includes tbo following tonnages for rayon: 1948--8,209; 1949--4,470; 1960--4,860; 1961--6,275; 1952-5,852. Leaded Zinc Oxide.--Leaded zinc oxide (all grades) is used almost exclusively as a pigment in paint manufacturing; in 1952 over 99 per cent of total shipments was for this purpose. Small quantities (less LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS A than 1 percent of shipments) are used by fact that leaded zinc oxide is produced f or secondary materials improves its com manufacture when metal and scrap are in TABLE 14.--Distribution of leaded zinc oxide s (average) and 1948-62, in Industry 1943-47 (average) 1948 194 Total................................... 61,237 132 2,681 64,060 64, 912 218 2,311 67,441 36 36 t Reported as sales before 1946. Lithopone.--The chief use of lithopone paints, varnish, and lacquers; approxima shipments are to these industries. In 73 percent (75 in 1951) of the total. S fabrics and textiles increased 18 percent, t lithopone end-use items covered by this other purposes--rubber, paper, floor cov declined--54, 52, 35, and 24 percent, resp TABLE 16.--Distribution oflithopone shipments, and 1948-62, in short Industry 1943-47 (average) 1948 104 Paint, varnish, and lacquors Coated fabrics and toxtilcs___ Papor............................................. Floor coverings........................... Rubber.......................................... Printing Ink................................. Other............................................. Total................................... 110,033 6,002 4,139 9,747 1,494 <> 7,868 145,363 104,441 8,436 4,814 12,423 4,192 () 6,727 140,033 60 6 2 0 3 () 3 78 1 Reported as sales before 1946. * Includes a small quantity, not separable, used for printing I 1 Included In "Other" before 1960, except for those quantit lacquers/' Zinc Chloride.--Statistics on the en chloride shipments are not available. Th are in wood preserving, battery manufac refining, and as a soldering flux. Zinc Sulfate.--The textile (rayon) indu sumption of zinc sulfate since 1946 when th and fungicides) led; in 1952 shipments for from 1951 and were the smallest since 194 the second largest use; shipments for this Among the smaller uses, shipments for ch printing, and glue decreased, whereas ship electrogalvanizing,.and paint and varnish 630 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 19 52 TABLE 16.--Distribution of zinc sulfate shipments,1 by industry, 1943-47 (average) and 1948-52, in short tons Industry 1043-47 (ever* 1048 1049 1060 1961 1962 ago) Gross Gross Dry Gross Dry Gross Dry Gross Dry Gross Dry weight weight basis weight basis weight basis weight basis weight basis Rayon......... -........... 6,613 Agriculture.................. 6,718 Cnemlcals..................... 2,018 Flotation reagents.... 1,168 Glue............................... 466 Textile dyeing and printing..................... 272 ElectrogaJvanlrlng___ 288 Paint and varnish processing.................. 010 1,666 0,000 6,210 1.734 1,632 661 102 310 121 1,034 7,333 4,248 1,103 1.366 462 10,601 4,420 1,107 021 453 66 30 206 217 104 663 1,101 1,664 7,067 3,606 861 767 370 11,217 6,841 1,879 062 670 21 146 154 324 685 189 070 2,786 8,322 4,880 1,377 727 464 10,073 6,688 2,871 858 306 120 1,400 203 100 110 32 1,820 2,116 7,026 4,847 2,243 730 337 1.1G3 129 20 1,274 8,181 6,111 1,676 1,070 301 360 342 172 2,296 Total................... 20,027 21,613 16,163 20,066 16,269 23,012 18,041 23,624 18,674 19,687 6,812 4,446 1,480 050 320 301 243 130 1,422 16,122 > Reported as soles before 1945. PRICES Total and average values received by producers for lead and zinc pigments and zinc salts are given in the tables in the first part of this report. Average values for red lead, white lead, and litharge declined $21, $23, and $35 per ton in 1952 but remained at high levels compared with other years. The average value for white lead was the second highest on record, being smaller only than in 1951; red lead and litharge were higher than in any year except 1948 and 1951. Quota tions for lead pigments reached a low for the year during the last week of October when lead was selling at its lowest level (13.5 cents per pound). Pigment prices at that time were about 4 cents a pound or 20 percent under quoted prices at the beginning of the year. When the TABLE 17.--Range of quotations on lead pigments, and zinc pigments and salts at New York (or delivered in the East), 1949-52, in cents per pound (Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter] Product 1049 1950 1951 1062 White lead (baslo lead carbonate), dry, carlota, barrels........................................................................ Baslo lead sulfate (sublimed load), loss than car* lots, barrels............................................................... Red lead, dry, 06 peroent or less, loss than car* lots, barrels............................................................... Orange mineral, American, small lots, barrels... Litharge, commercial, powdered, barrels............. Zino oxide: American process, lead free, bags, carlots___ American process, 6 to 36 percent lead, bar* rels, carlots........................................................ Frenoh process, rod seal, bags, carlots........... French process, green seal, bags, carlots........ French process, whlto seal, barrels, carlots... Lithopone, ordinary, small lots, bags..................... Zino sulfide, less than carlots, bags, barrels........... Zino chloride, works: Solution, tanks.................................................... Fused, drums....................................................... Zino sulfate, crystals,! barrels................................ 14.76-22.10 14.26-21.26 16.76-26.26 18.10-27.60 13.76-24.25 10.00-15.60 10. 25-17.38 11.60-10. 76 11.76-17.26 12.60-18.00 6.60- 6.76 12.50-14.00 3.26 6.75- 8.16 4.06- 6.86 14.00-18.60 13.26-18.76 14.25-20.76 16.60-23.10 13.26-10.76 11.00-16.00 11.26-10.88 12. 26-17.26 12.76-17.75 13.60-18.60 6.60- 8.60 13.60-26.00 3.26- 4.10 7.00- 0.85 4.06-10.16 18.60-20.10 18.76-20.10 20.76-22. 67 23.10-24.02 10.76-21.66 10.00-17.60 10.88-18.35 17.26-18.85 17.76-19.35 18.26-19.85 8.50- 8.90 25.00-26.30 4.10- 6.36 9.86 10.16-11.20 16.26-20.10 16.76-20.19 17.26-22.57 10.60-24.02 16.26-21.65 14.25-17.60 14.40-18.35 16.26-18.86 16.00-19.35 16. 60-19.86 8.26- 8.00 26.30 4.10- 6.36 0.60- 9.85 10.00-11.20 i Included granulated. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS price of lead rose to 14.75 cents in De registered proportionate increases. Although declining slightly in 1952, ments were the second highest on reco values in 1951, the peak year. Quotat and leaded) dropped about 3.5 cents per price of zinc fell from 19.5 cents to 12.5 declined about 0.5 cent per pound. New highs were again recorded for z average values were 9 and 2 percent, r established in 1951. FOREIGN TRA Foreign trade in lead and zinc pigme minor importance in relation to domestic ties. A "favorable balance of trade"-- ceeding value of imports--is generally these products. In 1952 the value of m $5,285,000 compared with imports value represented decreases from 1951 figures 80 percent for imports. Tonnage imports and exports of lead salts in 1952 were also at much reduced White lead and litharge, usually the and 67 percent, respectively, from 195 and zinc chloride, the principal zinc ite 61 percent, respectively. Small quanti TABLE 18.--Value of foreign trade of the Unite and salts, 1960 (U. 8. Department of Co Imports for co 10C0 Load pigments: White lead. Red lead... Litharge. Other lead pigments............................. >271,036 27,114 4, 670 40^781 >886,0 80,3 788,0 32,3 Total.................................................... 343,600 1,706,7 Zinc pigments: Zinc oxide... Zinc sulfide.. Lithopone... 1,081,816 14,479 170,107 770,2 161,1 Total. 1,276,402 030,4 Lead and tlno salts: Lead arsenate................. Other lead compounds. Zinc arsenate.................. Zino chloride.............. . Zinc sulfate..................... 1,066 30,447 11,202 2,66 68,6 104,6 16,6 Total............ 42,704 281,43 Grand total. 1,661,606 8,008,66 i Data not available. > Figures on Imports and exports compiled by Mae D. Pric from records of the U. 8. Department of Oommerce. 632 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1952 lead suboxide, lead arsenate, and other lead compounds were also imported for consumption in 1952. Litharge, white lead, red lead, and lead arsenate are also exported by the United States, hut totals constitute only a small portion of shipments by domestic producers. ; Zinc oxide and lithopone are the pigments exported in greatest ton nages from the United States. Exports of these pigments decreased 14 and 51 percent, respectively, from the quantities exported in 1951. Tonnages given comprise 5 and 16 percent, respectively, of total domestic shipments. TABLE 19.--Lead pigments and salts imported'for consumption in the United States, 1948-62 [U. 8. Department of Oommorco] Short tons Year White lead (baslo carbon ate) Rod load Llthargo Lead auboxlde Lead plgraonU n. e. j>. f. Load arsenate Other load com pounds Total valuo 1948............................... 1949........................... .. I960............................... 1961............................... 1963............................... 203 161 944 2,676 390 247 1,064 23 ' 90 70 12 216 1,866 2 621 34 30 23 6 67 27 63 63 (o (0 2 344j665 7 81 32 '499; 986 t Leu than 0.6 ton. TABLE 20.--Zinc pigments and salts imported for consumption in the United States, 1948-62 [U. 8. Department of Commerce] Year ZIno oxide Dry In oil Short tone Litho pone Zinc Zinc Zino Zinc sulfide chloride arsenate sulfate Total value 1948............................... 1949............................... 1960............................... 1961............................... 1962............................... 27 239 6,093 1,772 173 8 2 10 (>) 12 1,201 794 11 17 33 210 714 275 0 180 $17,768 120 60,984 169 1,317,141 201 1,140, 624 66 180,798 1 Less than 0.6 ton. TABLE 21.--Lead pigments and salts exported from the United States, 1948-52 (U. 8. Department of Commerce] Year Short tons White lead Red lead Litharge Total value Lead arsenate 1948....................................................................... 1949........................................................................ 1960........................................................................ 1961........................................................................ 1962........................................................................ 663 963 644 1,019 $1,404,001 699 1,042 1,367 430 1,343,613 816 649 1,612 620 1,166,269 767 686 1,038 313 1, 149,200 676 436 1,233 128 996,089 LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN TABLE 22.--Zinc pigments and salts exported fr 1U. 8. Department of Comm Year Short tons . Zino Litho oxide pone Total value Ye 1948................................. 8,642 21,016 6,040 14,460 I960................................. 8,094 9,367 $6, 228, m 3, 426,118 2,124,367 1961.......... 1962........... WORLD REVIEW France.--The Belgian and French works de zinc de la VieUe-Montagne produced white in 1952. The New Jersey distillatio of "snow" zinc oxide (oxyde de zinc "neig the end of 1951 and is working regularly Germany, West.--Two methods are used zinc oxide of pigmout quality: The "indir ducing zinc oxide from virgin metal, reme the "direct" process (that is, producing z products such as zincy slags, residues, o byproducts containing zinc mainly in the indirect process produces a first-quality pigments. By the direct process a zinc ox second quality and largely unsuited for pig The zinc oxide produced in the indirect in Germany, whereas the zinc oxide obtain called, simply, zinc oxide. If suitable for p pigment zinc oxide; if not suitable for pig zinc oxide or off-grade zinc oxide. Nearly all German producers of zinc w which was developed 80 years ago at the G born. This method has been periodically ciple has remained the same. Only to a s process in operation. Five firms in Western Germany use th facture zinc white. These are: Grillo, Ham Cologne; Lindgens u. Sohne, Cologne; Geb and ZinkhUtte Hamburg, Hamburg. Thes capacity of about 30,000 tons of zinc white In its essentials the Grillo process con in clay retorts with producer gas. The zin the producer gas; this mixture leaves the that which it enters through a combustion Metal Bulletin (London), No. 8706, May 29,1963, p. 19. 842070--60------ IV 1042 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1952 T TABLE 26.--Exports of tin in concentrates from Thailand, 1948-62, in long tons Destination 1948 3,911 1,740 6,661 1049 4,671 3,812 7,983 1060 2.908 8,040 7 10; 966 1961 2, 727 6,003 79 8,809 1962 4,677 4,660 604 9,741 United Kingdom.--Mine production in the United Kingdom (Corn wall and Devon) totaled about 1,000 long tons in 1952 compared with about 1,200 in 1951. United Kingdom smelter production of tin was the second largest in the world in 1952. Output increased 13 percent compared with 1951. Year-end stocks of tin in concentrates were 2,400 tons (1,900 at the beginning of the year) and of metal 4,200 tons (8,000 at the beginning). Total stocks, including tin metal and con centrates afloat and visible consumer stocks, were reported to be 7,000 tons at the end of 1952--a 47-percent decrease from 13,100 tons at the beginning of the year. Total virgin tin consumed totaled 22,600 tons, a 6-percent decrease from 1951. During 1952 both the South Crofty, Ltd., and Geevor Tin Mines, Ltd., had successful years. Although the New Consols mine con tinued to work throughout most of the year, the directors decided to abandon operations late in the autumn, and the pumps were with drawn from the lower levels after development results were disap pointing. MineralIRecovery, Ltd., was producing tin at the Kieve mill. Another small producer of tin was the Malayan Tin Syndicate, which is working old dumps at Carnkie near Redruth." On January 18, 1952, the Governments of the United States and the United Kingdom concluded an agreement on steel, aluminum, and tin. Under that agreement, the United Kingdom provided for the supply of 20,000 long tons of tin during 1952 in roughly equal in stallments at $1.18 per pound for tin of Straits quality or equivalent, f. o. b. Penang, Singapore, London, or Liverpool (at the option of the United Kingdom). By August 1, 1952, the United Kingdom Govern ment had virtually completed the purchase of tin for delivery to the United States pursuant to section C, paragraph 1, of the agreement, dated January 18, 1952.38 Mining Journal (London), Ann. review No., May 1963, p. 171. * Department of State, Press Holoase 605, July 31,1952. Titanium By Alfred F. Tumin1 and Frank J. C 4* OVERNMENT programs established in G sion of titanium dioxide pigment and titan facilities. Titanium-metal production in output; however, the production of tita slightly from 1951. Rutile, required mainly for welding-rod coatin during the first part of 1952. The removal of p resulted in rocord imports from Australia ade requirements and to double year-end inventorie An appreciable quantity of titanium slag imp 1952 compensated for lower ilmenite imports f production and shipments of ilmenite changed The Bureau of Mines published reports cove the production and properties of titanium me brookite and titaniferous iron ores. Extensive of titanium metal also was reported by other and by industry. 1,000 00 llI1-- I ,94< I 1 -I--- I (94ft 1- 1991 Fiq o bb^I--Domestic shipments, imports, consum r~'-- - - ilmenite and rutile, 1941-62. < Commodity-Industry analyst. * Chief, Light Metals Branca. 1044 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1952 DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Concentrates.--Output of ilmcnito in 1952 decreased 7,200 short tons from the record esfhblished in 1951. On the other hand, mine shipments increased 11,700 tons over 1951 and established a now record for the sixth'successive year. Lower production was reported by the American Cyanainid Co., Pinoy River, Va.; E. I. du Pont do Nemours & Co., Starke. Fla.; National Lead Co., Talmwus, N. Y.; Rutile Mining Co. of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla.; and the Yadkin Mica & Umenito Co., which ceased operations at Findley, N, G, in October 1952. The Florida Ore Processing Co., Melbourne, Fla., tripled its 1951 production, and Baumhoff-Marshall, Inc., doubled its 1951 recovery of ilmenite from monazite operations at Boise, Idaho. Production of Baumhoff- Marshall, Inc., included output of the Idaho-Canadian Dredging Co. and Warren Dredging Corp. Ilmenite statistics in 1952 include a mixed product containing ilmenite, rutile, and leucoxene. Of the total ilmenite production, New York continued to supply over half and Florida about one-third; the remainder came from North Carolina, Virginia, and Idaho. A small quantity of low-grade ilmenite pro duced in California for nontitanium use is not included in the produc tion and shipments of titanium concentrates. Factors that contributed to the new peak in ilmenite shipments in 1952 wero larger shipments from the National Lead Co., Tahawus, N. Y., and the Yadkin Mica & Ilmenite Co., Finley, N. C. The latter company in 1952 shipped all of its production and material in stock. Shipments by other ilmenito producers were about the same as production, except for Baumhoff-Marshall, Inc., which reported no ilmenite shipments in 1952. Shipments of ilmenite ranged from 45 to 66 percent TiOj. __ Rutile production in the United States in 1952 decreased slightly from 1951 output. Rutile was produced in 1952 by the Rutile Mining Co. of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla., and the Florida Ore Processing Co., Melbourne, Fla. Domestic production of rutile is not published as it would disclose operations of the major producer. Shipments of rutile ranged from 93 to 97 percent Ti02. Under the Defense Production Act of 1950, the Defense Minerals Exploration Administration issued Order 1 on March 7, 1952, placing rutile and brookite in the classification of strategic and critical minerals and set forth provisions whereby the Government would con tribute up to 75 percent of the total exploration cost of these minerals.: Titanium Pigments.--Production and shipments of titanium pig ments in 1952 decreased 4 and 11 percent, respectively, from 1951, as production dropped to the 1950 level, and shipments fell to near the 1948 figure. Titanium pigments were produced by the American Cyanamid Co., Calco Chemical Division, Bound Brook, N. J.; Chemical & Pigment Co. Division of the Glidden Co., Baltimore,' Md.; E. I. du Pont do Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del.; and the National Lead Co., Now York, N. Y. Statistics in this industry are supplied in confidence and consequently are not given here. The percentage distribution of titanium-pigment shipments, by consuming _ industries, is shown in table 3. TITANIUM TABLE 1.--Production and mine shipments of titaniu tic ores in the United States, 1943-47 (average) a Ilmenite Year Produc tion (gross wolght) Shipments Gross TIOi wolght con ton t Value 1043-47 (avorngo)........... 281,031 1048................................. 383.745 1040................................... 402.334 1950........................... * 408.320 1051............................... > 535. 835 1952................................... i 628,588 283,059 381,508 380.234 > 452,370 610,840 I 622,516 130. m 177,447 180. 535 ' 230.826 1 261,982 ' 265, 596 $5,675. 665 5. 703,073 0,212,348 ' 5.606. 584 ' 7,080,272 1 8,023, 753 * Includes a mixed product containing altered Ilmenite, leucoxeno, a 1 Buroau of Mines not at liberty to publish, Defense Production Administration annou an expansion goal for titanium dioxide pigme production capacity of 370,000 short tons b expansion of 88,000 tons over the capacity of amortization certificates approved as of Febr for 69,000 tons of the expanded capacity. tons was open for issuance of certificates of n . Metal.--Commercial titanium-sponge prod 1,075 short tons, approximately double the 19 plants operated by E. I. du Pont de Nemou Del.; Titanium Metals Corp. of America, H Co., Chicago, 111.; and the Bureau of Mines du at its Boulder City, Nev., pilot plant. The Defense Production Authority, in Nov for production of commercial titanium spong per year by the end of 1955. The Titanium M signed a letter of intent in August 1951 for con of a plant at Henderson, Nev., to produce 3,6 year for 5 years. An advance of $15,000,000 Metals Corp. of America by the Government One year later (July 28, 1952), the Defense Agency contracted with E. I. du Pont de Nemo .Del., for additional production of 13,500 s sponge during the next 5 years. The Gover company $14,700,000 to increase the capacity plant to 10 tons per day. The agreement wit one the Government made with Titanium M in August 1951. whereby the loan, plus intere on the unpaid balance, is repayable either in metal. The revolving-fund purchase and resale p General Services Administration in August 195 operation of sponge-manufacturing facilities development of military applications, continu 1046 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1962 assure an increased supply of titanium and the utilization of such supply in the manner most advantageous to national defense. The revolving fund contained $5,000,000 for the purchase and rcsalo of not more than 1 million pounds of titanium sponge at not over $5 per pound. The following specifications wore set up for purchase of titanium sponge under this program: Titanium, 99.3 percent minimum; iron, 0.25 percent maximum; nitrogen, 0.03 percent maximum; magnesium, 0.10 Eercent maximum; chlorine, 0.15 percent maximum; and Vickers ardness No. 250 (Brinell hardness No. 225) maximum. The first contract to sell titanium sponge to the Government under this pro gram was negotiated in 1951 between E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del., and GSA with the expiration date being March 15, 1952; however, this contract was extended to December 31, 1952, at the company's request, and in the latter part of 1952 negotiations were made to continue this program, with revised specifications, until December 1953. E. I. du Pont de Nemours &: Co. sold to the Government, as of December 31, 1952, 303 short tons of titanium sponge. Five tons of metal, that was placed in the revolving-fund stockpile October 21, 1951, was resold to Rcm-Cru Titanium, Inc., Midland, Pa., in September 1952, and was reported satisfactory for production oi millea products. As of October 15, 1952, 280 short tons of titanium sponge sold by Du Pont contained the following average quality, based on analysis by the manufacturer and confirmed by the Bureau of Mines for GSA; in percent: Titanium, 99.64; iron. 0.16; nitrogen, 0.025; magnesium, 0.04; chlorine, 0.11; and Brinell hardness No. 172. The revolving-fund stockpile is intended as a temporary reserve of titanium sponge available for resale and is in no way connected with the National Stockpile. Negotiations were under way at the end of 1952 between Defense Materials Procurement Agency and Titanium Metals Corp. of America for inclusion of that company under a similar purchase and resale contract High-purity titanium (99.9 percent Ti) was produced, by thermal decomposition of volatile titanium iodides, by the Foote Mineral Co., Philadelphia, Pa., throughout 1952 and by the New Jersey Zinc Co.. Palmerton, Pa., in the first quarter of 1952. Titanium alloyed and unalloyed mill products were manufactured by the Titanium Metals Corp. of America, New York, N. Y.; Rem-Cru Titanium, Inc., Mid land. Pa.; Mallory-Sharon Titanium Corp., Niles, Ohio; and Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Titanium tubing was supplied by the Superior Tube Co., Norristown, Pa., and the Trent Tube Co., East Troy, Wis., in unalloyed grades. Titanium Powder.--Metal Hydrides, Inc., Beverly, Mass., produced 201,000 pounds of titanium powder (96 to 98 percent Ti) in 1952, by reducing titanium oxide with calcium hydride, an increase of 57,000 pounds over 1951 output. Titanium metal produced in the form of powder can be compressed'into suitable forms and sintered either in vacuum or in a nonoxidizing atmosplicro, into solid blocks or finished products at as low a temperature as 1,000 C, Inventory controls that called for a practicable minimum working inventory were placed on titanium products, such as sponge, semifabricated shapes, sheets, tubes, extrusions, titanium-bearing alloys and titanium-base alloy scrap as of October 22, 1951, under NPA Regulation 1, as amended, and remained in effect throughout 1952. TITANIUM New titanium organizations were formed in 1 Co. of America, East Chicago, Ind., chartered organized by the Christiansen Corp., Chicago, wrought products from titanium. The Glidden C and Bohn Aluminum & Brass Corp., Detroit, M research facilities to develop methods for producin titanium alloys. It was also reported that rese conducted in Glidden's laboratory at Baltimore, laboratory at Detroit, Mich. The Kennecott structed a 200-pound pilot plant at the Battelle Columbus, Ohio, in 1952 to develop and evaluat producing titanium metal. Kennecott Copper C that a new Research and Development Departm & Copper Co. was established at Waterbury, research on the production, treatment, and uses of alloys, and other metals. Welding-Rod Coatings.--Production of titan rods was 266,400 short tons in 1952, a decrease o 287,100 short tons in 1951; 188,000 short tons wa 154,000 in 1949. Record production of 481,000 1943. Of the 1952 tonnage, 48 percent was c rutile, 18 percent with manufactured titanium with a mixture of rutile and manufactured titan percent with ilmenite. CONSUMPTION AND USES Ilmenite consumption in 1952 decreased 30,50 tons titanium dioxide) from 1951. Ilmenite con in the titanium-pigment industry; however, this de using 24,200 short tons of titanium slag contai titanium dioxide. Titanium slag imported from consumed for the first time in appreciable qua pigments, welding-rod coatings, and chlorinating nium slag is discussed further under World Review tion totaled 18,300 short tons in 1952--an increas 1951--and established a new record. The previou totaled 17,600 tons. The increase in rutile consum expansion of the titanium-metal industry. An analysis of titanium aircraft-engine parts a steels showed the following weight savings, per p 21 pounds; crankshaft front, center, and rear, 18, respectively; articulated and master rods, 1 and 7 0.4 pound; turbine support, 1 pound; and com stator blade, and rotor blade, 11, 0.02, and 0.04 p Other comparisons betwoen these metals were de * Vo PP. 121-126. Tltaolum Aircraft Ehglne Tarts, an Analysts: Iron Age ; 1048 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1952 TABLE 2.--Consumption of ilmenite and rutile in the United States, 1943-48 total, and 1950-62, by products, in short tons Product Hmonllo Rutllo Gross wolght Estimated TIOi content Gross wolght Estimated ' TIOi . content 302.822 360.941 381,178 404,283 479.624 605.000 610.608 142.868 176,476 187,680 202.663 250.869 300. 408 268.000 17,634 14,813 9.701 7,134 7.602 10. 230 11,888 16.461 13,837' 9.144 6,670 7,083 9,488 * 10,863' 1960 Pigments (manufactured tltonlum dioxide) * *................... Welding-rod coating* *............................................................. 071,336 210 7,000 33 079,244 347,747 106 3,803 19 351,675 C) 9,218 1,464 195 864 11,721 () ' 8.616 1,306 186 802 10,869 1951 Pigments (manufactured titanium dioxide) * '................. Welding-rod coating* *............................................................. 703,068 258 10,024 13 367,-037 130 4,962 8 0) 11,708 2,039 265 < 2,316 (') 10,834 2,752 248 <2,184 Total.................................................................................. 1952* 713.3G3 373,037 17, 227 16,018 Pigments (manufactured titanium dioxide)1 *................. Woldlng-rod coating*....................... ................................. 670, 829 719 11,293 6 4 345,308 410 5,763 3 3 (J> 11.418 2.997 281 3.621 (*) 10,798 2,858 265 * 3,432 Total.................................................................................. 682,860 361,663 ; 18,317 17,853 I 1 Include* a mixed produot containing altered Ilmenite, leucoxene, and rutile used to make pigment* and metal. i "pigments" includes all manufactured titanium dioxide, consumption of which in welding-rod coating*, wail 1.439 tons In 1950,1,770 tons In 1051, and 2.209 tons In 1952. * Included with "Miscellaneous," to avoid disclosure of Individual company operations. < Includes metal and flbergluss. * A total of 24,236 short ions (16,746 tons TlO>) of titanium slag was consumod In 1052for titanium pigment*, welding-rod coaling*, and experimental purposes. 1 Commercially pure and alloy-grade titanium metal was reportedused as a substitute for aluminum alloy and stainless steel in aircraft, engine nacelles in 1952. According to aircraft manufacturers, the weight reduction by using titanium in aircraft structural parts, such:; as fuselage webs, channels, frames, and angles where operating tern-; peraturcs do not exceed 800 F., would increase the operating range: of an airplane by 150 miles. Additional reduction of 300 pounds m> the weight of an airplane can be obtained, according to the manu-, facturcrs, by replacing 88 percent of tho skin of tho engino nacelles: with titanium sheet.4 Tlie United States Air Force announced that * Ueht Mi'talJ Bulletin, vol H, No. 24, Deo. 4, 1052, p. 17. .1 Engineering and Mining Journal, Metal and Mineral Market*, Titanium In Planes: Vol. 23, No. 2S, June 19, 1962, p. 7. Eshman, A. N., Titanium Sheet Metal Part* Successfully Made: Iron Age, vol. 170, No. 3, July 17,1062; pp. 139-138. TITANIUM 530 pounds of sheet titapium instead of sheet stee the production of certain airframe parts for the B Evaluation service tests were performed by th USN, on use of titanium in wet exhaust mufflers f engines; meter disks for oil, gasoline, and salt-wate ana heat-exchanger tubes with high water veloc water valves; and blades for steam turbines. Th tested 900 hours under normal wet operation an thermal shock operation, showed no perceptib disks were found superior to all other materials in condenser and heat-exchanger tubes tested over a ye fectcondition; the titanium seats for the salt-water g 18 months were found in perfect condition. Som countered in cold-peening the tenons onto the s titanium blading for steam turbines installed in a temperature (400 F.) 300-kw. turbogenerator, ow the tenons; however, this was overcome by peen between 600 to 900 F. Applications of titaniu tion of submarine snorkel tubing, submarine fairwater construction, aircraft landing gear com peller blades, armor plate, apd a 30-gallon ship tank were also under investigation during 1952.4 . TABLE 3.--Distribution of titanium-pigment shipments, (average) and 1948-62, in percent of to Industry 1938-47 (average) 1948 194 Distribution by gross weight: Paints, vamlsbo*, ana lacquors__; Paper............................................................................... Floor coverings (linoleum and felt base)............... Rubber........................................................................... Coated fabrics and textiles (oilcloth, shade cloth, artificial leather, etc.)..................... ....... ................ Printing ink................................................................... Other............................................................................... 78.4 6.6 2.8 2.1 2.4 1.0 6.7 76.4 6.4 4.6 2.6 2.1 .9 8.2 7 6 4 >3 1 8 Total............................................................................ 100.0 100.0 10 Distribution by titanium dioxide content: Paints, varnishes, and lacquer*.............................. Paper............................................................................... Floor coverings (linoleum and felt base)............... Rubber................................ .. . ,, ___ ... Coated fabrics and textiles (oilcloth,-sbado cloth, artificial leather, etc.)............................................. Printing Ink............................................ ...................... Otbor............................................... ......................... 70.2 9.5 3.9 2.7 3.1 1.6 9.0 60.9 7.4 6.9 3.2 2.7 1.4 9.6 67 9 5 3 2 1 9 Total............................................................................ 100.0 100.0 100 ' 1Iron Age, Airborne Titanium: vol. 170. No. 14, Oct. 9, 1062, p. 216. Mlchnlos, l.t. Q. P,, USNR, Titanium--Tho Now Metal: Duroau o/ Sh (ember 1062, pp. 7-14. Bcardman, E. L., Navy Has Large Titanium rrogrom: Jour. Metals, vo). 842070--06------- 67 1050 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1952 The Army Ordnance Corps, USA, authorized production of 81 mm. mortar-base plates from titanium in 1952. The lightness of titanium as compared to steel allowed the mortar-base plate to be redesigned to a 1-piece welded construction, weighing only 24 instead of 48 pounds, and releasing 1 man for other duties. Other items from titanium, such as armor plate for tanks and vehicles, flash suppressors, structural components such as outriggers, and helical springs, were under test.7 .. At the National Metal Exposition in October 1952, at Philadelphia, Pa., a titanium ingot weighing 4,000 pounds and a continuous sheet of titanium cod, 0.015 incli thick, 460 feet long, and worth $12,000, were displayed for the first time. A model of the J-47 Air Force engine highlighted the uses of titanium in blades, casings, compressor wheels, and other components. Titanium was displayed also in the following forms: 0.38 caliber paratrooper's pistol, filters, cutting tools, valves, and other machine parts. An organic bonding agent ideal for low-heat bonding of titanium was revealed, and parts drawn from commercially pure titanium were demonstrated. Staurolite (2Fe0.5Al203.4Si02.II20), previously wasted, was re covered in 1952 from ilmenite operations in Florida by using inducedroll magnetic separators. This mineral, containing approximately 50 percent AljOj, was reported as a source of aluminum and iron in making cement. Staurolite production schedules called for 25,000 tons per year; however, plant capacity in 1952 was reported at about 35,000 tons per year. Tanarc produced from titanium slag was manufactured m 1952 by the Foote Mineral Co., Philadelphia, Pa., and consumed in the welding-electrode industry as a partial substitute for rutile. Tanarc, which contains about 70 percent TiOj, was not used as a complete substitute for natural rutile but was mixed with rutile to yield a product containing approximately 25 percent Tanarc. Additional research by the electrode manufacturers may increase the proportion of Tanarc up to 50 percent in the mixture. Production of Tanarc, considered still in the development stage, was estimated at 500 tons in 1952. .. . Titanium dioxide rectifiers, consisting of a layer of semiconducting titanium dioxide, a sheet of titanium metal, and a countorelectrode of some other conducting material, were described in an article re leased by the National Bureau of Standards. The rectifiers were reported to withstand reverse voltages of 20 volts per plate and operate satisfactorily at elevated temperatures.9 Studies on the use of titanium pigments, anatase and rutile, for exterior house paints showed that after exposure for 5 years rutile- pigment paint protected the surface and was in good condition for repainting, whereas the anatase paint had completely chalked away and offered no protection to the surface. Repeat tests on the same r Meslck, Col. B. 8., Tltaoium Evaluated for Ordnance: Jour. Metals, vol. 5, No. 2, February 1063, PP< Engineering and Mining Journal, Induced-Roll Magnetic Separators Now Recovering Staurolite For merly wasted: vol. 163, No. 13, December 1962, pp. 108-109. . _. Breckenrtdge, R. O., and Hosier, W. R,, Researoh Paper23M: Nat. Bureau olStandards, Jour. Research, vol. 49, No. 2, August 1982, pp. 88-72. TITANIUM paints but with short exposures showed clean, w panels for anatase paints and dirty mildewed surfa versions. Other comparisons between these two discussed.10 An informal summary on the develop properties, and uses of titanium pigments was also STOCKS Year-end stocks of ilmenite decreased slightly i equivalent (TiOj content basis) to 11)4 months' re rate of consumption in 1952. The pigment pr lower ending inventories in 1952; however, this increase in stocks of titanium slag. Stocks of titani from 3,000 short tons at the ena of 1951 to 17,000 stocks in 1952 more than doubled 1951 ending inve sustain industry (TiOj content basis) at the 1952 months. Even though rutile consumption in 1952 peak, supply was greater than demand owing to rec Australia, the sole supplier of rutile to the United The National Production Authority announced in on rutile January 28, 1952, in NPA Regulation 1, a ever, rutile was removed from the inventory control 1952, in NPA Regulation 1, as amended. TABLE 4.--Stocks of titanium concentrates in the United S 1961-52, in short tons 1061 l Stocks Ilmenite Rutile Ilmenite Cross weight Esti mated TIOi content Cross weight Esti mated TIOi content Cross weight E ma TI con Mine--..................... Distributors *............. Consumers.................. Total stocks... 67,130 002 Old, 714 077, 646 28,926 416 307,211 334, 661 66 630 6,801 0,305 61 611 6,401 6,053 63,212 068 610,490 674,660 30 307 330 1 Revised flguros reflecting lnvontory corrections reported by Industry. > Consumers stocks or titanium slag Imported from Canada totaled 17,000 sh tons of estimated TiOj. * Includes Ilmenite and rutile content of mixed zlrconlura-tltanlum concentrate PRICES Ore---Quotations in E&MJ Metal and Mineral M per gross ton for ilmenite containing 56 to 59 perc Atlantic seaboard, were $16--$18 at the beginning of 19 to $16-$20 in March and to $18-$20 in April, at price of ilmenite remained for the rest of the year. were nominal. " Pslnt. Oil and Chemical Review, Francis O. Smith Telle N. Y. Productio vol. 116, No. 6, Mar. 13, 1963, p. 61. M E. I. du Pont da Nemours <b Co., Wilmington, Del., Titanium--The Commo 1052 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1952 Nominal quotations for rutile guaranteed minimum 94 percent concentrates were 5% to G% cents per pound at the. beginning of the year and decreased on January 3, 1902, to 3% to 4% cents per pound and then increased during the year as follows: 4 to 5 cents at the end df January; 5 to 7 cents in March; 6 to 8 cents in April; 7 to 8 cents in September; and 7 to 8% cents a pound in November 1952, where they remained for the rest of 1952. Amendment 13 to Gcnoral Overriding Regulation 13, issued January 18, 1952, by the Office of Price Stabilization, Economic Stabilization Agency, exempted from price control all sales of imported and domestic rutile ores and concentrates and the allied services of mining and processing such materials. Rutile, under coverage of General Ceiling Price Regulation, January 27, 1951, was removod from price control to permit domestic consumers and dealers to compete with other countries in obtaining this material and to allow domestic producers to continue production by meeting higher operating, costs. Tanarc, containing 70 percent Ti02, was quoted by the Foote Mineral Co., Philadelphia, Pa., in 1952, at $130 per ton, after process ing, grinding, etc., in carlots, f. o. b. Exton, Pa. Ferrotitanium.--Price quotations on all grades of ferrotitanium remained the same in 1952 as that quoted in the latter part of 1951. Steel Magazine quoted ferrotitanium in 1952 as follows: Ferrotitanium, low-carbon: (Ti, 20-25 percent: Al, 3.6 percent maximum; Si, 4 percent maxi mum; C, 0.10 percent maximum). Contract, ton lota 2" x J), per pound of contained Ti---------- --------------------------------------- $1.50 Lcss-than-ton lota per pound.----------------------------------------- 1. 65 (Ti, 38-43 percent, Al, 8 percent maximum, Si, 4 percent maxi mum: C, 0.10 percent maximum). Ton lota per pound--------- 1.35 Leaa-Mian-ton lots per pound------ -- -------- -------------- ------- 1. 37 The above prices are f. o. b. Niagara Falls, N. Y., freight allowed to St. Louis, spot add 5 cents. Ferrotitanium, high-carbon: (Ti, 15-18 percent; C, 6-8 percent) contract per net ton, f. o. b. Niagara Falls, N. Y., freight allowed to destination east of Mississippi River and north of Baltimore and St. Louis--------- $177 Ferrotitanium, medium-carbon- . (Ti, 17-21 percent; C, 2-4.5 percent) contract per ton, f. o. b. Niagara Falls, N. Y., freight not exceeding St. Louis rate allowed_________________________________ _____________ _ 195 Metal.--The price of titanium-sponge metal in 1952 remained the same as in 1951 at $7.50 per pound m quantities of less than 100 pounds and $5 per pound in quantities of 100 pounds or more, all prices f. o. b. shipping point. Titanium-metal prices, commercially pure and alloy grades, as quoted in Steel Magazine and by the Ti tanium Metals Corp. of America, New York, N. Y., also remained the same during 1952: base prices per pound in lots of 10,000 pounds and over in commercially pure and alloy grades, f. o. b. mill were as follows: Hot- and cold-rolled sheets, $15, Brackenridge, Pa.; hot-rolled sheared mill plate, $12, Brackenridge; cold-rolled strip, $15, West Leechburg, Pa.; rolled or cold-drawn round bar in small diameters and round wire, $10, Dunkirk, N. Y.; forgings (rounds, disks, and round-cornered squares and rectangles), $G, Watervliet, N. Y., hot-rolled bars (rounds, flats, and squares), $0, Watervliet. Extremely pure titanium made by the iodide process was quoted by the Foote Mineral Co., TITANIUM Philadelphia, Pa., at $95 per pound in lots of 10 lots less than 100 pounds, $125 per pound, f. o. minimum order of $10. This metal was availab approximately % inch in diameter by 19 inches Powder.--Titanium powder (97 percent Ti) w Plydrides, Inc., Beverly, Mass., in 1952, at $9 a p quantities and $7.95 a pound in 5,000 pound Beverly, Mass. Manufactured Titanium Dioxide,--Manufactu (anatase), ceramic, chalk-resistant, and regular g delivered, were all quoted tliroughout 1952 at 21Rutile, nonchalking, was quoted at 23-23% cents FOREIGN TRADE1J Imports.--Increased imports from Canada co ilmenite imports from India. Titanium slag acc of the titanium concentrates imported from Can imported from Australia in 1952 increased 74 pe established a new record oyer that previously set ports were slightly higher in 1952 than domestic Shortage of rutile at the end of 1951 caused Un contract in advance to meet military requiremen Imports of titanium potassium oxalate and com containing titanium including titanium pigm pounds in 1952 coming from Austria (400), Can (4,400), Italy (62,300), and the United Kingdom terial was valued at $17,900. Ferrotitanium va imported from France (28,300 pounds) and th (195,700 pounds). Value of titanium metal im (500 pounds) and France (44 pounds) totaled $2 Exports.---Shipments of titanium dioxido an declined 9 percent under the record establishe was the major recipient of titanium pigments fro in 1952 receiving 21,300 short tons, a decrease of shipped in 1951. Other countries receiving 500 as follows: Belgium and Luxembourg, 1,300; B 980; France, 1,100; Italy, 800; Japan, 800; Mexico 1,100; and Union of South Africa, 1,100. The r were distributed among 45 other countries. E concentrates increased slightly in 1952 over 1951 tons wore shipped to panada and Hong Kong, Two new export classifications; namely, titanium in crude form and scrap and titanium metal in initiated by the Department of Commerce in increased production of titanium metal. Metals form and scrap were shipped in 1952, in pounds, t France, 1,400; Italy, 2,200; and the United King recipients of titanium metal in primary form Belgium and Luxembourg, 4,500; Canada, 2,10 Kingdom, 300. Exports of titanium ferroalloys in ) Figuros on Imports and exports oomnllod by Mm B. Trice and Ulslo D. from records of tbo U. 8. Department of Commerce. 1054 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1052 1951 shipments as exports to Canada totaled 290 short tons, an increase of 126 tons over 1951. The remaining quantity of 70,300 pounds was shipped to Chilo, 7,000; Franco, 14,600; Italy, 25,200; the United Kingdom, 22,500; and Western Germany, 1,000. TABLE 6.--Titanium concentrates 1 imported for consumption in the United States, 1943-47 (average) and 1948-62, by countries, in short tons iu. 8. Department of Commerce] Country of origin 1943-17 (avorago) 1948 1949 1950 1961 1962 1LUENITJC Canada............................................. 776 3,205 22,675 930 India................................................. 146,369 Norway........................-.................. 12.200 Total as reported................ Australia: In "slrooniuzn ore" 4. 186,155 1,999 Grand total.......................... 188,154 Value of "as reported"___ 81,084,933 C> 8,708 4,519 184,309 3.335 41.248 242,119 242,119 31,758,848 540 2 721 289,739 33,165 324,167 324,167 $2,479,071 i 12 1.367 1 187,834 27,166 216, 469 216, 469 $1,198,545 100 1 3,776 4 38,451 185,146 66 MM62 189,078 184,011 189,078 184,013 $1,323,438 $2,478,077 Bunn Australia.......................................... Norway..--.................................... Total as reported.............. Australia: In "ilrconium ore" .............. In "Umenlte" 7........................ Grand total.......................... Value of "as reported"___ 3,921 1,371 220 213 5,725 3,955 1,012 10,692 3375,336 8,771 ( ) 8,771 8,771 $588,713 3,085 3.086 1,096 4.181 $179,746 3,427 3,427 1,133 4,660 $149,733 11,023 19,394 11,023 210 19,394 166 11,233 19,660 $491,383 $1,728,803 i Classified as "ore" by tbo U. 8. Department of Commorco. > Less than 1 ton. i Includes titanium sis?. Chiefly all titanium slag averaging about 70 norcont TIOs. nraonlte content of zirconium ore as roporton to tho Bureau of Minos by lmporlora, Rutile contont of circonlum oro as reportod to tho Bureau of Mines by Importors. r Rutile oouteut of ilmenlte as roportou to the Bureau of Mines by Importers. Revised figures. TABLE 6.--Exports of titanium products from the United States, 1943-47 (average) and 1943-52, by classes (XJ. 8. Department of Commerce] Year Ore and concen trates Motal and alloys In crude form and scrap Primary forms, n. e. c. Ferroalloys Dioxide and pig ments Short tons Value Short tons Value Short tons Value Short tons Value Short tons Value 1943-47 (average)... 1948............................ 1949............................. 1950............................. 1951............................. 1962............................. 826 1,454 1,506 600 646 670 $134,259 187,226 143,412 67,763 63,060 110,737 S3j 134 wa 8 i 3 671 $102,349 14,200 $2,864,779 480 82.874 26,824 7,126,966 179 40,918 29,621 8,140,991 171 42,741 32,660 8,799.768 175 107,718 39,242 13,<274,143 325 88,064 36,636 10,091,698 Before Jan. 1, 1952, not separately classified. TITANIUM TECHNOLOGY Investigations on a vacuum-distillation magnesium and magnesium chloride from tit by modifications of the Kroll process were co scale by the Bureau of Mines laboratory at B results far superior to those achieved by the leaching. In the purification method, magne were volatilized away from titanium in a va leaving the titanium virtually magnesium-fre A description of the pilot-plant equipment, method of sponge .recovery, operation data; a quirements are discussed in a Bureau of Mine Pilot-plant investigations on 105 production metal was made in 200-pound batches were Mines at Boulder City, Nev. Techniques de brought about a decrease in the moisture abso chloride in the reaction mass, lowered iron con the labor- and time-consuming job of cleani reduction, and lowered the temperature duri to 750 C. to give better and more consistent r and techniques used in preparing raw materia removal of the mass from the reaction vesse requirements were published in a Bureau of Mineral-dressing investigations on titanium Christy deposit in the Magnet Cove area, Ho conducted by the Bureau of Mines laboratory flotation concentrates containing 91 to over 92 ide. Two samples of the titanium-bearing o percent titanium dioxide yielded a 60.6-perc of 92.8 percent titanium dioxide and a 55.2-per of 91.2 percent titanium dioxide.15 Studies were made by the Bureau of Mine Park, Md., on the recovery of titania, iron, and iforous iron ore from deposits at Tahawus, N. Y Oro from Tahawus, N. Y., was roasted with ground, and magnetically separated to produce Titania and byproducts were recovered from position. Combined data from tests indicate of the titania content, of the ore is recoverabl of the iron can be recovered as a metallic-iro With certain modifications, the process magnetite was reported applicable to a titanife Mine Hill near Woonsocket, R. I.13 Development of a method for treating'tita from the Iron Mountain, Wyo., deposit to r and titanium as high-grade, salable product >* Cook, M. A., end Wartman, F. 8., Removal of Magnesium and M Sponge by Vacuum Distillation: Bureau of Mines Kept, of Investigati 14 Fuller, H. O., Baker. D. H., Jr., and Wartman, F. 8., Recent Prao City, Nev., Titanium Plant: Bureau of Mines Kept, of Investigations ' Fine, M. M., and Frommer, D. W., Mineral-Dressing Investigatio Property, Hot SprlngCounty, Ark.: Bureau of Mines Rept. of Investi * MacMUU&n, R. T., Hemal. R. A., and Conley, J; Sods-81nt Tltanlferous Ores: Bureau of Mlqe* Rept. of Investigations 4912,1952,