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P-NSC-36 National Safety News Published monthly in the interest of accident prevention and the health of industrial workers VOL. 32, No. 3 CONTENTS FOR SEPTEMBER, 1935 l.itui.'viilc The 193; Congress City ............ ........................................................... 11 M.ili' tVay Measure; in Pum Cnntrol--Arthur S. Johnson................................17 The I river Has Hi? Trouble?--Ihnry ]. Drogas.................................................... 19 i',,iil)le Safety Measure"--T. IT. Osgood.................................................. 30 An Aa'ounrani Analyze? Safety Savings--Stanley Prvihridg- ....................... .23 tinwuJ Rapids Is Safety Conscious--Curtis Billings.............................................. ,.25 Kansa? Health Authorities Fight Accidents--Earir C.Bravn: hi. D...................... 27 Step? to Safety--Roy R. Romiall.................................................................... .......... 29 Clean ins: Exterior Walls of Buildings by Sandblasting or Steamblasting-- Industrial Data Sheet D-Gen. tz............................................. ............................... 32 Raising the Standard? of Industrial Medicine--hi. X. Xcvquist. M. D..................34 Looting Toward the Congress..................................................................................... 3S fOrmrnlary Safeguarding I? Siill Important.........4..................................................58 And Sudden Death--J. .*1. Furnas......................................................................... 66 Regular Departments lUn...-! .................................................... y lln- Mjxuis DircCtnr'\ Pyc .................... 10 SjftTv Exchange .................................. -...50 l<k!u\trul Health ............................................_..M Hu- bulk-tin KurJ ................................ ...40 PrrMioaU ............................................... T!>c Sa/cfr Library.............................................. bn TIk* Honor Roll ............... M Coming Events --.................................................M Vith the Manufacturer ........................................."2 Ttie Buyers Service .........................................."A The Accident Barometer ..................................MO t-AkiiAX T. Fish, Editor Killings, Associate Editor Stanley H. Kershaw. Poster Editor C. H. Mjllek, Advertising ^^Jinager '-'i-- -li by National Safety Council. Inc. printed In L'.S.A. I'uldiahed monthly. mm. nd-clas* m;iMer June l. ij2I. at the pom office at Chicago. ]ll.. under the * "f March 3. 1ST9. Additional entry at St. Jorph. Mich. -------- " Th* ?uitjcrtpiion price to member* for extra cople* of the NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS H.uu |.*r > enr. Single copies. <0 cent*. Reduced quantity prices for yearly euhscripnuns and Mngle copies on request. Subscription* are available only to members of the National Safety Council. Member Audit Bureau of Circulation. Thiv nm^aaine la indexed In the Industrial Arts Index. t *,*"-n?ru and opinions advanced In signed articles are to be understood as individual 'r~'-inn* ..f their authors. not thoae of the National Safety Council. National Safety Council, Inc. V.ot'itrrttfu'* -- .\ <uC<intnt<rriu(--Sun-Piilltic*l --.Vn-Scricriu#i / 20 North Wacker Drive. Chicago, U. S. A. New York Office, 9 East 41st Street Office of the Education Division. I Park Ave.. New York Citv / National Safety^Coun Officers, 1934-1935 John . Lonc. President llotiKrr I. Catun. Vice-President for labile `"afetv D. D. Fcnnkia, Virr-Prealdent fur Pub lic Relations Lew R. Paijiui. Vice-President for Safety Councils Almut S. RrjiVLA. Vice-President for Kaajurcr.m C. W. Smith. Vice-President f<*r Industriii] Safety n. T. .Soi.knstf.n. VJrr-Pr**^ilrnt for Membrrsh.p tassics H. Watson. M.l,, Vn*-.prcMlent for Health Aijut \V. Whitni.v. Vice-President for Education WiLUiX M Wuitii . Vice-President for I'ttumce and TmiMirrr W. II. Cankmon. s*i*rrt:ir> and Mmuc- lie Jiirrclor Executive Committee j' Members at Large Tki Ancyt. Ornou .no; A. L. Aomstookc. Kjolnun Kodok Co. T. rt- Coooow. Safety Section. Associo- Uoo of American llailrouds J. E. Cviaikt, Bethlehem Steel Corp. Hoaar tiutuicaT, The Ihillman Co. Ct. T. HameVTit. Ch cajta North Shore and Milwaukee ha Irnud Co. Tmojcu P. Ktuass. industrial Conimis- si6vof Ohio ,,,, . Tkomas H. MacDonald. L. S. Bureau of Public Roads EfiWiAfi J. Mcitum. Portland Cement Association Hamld L. Mine*. K. I. duP1 dr .Se- roour* A Co. (Isaacs E. .SA.vroaij. General Mcetnc Co. JLulbt A. Scintr*. I'nitcd Stair* Steel Coni. S4fety Csuneil Representativej Cuuuuccx P. T*yuui. Massachusetts Safely Council Walt** Usnt .Sj*ith. JVlawarr Safety Onmril C. K- 1Ui.vthn, NYrlfrii iVnnsylvuma J>.SaIf.etyKLONm.Mi.i1cJi,l. K.ui*u** t.itv Salrt> Hi(ojHitjiilrKtIl St.nxnT. I.tiuisvillr Sairly Owncit , It. II, KnaTfiN. |j*hish Nnllej Safety (Uiancil Koa.ykun M. Kkf.Mi.. Kvnnslnti Safety Council Sectional Representatives Oft. K. W. Kisk*. Jo.. Moriiir I*. \V. Boacn. Wood Products Haooui G. HorrMAX. Slrrrt and Hish- war Tnifflr Vuu C. IUlk. AulunnMlvr and Maehiur Shop I. \V. MflAxint. Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers Ijrjna 1>. Savuora. Arronnutir;il J. A. Voxs. Metals f' Past Presidents i ltoacaT W. (Uarwi.1- AaTHtni T. Moanv law* H. Pai.miji iDatio Vis Schaak.* IUlsu C. IticHAiitis* CMaaixs P. Tolman Astmi** H. Yov.vc l Maacvi A. l>ow { Lawn A. Dcilunx ; Giat. II. Avi:i. CMAatxs II. Scott Waltki G. Kikc Hompj lv Nh:ss* Lt.-Col. Hiixav A. UrMSSra C.. El'lilMLlITtlPftM! C-%ai \V. lteaioi'i^T Jaman I. Hanami MhwtMoi i Honorary Members ) Hmut \V. Ommiix 1 Asaos.iAnoA nr laor* A Sticl r.ir<Ti AL * F.MiiMnis ( ill :'l4 .. irl:li i i No Half Way Measures in Dusy Control By ARTHUR S. JOHNSON Assistant tn the Manager, r.nyinterinQ i)rfHtrtntrnl, American ituiuul Liahthlu Ittxnrwue <Utui/*tftu -/ O CONTROL its dust hazard to Ttlit- extent of making the occur rence of pneumoconiosis improb- jlile. industry must <lo much more than Dust control is not an event; it is a prosram that requires concentrated day-to-day attention Imv :e.ii lianieal tlust removal equipment in'i it going. With it there must lie t:;i a routine of cheek and double heck, perhaps whole new operatin': practices and a sharp definition of reqxmsibilities. This all boils down to day-ln-day attention to a program de- uixm a long range health con-t-rv.iiion policy. Half-way measures tinrelated to each other won't work. N'or \> this a "done once, done forever" .uTair. Dust control is not an event, it i- .1 program that never finishes. al to the amount of silica in the air nut pnxluce disabling lung pathology, breathed. A new ray of hu|X' lies in yet we are faced with tin- facts of claims some fairly good evidence that there prosafuted successfully. Quantity of may be mixed dusts in which such dust dust, rather than quality, was doubtless as limestone, gypsum, coal, hematite, * responsible for any ill health. Some clay or cement dilute the silica hazard state regulations require dust exhaust and produce less physiological reaction.. machinery nn some operations. We than the silica content operating as pure must, therefore, include for rontrol some quartz alone. dusts which bv nature mav not be harm A second group of dusts produces ful. * *" somewhat the same clinical picture as Our fourth grade of hazard is tuber silicosis in its early stages, yet the x-ray culosis. Tuberculosis is a disease caused Kxpens seem to be in rather general of the chest shows the shadows pretty by a germ, and probably more useful agreement about four grades of pneu- much confined to the lymph ducts. The work has been done to control this nwniusis hazard. First. quartz caus damage appears not to be so serious as disease than almost any other. From ing real silicosis, a serious solidification silicosis in many ways, particularly in time immemorial the dusty trades which "i the mass of the lungs by fibrosis or that it is not progressive nor does it pre- we now speak uf as having a silicosis growth of scar tissue. It takes years to :vi -:ar:.-i!. but once starter! is progres- lit ion which will nm Slop and dis|X>se to tuberculosis. The dusts pro ducing it certainly should lx- classified ns absorptive and therefore harmful al hazard were always among the danger spots fur tiilx-rculosis. What we now know is this: ihat siliiosis maki-s a first .imii.; in- cured. After ex]>iiMire of 15. --"i 25 year?, men in certain trades acuimdale this fibrosis of the lungs which listens ;heir capacity for physical lalxir. h makes them short of breath and uuses certain well - defined clinical symptoms. X-rays <>f their chests show dvjtnneri-iie shadows. A few of these rmn .ii.direct result of this condillolt Aiiliougn few of them have their though not in the same category a* quartz. There is no question hut that lessened lung capacity results from them after long enough exp>isure but it cer tainly takes more dust and more time to lower capacity for work. Asbestosis falls in this group and apparently similar con ditions develop from exposure to- ex cesses of many mineral dusts relatively low in free silica content. class place for luixTculosis to thrive in and kill the patient ofi much earlier than would silicosis alone. < fpininii serins to be lhai perha|>s simple silicosis un complicated by tuIxTculosis may seldom lx? fatal, but shortens the working life of the victim just as angina, arterio sclerosis, and such degenerative diseases do. On the other hand, we may expect from tuberculosis one of two things: |ihi>iea| eapacitv to work lessened even ln 15 or 20 years. there may l>e actual ,une impairment which predisposes them Inert Dusts A third group ef mineral dusts may first, a man bring# tuberculosis, no mat ter how dormant it may be, into a dusty trade, he may reactivate the tuberculosis lb tuberculosis. The cause of this silir,sis R silica, as free quartz, not comanorl v.iili . ,* he-r elrim-nts in the form uf fil'C:oi^ i,,u ihe ipiartz as found free in -'an i,. i I,, j)s purest natural form as be harmless in reasonable quantities. Tlw result of work by some investigators which has been published recently indi cate clay. talc, emery and carborundum dusts to be inert, ln some animal cx- and have his case diagnosed as '`aggra vated by" the dust: or second, by get ting simple silicosis or perhaps other pneumoconiosis, and then contracting tulterculosis from tubercular associates mid g miner. The studies made of n'-iriy ,.jljeosi' and the e\|xiMire~ '`hirh ..iu1 thrill in the rock indue- ivrimentation these dusts did not pro duce fibrosis, t 'onirnrily, there have Ix-en claims for disability from workers either at worker elsewhere, die of tuberi nlo-i- ?tijK'rinifiir-<s| <m silicosis. Tulierctilusi- a-xxiatiil with silicosis dx-s not cun: grinding industries, fire- who alleged that the ex|)osure lu these re#|xin<i well to treatment. Regardless making, etc., have shown that the same dusts caused their ailments. Ex of the fact that tuberculosis is an infec k*Ur<f i5 siiica arld that it is proportion perts state that these dusts generally do tive disease noi necessarily occupation- i; r { *: f- P fs it ;i * !.i !I q'i4 l n -1 ; =3 -3 i 18 al. we must face this fact, that tubercu losis is so often the disabling result of dust exposure, that dust control must include tuberculosis control at the same time. Measuring the Hazard Summarizing, we have three dust haz ards; Cl) quartz, which produces true silicosis--a progressive, lung-disabling disease; (2) some dusts which produce a pathology which usually is not serious and is not progressive after exposure stops, yet a pneumoconiosis none the less, and some dusts which para doxically are probably relatively harm less. yet have been the claimed basis for tuberculosis and other disabilities. In the absence of adequate diagnoses, occu pational histories and a more satisfac tory method of adjudicating claims than prosecution at common law. wc must conclude that it is necessary to find a practical method lor controlling all min eral dusts. Lei us now see whether it is necessary to give them all the same de gree of control. We have learned that the silicosis haz ard is measured by the amount of silica in the air breathed. This means that with but few exceptions it is directly proportional to the amount of dust in the air and the percentage,^ silica that is in the dust. The studies?which have established the safe limit, or tolerance, or threshold limit for continuous expo sure without deleterious effect, have ar-, rived at 5 million particles of quartz dust per cubic foot of air, none ofiwhich dust is larger than 10 micra in size. I think we need tu digress for a moment to visualize what is meant bv 5 million particles of dust of such tiny size. We know it. is invisible to the naked eve be cause it takes 15 to 20 times that much to produce a haze, and even that isn't visible as particles of materials. The particles, therefore, are so small as to thwart imagination. As nne looks across a dusty room and .-.vj Kictai gOoS ** ,*.z, dealing in the air, settling out rather rapidly, or being blown around by draft currents, he is told that hat is nm the oust we are talking about.' The lancer lies in such tiny particles that they could be run be tween the bearing and the shaft of a very fine machine and not touch, tor a micron is roughly .00004 of an inch, five particles nt sand, each piece so cmull .1^ ii lv nuiv 02 "f an inch in loading a cubic foot. This means that if it is found necessary to exhaust the dust at its point of origin so that that which gets into the breathing zone of the workers will be 5 or fewer million invisible motes in each foot of space, we haven't begun when we get out only the visible dirt. We are confronted with the astounding fact that the health hazard has not been touched, even though an exhaust is 98 per cent efficient in terms of the weight of dust, if we cannot vis ualize such an invisible hazard, it at least- warns us not to throw together sotnqjin ducts, motors and fans, and calf it dust control. Returning to our main theme, let me repeat 5 million particles per cubic foot as the bench mark for quartz dust, bince the hazard is in proportion to quartz, the less quartz the less danger, or con versely. the less quartz the more dust may be permitted. Sow, is there a top limit nt dustiness which, regardless of quartz content, might be considered a maximum above which nothing would be safe, and up to which only the inert or so-called "safe" dust might go? It seems to be pretty well agreed among the investigators that there is a top limit and this figure, or second threshold limit, is 100 million particles. In other words, no matter what the dust is, it's dangerous if the concentration is greater than 100 million particles per cubic foot. In between these limits must lie the points of safety which take the propor tion of silica into account. Standards for Dust Tolerance What is the practical answer? A table of dust tolerances such as is contained in some state regulations does well enough, and in them we find a general agreement but with some variation. In principle most such tables show 5 to 20 million particies as the limits where the quartz content of the dust runs from 100 per <te~t 'io'vrt to 30 or 35 per cent re- spectively. To use these tolerances which hased upon percentages of silica, both chemical and petrographic analyses of the dust must be made to get reasonable estimates of the silica. The sampling ami analyses are both very dif ficult and expensive. It is doubtful if the settled out dust represents the haz ard. and the raw material certainly does not. Also much evidence indicates that petrographic analyses of the smaller dees i-, impossible. It ;*t;ins to me '.hat. things by arbitrary standards. 1. Ducic which jre known to be I.uc.lv quzric, 50 tu 100 pet cent, which repi-cni.i, the .cjncJi. and unJ stones which are to,Iri molding operations, sand blasting opvr.n:. abrasive pulverizing, ganister brick nnning ..n<j other such operations, can well be group...; ., a limit of 3 million particles. 2. Dusts which come from the hard rndi used in the building and monumental iradrs which run'}0 to 50 per cent quartz and cht mixed foundry dusts, which starred with xu ,0 V0 per cent quartz in the sand but have hv.cn diluted by tremendous quantities of smoke -nj liinc or phosphate parting so that tin breathed is often less than 50 per cent a practical safe limit for them appear, ... Sc 10 million particles. t. For the whole great range of dusi> ,uc(, as ulc or clay or ctnery, which contain either no quartz or only a 5 nr 8 per cent inipurirv. for which IDO milium particles is a ne,,r ;.. he-cseevdcd .lead line. I douht tlut afford in take chances and he satisfied ai;h Control which firings these dusts down i-ch i.. lOn nullum purlit'lc-,. I have often sueev-nd 15 mdliiMi hut leave hcvn accused ot - r. ridiculous hcCaiiM: that figure is certai' . s.: in arithiiicric'al priIfs0(11 m to the silu. .> tent. Vet. we arc faced with this dilci: u Suppose we pick 5tl or 6r) million p.iitnlca. install a dust control prKwiure and find in t!ie course of a number of years' operation that we still get disabling results. No dust cuntrul that I know of has actually demonstrated :h_e 15. or 50 or 100 million residue is satisiaanry. It mac- he necessary, therefore, to skip a .-.Icrance for that type of dust except to say that when it is over 100 million it must be reduced H. "ccr. get the dust down is low < n rc-aMmahly practicable, and 15 milln -nil Itmks reasonable to me. We now understand in general term* what dusts, how much, and of what sizes constitute health hazards. You have a plant in which you suspect a haz ard. Let us examine ivhnt can be done alxiut it to evaluate your particular ditions. Dust control is so expend-' you should nut guess at the hazard. If . ''ur dust has a lut of quartz in it. such foundry molding sand, ganister. aecrrgate fur fire brick, granite, sand -iuiw fnr tool grinding, etc., there is a heal!" hazard. If you can see the dust. >'know it tn be a terrific hazard. If is settlement on ledges there is a ha/a'11 You ran save yourself the bother of m'T ing out the exact quality of toxic::;. proceed at once to put the dust ':ur! control. Your problem lies in thr 1 ,1f 10 million limit group. If, on the other hand, you have - i:K mixed dusts of low silica content or doubtful hazard, before buying du> control machinery you want to and ow what the hazard is and how much. Itir fir.-t tiioucht would be to take " 48 a reasonable price. There is also a very- Dust Control ingenious continuous dust sampling and counting apparatus for keeping a Cun. (Continued from page tS) tinuous count of the dust in a room un der exhaust and it can be so arranged n counts, make analyses and rely upon those findings. I have said that I doubt the value of analyses. They may prove to be the only practical methods, but they certainly are not'as good criteria as to know whether the dust is harmful, and some moderate quantities under suspicion may be stiff. We are, there fore, very anxious front a practical standpoint m determine whether our dust is really dangerous or not. This seems to me to be a tremendously im portant |toii!t. for it certain dusts are be made only by physicians who arc qualified to interpret x-rays and who have training and wide experience in the diagnosis of. respiratory ailments. The periodic examination is an indis pensable preventive measure which en ables the physician to detect diseases of the lungs in their early stages and at a tirtU when removal of the worker from the-dust offers hope of recovery or im provement. In addition, the repeated routine medical examinations furnish a valuable means of determining the effec to control the ventilating exhaust mechanism, turn on more as needed anil turn it off when the satisfactory condi- lions have been reached. This has been designed and built by Mr. Hazard and Mr. Philip Drinker of Harvard and . far as I know, is still a laboratory piece I see nothing impracticable altmu ii, however, and for a large dust control in. stallation I would expect it to be as use ful as the automatic carbon monnxig.. detector and control mechanism in the Holland tunnel. not dangerous, the atmospheres contain tiveness oi dust control measures. There are practical dust suppression ing them should not require such dean While it would seem desirable to ex mechanisms-for sand blasting, tumbling, sweeping as though the quartz content amine present employees to discover grinding, mixing, bagging, drilling, abra were there alone. cases with active tuberculosis, in order sive grinding, dry pan mixing and al Our preeeiit knowledge of pneumo to assure proper treatment and prevent most every ty|x: of localized ojxrrnrinn- coniosis is so limited, and es4>edally our their spreading infection, this procedure generating dusts. They are exi-i;ive knuwletlge of these minor dusts, that we is likely to stic_up claims or misunder unless well-designed. They are tun '-aen do not know definitely which are bad standings on the part of the. workmen. ineffective because, as I said b-efore. and which are not. Good medical Such examinations, if made, should be they don't begin to touch the health records of old employees, which records used pnly for rehabilitation purposes. hazard until they have got rid of most would show the incidence of pneumonia, of the dust, which is the best they' can tuberculosis, etr.. would be helpful. X-ray of employees with 20 years or more exposure would be most useful, but Tt danger from inexpert diagnosis on the one hand, and misuse ef the informa tion on the other, makes "Examination of Equipment for Dust Counts Our problem now is to suppress the dust to a safe limit. That implies its re moval at the source by mechanical ex haust. That implies counting the dust do. They wear out due to the abrasive action of the dust. They cost a lot of money, and tbe cost usually cannot be justified on the grounds of improved work efficiency or quality of product. Occasional installations will lie self- employees for this purpose something to be avoided. I urge that more satisfac tory yardsticks tor evaluating this haz ard be found, and the recent and current to begin with in order to have some basis for designing the equipment, and re counting to know that the equipment is working satisfactorily. The impinger or supporting. The Kelly trap on rock drilling has been demonstrated to in crease the cost per foot drilled but has increased the drilling rate sufficiently toxicity studies hold some hegfe for an answer. In the meantime, it is necessary to as sume that all mineral dusts contain standard method is complicated, slow, expensive and poor for routine checking although it must be used as a standard for calibration. We, therefore, want a to offset the cost. Also in the a* of air-conditioned rooms in which por celain enamel is sprayed, the exjvnsivr air conditioning system can lx- nude some health hazard and put them all un simple method, one that somebody not to control the dust and at tht der control, and rely upon the low an industrial health expert can use sat time be made economically soon*! '>>' quartz content of the material producing isfactorily. Zeiss Konimeter is a satis reason of an improved quality 1,1 the dust to iocaie it in the third or least factory instrument in the hands of the enameled surface. Xo doubt there ar* harmful bracket. man who has had some training. The in many installations which have already It may be well to consider medical ex strument is imported, is rather difficult demonstrated economy from other con aminations as a dust control measure. It to_obtain. and not too expensive, under siderations than improvement to health is rccc.m.rter.deu that new employees for S200, I believe. The point I wish to make is that t*-' dai'.Y place- found physically fit in Another instrument is the Owens Jet improvement to health is too import-nt order to avoid introducing men whose which has been modified by .Mr. rtaten to waste time trying to justify bu-i :' condition makes them liable to an early of Harvard and Mr. Thompson associ haust equipment upon economic . n:'d break down on account of defects or ated with me in the American Mutual to erations. lVhere operations are >Pre:u diseases already present, or who may in make its operation simpler and more sat out over a great area, as in the ease 0 fect others by spreading disease. isfactory. This apparatus was built foundries, it is difficult to avoid rais^ Proper diagnosis of such physical con specifically for use in checking the dust dust in the shakeout operation.except h; ditions c.tn only be accomplished by control apparatus in a large granite expensive mechanical installations. having a medical examination with x- shed, ami is entirely satisfactory. 'L'p to of those which have come to my a"*" rays ot the chest, including as complete the present time I do not know that any tion have been installed for the e',,n'jn11 nvand employment history oi insiruinrn' maker has undertaken to purpose of sand handling and-in . 1 * ) VltT ( t ' ' ' :a rent i.'iar. it. i.iii . .rf.iinlv a demand mcli c:t>es were far from sa'>-! ,, . :.i I:ii' sum lmm;i;r ul! nglu Lull ' liit-v do not loucli the mierugrams. Let us now look further to see whether some other remedies will be satisfactory, - Industry Works in Lettish Safety Shoes suppose we leave the hazard alone and put respirators on the men. It won't work, except for very short periods or [or emergency work, such as cleaning out dust arresters or loading tumbling barrels. There should be no question ;il.iit efficient respirators because the Lni'.-.-d States Bureau cf Mines is now prepared to make tests and an employer can justifiably limit his purchase to res pirators which meet these tests. Even though respirators may be efficient, they arc uncomfortable, and while it is not a CKtjrriChUd IMS hr Lehigh f/*r *'* hardship for a man to wear a respirator temporarily, or even for a week perhaps (luring a period ol breakdown in the dust Happy Feet exliatt't system, I cannot conceive ol ; workmen remaining contented if they j have to wear respirators continuously It lia.- often been uid that a inan is for a long period. If they need to wear no better than hia feet. Mangled, them and don't wear them properly they bruised, broken or smashed foes might just as well not have them on at and feet not only take a man off ' all. the job, but cost real money in In operations which can be confined compensation, medical and other to a limited space, such as sand blasting and perhaps shaking out some types of castings, the workers can be~enta" i in helmets provided with an adequate sup ply of clean air. The air-line helmet is direct and indirect costs. In ad dition such injuries reduce the morale of fellow workmen and slow down production. w_ practical for continuous use. while a filter respirator is practical for only limited periods. If the dust is extremely heavy, say 300 million particles of quartz. :ind a respirator is 9S per cent rilVien!. the worker is still breathing six niilll.particles, which is i<kj much. Think ..[ respirators preferably to sup plement exhaust systems. You can protect your workers' feet by instating they wear Lehigh Safety Shoes with the improved Mecl box safety toe. Their feet will he happy feet, protected again.-! injury and further--I-ohigh Shoeare built for comfort, durahilitv and appearance. EVERY-DAY WORK SHOES No. S39 -- Black Elk Biueher, Leather Sole and Rubber Her!. So. 83X -- A Above, Except Chrome l .rather Middle Sole, Army Grid Rubber Sole and Rub ber Heel. What else can we do to get rid of the Size* 5-12 EE dusi hazard? The first tc suggest itself is to get rid of the silica content in the LEHIGH SAFETY SHOE 0.dust. I know of one group of foundries which is conducting extensive research involving the use of molding sands that 31 S. SEVENTH ST. ALLENTOWN, PA. ire tree of quartz. That may prove to be thoroughly practical and is a step in the right direction. Any plant can study its operations to see whether the quart2 ma terial that is being used can be elimi- FERALTJN Jlnthsfip 7reads Also tlrunza Alunialnn and tti'eri. Castings in some cases can be cleaned with water. Blasting can be done frequently with steel grit instead of PREVENT ACCIDENTS ON STAIRS and FLOORS wnd. Certainly foundries can use silicafree parting compound that is - just as *d a> quartz dust. Silica packing should I*.- replaced in annealing opera- A Hard metal matrix. into vhich is can an abrasive next in hardness to the diamond assure! durability and anti-slip rdicicncy. ALL ARE FIREPROOF Originators sod developers of Abrasive metals for tinny Pulverized quartz is not needed an abrasive. This is one avenue of conir.,| which should have thorough study in each individual case. & Even though you get rid of quartz SF-l`TF.MnER. 1935 SAFE WALKWAYS Specify Foratun and /Jc Sum AMERICAN ABRASIVE METALS CO. Irrington, New Jersey ( Ile, ft GRO-CORD and RAW.CORD soles and hfelt are used in dairies, iron and steel foundries, railroad shops, auto factories, gas and elec trie plants, ice and fuel stations, stone quarries, mines, general warehouses -- where Safety it an important factor. 1. Gro-Card and Rjw-Cord Soles and Heeli contains approxi mately 70% native cotton. The Cotton it twisted into tough cords to increase wear. \* Cords are placed to the sola 3. ON-END to prevent slipping. Non-Slip features relieve leg 4. strain. The high percentage of cotton 5. resists heat and cold. CORD-ON-END gives cushion b. COMFORT to the feet. Flexibility and ease in walking. 7. NON-SLIP adds confidence and 8. efficiency to the wearer. GRO-CORDS and RAW. 9. CORDS guard against lost time accidents from slipping. Safe worfccn arc efficient work 10. ers and are in demand. Nov--before you have an accident ia the dot to purchase shoes that have GROCORD or RAW-CORD soles and heels on them. Your work will be more pleasant because of this added safety. ^ se our exiublcai :ttn Annual Safety Congress and Exposition UOUTH NO. l,"ferown Hotel. Louisville. K>\, October 14-lS, ISIS. The Lima Cord Sole & Heel Co., Dept. 7-F, Lima, 0. Fl>r fcr Paecs~Vor lfi/hncracat W31 8 P-- cqfd N O N-SL I P S O L E S AN D H E ELS Rubberizedjabnc Lnk Mat This Non-slip Safety Mat is especially designed for industrial use where there is a slip hazard. In addition, they increase the workers' efficiency as they reduce fatigue brought on by stand ing on concrete, brick, tile or hard flooring. Ideal for placing in front of machines and where wet conditions exist. Heavy galvanized wire with cadmium plated clips and plates are used to prevent rust Furnished in siies to meet your require ments. Low in cost and long wearing. Write today for prices and complete information. THE BUXBAUM COMPANy Akron, Ohio of it by conducting operations in such manner as to minimize the raising C!dust. Explore your process, for instance and see how much residual dust lies oa the horizontal beams, ledges, etc. ja some plants that have not been cleaned for a long time this dust has been (0und to lie at the angle of repose and the \i. bration of a passing truck would liberate enough dust in the air to be of itself, serious hazard. This can be got rid of by a thoroughly practical means, iuca as vacuum cleaning or blowing dou-,, with a jet of wet air or steam. Respi. rators are satisfactory for the protection of men doing the cleaning. There is an economic value in this item. It has been reported by some plants which have improved their house keeping by this method and have gone j step farther and brightened up their factory rooms with paint and adequate lighting that other accidents have !*ra reduced and work efficiently increased Certainly an extremely dusty place indi cates sloppy housekeeping. Houseclean ing must be put on a periodic routine. Dry processes will sometimes admit of being changed to wet processes, or damp processes-- While dampness will not by dust, moisture in the process will pre vent the generation of dust in many cases. Care must be exercised in inter preting this suggestion because water on a high speed grinding wheel does nut prevent the dust. One of the most seri ous siiica health hazards is wet grinding on natural sand stone wheels. The inci dence to tuberculosis is high. Water on artificial emery and carborundum wheels may or may not be beneficial. It is p*f mitted in lieu of dust exhaust in at lea* one slate, but we are faced with th' opinion that these dusts are harmka anyway, unless the volume is high. I;s worth depends upon getting the du* well below 100 million particles. Having done all the housekeeping inprocess improvement that can be devis'd in lieu of exhaust, we are confront'1; with the question of whether there remains dust in sufficient quant'1'' some processes to make it necessity l'' remove it by mechanical exhaust. 0"* counts will tell the answer. Hand tions, such as molding, can be dot* without raising much dust. Most n*' chanical operations which use or ate dust must be exhausted. It seems m; evitable that exhaust be used " ^n' slingers. rock crushers, dry pans;---'10 Assuming thru we have put " aii' '' ' iisu-'* that "cl* `ivsigni-ti, "lut ipusi lx <ine 10 niake it work? I have said that they wear out. You must put dust counts on a routine basis as a check of iciency of the system. Whether you use the Zeiss or the Owens' or the impinger doesn't matter. The system must be explored constantly for leaks, the dust traps must be cleaned regularly, and the dust disposed of so that it won't iiluw back into the building. If the de l" sign contemplates returning the cleaned ;I air to the building, extremely careful V checking of it must be done in order that the hazard may not be compounded. It is poor practice to return the air to the building because operation is so often badly maintained. Who is responsible for a dust control program? The owners, through the man agement,' are responsible for the provi sion of the equipment and the proper engineering to produce it. They have to spend the money and it is management's responsibility to see that it is spent property. The initiative and the engi neering necessary to control the dust rest entirely with the management. It is not a hazard which can be controllSTby^ efficient supervision and safe practices ilcne. The supervisory department is re sponsible for the housekeeping, safe practices and shop methccs. Some as signed members of the supervisory de partment are responsible for the mainirnanri- and operation of the dust re moval equipment and for the dust counts used as a check on the system. II there cwr was a nice machine re quiring constant tuning, it is a dust re moval system. It won't work without this attention. The workers carry a responsibility loo. They must use the safeguards pro dded. whether they be respirators or portable hoods to place behind hand oolj. They must not stuff bags into ducts t*. stop drafts. Dust control is a cooperative thing--each division carry- its share of responsibility. Nobody Un avoid his responsibility and make ihe thing work. Out of the Way Places Whqn you mai*ke your next plant inspection, be sure to notice those more or less out-of-theway drive belts, motors, shafting or other equipment that should be guarded, hut that have been neglected.due to their location. It is a good policy to'protect every hazard even though the chance of accident is seemingly small. It is real economy to protect your workers from possible injury and it is Safety Guard -Economy when you do so with H & K Guard Accessories. They are furnished ready for easy and quick assembly by your handy man in his spare time. All H&K Guard Accessoritt art under infrac tion service of Undtrs-rucrs' Laboratories, Inc. arrinqton & Kina Perforating I 'Co.' 114 Liberty St. NEW YORK.' N. V. 5645 Fillmore St. CHICAGO, ILL- USE a UNION or COLUMBIA CARBOY INCLINATOR for the SAFE and EASY way to pour acids and chemicals from carboys or small and medium size drums. A Correction Through an error in the caption accmpanying the illustration on page 11 of ihe August National Safety News. Alfred I'. .S|0an. Jr., president of Gen- Motors Corporation, was referred to as vice-president of the corporation. & SEPTKMBER. 1935 A tried - and- proved device attractively priced. Sold on money-hack guarantee. Send for a completely illus trated and de-criptive bulle tin ghing lull particulars and prices. THE INCLINATOR COMPANY-p.o. box sas-MiNNEAPOUB, KWH. Ji ;G