Document e5Bw2M3097BadRxYjxJdbqG3m

f l . . iI *- * Commonwealth op Australia. DEPARTMENT OF SUPPLY AND SHIPPING. G. T. Guppjnoalu SeatUxry. MINERAL RESOURCES SURVEY. H. G. RacCATT, Director. RURAL RESOURCES OF AUSTRALIA. SUMMARY REPORT Ho. 17. CompDeJ in association with The Controller of Minerals Projection and die Mines Departments of the States and Territories. Compiled December. 1945. by L. C. Noakbs. Production Tables and Graphs by N. H. Lodbrook. ]*o#d unciff the authwlty 1 Senior the Ho**. W.1*. AsHttr. MtnUie* for SvppJy Shippmg. 1- %* v*-*. p: - Bj 1. F. . C-........OwnmimiW PrirOer, C"A*n. (Pianlai > Au*r).) PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT _ WV-Q4607 >?. 0$'hb^ i.,A-.V....... . .. , WV-04607 ACSSOWLEB&MENT. , Tit t+msitoUtu pt tki* rtfort Am 6*m mode ynwWe aly bg On esojxrerio* pj Ow***MioW e*-J SUU Gwtrwment DtparimtrJt, arf pf Hum ;& e*T MSniaelt &*&**! WIt &r y^oAnriioK* p*w*4s9, merk&injt *nd tet**vw\pti6n pf 1 TABLE 0? CONTENTS. 1. introduction ., 2. Vsea .. t 3. ladnstry Ui Australis 4. ilaym *4 Prk<* 4 S. Australian Source* .. .. ` A. Ouean&trmd .. B. Ne* South Wales 4 s ., .. 4 C Victoria 4t 44 t>. Tasraam:* 4 4 4 1 Booth AuAraKn t T. Western Australia G. Xonlfem T<rrilo- ,9 H. Papua ami New Guinea <i. AusIr'liAii i'nxjariion * .. ". OvCTitea Tfnde .. .. . . S AustraliAn ConsiunplnMi &, General Sutuiasty .s ., 10. llcferooees ., Puji. * 9, 9t s , 7/ 9/ 4 4 , , to ^ 4 11 4 4 , , IS 4 , , l , . A* ,, u le N IS . , , k so so ., T 26 I 27 . , ,, 29 , 30 4 , w SC TABLES AND P2QVBE& Table 1.--Ltt f A*te*to< Winerah 'PsUr !!.--ly Couutfie* . ,. .. TaUe Ilf.--OraJini* of Crude A^teUo* in Canada TaWe IV--Australian Production of Crmie Astattos, 1930 Co tOtS Table V.--Aa-rtmban Prudadk*' of Crude A*let, 14$* Types .. Tal>U VI,-Australian Kxjkh-U of AsWrto* am) Aylxalcs Gouda, 1041 to 10i5 'j'aUf VIJ.--Antrtiait Export* of and j'iji, and Cwmlric* to which Exporterl Coeds, 1043 and T.iMv VIIf.--Australian Inport* of A*Uto and Asbcsloa Goods, J03Q <0 1346 *f,bh IX.-'AnsUulUn Imports of Asbestos and Asbestos Roods in 1043 etd J944, and Countnr* of Origin of Axb*Ue Table ' ,Y.--<bu*umpti of As6cito< / Australia by Laos TaWe XI.--At*eios Production, "Raw Sooth Wale* Table X11---Att**tns Production, TaAniMiia Table XIU.--Aslu/atos Production, South Australia. ToVW XIV.--Asbestos I'redueJroB, Wwtexu Australia Table XV.--Asbestos Production, Australia 5 6 0 27 26 2R S3 S3 34 3$ 36 Kife 4.--fJmpli* iA Aulrakm IVvIufitbrn, Iufrl*. Exports and OmsompUon of A`W*to* .. .. .1 .. .. ..37 PrNnv i5.--'Iap <>f ,\n.<r.iliu. atinvij; f'rine>|ai! for Aeh*,,bn ,. 3& SUMMARY REPORT No. 37. ASBESTOS. ?. INTRODUCTION. Xke term ** asbeaio* " is a commercial rather than a miaeritlogical (me and embraces the fibrous varieties of eevere! minerals f tbe serpentine and tbe ampbibole group.*, which are characterized by highly developed prismatic cleavage allowing them to be readily separated into fibres c^fitaments. TABLE X Lj*t or Asbestos Misruoa. Mlwrai ChMufctO-'erook. ccarmwr sVtpttfrtifte .tmnhibok < Chrysolite Croct*Mrt* .. A(0M)'te Anthorihy&te Tmaolitr ., ArtinolUe .. 3Mc0.i^,.2H,0 .. 2NVV (S*0,1 FeSrO, WfffVJ O.S,Os (Mgl'ejO.ftO, CoU.3MsO.4liU, .. Ot0.3<Mii>V)0.<rtiU, Hyflmted mAgnmwm *Jlitate jyxfituiwr'm siikste b\tgnr*ittnt4roa tSOeai* McignwNmoAwi oMioato Catum*nt(.guAsSuro tiltcate CaWfiO'-Jna^nwiu'u-inio Tbe asbestos minerals are commonly found in narrow veins and <cecr nsu3fty in one of (he foih^Bg three forms:-- Cross fibre--tbe fibres ore arranged at right angles to tbe vein vails; tbe fibre length is thereby limited to tbe vein width and U often less, due to a break, or parting, in tbe vein. Slipfibre--tb fibres lie in tbe same plane as the vein or slippage plane ni which iiis fttfined. Afcs* fibre.--formed as ait aggregate of interlaced unoriented fibres, or a stellatv groups of radiating fibres. Tho commercial suhnbility of these minerals depends almost entirely on tbe length, tensile strength and fusibility of tbe fibres, although colour, impurities Rod degree of rosistance to beat or acids are sometimes important. The fibrous minerals bovq a fairly vritfg distribution, b2 deposits containing fibre suitable for use in industry are comparatively rare. CAryso^tVe is the most important of the asbestos minerals and is generally referred to commercially as "white'' asbestos. It usually oceurA in veins, ranging from a fraction of an inch u> several inches in in serpentine--au alteration product of basic igneous rock* eucb as gabbro aad peridotite or of segmentary rocks rich in magnesium such as dolomite. The veins of ebrmtile are generally abort and may intersect one another at various angles to form a network, or lie in closely spaced parallel zones forming "ribbon structure". ChrysotDe usually occurs as cross fibre, although slip fibre and jnas3 fibre ate also found. Massive cbrysolUe is usually some shade of green, but, when separated, the fibres are white. The better grades of cbrysotUe fibre urc extremely fine and "silky" with high tensile strength and particularly suitable for spinning/ 'V '-mgmmwmm *-njv^O. -v '.' ' ' .'IS- ;.^1' WvrJ't* ... - v-- f tj . . state^u#rtwU.#6S0ei^^f^1^a * ^ "-^ ss 3Ssa:fes,ss?,s^TM " "&GIC is sinsiUsr in ch^nical .oraposili^ to *'">V*'" ss-Ul* 1cm iron W commonly ocoiks at slip or mass fibre, ihe eoloor , 's Isuanr m^sb\-l.iu, but .ho fibres . while after scparat.ou. Thy fibri So!!? brittle end u-oefc, shhorci deposits ore known W wbirii fibres jmsstssUg considoreVle stroegA and toughness have bees *&. occurs in white to dark greyeolnmnarcrysUJs.Tho fiim arc usually brittle and weak, but are highly resisUat to */ ActiLlUe U similar in chemical eomposniou iroa rcDlacinc portion of the maw^nra eoutent. It is usually bright * */ ** fibrw 8re bntl^ bnt bftV8 Ush aSS^i*, trewoUte and eetbolite commonly o*r fibre along foliation zones or shears i meloniorpbie rocks, alt)*0 reins of cro*s-fibrc trcmoHte or actmdiw occur m serpentine. Aa&opbyHife also' occurs fibrous Jrotirular masses an gnauic or seb^tose r^Asbesto5 U important in internattonal trade, b^anse, Ike exception of Bussh, the major consumers sneb ns England and the Enifed States of America, have rory inadequate domestic ennphes. tE J? a. exertion of these in Kusna, most of tbo other large |rbcmg S^itsSlithm the British Empire. Recent world production fi^rca are nit available, but the following tonnages* are given dor riient years. Australia production for 1944 is added for'comparison >~ TABl-E It. Asucsros Pconi'CT*"* nr Cocntiukb. O-ao'rj'. I'OitrtilM of ^bnC/M, AM tyi*. CofJidn (UHO .. .. .. tStWn of Ks*^t ficpuUiw (J93S) fionlfcern fliiO(f:*sa <i030) Um of Sath Af.-U'a USnsit,,*i!|-Romt (>1*04W0) Ar6rtcfl (I9l!> <*pn .............................. }t,Sy fH>3s; .lAjian OUUfl .. Ton*. 33MJ.O.tOU0l G224JS...47O57C07* )67S e,4yo O.'r.'VS TloIKJt j.t> jftti'os*1 i* Mjtt *r* s .is ** tr "*o to > 2. U Thf muyu mWy of ^ptrtu Tt,lt **<***}'*' new material Aabesiw wUbstandafirtaad insulate {"***< and can U wade into pliY W *cul ami the attack 0f vmin Y ate developed Yarba coariderablv v admUft according * tl ,.Pa<. , specific applications m indnstrr ' Chrysoiitc ba5 bv fQr the wide about 90 per cent, of ih asbestus r cbryiotite ;e spun inio yam ffom wj, arc woven for use 5n the aiauofactur< euriz3n%, insulating mats, fire-proof s *lso manufactured into asbestos i longer fibre is used in tie maBUfac Wlmgs for mattresses and for raagnftri per cent, magnesia ead 15 per cent Medium-length fibre Is extensively ageat sa cemont products, iu plasur articles. Tie major conmmption of c industry ia the manufacture of wall asbestos products for building, an<? i, vement -pipes arc extensively used for of their sujierior resistance* Jo eorrosi processed with rubber to make sheer p hntsgs. Similar length fibres are os* **?g d pipe coverings. Shorter fibres arc utilized i,t the which is used in the production 0f boil, switchboard materials, frc. The devch aad clttteb facing made from heavy pa rT'eated additional demands for the sho: TPaste, "shorts" and plaster grad* ol asbestos tagging which is widely i filler in paints and greases and in ot moulded synthetic resin products acd t> Oroeidolile Also has a wide range of used os eluysotile, Aue largely to it spmniog: qualities. On the other ban chTysotjle in resisunee to acids, alkalh has its own specific uses such as in coverings for mercantile use, in add resi< military equipment. The use of crorido in Australia at least, is iacre&sbg. South African croridolite has foue hm used in lb manufacture of ashe payings and millboard; D preparation ,n ^besfM products for building. Amositt fibre is inferior in siren"1h : creddolite but commonly occurs in very USQ. m industry, mainly b the manufa* wight insulation and ia asbestos*cerr. 2. USES. The unique variety of properties possessed by asbestos eombia* to . make it ta essential raw material in certain branches of industry. Asbestos withstands fire and insulates against beat and sound; it is light in weight and eaa be made into pliable fabric.* mid it resists corrosion bv soil and fbe attuck of vermin. Thu degree to which these propfirties are developed varies considerable `with the various types of asbestos end also according to the grade, so that each type and grade has *pccifie applications In industry. Chrytoltte has by far tie widest range of uses and constitutes about 90 percent, of the asbesttw consumed. Mitch of the lone-fibre chrysolite is spun into yam from which fabrics soeh as cloth and tape arc woven for hm in the manufacture of brake linings, gaskets, theatre curtains, insulating mats, fire-proof suits, aprons and gloves, &c. Yam is also manufactured into asbestos thread nud rope. Portion of the longer fibre is used in the manufacture of wick and rope packings, fillings for raaltmse* and for magnesia block insulation, which contains S5 per cent, magnesia and 15 per cent, asbestos. Medium-length fibre is extensively used as a binding and reinforcing agent in cement products, in plasters and in asphaltic aad moulded articles. The major consumption of chrysolite is in the asbestos-cement indnstry in the manufacture of wallboards, shingles, tiles and other !>bsfM products for buildlag, ami in piping and conduit. Asbestoscement pij*s arc extensively used for gas and water mains oa account of their superior resistance to corrosion. Medium-length fibre is also processed with rubber to make sheet packings, jointing aud some brake linings. Similar length fibres are used in the manufacture of boiler lagging and pips coverings. Shorter fibre* f*rv utilized in the manufacture of asbestos paper which is used in the production of boiler and pipe coverings, insulating switchboard inafcriflk Ac. Tko development moulded brake hnmg and clutch facing made from heavy paper of the millboard variety hat created additional demands for the shorter fibres. . Waste, " shorts " and plaster grades are used in the manufacture ,,{ asbestos lagging which is widely used for boiler insulation, as a filler in paints and greater and in other compositions such as coldmoulded synthetic resin products and typos of flooring material. # # CrocteoliU also has a wide rauge of uses, hut it is not as extensively used as chrysolite, dire largely to its colour and shgbtty inferior spinning qualities. On site other band, it is held to be superior to chrysolite in resLiauee to acids, alkalies and sea-wafer and, tlierefore, has its own specific uses such as in flexible boiler and steam pipe coverings for mercantile use, in acid resistant packings and in specialized military equipment Tb# use of evoridofcte ra asbotfos-cemeiit products, in Australia at least, is increasing. South African crock!olite has found a wide explication and fias been u*cd in the manufacture of asbestos cloth, rope and yam; in paciiop and millboard; in preparations for electrical insulation; and in asbestos pro*!nets for building. , ., . Amosiu fibre is interior in strength and flexibility to chrysolite and crocidolite but commonly occurs in very Jong fibres. It has * restricted in industry mainly in tb manufacture of special types of light weight insulation in asbesio*-cement product*! in wlvicn 6 r-"' *> V-: v:v'^... V/tf- a fe l i ! R -'.*'7 ygsKSf'lC.. i- .'*...; . 3 graded Trilb cbrrsctile. Hovmr, the producers of amoeite in Sowth Africa, which U the only known scarce of the mineral, have demoa- that amosite can be used satisfactorily w ihe aianafactiir* of a *ide mage of asbestos products. "* Aattontyllife has a yery restricted use in industry, because the fibres are brittle and weak. It is used to some extent m the manufacture ** paint#, (vmenu and boiler lagging, pud has iveally been used in America in weldfog'rod coatings. Tremolilt end AclinchU fibres are weak and hare few industrial ' "H'j. Both types have been used ns filler is paints and in the nunnfaclure of filter pads for the liquor industry. 3. INDUSTRY IN AUSTRALIA. The principal producers of chrysolite asbestos in Atutralia are Asbestos Hints Pty. Lid., operating at Baryalgil, New South Wales, and Tasmanian Asbestos Pty. Ltd., at 5s*ehaa, Tasmania. The principal producers of croeidolite are Australian fclne Asbestos Ltd. and Welt Australian Blue Asbestos Fibres Co. Ltd., both of which operate in the iramerslcy Ranges, ' Western Australia. Tasmanian Asbestos Pry. Ltd. aud Australian Blue Asbestos Ltd. arc both sub sidiaries of the Colonial Sugar Refining Co. Ltd. Asbestos Limes Pry. Ltd U n subsidiary f both James IXardie aud Co. Pty. Lid., and Mesr.. Wunderlich Ltd. of Sydney. In addition to ihe above, clirrsotile is produced by syndicates oper ating on the Pilbsio Goldfield, Western Australia, and omphibole nsbe.-los by individual producers in several States. Where production is large, asbestos is usually mined, cleaned end graded at the mine. Long fibres, usually | in. or longer, era treated by hand-dressing or cobbing, a process in which the fibre is flattened out and freed from the rock by means of a hammer. If the fibre so obtained conforms to standard lengths, it is sold as crude, but, if ungraded, U f void a? nin-oLiatne crude. Asbes.V* ore not dealt with by band-dresting is treated in a mill which involves in general, preliminary crushing m jaw breakers and roll?, followed by treatment in a succession of mills and screens which separate the fibres into various lengths. The final separation of the shortest fibres from waste is usually carried out in a trommel. The grading of asbestos in Australia has not bees standardized, with the result that care must be exercised ia comparing graded products from different sources. Comparison by grade of Australian with imported osb^tos is even more confusing, as both Canada and South Africa, the two principal suppliers, have their own grading systems. The sluitJor.l >nnko<f of classifyin;: fibre adopted hi Canada is given bete* under (Ro, 1U311. The tquipinent uod to grade esbesios i known as the standard truing irmchin*. It cobshit of a nc3l of four boxes placed one above the ftlWr. three I wMcli contain metal M>rr*n*. The up)*rioit box, No, l, terries a screen with lid)Much oj*cniisr. y, 2 Ihw r;irric9 n fuur-merb screen. So. 3 lv>x a ten'tor*** screen and No. >1 box, at tk bottom, serves a a tray. Tl 'U of bo\ *mrhM to n runchine wbfrh induces horizontal skating at a uniform rate by kicki* of an eccentric drive. The "rude of mined fibre is determined by placing a lCo*. stuple of the fibre in tl* uppermost box ami shaking the boxes as s uniform speed for exactly two oiionte*. The fibre TPretunin" 5n cadi bm is Iber weighed am) *x**re'~** by tbe fUUP n.. O-A-lO-J contains f,/J<; or . * YT Uus. TAM. a.tnrxo or Owns j SbaSece W.leioUe fCrt^, ttroup Kn. I Croup No. 2 Croup No. 3 <*'otip No. # V*mp No. S Ouile No, S CnuleXtKX t^br AtfA^f.'rN. *; Crudes uinrirv .. *| SpieftJug or u*nr* fihrt '* 1 Sbm/rto lilue .. 1 K-prrfil>r- .. I f'irmp No, * `r'Hsp Ko. 7 W. *.* flttiltfv or vluvrta .. j j fir*** No, j* >.Md Oroap Vo. o-arl end stone i ' > SS1'F`,?^ W&T: Mvrght in !tV, blf't (Sthfr *'*> in u,, Uu,.f * 7^* ew"WwM,f 'PorJ0rl ife AvUnlia, ,\\ 4K w lorl, f.,tW fit,*. ^ jP 'IT? **"}*>* *'" tcUUv no '* *aitb fivrc teslin.. ,, vrvdvcc* by indicate; fi^d is Worfera Australia is graded a lops -- yjach and upward SS^J* " i * to * bak. Thir^ -- a inch to * inch. Fourths -- x inch to $ ineh Cmeidolite is graded diifcmttly, * l>tS iCf long fibre ( <tifitnbnted in the following gradra>- S?* i Grade-Average 1} inri, i Ao. 2 Grade-Average * inch. go. 3 Grad*--Average i inelu -Ao. 4 Grad*-- -I thr grade Ifj the four ftjflm* k> UbiwkI. Thus, fibre grading ceeteiu* 5/18 or SI bcr ton. tA fibre bettrewt j i*<h aud 3 iacb * htgtk, 14/18 or 43 prr wit. of fibre between 1/10 link awi bxk la hagth and 1/18 er ? per rent. ol fibre 3*a*.liaa 1/10 in*}i Song. Thee* grndea arc arranged Into Hint pM! which oeoforxt xritb tips* adopted by llhodia, South Afrtea, Kunfa aud Itafy. Them grwrpt appear is , the Caaadiaa grading ay*teas shown Wow-- \ TASLS X. C&xntxo or Carw AsaKsros x Caxaw*. cu. Suefert IXripuUoa J 4m0t, Creep Ho. 1 Cruup No. i Crtwip Ho. S <rroup Ho. 4 fViMle'He. 1 Crude No. 5 Cnwlc ltuo-ef*?4icic CrWi KotwUv .. ^plftidaig or textile fibre .. KfwVpfe ft'Uw tJrvwp Ho. ft linvtp No- n *tr* r^r phster -. U**up Ko. " |U.'f*c evrhfwls No. H >*AOl( .. <><Aup Ho. S rim >| aoI ttunc ., Crude fifiro % lock *txl knjrr / Crude fibre * inc* up t> f (oeh / t/nsorid <twdc / Crnde* other *fcn atow Fibre* trn*tae 6-S-C-? k! rcr Filrfc letting U-Iw to and iwUHii*? ri-ii-tH-st iibrt lo*ts UUw { s5l jneioduM* ' MnUrirt) tewing Uk>w to and ioeloflin? l Material tertieg U wwt bcWwr*md UrUrting mMcnVf eiehing t n>, or kat Tcc cwW foot Uaw memur* Mill proflurU cighH>? 3'>-75 'fl*. pr enJiR1 fiiot loi/oe jwiwc wfb jwr. injiden.m,v of rock *1 Mill itro'Urto tccljiV.iog 7f, lb. and over pr cubic (not fow; ntoure KacU of the prirtij** 3 to :> in tin* first eoltoon <(IVhk IK, is divided Satojsrade*. <;iou|is 5 in 5 nrv dnM"*! *lo grade* T>. V. K, M, It. T. t. in { tfecrwaUn {'lire length, Croun 8 is divwicvl >n<<> grndg> Cl) awl 81* only. Croup 7 la 4*idc4 into-rad** h,>\ J*. Tv. \l. *TM1 Un shorter l<> grade* eXfitcrdng weight in lb. per cubit Toot (e., TWsvfutfti* fa j?rwj** r*r4 5 *Uo cxprr*l in the Utter way. Ta tuple* of Ote grinling given *re il#*wi .uuurwnilv imporiwj into Australia. iwnicly-- 4K which contain* fibre testing wot (owe/ tfi.m <s--<--fa--.*F, 7D whuh contain- fibre t'*4tii:f "* Uvvr thaw 0-0-0-11, 7V which -n*ttnm* fibre testing wo*. kivor (km 0-0-4-13. Ohrysotile produced by syndicates operating on the Pilbara GoM* field m Western Australia is. graded ns follows:-- Tops -- i inch and n\twards Seconds -- J inch to 5 inch. Thirds -- i inch to | inch. Fourth* -- t inch to incU. 'Croetdolite is eroded dii*c*mtly, xuawly because the deposits yield a greater projxrtion of Jong fibre. Crocidolii* milled by Avilralinu Blue Asbestos Ltd, in the 'Hamersley Ranges, Western Australia, i- distributed in the following grades: No. 3 Grade--Average li inch at lead* All ahvve X inch. No. 2 Grade--Average i* inch. All above l inch. No, S Grade--Averager * inch. No, 4 Grade--L-Aow u. .... lyoc f*' . - 10 Aosualitm Sttn* AsWV* Fibres Co. Ltd- folte'sa * grading, tot docs not produce grade 4. . From the consumers' viewpoint, il U *exrtiftl 4h fibre * ^ grades be clean and conform to Ac specifications e* Ae grade. The principal users of clitynotile and eroetdeUte in Asatraha are Ac \ manufacturers of asbcsws-eewwut prodnets. The principal 'iMMfac- . uverr, vho *re To prodim-i* of crude a?l*slu, arc James ilardre o Co. IV. Lid., Mr. Wunderlich Lid, and Asbestos *** Ply- % 3-ld. (a subsidiary of the Colonial Sugar Bcfining Co. Ltd.). There arc nine factories producing asbestos-cement products, three in *?e%v bouto Ws!es(.rfco in Victoria, two in Queensland, one in South Australia and etw in WVskww Au-vralin. ^. In lfH4. onlv 5 per ccut. of the total *best<ia consumed in Australia/ tame from'doim-siic sources, the remainder being supplied by import*. The poriiion improved sVigbily in 1945, and furtuer >mprreA is expected in 1340. Considerable investjgatioa has been earned on by the prioripal manufacturers with the object of detemiamg the prac* lieabtlitv of using Australian oroddolHe ia the manufacture fit jtftbo5tOi*<fc*ct products required by tbc bnildiag trades. Aff[ a result, asbestos-cement products, 'which contom crocidolKe, ere beisg manufactured in Australia, od it is considered that both the range and number of products in which croridolito n incorporated are likely to increase. U appears that (be use of erocidoKte up to 20, or perhaps 2^, pm rent of the total amount of asbestos fibre used in asheslos-c^noat predmsti wav be foosiUe. Some lime vmi before this opinion can be confirmed and of course the price of domestic versus imported fibre has always to be considered. There are no known deposits of ataosile in Australia, The small Quantities imported from South Africa are used in insulating eon* position apd in g*besiof boiler compounds. Australian A:!stos Bty, Lid. is producing asbestos yam in Australia but j.o doth is woven at present, although at least one firm has indicated iu intention to produce asbestos doth wwd w*v prodnets in tbc near future. Twined and plaited asbestos rope and twisted cord nu produced by Australian Ariostos Pry. Ltd., Tucks Asbestos Ltd. and Biturmc Lavers Lid. Australian A>b**l I*ty. Lid, and Tucks Asbestos Ltd. also maim- factnre aibenos blankets, suits, aprons and gloves, d-c- Asbestoa packings, jointing, boiler lagging, iasnhtfion materia! and otheT wheat* prcdueU arc manufactured uy a number of fivsss. A dissection oi tJie Australian <o*wumptwu of osbertos is given in Section S of this report. A. BUYERS AND PRICES. In VJii thy major consumers of asbestos in Australia produced approximately 75 per cent, of the total Australian production. The remaining 25 'per cent, was distributed to firms using smaller quantities of asbestos by agents or bv rock-milling firms sucb as McLeod and Co. Ltd., Sydney; Minerals 3%. Ltd., Sydney; Minerals (Vic.) Pty, Ltd., Melbourne; ai,d S. X tfodda 1, the Pilbara Ctoldfi^J, Western A A9a Co. of ItocWumc, mid er* *p*n from flat mined by- Aualn utd handled by Wc Australia? . PortlC Thu pri<*<, of crude asbestos * guneral, price utcream w ith fibre to long spinning fibre. Present higher than ibo*e ruling befor. recently, it may be ns well for pro Tbo following &rc ibo spproxt ion delivered lo Australian nisi Chrysoitie.--The cost of Cam approximately 23 10s. per ton at grade ?D, from the eamc source * Rhodesian chrysotile cost 51 per \ gTade 4. In 1353, however, the * was approximately 23 32s. per V 3 and 4, cost approximately 35 aw The cost of Australian chrvw in 1943-13-15 ranged from npproxir <r ikon fibw, to 5^3S per ton for i differcuco in grading, it is diffleuli uud domestic asbet>s, but there nji the cost of imported juid domostio CrodJoHlt.--The priee of 5 at 45 cXf. Mriboume or Sydnec f^s.b. Fremantle. Ameititc.--JThe -oxt of <Souiji .\i in 1313, was quMvd ns S3 per to Amoaito of ibe same grade cost app: Other AmphMgThe. price varies with type and qnalitr. Figure Stole hUmw Departmejits indicate th:(sl'#losJ principally aMtliophrlli.v ft fit !* to 12 per ton. ^S. AUSTRALIA f ibis svetioii the asbestos miner a.v ehrysotih-, crocidoUtc cud ampkil* The important deposi ts of ch \Ynlcs, Tasmania and Wwtcra Au? produtl^n from to 3^44 iitriusiv Dpof>ts of croeidolite occur in S< irnlifl, but lbo jet Il'crtom A ustr.ili; O'he total Australian prwlnction fi 1.735 tone. Amphiholo ho* p>*< liculftrty in 2Cew South Wrioe, but the 1S$0 < IM l inclusive wa? only 329 12 Melbourne; end S. ZT. IIodda l*ty. Ltd., Melbourne. Cbrysotile from the Pilbara Goldfield, Western Australia, is handled by L. 6. Hancock aad Co,e Kouboume, and crocidoYtte from the linages, apart from that mined liy Australian Blue Asbestos Ltd., is produced and haadk-0 by 2W`t Australian Blue Aaljestos Fibres Co. Ltd. of Perth. The price of crude asbestos vanes with the type nd grade. In general, price increases with fibre length from waste and plaster grades >o long spinning fibre. Present prices of imported asbestos fibre are higher than those ruling before the war. As prices bare fallen recently, it ny be a? well for producers to keep 1330 figure* in mind. The following arc the approximate costs of asbestos fibre per long ton delivered to Australian manufacturing plants i-- Chrysolite,--The cost of Canadian shingle fibre, grade 4, was approximately 29 IDs. per tv at the cad of 1345 and refuse or shorts, grade 7X>, from the same source, cost X7 10s. pc)' ton. At this time, Ilhodesisn chryentile vwt "1 per ton for grade 3, and 36 per ten for grade 4. In 193!>, hott'erer, the eon of Ottwidhu shingle grade SB was approximately 23 12&. per ton and EhodcsUn ehrysotiTe, grades and 4, cert approximately 8." nnd 23 pw ton respectively. The cost of Australian chrysortie delivered to Australian plants iu 19W-J945 ranged from approximately 30 j%*-r ton (or fourth grade, .r short fibre, to 233 per ton for first`grade long fibre. Owing to the difference in grading, it is difficult to compme the price* of imported ;>ud domestit- asbestos, hut there appears to bo little difference between the cost of imported tuiff domestic short nnd shingle grades. Croeitfoli/r.--The price of No. 3 grade (Australian origin) is quoted jit 45 r.i.f. Melbourne or Sydney and of 2^o. 1 grade S0 per ton Fr<emtlc* Ammil,'.--TW rw't uf Sv.uth African emuritc. Uudvd iu Australia in 1943, was queued ns 30 j>ci- ton for the highest grade imported. Ainosite of tlic same grade crt approximately 29 per ton in 2939. Other ATn\th>i>Qlc$.--The pries of Australian amphihole aebesfot varies witle tyj>c and quality. Figures given in the animal reports of the State Mine.* Departments indicate that during 1912 and 3943 amphihole :ithr-?u)i, principally anihphy)liu* from IV^ftern Australia, was valued 9 to i*]2 pr ion. 5. AUSTRALIAN SOURCES. In this action the asbestos mineral* will be* tresiled ia three groups a* rhrjsotile, croesdolite and amphihole asbestos. The >M\4t important deposits of cbrysotile nsWslo* are in NewSouth Wale*, Tn?mama and Western Australia, end the total Australian production fioin 1S99 tv 3944 inclusive was G,3$0 tons. Deposits of croridolite occur in South Australia and Western Ausir.-tlia, but those in Western Australia nre by far the move important. Th? tots) Awnhaii prothietton from 3936 !& J044 inclusive wn,* 1.726 tons. Amphiboly **b<m* hi!* hc`0 produced in every State and pai- '* '*?:!ly hi Si v. WVd'<s. '>ut the total Au'l i-:ii;n print netinn f? ; S`i;j in-i't'i'c uct- oi'.'v r.?n i .^QSdJ&S mmm 22 A. QcfcXSSLAStD. Asbciio? minerals bare been recorded from numerous localities, but do deposits of comtoercial significance bate been discovered. Most of the yi-currenew' ar associated with cerpeuttae whveh oocurs *u intervals near the coast from Brisbane to Bowen. The roost imp'/rtntit belt m:< >n the JiiieUuimjiloti district and vxtends from Ivcpf^d Day north-n%st to AiariburoBgb. Ji<rth cbrysoiik' and omphibole &st>?s(os have been recorded, but the cbrjsotUe fibre so far examined is very short ami the smphibole asbestos (antbopbyllito) is relatively deficient in tensile strength and flexibility. JVnthopbyiHti* bus bwio found in serpentine at Canoewa, 40 miles north of Rockbansp* ton, but tests by consumers indicate that the fibre is too weak for industrial xist. * Cbryrotiic nut! amplubole asbestos (authephyllite) have been found in the JCUlhan serpentine belt, which, though of leas extent than that of Rockhampton, is considered to be net without promise. Chrysotih ha* ft1*o kw^n veport*d in serpentine in the Cimnwif ditriet. H. Ktw South Walk*. Both cbrysoide and amphibolv asbestos have been j>rede*d in Kcw South Wales. () Chrysotile. Chrywtilt* was fim produced in l'JIS. but production ceased in 1020, to be revived iu 2332 and again in 1343. I'rodnotion totalled 3,343 tons to tire end of 1044. The commercial deposits and numerous dthcr occnrroncw are as*o* r.iated with serpentiue or itHmfautr rock*. These rocks occur in throe main group?, and comprise the. Gordonbtook belt or the Clarence River, northeastern X* South Wales; the Great Serpentine belt, which runs tiirough Barrens. about ivv Aides north-sorth-ivest of Bewoastle; and the Uuodngai-Wa'lepdbecn belt, 200 miles weot-eouth-wftsi of Sydney. In addition, terpentine outcrops in the Orange district and near Broken Hill. Boryulgil- Raryntgil is u small viilagw rituntl 52 mtU* by road north-west from Cmflan. The chrysolite deposit occurs iu serpentine, which is part of the Cordonbrook belt, half a mile north-west of BaryulgU Post Office. It w:u finrt developed during the 3 314-13IS war, hut there is no record *f production from this centre prior to 3f>42. Tn 10JO, Messrs. `Wunderlich Ltd, commenced further development ol the deposit and in 1042 produced 105 tons of fibre. Milling plant was installed in 1313 and production of fibre was increased to 405 tons iu 2943, 347 tons in 1S>44, and 254 tons in 2045. In 2944, Mo3srv Wunderlich iJd. and A/ej.in*. Zuuits U&rdie azuJ Co. Pty. X4d. Sormtd a new company to wwk this depont (Asbestos Alines Pty. J.td.) and a development programme is now being carried on. The ehrysotito occurs \a a stockwork of veins up to 1 inch or tutu<* iu width and is mieed by opencut. Id 1943, the maximum depth reached in the workings was approximately 45 feet. Chrysolite bos also been reported 2 miles south of BniyulgA. . .Wood's Reef.--Wood.* Seef s *s io the Great Serpentine belt. k Mr.2'f8 *Sn5 of K.S PTM*1?**" WaVtoo ? imported from Sooth Afric,, ChiysMilo occur* in sttHi^v Jfrived from pomfoiitr. i'-jM u ^ inches <! the bulk of fibre u llJTM2) VHliBlliDg rook was extracted from turn of fibre from mill^in*gghtwSv klo,a mlhd and graded o the pmimr for the manufacture of hu/idiug fibro rrmnjmijg however, res* for the manufacture of *t*slcs-ce Broken HiH.-Eod HID i* a p, tWitt aud ios f mi}c soth of of Brokcu HiU. Chrysolite was dh towards the end of lost century, bn sxjne mpenunt, proved more aun a*betoa were produced, but no fm ahryeotilo occurs in veins near tlm e Bed Inil s formed, hnt the fibre : m* metamorpliiim. Serpentine occurs in other locali IV aiL"?,SW' ?}h or --rl U b\ 20Q Se*t ft-jdo. Chiy^ti^ '(9 ,, .5*"^ ?clyeli radd< ^erc l*2o pmpeeti ifie ibformation avaikbl* su*^ 5cn ta were produced in 1932 co!: Mvornblv exposnres, large wmnerei:. tii) Amph&ole. . ?rodwction of amphiboie *wbcJto^ mittftut, asd only 203 teas have been s Orange.--fn t&c Orac&e dishd asb^tOrf (probably trcmolitoS have tv south-east of Orange, and from bswi towjn. Production ooronieneed ja with a total production of 13i tons to production of 213 ions of ireinoliie sob m 2942. Rocktey.--At Jloekley, IS -miU> asbestos was produced in 29*2, but w trenailf variety and is found in nsoc ****** Barilo strength and has little although a small amount of fibre of > ** the production of powder for h Gundogoi,--Amphibole asbestos U Greek, 3 miles north-west of Gu this deposit tea* the only sour, "as worVcl intermitfenfir Ut^n l r?:&. Jt,ai > \V`V .xjkH*; WrV 33 . . Wood's Reef--'WW'a Beef b sifcnated IS m*J east of Bsrvaba and is is tire Grasj Serpeatfoe hdi. Pmtaeiiba was cttnMPB&ecA it. 5915/ but after 2,478 tons of ebrysotfle bad been extracted, ceased in ,983, as the cost of production was toe high, compared with the priec of fibre imported from Sooth Africa. \ Ohrysotile occurs in steeply inclined cKL*s-fibre veins in serpentine, imvoil from [viMotito. \en width was reuor<M as nor. more lhaitV H inches the hulk of fibre treated as not more than inch long, i Milling rook was extracted. from quarries, to a maximum depth of 70 foci, and canstitulcd slightly less than half the *wk mined, llxtm- lion of^hre from milling rock averaged 5 p<*r cent. '-The fibre was. jninTand graded on the property and, for fhe oiv j/arf, trax suitable for the manufacture of kntldtug materials (ltaggatt, 1924). T^iv fibre remaining 5#, however, reported to lc below the grade desired for the manufacture of eshestcs-c&ticnt product*. /' Broken Hi11,---Bed Hill is a prominent feature iu the Broken Hill district and lies 1 mite ?muh of tint Hcniadie Boad, 10 miles 'csst of Broken H7M. Oki'twitte was disearered and proapacted at Bed Hill towards the end of last century, hut deposits of plaitsum, found yk the same serpentine, proved more aUranivc. In 1951, 8 ions of chrysolite a<J*f*ios wort produced, but no further production has resulted. The alirytotilc occurs in veins near the edge* of tho serpentine boss of which Bc<l llill is formed, but tin? fibre ha> l*en rendered strong and hard by lueliiinorphisio. Serpentine occurs in other localities in tho Broken SiU district as small masses, sills or dykes--the largest uol exceeding 3,640 Jcet long by 8G0 feet wide. Chrysolite is recorded from at least one of these localities, namely, Rockwell Paddock, aUnit 35 miles south-west of Broken Hitt, where little prospecting was done prior to 1314. The information available suggesth that although smallJonnagw*, xueft ns wore produced in TS.71, oM probnbly be btoi frotn Ihu most favorbte vpv&um, large <Auin>orci,il production is net likely to result. f*) AmpWboJe. Production of avnphibote u.dwjto* began in 15S0 but has been inter mittent, and only 203 tons have been produced -to the end of 1944. Orange.'-hi the Orange district, .vJJ .vuiumiU oS amphUle asbestos (probably tromolttej have been produced from 3$yg, 10 miles south-east of Orange, aud from Bowls Ponds, 9 suite* cast of the same tortji. Production commenced in 3919 and has continued sporadically, with a total production of lol tons to the end of 1942. la addition, the production of 233 tons of trcmolitt schist was rerouted from this locality in 1942. Hockley.1--At ItocHuy, IS miles south of Bathurst, ampbibolc nsbettos was produced in 3942, but was not sold. The asbestos is th* trentelite variety and is found in association with terpentine. The fibre has low tensile strength and has little, If any, application .in industry, although a small amount of fibte of similar rpiaUty was vised in 1943 in the production of powder for use in munitions work, Gunda^oi.--Amphibole asbestos (acfmohre) occurs in siiriwn.rnc tt* Tone* Creek, Z mites north-west of GuncUgai railway station. Pr ior t 1938, this deposit was rbe only source of asbestos in the State, and was worked intermittently tettveen ISSO trttt) 309 K dw* pre-bx-tten i : ! r / ceased for a loul of 72.4 Jons f fibre. At Joues Creole, tlx> aslestM occurs as cross- and Hp-bre Toin* and pockrls in eerpentmc dcrtvoa from peridotiie. Tla atom! varies io colour /row white to vm Unh grosat, *wne fibm being Tiireuus and VrittVs, oltoct at lUMnfeUTbo white variety *is noted os generally superior to other varieties, but all !ito little tea&2e strength and are probably suitable only for *uca , use* as the manufacture of boiler lowing. A maximJim fibre leagtii of \ mor S feet 1as been recorded from thu locality. Major production from this area is unlikely, although email amounts ? of actmoHto could probably l won, Prospecting might repeal other typos of Asbestos. > C. Yictg*xa. No*asbestos has been produced in Victoria, and no deposit of,* vomrnercisl importance u known. / D. Tasmania. Both rhrysotile and ampbibole asbestos bare been produced in 'fasmenu where both varieties are everywhere associated xsHh serpentine. / Asbestos production ia Tasmania prior to ISIS, recorded as the quantity of crude ore and not as the quantity of fibre produced. To obtain the coin{fate figures given Wow, the quantity of fibre produced prior to IMS has been climated at iO per cent, of the ore treated. Ill Chrysortle. ChrytotUfi haft been produced during the jKsrie<U lsiD:^lS>0J^ 1910-1310, and again ante 1241. The total production to Inc end of 394* was 531 ton*. Of this 305 teas were produced between 3216 1913 wive* Australiatv asbestos was ia high dfeWfttvd. Depowta re associated with forpentfoixfid ttltr&Wie reeks in three localities: Andersen** Creek in the Beftconriicld district, the Zeehau-Rcimoi! Belt area, and at Aslwstos Point in Macquarie Harbour. Ande/son's Creek.--ThU Iwatftr, 4U rosto wort of tbrawmsfiel* nod 25 miles north-treat of fcatmoMtou, has been the principal producing centre for chryioiilc, wilh a total of 402 tons, Ohrysotile was first wotted in 1S99, hut conjor productiun commenced in 1917 when the first asWtos mill in Australia was creeled in the area. Production proved too costly, howorer, and cca.-ed hi 2919, when the mill was removed to liarrabn, Kew South `Wales. Attempts have since been made to revive the industry, Imttbe deposit.* apparently aflurd insufficient oonecfttsftbon of fibre. , . CHrysotdc occur* in a belt of i^rpentinized pendelite and pyroxcnHc about 5 miles long by h mile wide, into which small dykes of gmmtized reek have been intruded (Bold, 1959). Veins of chrysonle occur throughout the Bcrjientiftc, bm show preferem* for those srero wh^re alteration of the peridotito w most complete, and for those in proximity to granitoid dykes. ,. , The mineral usually occur* as white or pnlc-gwn cress fibre, ui*t> jo *J inch long, and grades from stiff vitreous material to fine silky fibre. Veins vary in width from Ibreads tv several inches end do not UMUtliy show parting, so that vein width equals fibre length. Slip fibre is aso found but is commonly associated with qiicntitias of magnetite. The hulk of fibre pt educed was d inch to ! inch in length and was reported to hare satisfactory strength end a mnely of serpeatioc with iaei ipol amoral* associated with the *. Brodaction figures from-the ; indicate that of all reek quarried,' yielded IQ per cant. 0f fibre. Ti O.S2 p*r rmt. u\ wmv*L v production. Although small parcels of hig this area, it does not seem likely profitably resumed. Available r* pected serpentine exist, but any considerably higher content of eh examined. Zeehon-Rerfison Bell Area.-- occur at two local!fi within a belt vust of Zcchan. Both areas are he The main group of deposits is Zccltan near the southern end of t' Bay railway line. A fibre-oxtrorti and to the end of September, 2945, produced. The asbestos is associ dyfco-Bkc bodies within die m. mineralization in the pyvoxciiite 1*h irregular, and in some places is altogether. Several f these pyro. Four of the moat promising depoj {rem\4 sjpcmngs oad by openeats;. ase sre poor. Ore has oceu won f underground developmental opening Ja rejected at the mine... The ver.Vrodnciion In 2944 was 103 tons of t The other ekiysotde-bcoring loc,* abovfr ^roup on a northerly spur association of fibre with pyroxenite i* across the fibre-hearing xonc and tb: Asbestos Polnr,--Asiwstos i*oin sonlb-western shore of ^iacquarie lf< Strahas. A lonjf'narrow dyke of } io 300 feet wide, forms Asbestos Poi southerly strike for &E least half a uv prospected iu pits aiul costeuus alun bat tbobost conevotration* of fibre osmall area half a mile to the south. Ckrysotilc occurs mainly in eros* inches in width--t?ie average bring It *'}id runterinl if pale rfllou, but j quality white fibre. !.> sUp fibre tie quantity available is rehitivelv $tn foaibTy 20 tens, was extracted bv h 15 *<* have satisfactory strength end flexibility. Magnesite and nierolUe, a variety f serpentine with incipient fibrous structure are (be, prin cipal minerals associated \ritfc the ekrysotik. Production figures from the principal woririugs during 1917-1939 h.huat* that *f nil rock quarried, only .15 per cent was miffed, and it yielded Hi per cent, of fibre. Thus recoverable fibre eonstunted only &.S2 per oral, f rock mined,, with a correspondingly high cost of ]*?o<laetion. Although small parcels of high-grade fibre may be produced from this area, it does not seem Jikoly that large-scabs production could be profitably reupted. Available records suggest tint areas of unptov pwted serpentine exist tut any net* deposits would need t bar a onridcrabiy higher content of cbrysotUe than those which have been examined. Zeehon-Rentson Bell Areci,--Deposit* of chry*otUc are known to /cur at two localities within a belt of serpentine situated about 5 miles vast of Zerlian. Both areas nr held by X#sm*B>4ji Asbestos P(y. Ltd. The mnia group f deposits U situated about 5 miles north-cast of Zrc)ta t*sr ibe southern end of the Ttc&ison Bell tsimei on the Emu Hay railway Jin*. A fibre-extraction plant was installed here in 1942 and to the end of September, 1915, a total of 303 tous of fibre had l*eon produced. The asbestos is aMorinfcd with pyroxeohe which forms dvkc-HVe bodies within the main serpentine mass. Cbrysotilo mineralization iu the py?oxenUe bodies and in the adjacent serpentine is irregular, and in some places is limit<vl io tk walls or is lacking altogether. Several of these pyroxcaite l*odies outcrop on the lease. Tour of the most proaiidcg deposits bare been developed by imder- Cound ownings and by pencilts; surface indications elsewhere on the mo arc poor. Ore has been won from several penents and from the umTergrM^::? deTflnpmcntal ^pruings. Barren and hnr-ffr.id* materia) :a rcjrcted at the mine. The overall grade of the pre bodies is lotv. Producrion io 1944 was 303 ton* of fibre, and in 1945,' S?G tons. The ether chrytotfa-beartag locality is situated 2 miles oast of the above group a northerly sjur of Mount Bar.orWk. The tame association of fibre with pyrosetnte is apparent. An adit has been driven acres? the fibre-bearing rone and the grade of the ore appears to be low'. Asbestos Point,--Asbestos Point lie# west of Bueh Inlet on the ^oath-western shore of Macquarie Harbour, and is veached by hoot from Sfrahaa. A narrow dyke of partly *o.rj`etinia#Ld pyroxenite, up to 300 feet wide, forms Asbestos Feint iurif and can be tntced along a southerly strikeior wt tet half n wik. Veins.-d ekrysotile have been prospered in pits and cos<pi*s along the exposed length of the dyke, hut the beat concentrations of fibre occur On Aritostos t'oinl and over a small area half a mile to the south. ChiysotiU- occurs ruaiuly in cross-fibre veins ranging from to Id inches in width--the avi-rngc Wing lew than 2 inch. The e^bmr of the rfliff nmitriai s pale yellow, but foasaij; pioduoo a >nos* of good quality wbii fibre. Long slip fibre is also found in the l'posits. but 'he quantity available is relatively small. A amnil Amount of ohry`utile, iiMv* J1' ton* v':t< cxirTiered hr limn! "oMunc m TWff. 7'h" , * .v*;V? s' *.. 20 proportion fibre in tbe rook broken apixarwl sutfkimtly high fur economic mtafog, but the limited development did viot establish reserves of profitable ore. - - Further development xvaa tarried out in 1641 by JiJiacrals (Vie.) Ptv. Ltd., ad in 1042 by the Colonial Sugar Ucfiumg Co. Ltd., and trial samples of 4.3 and 7 Iona respectively were extracted. The grad* of the fibre was reported to U good, but prospecting m tbe /ceban d>i*-ict prov.*' ipore onoonraging and development at iibcstoi i'oitu teas suspended, Spero River.--Chrysotile hos also lietn reported in serpentine at lheiaowb>cf the Spero Itivor, approximately 20 miles sooth of Asbestos ),oht, bt has not bn considered sufficiently promising to warrant development. (ii 1 Amphibolc. Amp&ikk asbafes occurs in serpentine of the Beacoasficld area, but the only production recorded is c| tons extracted during 1037-163S. The occurrence of awphibole asbestos at Spero lUver offers definite prospecting possibilities, but, in other localities, J>respecting kna yet fflih-d to meal a concentration of reins sufficiently largo for commercial purpose*. Anderson's Creek. --A sotni of 6.25 tuna of umpbtklo asbestos was produced in 392M`J5$ from a quarry in serpentine towards tbe nortbwwrn cud of fit* <*utcrop at Atidewon's Crock (set page 14 for other <iv-tfa). The fibre is recorded n* white, though much is discoloured, nud in general, if rimikir to the uetmoUle asbestos produced at Gundagai, K**sr'South Wales. Both erc*- mid slip-fibre typo* are reported to occur m steeply inclined veins which uimv a degree of ftructural regular}tv miwtm] i asbestos deposits (Held, 1010). borne of tk* fibre shows cutAdorable length (6 mclua to 12 inches), <4kra range from i inch to $ inch, but all lack strength and flexibility. T?e, iderctiio mid a hard frbsjwihic rock arc associated. with the aslwstos. The extent of tk* deposit i* not known bi, as already stahul m this report, tbs dcmimd for :hi' grade of fibre is very limited. K. Sourn Austkauu. Tii* iota! amount of ask-sto? produced in South Australia 1o the cud of was Tr.C ton*. Production has fallen sharply aince 1043, and nnlv 6 tons ware produced tn 2W4. Future production will probably V small and dependent mi individual producers or small syndicates. CrocidoKt* hr? been tbe most important vaiiety mined, although small quantities of both rhrysotilr and amplnMo asbestos |>ave ken produced.(i) (i) Chysortie. Qoweil.__kry*>iik ntbestna has ken found i an area of Tie* Cumbrian inoimaoiphira in the vicinity of Cowell, C miles north*west f Franklin llarhwir on the eastern side of. Eyre Peninsula, lb# *W1s me all within 15 mih-a of Cowell, and have many feature* in The .trv ick vrbkh h white. eiyeialHiio, magtKW&ij maridr ha* hren MM-peiiiiniAvd in patches and along crush *onc% ond vein* of ere*`-fibre #hrv>wrtb* w*tr in the sfrjHmhTie, particularly where ir-rtkn nw-t eoiwpktv. Extensive surface prospecting has taken In fx,ur localitm* mwi* HI20, but ; toini of only 25 ton* of fibre ) has been produced. Tills was use cal eauipraeut. Tk working of and the erratic dislributios of tin deposits of commercial value ms' Chrysotile occurs on Section 21 of Cowell, but it is reported tha cent, and milling rank only 15 to 1H29). ft bus been suggested th; are associated m&y have commerc small quantities of adnstos could m3). Of) Crochfolife. Croddelite occurs over a wide mctAmorpbies which extends port miles. Deposits bare been pro*pe< 47 miles north-east of Adelaide, a Fibre has been produced from on! and from OrnpariDtia Station, ne Robertstown.--CrocidoUte hu< 400 acres hi the Hundred of Brig miles north-north-east of Adelaide, veins in altered magnesian limes narrow' holt conforming to the *t *f CSS tons of asbestos has been pr* The fibre Is usually fine and ?i grey in colour (Jack, 1922). A showed iht fibre to be well suite* chemical constitution differs from * considerably higher alumina magnesia. The kst concentration of fibrt mt(utc(ni> schist along a fault zon feet long, but, in general, the depr per rent, ore {Dickinson, 2943). About 41 tons of fibre were on lU'iti. Amalgamated Axbestfl* Iu<' plant in 1640 and extended ih** vr< re^virted to contain 2.5 per cent, f iiMtealing that 75 per cent, of all between J93i ofid tbe mid of 3043 ftit!evbly higher than the value of arc derrioptd for this asbe^toj at of .xwiniup. ihere h chaoop < qiiHiititicB, Tn 2943, only 13 tons were pro^ limy kfore operation, ceased, an Only A tons of fike vuie produced Ofoporinrao.--At Ornpnrinn.a S !*4 tons of croeidoluc were prodnew ultore.T nmgncsbn limestone assocs; dnotion has been recoiled. TJic ve %r is ^*9 27 has been produce*!. Tbu wo* locally m tie manufacture of electri cal eonipincsut. Tiie working of these deposits has bees njireimmerstivv and too erratic distribution ofthe fibre does sot encourage (be hope that deposits of commercial value may be found. * * *'1 Chrysolite occurs on Sectios lb. Hundred of Minbrie, $S, loftes -we?t vf Cowell, but it is reported that fibre would constitute only 0.25 per cent, and milling rock oulr 15 to 30 per cent, of aU rock brokvn (Jack; U`29). 2i has been suggested that ik marble with which the deposits, are associated may bare commercial value as a building stone and tbit small quantities of asbestos could be produced as a by-product (Jack. 1823). (H)' Crocicfolife. Oocidolite'occurs over it wide rea within a belt of Pro-Oambn&u KictRniorjdiici which extends north from Eucountor Bay for about/400 miles. Deposits bare been prospected in many localities between Truro, 47 miles north-cost of Adelaide and BJinman, 320 miles farther *orth. Fibre has bren prepared from only two localities, namely, Boberltteifft cud from Oraparinna Station, near Blinrotu. .i Rc4?ertstown.--Croeidolite ha* been found over tm area of'about 4K* acrea in the Hundred of Bright, 8 miles north of Bobertstown, 83 oiilrc nortb-north-east of Adelaide. It occurs in masses and in slip-fibre reins in altered magnesian limestone and in decomposed slate, in u narrow Wit conforming 1o thu strike of tlm mctamorplues. A total ..f CSS tuns of asbestos lias but-n produced in the area to the cir^of 1944. The fibre is usually fine mid silky, up to 4 inches long and French grey in colour (Jack, 1921). A aeries of tests conducted in ^Adelaide showed the fibre to be well suited for use as a heat insulator. The chemical constitution differs from that of normal cro&idotite by harisc a considerably higher nirnnina cantent, at the expense Mron and magnesia. The ! concentration of fibre was reported to occur in a band of irifeswoui vdii.it siteug a fnttfc rone in *fcv )mw*, 8 fe*t <rkte sd AO feet long, hiu, in general, the deposits consist of scattered masses of u per rent, ore (Dickinson, 3943). About 41 tons of fibre worn extracted by small producers prior U> 1932. Amalgamated A*Wtos Industrie*, K.L., installed a treatment plant in J34U and extended this workings. The total rock mined was reported to contain 2.5 per ernf. fibre and 25 per cent, milling rock, indicating that 75 per cent, of all rock broken was waste. Production between 2OSS' and the end of 1943 was 5$1 tons, but the cost was co)riderablv hi`her than the value of the fibre recovered. If special use? me developed for ihb asbestos at a price comineiuuraie with its eo<t of mining, there U n chance of further production of limited rpiawCHSrs. Tn 1913, only 11 ton- were produced from the area. 2 by the conjmiiv taforu operatious ceased, and two by an individual producer. Onlv 5 tons of fibre wore produced in 1044, Oroporinno.--At Orapariiuta Station, IS miles south of BKnuifm. 54 ton? of eroeiOolite were produced in 2941 from rein* niul po'-hets in filtered tmignolan limestone associated with slate, but no further pro duction has been recorded. The rein fibre was ususllv short and jilkv. I k T Vi/, A * a , 0^::rmZ: & V'!7* *. V*. 4, 1$ fibre up to 4 inches long was reported from ike pockets {Cornelius, 2941). Tbo grade of (lie asbestos mbs bgh, but the deposit was too s&tall to justify development. * Uii) Anphlbole. \ Deposits of smphibnk* a*besto* have bn opened up in two *, totalities near Adrlauh- tvitbin *malt Mt <*t (/Aver Vtv-(*amhmn nrctemorphic*. A total of 33 too* of fibre mss produced l**wu 103'* , ti& 3940, Int production wtw not continued. 1 Kenton Volley.--At Kenton Ynllcy, Hundred of Tulungn, tilout 20 miles egsT-north-east of Adelaide. 27 tons of asbestos were produced between 3937 Jtd 1939. The fibre uccurred in lenticular veins mid masicu in the jneUtnorphk-* and wt%s probably the itiitbophylKn* variety / (Ward, I937). A detail>; ore xuue was dtrccraible in the workings/ but aslieslos-bearing roek constituted only ebonl 5 per entt. of all rock mined. Lyndoch.--AmpUilm!* i.iltos has been worked on the banks f the North Tara Hirer, at lymloeb, 2S itnlvs t*rtk*mrth-eai of Adelaide, Tb asl>cstos occur*, in well defined cross-fibre veins in h fate scl/ist formal l>v alteration <f a impure magnesian limestone. Vein fibre to < inches in length bas been noted. Asbestos was nl*o found widely disseminated in the takr,eehiat a* well as in adjacent mien schists. The variety of the asbesttfonn ninpbibobs is not stated, but may have been netinolite, since the later mineral was found hi some placedasso ciated with asbestos in the talc schist (Ward, 11*3?b). Tbc deposit vs* worked in 193R-37 and again in 3940 for a total production of 32 ions of fibre. F. WiatvieaN ArsrsAua. Three kmds of commercial nsUsto* aro produced in W^tcvn Aus tralia. In the past, chrysolite has born the most important with a total production 0/ 2,1$S tons from 3 90S to 1344, but future production vriti be very small compared with that cf croeidoKte, of which large deposits 11re no* being developed. Crocidolitv was first mined in 2037 and a total of 3,034 tons has Wu produce*! to tbc cud of 3044. Deposits of antliopbyllite and fibrous actinolite have been found at several localities hi the Control and SouthAVesicrn Divisions of tbe State, bnl, in general, the quality of tlw fibre ii poor and the only production recorded a total of fit tons of antkophyllite between 3933 tmd 3944. til Chrysolite. PiIbora Goldfield.--Xummm< deposits of chryrottle a*be*f<v occur in the area between Hoebonrne and Nullagiue which are in. the Pllbara Coldfield and YCO miles apart. The deposits occur in serpentine and arc usually in the form of lodes developed in shear acmes or adjoining the wall* of a dyke. They show more definition and structural regularity than is usual in deposits of ehrysottle and many have provided milling roek averaging 20 to 50 per rent, fibre. Intermittent production from about 3G small deposits between 3 90S and 1944 amounted to approximately 2,1SS ton* of chrysolite. Only 72 tons were produced in 3944, however, and future prodnotion will probably be 0/ this order since the deposits are small and most of lh* earffy accessible high-mdc of the pusi product&a bua cot. After a comprehensive in /nspeotor of projlurnou of dimotile oiiabt l Jo luoa hert-tofure, pwfded a fn*tMd ma^S r, eonsrd^i ihnt the *" were 2Wmj, IhnU\l>t (it 3943) { 1 *ouM uJVh0 $?"* o{ JW, 6b fmL tA* Tdhst* Gold-field, hi; from shear zones iu terpwtbc wo!> vdns formed JoSYdC0 varying an dap from 35 degr* * but averaged 20 to 50 ohve-green, mnrb of it ai vensvarymg from j iui:h f *n? About 3,000 to,,, cf 1^ h ?fc ,0n)>: '*-*3 ** were pJwi L y ^ Sa^il "<* ot hn< been rewrovwl. ,,r Chrj-wtUo of ,, vory Ijigl p.ajc WMHoutwifl of ilarl oytes of dolerilc infrodol into w",r "" "`e >* of n doTtrita . met an-^wmTM (,, tl. dvfcc ..n, of cro*..6l.,, tbnutih tinamg a i 1 f010' ,>'ln? oa ,llc liJoain- V?M ?"!' n ll 1KS I,aJ ^ r ,V3^ r - Goo<, flhrr` w''s rer 5we f o'^ir'"15' nm,er 3!o < f 1lie fibre esposed i,, atcesslbi ``F -"'">< -Vo. 2 lode proved oorr.-P.l ont. AUmt 2 ile ,oi"v ra""`n" 2 to S fort in v,-id,)' , has lK-m inred for *00 f* Yn **,' jnd ranged from a f6 i Frwuinrfbfy surface exposure* a dfivelopwent. i cs o ,a.J1,R deposit* were w m3, and yielded *',* of fiU fhe principal working rhan-v,^ ), figure.-* imbcato that the total amo nvomled the vain* of n\l fibre j.rodu Smnll onanhiies may 1^ nio<],,w: lit} i"S!,*^ra,le ore virtually brgh-crado romainiJ ^ 'V J *v- 5- k iv iH^7 tt, -i .</ * :s.< -,4 ho A' <Wc in ton awl ,^'JN bdy will <,{ . 19 the Mly accessible high-grade material has been removed. Tl* cost of production U high, duo to the remoteness of the areas, jsnd much of the psst production has not bevu profitable. After a comprehensive investigation hi 394$, C. F. Adams, inspector of iliaes, Wwstmx Australia, formed the opinion that the prodnet) of chrystile might ho r**-orgsnizr<l <,n tt considerably larger scale than heretofore provided labour and fuads were available, and a guaranteed market existed for all grades of fjbr^ produced.* Hts wmridered that the mines most likely to repay further development we fCuBvern, hfarshaH's (Itoebournc), Fieeses Luck and Fibre Queen, but ettmated that the total outlay on the project, including tits cost of mill equipment, would be in the vicinity of 25,000 (Adams, 3943). In the vicinity of Lionel, CO miles by road south-east of liarble liar iti tlw Filbarn Gold-field, high-grade chrysotile has been produced from shear zones in serpentine. Closely spaced parallel or esi&stotnosiag vein- fvnncd lodes up to C feet wide, striking north-west and varying in dip from Si degrees to vertical. Fibre content varied widely, lnt ftvi>rgcri 20 to 50 per cent. The fibre was yellowish-green or **llvc*gree, much of it fine ami flexible, ami occurred in cross-fibre vein* varying from ineh to 4 inches wide ("Wilson, 3922). 3.0&U iMH of fibre hnro been produced from the JJorttl area l.v mining :md milling m the periods 3910 to 192S> 1057 and J93S, and 104:'. Only tons wc-ru produced in 3043, and future production i.* likclv u> l send! rinc most of the easily ecwsrible high-grade ore hjK Ih*h mnoved. ClirvMitilc of a very high grade has been produced from oAAasi?tZt*, milr-j w,!-soutl;>vejt of Marble Bar, v&erc it is associated with dyke? of dolerite minnled into eerpentmo. The two principal lodes *vw . the sides of u dolvrife dyke, about 100 feet wide, striking jn,rtb*<;..i and dip}dug *<mih-eaKt at Approximately 70 degrees. The In*te* sin- pj:ralW TO the dyke walls m^d consist of closely irjweod vrit* of cro-fibre chryjotih forming a handed formation a few feet wide. Xo. \ Le<b-. lyin oti the hanging wall side of the dyke, proved the richer deposit nmi bv 393S had been mined at intervals over ft length <if 3,30o f.<t, Good fibre was reported to be still available on some of the low r h vils, then under wxter, but it was not profitable to mine. Mo*t of tin* fibre exposed in accessible workings at this time was reported io be brhdo. Xo, 2 J.ode proved poorer and little development was curried mu. Alout 2 miles conth-west of these workings ft third lode, flinging frem - to S feet hi width and cariying 5 to 30 per emt fibre, has H(> u tjaced for 500 ir-vi, la the exposures, the fibre was weathered and ranged from J, lo $ inch in length (FinncaAe and others, 1&39). Trcsmnahly surface exposures did mot justify nwrtc estonrive development. Th* Sonnesville deposit* were worked intermittently from 3905 to iW, and yielded 264 tons of fibre valued at approximately 17.090. The principal workings changed hands several times ami available fieims imlii-afo that the total amount spent on the deposits greatly c.vrealvd she value of all fibre produced. Small quantities may be produced in the future, Inu readily neccsdble high-grade ore is virtually exhausted in the principal lode?, and hiffh-erade matpidal remainin? on lovrer levels would probably he : : > ei i i S $10 nSJJleZ 2o vnvrofitable {o jninc. The mine is situated in extremely rough country and tbo approach road i rc^vortod to b* oiwsost sropassfeMe (Admas, At Deud HufiorJi IVofi, 10 adits south-west of Soaucsvillc, about SO tons of cbrysofik bare been produced from small lodes and patches of nsb*/t<j occorrinj,' in serpentine hi tbre* priaeipa! localities. In tbe OUrnie deposit, short Wes of cbrysUe occur within, a u/taJ length of 1,300 feet. They ecnr in serpentine a few hundred feet from the contact of a large intrusive budy of granite and arc? tialjy n-s^riai<Hl with small dyk*s of the Kttc rock, Ut of tbe fibre produced anno from quo high-grade zhool, about 20 feet long, which va* stojvcd out from the $0-/i. level to within 25 fed of the tirfaw. The film* was of excellent nudity and ranged from -2 inch to 15 acclt** h>ng. Other exposures on the property showed fibre of fair quality } to 2 inch long, Lat the supply was not large. , '* Oa the Fibre <2en property, deposits of chrjiotvk occur in fnrpe&tine assocuM with granite dykes, over a total length of 4(M> fed- Again, one high-grade shoot supplied all the fibj-e produced. These workings wer not accessible in 193$. Other exposures on the property *h<ra>d wme v.*ms of fair quality, hut, in tnesf, the fibre was hrinle (I'minaii*' mil ntWs. J9:*9). At Fiat#'* {>*>. u tunguv *( wr}*etin<-, 150 to 2U0 fin-j wd*\ intrude? t:dc wditei, ;.nd d^jnsits nl chrysotilc were found in the s*`> p^ntie elote t< ?!:' contact. Short lodes averaging Jfi to 24 incites were exposed over a total length of SCO feel, but the percentage of RWe pieswit as iWribed as " moderate*. The fibre was usually abort, though of good rjtttlhj (Finucane aitd others, 5939). The roads providing access to the deposit- are nmv in bad condition. In the record* of production, it is difHcuU to separate production at Head Bullock T.'cll from that at So*ue*vi1lc, but the total from the former district j< approximately 29 fon^, j'reduced in three vcia r<, 1931, J339 ami h^;. Xrnr-surface ore from the small high-grade shoots has apparently h:-en e.xhnusW, mid unWs oilier similar shoots can Ik* found, production will probably not bo revived in the future, Ohrysntifc' depicts were also found treat #fc?ie;f Pool, 3S north of So.'*H*ivdJc, end 40 miles west of ilnrble Bur. A lode 3 feet vd, carrying nl>oiit 30 per cent. 0/ fibre up to J of flu inch long, wa* reported in 1921 (Wilum, 3922). The deposil was coRsideuxi very promising th. )>t apparently Rubse^neiu development has prowl disappointing. At RorbonrHt1, spproxinuitd.v 9 ton? of chrysolite have been produced from small kxta> in serpentine within I, or C .miles of the tsw-m-bij*. Adams (2943) reposts that a semi-circular belt -of fibre-bearing country, several wiles Wg, lit? wiles from lloebonrno township. Cougiug ha* l-afried ou* in th\s WH cast, sowlh-feast and strutfe-wesi of the town, -hip, largely on claims of which there is no record. Wilson {1922) tvj*orted that the two most important lodes occurred 9 wiles loufb-eaM if Kocbonrue and Jay <ti either side of n pegmatite dyke striking norfhwt. Asbestos reins extended over total width *of 25 feet in the caster* lode, aUlvsugU k\w loi-th of fA-rc v<ti> tody rdumt \ incV. In 3 923, the def-osh was regarded si?* promising on account of its apparent 1" "< Iwatiro, bu. K-wUmrne dlncl is 0.85 loss ip TM.jifUaUJy'Sht,t Vorkcd X" fond /rom Hbr.,,mp, a ITfm, rl , *;T? y f"TM` raj^ctir*; (A,h*,s, 1043) Ulie prodnetion ma? imvftcotiut fro, this |>i*opertv. At .Sherlock 3i wife, v.,-0 found oil a W bUI of tcrpui[l tlM occurred tW to the graui ffT 'h maio enite i. fP* o! ,l',lr P* to . (i'mucane ancf others, 2939). ,, "V *o8,a!(?{eS34 lMt* of ebrysofih U25 smd J935. A revival of pr* *d yunlny of thc exposod deposit MgUev grade sbuots pivibahly but mimug von?d he too costly. Appvoxiwnfsdy :;yi tons of ch. A"7m* 90 ,niiCT hv souther anwll scale is still u, progccu. narrow rsdgo ef serpentine about west nud landed b.v grauitc to tl^ fomuf over a total length of j>,509 fe< f three lodea striking approxintak tu.(crf over & length Qf .m meup*. So,,,., yowl fibre up to 21 ; general, the fibre* vitt poor and bVn 3ot> f*ot with ait arernge uhfth of i was poor and the maximum length h the moat *mrrtmit, *ith a lent. <. from 32 to 30 inches. The 3<xhT has entire lengtJi by pits MKl shafts ami : <K-7th of ISO foot, p'ibrc vmamiu* w moxtly short M brittle, but pa^I ioug, w-lc ju-esent in some of the ttfc VatcUes of good ipiulUy fihic tvC lt, dn grooraf. th* fibre (r murnue and others, 3M.1S). 10161 f 2 toa* of cbry*otil bn .5.5 tons of which w-c won between null was tit operation. -j hc Dn*n(.j. V(. vas Aubsennwitlr transferred to ti<.,r itftngcs. ProdnctJon wn, lowincd on .. rose to 29 tons m 1943. In 1943 >T0 who extended previous wotkings hv t*. lower d)t },,c{ to Moffc 0Ut J SI and favorable Jocatioa, but development k presumed to him* been disappointing since tlie only production recorded from tlx* ftokenrite district is 0.85 tens is 1823 and fi tons m 1948. A small syndicate worked Monhalfi mute, zuiles south-west by road front Hoclx>r, with a rp.port*d small profit. Fibre occurred c tuo shorn* about it feet apert, u*hieh were tamed for length* so( <00 feet and 130 feet respectively to n maximum depth of 40 feci (Adams, 194"). The production of 8 tons of fibre recorded in 1942 mar have come from ibis property. " At Sherlock, 3.' miles cast-south-east of Boeboui ne, asbestos lode* were found on,a low bill of sorpeutine adjoining granite. The principal lodt* occurred close to the granite contact or were associated Avith off-shoots from the main granite body. In general, most of the fibre *as short and of poor quality, and production was limited to u small shoot of higher grade fibre in crcH of the throe principal lode* (Finurfinc and others, 1930). , A total of SI4 ions of cbtrsotile was produced at Sherlock between 3923 and 1935. A revival of production is unlikely since the grade and quality .of tW exposed dejiosits appear generally poor. The small higher grade shoots probably persist below the hard of the old stupe*. hut mining would be too costly. Approximiitvly 3G2 tons of ckrysotilc have been produced from A'wny^rW, 90 miles by road south-east of Roebourac, and mining on ji small seaIn k still in progress. Severn! asbestos lodes were found on narrow ridga of serpentine about 250 feet wide, trending east and vwt and 1>ouiidod by grjismr to the north mu! ROiith. Deposit# werr funud over a luial length <*f 2,500 tot, but the main workings consisted of flirt* lodes trikug Approximately north-west. No. 1 Lode was tested over a length of 4<M) foot and *lu,wnl : fiverage width of 32 inrhch. Some good fibre up to 21 hirW long was reported, hot, in grimra!, the film- was pt>r nd brittle. No, 2 Lode wa.s traerd for 350 feci with mi hrange width of 9 iuohfs, lmt the quality of fibiv vn poor and the maximum length half an inch. No. 3 Lode proved the important. with a length of 300 foot aiul a width ranging from 32 to 30 inches. The lode has Wen mined At intervals over its 'nhrt length by pits and shafts and <lcvelo}*ed hv adits to a maximum Wjth of 100 feet. Fibre remaining in the sur/aoc exposure? iu 193ft wji* lueKtly short and brittle, but patches of good fibre, up to 2$ inches lung, vi-re pit-ieuf in some of the wiiKtojied soul ions of the lode. futclur* of yn&d quality fibre wvre oaIpA i\x ibv Other levies ;\wl exposure*, but. in general;. the -short .**0 -of poor quality l I'inuenne ;md others, 2939). A total of 302 tons of ebrysotile has been produced fmn Nunycrri, 3*W eoiu f which were won .between 1934 and 3937, when small mill wus iu operation. The mines were closed m 19.17, and the mill was atibreqnently transferred to Lionel and later to the Hnmerstey Kange*. Production was resumes] on a much smaller seal* in 1941 and rosu to 29 tons in 1943. In 1&13, No. S Lode was worked by two men. who extended previous workings by two winzes and a drive below the lower adit lov*) to l>look out appmximatelv 10ft ton* f ore (Adams. 4 I4 r- i i / ;"^5 v :&# *e; 'istfciP83B *c were produced in 1944* , *;td:JT&tt:.A^,,^'8oHwa.'Tbepri-.pii V* *> &L Sk^ vrbcte ** ^ **** I i Worn* So* brittle with diituwe from the dyke walk / The main * %*"*?l?S5 *T*3 iss :rag .1,0 strike oi *0 .lolerilc *"3 as ety "oat 305 Swt ,!"A' *smwrsc= a Ktfass's^r?"-^fa- `5- - -- *--* *> statiticoai production. ' Auotber *p* *f .Mr** " \S&f%SL 25y2!? ~ f,io"'{,,s - *!"-"*Kllt of good qoality. " f XfIsiOW^^WK rff* of "'c wri,!'S ,,, Lave a togbw jxt*pw4aa 5 i**S mtarWtc, * 'proxtms'y to beds ?.1,., ***<-f ss4 "jrnrJr-t K A i,-;TM.,,,.*!a ..!,,,]J to bo metamorphie products -...an-a-l Vy iW *** ''i(1` or dip al *o* *' r ^nrior^ble distance* in the wtfU o! ijorge* yy.\Sh, IVikh 19^2)- *<*Ww <F...... ftiuc* 133?, u* 5,05-4 K lirvokutg vul ore along benefit tmdfrgi-oitml winMig. Yfie rest am undoubtedly forge*. 'fhtr fntirl nvovde*! .product* ltuuj'v* in rl^ * ;i4 of J04i is prodiu??4 prior iv 10?%, Lave tA Tic A^beritos, AltdyMti'ttm final! will ia the? vicinity of T H in 1942. hi ID43, Western fitd. took over the jnilC cuid ji in production bus resulted. A *ee 1-id. H also Toijjin^ sr tie area of the two comprimus rose to 24* fbc Jielf-year endiug 5QtU June. total ios the year is 1,11? los. A dctftttud gooLsgJcsil snrrcy possible, the ivlatioiubip of the i ad tile probable reserves of ore. of threat \mporUR.ce. Most eS tJ i.it s local market will jwobably >, of sLort fibre (se/t page 30). Sealits of erocidoliL: Jiavr bee; jitnnely, Vampire Gorge, Witt Ifarramainba. }rumpire (forge lies 30 Ttsiios Slal5o, wLieL is ISO miles by n of rrooidolite lutve 4ie`* exposed -1 tuilfit, x<i orcur r two Strotigifl' Tko towvr Ivori?.on Lus been bend upper, or southern, end of trie goi of rivbe<,kite rk `tJj feci part scams of evotudolUe. vougiug from dij> gently to the uortb and the h of t?rc* ^urge. A little over thr<x-<jnailers of a r exposed rr* tins *>rge ;irut has U 2 iml.'S. In m#t of these working W1 of riobwbite rock i\U5i oue o>* * it, the aggregate thickness of fibre \ JiitervaT of 2 to 4 feet. Xiie len beti (Fiauenr, 19^>). T)* p< is not shtnvn in the tvroivlv, but Ys most imj>ortsnt eontre. jivtieii)K iasiallwl W. the otw, l U'tV.'enoow'a (ior<;c, 1? jmleft b aik^fos aenms occur If/d to 5^00 feet borixou cootains a promineot crarker overlain by 10 to 15 inches of <5ol quartzite lies the 3>fsn of ci nr, Bioce 1537, at least J,034 tons of crocidolite luivc liven produced by breaking out ore along liewdics sn the cliff fare with fto sternatie undi'ryrouiKJ mining. The reserves of fibre, though not yet estimated, aw* undoubtedly large. The total rrconted production of erocidolite from the JIaraersloy ICuagv* to the end of 1944 i* 3/J5# tons, bat tew*! Junidml t'V. produved prior to 1531*, have obviously uot been recorded. j* a The Asbestos, iTolyWcinnn and Tungsten Co. Ltd. aastaNed a suiajl will in the vicinity of Vampire Gorge ia 3020, and improved it* in 3042. In 3943, Wertem Australian illue Asbestos Fibres Co. 1,4vl. took over the mil! und properties, and a considerable increase in productiondms resulted. A second company, Australian Blue Asbe4w$ Ltd, is also mining in the urea and the combined annua) production of the two comptmks row to 219 tous in 3044. Their production* for the kalf-ycnr ending 30th <lum*. 3945, was 37R tons, and tin* eatimafo'l total for the year U 1,317 tons. A <!ofailed geological survey is needl'd Jo determine, /far possible, the relationship of the various asbestos horisons, their extent and the probable tesrrvrs of we. The development of markets is aba of great importance. Most of the long fibre will have to be exported. ht a hwal market will probably 1>* available for a considerable quantity *>f short fibre (see page 10). Seams wf uruciJAiU. haw been worked in four priiiuip.iI,lucidities namely, Ymnpiro Gorge, tTStfenoom's Gorge, Bales Gorge end Marramsunba. YttMpirc Ourgr lies "0 wiles by road south-east of 21ulgu 1>owii* Station, ivbieh is ISO wiles by road south-east of Boeboimae. Scaifl' S * . I'w , 'V of rroeklolite hove been exposed in the gorge over a total length of 3 milt*, mid weettr i two fttratigrxplnint} borirons 350 to 200 feel apart Hi.* ber ImriMW has leen bcuebeti intermittently for a milt< in tie; ujijwr, or sou(hern, end of the gorge, and consists of two marker bed* of ncbfvkiu* w-ek 4.5 f*ct apart with which are associated several warn* of erocidolitc ranging from } inch to 2 intlie* wide. Tlic l*ods liji gently Jo the north ami the lower lioriroi: passes under the floor J of the gorge. A little over three-quarters of a mile to the north, die uppr horicon is exjwwd in the goi^c and lias been benched at intervals for nearly 2 wilvs. J most of tbcK*.* working? the horizon consists of a marker !>od of rieln'chite rock with one or two scants of fibre above anil below if, the aggregate thickness of fibre being about 2 inches over u vertical iusm'iri of 2 .to 4 feet. The length -of -fibre varies from i te 2\ inches (I'inurnnv, 11>$9). Thu piiKitictioit from individual localities *4 j J 1..; h wu shown in tin* records, but Vampire Gorge bus probably bvc the most important centre, particularly rincc 1939, when a mill tva* .1 installed in the area. In \YiUc,wci\ Gofjt, h miles by road south"West of Mutgn Station, aabustos seams occur 150 to 200 foot above the floor of the gorge. Tlw horizon contains a prominent marker, consisting of C inches of quartxih* overlain by 30 to 15 inches of dolomite and immediately below the quartzite lies the Main Seam of crocidoHte. This has been exposed t * vV~ i * 2# n> taw-tos for 1,400 fm awd u* 'flat iiUwiu&d least*.400 V> 500 {net lo^g *-ith i\ic m&jdnauin rterelojwxwit of fibre, up to S iechiss long, jn (lie central portion of each Je&s, About 4J> fed shore the Mala Se&s* Ilea the Xower 3Ubboa, wnsteilng of fo-ar <rv aovoo seura* over o Uuckueit of 13 inches* carrying fibre <o a Inch h.ng. Twenty to thirty feet above the marker an X>W*t 3^ inches iluck, is found, f-Msjxtin^ (f s io 30 Ruin* carry\it" fibre la 1*J inches loitg. It mav fee pombb it mine the Slain Scats run} the Toner lt'rbbo** together ifc a G to ? foot face in Krttral places in Tnttei*oo*$ Gorge, with n possible fibre rueorerv of 4 to 5 jwr cent of all rnrk mined (KirmcaUG, 2039). Ip Vole's Gor^eA , 9 miles oast of Yamplrc Gorge, crecidoHtc seuins Jjavo bean worked iufwmiitt-ntlr over * distance of 1$ miles. The n'Vslo* borizoo consists of sexend teams associated w\Va two marker beds of iloiocnne over a vertical interval of feet. The dolomite hod* arc C to 10 inches thick and 20 feet apart. The persistant scam.? nn(i) The Top Setfra. JO fee# xbov# the upper dolomite saarker. (U) }fuihor*s S*nw. 2T> Jwt WoW tbo upper tWlosaito wsek^v. (i)* A small seam of a^bvsros. usually known as <e The Stringer", 7.5 feet IwJou* the lower uWiitn marker. (iv) The Main Bottom Seam, 30 foct below th* lower <h>lo/n*to marker <nnucauc, 3950). Xmall ream* arc ttUo found ever an intern? of 30 feet below* tho Main Jletiem JSeatn. Afalberg's Seam hss been worked af intervals for over ,000 feU The fibre length ranges from * -to 2$ sstfbtf. Tl*c blals Jlotwnu Scam bus been benched at intervals for over 1,200 fed and baa yielded fibre ranging from ' lo 1$ sachet in te&gt)/. Jl ir3>;r,s- on the Top fe* stowed fibre fe&gth 1wr i\ tnd V< imbes (Fioucano, 3550). Dale's Gorge was sd -regarded as. favorably ft* Y:wpiv or Wiitcneton's Gor^e > 1042 on account of the diJficnUy of accc*?; am1 the smaller aggregate length of fibre expu^i! (Poxnil,3012). Scams vf croeirfofite have been found ever a Hhtitncc of iKH inttes in low irfils which ca?4 and -west, c.boxxi *2 Tailet smtrti of .l/om>iwamArt JCurn-siend, v mleR v,vft of 'WUtcnoom's Gorge. The .Xullagine Jxxh in irhieh the seams occur arc cotisidcraWy more dls- tnrotd tb^ i\s whwih dps<{* oceur to tl^c and show '*fterly or Port)j-easterly dips ransijig 2f> to i^0 degree.*. Tli jslriitiaro Jmi* *k?< been ^tieWafed,-istft she sil'tonr? cf .revomls of ^ip Migcvrtf that atbesvs occurs on several distinct borixons. He*w hft'il Wcr. os several prosywrctinj areas *> 2932, the he** of which showed nn sgjrogale of P to 30 inches of fibre over a vertical hilerrfll o! 8 lo S.5 feet. In some of the cspo?wis tht fibre v:nf. v.*c9thcwd and discoloured, hut, in general, the quality juul length a;|ur d a*ti#.factory. The deposits, as a whole, were rogar^otf more favorably thm t?:o*e opposed in Yamidre, ^itlenworr/ yr.d Dale'f t tl- easr, sinw* they apj>efli,cd to offer a Letter cojiceutrnfmn vf ti'fv, easier mtaisg eo<l io' (ay ic tie fact that the dUtawcc be rcdueixl to about 200 mites b\ tiii>~ Amphibole. South-West Division.--.Inn gwm, $& jnib*A u*rtli of t).* HiirfiJi'S bv rail ftorfh-nojth-east Ucn is taken front au unpublic Rnggutt (194S). ** AsUitos ocv The /nner t3*je is found in gcui irregular, tones of a soapy rcu*k * altered bands of amphibolic sch in place, the fibrous structure of uppeAre retlier nx a strinuvl grey &bccii. JivwevcM, tb fibre may 1 The asbestos ruck occurs in Irogtl lo Wir fibres determines the let avnilrthk'. There would 2*o no < 2 and 3 laches long. * The inode of occurrence of th< the slip fibre, but the rock uxutris io that In vhlch the *)jp fibre oe Asbestos h.ts bee;* proiji&ctcd b; but ilnvclopuicnt is limited to eh of the fibre is of poor quality, but tensile strength and can be used co of slip fibre can probably be won l production of u&sa fibre would rent Tt>ck- A total of 50 tons of fibre J*. Hi foils in I2>J2, D tons io 3943, n is uoxv held under sublease by n small scale W expected to continue. At Gcotnalfiug, TG miles aorth** occur in a narroxv* belt of talc rock, trwwla vn a jxorth-wcitcrty directio) Gcomnliing Station. The dominant bearing zon*<* up to 3 feet wide wer* exits, but mixch of 4he fibre xvas of or pnrtiu? altcriftlon to tftlc. Th sufficient tensile strength and ficxib the irmaxifsetwre of fibi'o-cement sr to the .records, however, no osbes1 deposits, whiftb suggests fhnt the <jum is ooly sx&aU. Other bocolities.--AatUophylUt* at Mount Nugri. 200 miles east nor> of the occurrence are available. Peyw&xts of fibrous nexinolite ar< lomdmes jinnr criiU, 75 mile* ju>n lonf sti? fibre and shorter **f<>53 fib brittle aud silicxfied Com. S'* ' K' y? >> \ v' - ` '-V 23 of IHtc, cosier ruining and much easier access. Another advantage lay lit the fart that the distance by rorA from Koeboome could-possibly he reduced to about 100 miles by following a new ronte (Fosaff, 1342). <?*1 Amphifeote. \ South-West Division.--<AuUii*jh<j..|K.`n- un- s.umd In^rsnn.guei**, 2.3 mile? north of the JJindi JSiitdi ridlway siding,.whitili is 143 mile* Uy rail north-north-easl from Perth. The following. descrip tion is taken from jvn unpublished report on the dcposlu by 1L Q. HizUxll ()543). "Asbcsro* occur* both as slip fibre and mass fibre. The former type is found in gently inclined, but warped and somewhat irregular, rxaiea f a soapy rock which are believed to represent highly altered bauds of amphibolite schist in acid granite gneiss. As ji lie* in phreo, the fihron* structure of t)/e mineral & not very apparent. It appear* rather ns a striatod grey to very pale groeu rook with a faint sheen. However, the fibre may be readily teased out with the fingers. The asbestos rw.fc occurs in Icngll^ of several feet, but Jomting normal to tin- fibres determines the lengths of individual {poops f>f fibre available*. ` There would Ik- no difficulty in selecting fibres between 2 and 3 inebea long. * Tht mode of oiTun^ut* of the imt*s fibre Is not ns ofcut a* that of the xllj film*. but the ro?.k matrix in which it is found wpiwar* aimihtr to tli.it in which the slip fibre <tutk w. . Ashes?os has bem pttwpectfld by shafts over a total Icngflj of u mile, bi dovelivp>vt is limbed to shallow shafts end open cuts. Much of Ibo fibre is of pov quality, but in at least one section it has-unusual tensile strength and can be, used eosntnemaily. A considerable amount of Up fibre can probably Iw won by routing and hand-picking, bat the frodttetum of macs ftbie uvuld require machinery to separate fibre /rout rvek. A total of 5G tons of fibre lias Vcu produced from Jlindi Biiuli; 4 ton* in J&4S, & ton* 1M3, mul 23 tons in 33*4, The property is now held under sub-lease by n new operator and production on a small sonte is expected to confimuj. At Govtn<dlingt 76 miles north-east of Perth, luuhophyllite deposits neeur in a narrow |*lt of tale voric, probably altered serpentine, which trends in a north-westerly direction and cresses the railway line near CoomaUing Station. Tin* dominant vonutry rock is granite. Asbestosbearing *nne. up to 8 feet wide were reported in sgj.nil shafts and open cuts, but much of the fibre was of inferior quality due to weathering or purjjal alteration to tfilc. The best fibre m reported to hsye sufficient tenr5Its strength mid flexibility for use a an insulator or in the mamitaolute of fibre-cement articles (Wilson, 3023). According lo the records, however, tto 'asbestos has bses produced .from the deposit* which suggests fhM the quantity of higher-grade fibre available is only small. Other Loco!!ttes,--AnthophyllitK has been reported in serj>entine at Mount 200 miles east-north-east of Geraldton, bm no details nf lhe weumacc ovc available. T>e^ositx of fibrous nctinolite ore known in serpentine at several localities near Vcritt*. 73 miles iionb-novlb-east of Kalgoorlie. Tlnth tou? slip fibre e>t<i shorter crett fibre reported, but mostly in a Iiritllc fjt,d il)rjfid fOTsn. / * *&: illtf cfc-ntf <W sK Fibrous aindite, associated will) magnesite and dolomite, occur? hi serpentine, 2 railed north of Goangams>, 50 oiks nortb-oortWest froat iialgoorlic. A lode 18 iuebes wide m exposed is so open.put m 1382, but the grade of fibre was not specified. Some fibre may have iccn produced and sold, bnt there is no record of tl*e aiaoaat. The occurrence of fibrous eetlaolite in serpentine has also been, reported frwn P.itfung, 2d m*W i;ut of Kalgo-.rUe, where 5 tons of onr-' were produced in 11*29, ami from HanNun's lots and other I*--clsiits in iJjc* Coolgardio district. * G. Noutufas Tkkkitoky. Aiitfibphylliie orciiu in association with scipentiac at Hart's Ifitnge, approximately 330*miles north-east of Alice Springs. At one locality :> iu? >< nojili-norih-eftst from Mount Palmer, nnthophyllite is showing freely throughout u serpentine body 500 feet long by 60 feet wide. Tim anthophylHie occurs in narrow ramifying veins of cross fibre and in wider vein? (6 inches to 2 feet) of slip and mass fibre. Wms have been exposed in a uuniW of costcans and pit* to a m.-ixSaimu depth of T feet, hut all (he asbestos showing is weak and brittle, Ko attempt 3ms Wen made to produce fibre from the deposit. H. Ihvrtw anb New Goinsa. t hrnbasic lock are known to occur in both Papua aud New Guinea, htit a? y<>t there U no reliable evidence that they contain desposhs of asbo^os. 6. AUSTRALIAN PRODUCTION. The total production of crude asbestos in Australia from 3$80 to the tod of 19ii h 3,445 tons, consisting of 6,3S0 tons of ehrysoiile, i,7S0 tons of croeidolite and 320 tons of exnphibolc asbestos. Peak pu>du:t*on was in 292i when 1,138 Ions of fibre were produced, of v*h*.'c ?J3 lot:* came from cLrrsotUc deposits al Parrabn. Now South Wales. Production foil sharply when mining at Barraba ceased in 1D23, and for the aext sixteen years, j.c., to the end of 1939, the average annual production of fibre was 132 tons. During t)i Second "World War, production increased from 7S tons Ju 3339 to <64 tom ia 1944, aad in 1345 the production v?at approxi mately 1,700 tons. A further increase is expected in 2946. The production of ash**to? sinee 2933 is summarised in Table IV. (For deiail-. of the production of crude asbestos in Australia from 1SS0 to 1944 rec Tables XI.-5XIV.) TABU! XV. iTtoiu'cnox or Cbvt>e Asbestos }y39 so 1945. Tear. Tent. } 1940 3TU1 !42 7fi 489 252 331 23J.1 ............................... 07$ TCt l'J45 /r*lim.Uod ir paft) r.roo -i 5 It js worthy of note that the croodolito iu the Australian pre 1535 an that crocidolite has becor witLxhiysolfle in the total produ TA AuertitfAx Paooccrioa Typ*. CTiryaotikr ., Cfoablulibo Other AmpliiW*. Total .. ...">d!,ctio.n "* ** *uunedha* still further the relative importance **`1** Iu P45 ocido!it oonsti the total production and ihispcrren 1. OVfiRSE The following information on i been obtained from the Cotacso Statistics >-- Australia's export trade in both s smrill, and has shown marked dot the export of asbestos "oods may of recent exports of crude asbestos Tables Vf. and VII. /' TABU Aostk.ujax ExroKis op Amnio* A ie+i I92 1913 10*4 UK* SOU, Tufa! Cmr 7*4. to: 2i 27 It is worthy of note that the rdtire importance of chrysotilc and eroeklcditc in tb Australian production of asbestos has alt&red since 2035 in that srocidoiitc has become of approximately jim1 importance wit?, id.rysotile in the total production. This iVilhastrated in Table V. TABLE V. Aostsaixax pBoaucwox or Cwme Aennsr*, nr Trrrs. * *ri*. i CUrftoliU LVoceUcUto Other ArapliilxJr 191*44. Ten. Pe cmi, 4,633 >00 03 2.1 1.3 IMS--**. 7m*. IJM t,l5*7 203 _ft..f. >..... / 42.2 *>.* C.6 Toial 5,1)3 100.0 3.17G ^00,0 Production in the immediate future seems certain to emphasize.'till further (lie lolatire importance of creeidolit* in the total Australian output. I 3045 crooidoKw constituted approximately Gf> per cent, of the tottl production and this portentago liholy to inercaie tnMsiO, i 7. OVERSEA TRADE. The following information on experts and imports of atbertos has been obtained from the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics:-- n. .r Exports. Australia'? export trade in both crude n^be^tns ami asbestos goods is small, and has shown marhed decline since 23"9. Jn po^t-nar years, a the export of nsbestos goods may show an upward trend. Figures of recent exports of crude asbestos and asbestos goods are given in Table* Yf. mid YII, t- cu: TAIU/K VT. >r Alstikmax Dxroars or Asbksto? am> Asbwstos <*"*. toil to tMii. lO Yea* tttdMo MHi Jmju*. Tula) <Jnul< T(.1otal VAlne CooOt, TOoi (aaIpVnanlue. ftNJl. Viltic A. Value 1A. Vb* LA, uw-: \^ .. / mi M2 ton )0 im;. .. ........................ 2t n\ao2 cs.riii) 70,193 W2 27 4.KH C17 Xt/j?.i }30W,37J0 S7 2,4.'.:* 33.336 202 ",K)3 2'i.20S St.Oji . ...... _.......................... ... _____________ . : ^.uDS-dJJzfL Exports of trade asbestos wen- net recorded bs a separate item prior Tfce value* of exported asbestos goods was &A.2,124 in 3929-30 and C.M.457 iu 2&3&-SO. Tlx? average for tb* tew-yea? ^xariod was CA.1^78. XAtjr.K vit. Accrtuuax K**t*Trt or a*K"to s*ft A#e>snv* Gooiw, 1943 axn 1944, a>'o Cowimiiiuk to which Kx*kt*. ' Cotiatcr *to/i4. - ....... i ........... CSri*4r 'tw 194*. Turn. fiWrU. CeltMar Year *< Teua. Valse A. Cru^t 1,`ntted Kin;doiB .. \Joiifst States of America XW Wal 23.* 0. 1 13.9 42.8 1.330 c 187 W83 65.3 '3.SS 93.5 171.15 4,203 , 382 1.429 *.074 ToSat r*te ofesport*} AU*- to< gpod* .*. Tofit vnW of t*i**r >- 2IJ59 df, Os{2 ,. 5B.56T* 24.3.'* ........ . Imports. . .Imt>orU into Australia both of crude asbestos and asbestos .goods lure increased Markedly since 1932, and in the year ended $0th Jne, ISIb, reached a maximum value of 705/3S7 sterling. Imports, par- tieului-ly of crude asbestos, cxpucittl to remain at a high level nypeewfiy imtsl the immediate pbsl-vnr bousing programme las been TOiiipleied. jVwe* Till, and IX. summarize the available information .n imports of crude asbestos and of asbestos goods. I'ATJtC Vllf. Australiax Imj'OKTS ov A hi:wto* axb Aeeeros CoOns, 1330 to 1943. YwUl cmtlr Xil'Wl'k* You) Vlu ef Ift'O^nefl Akbcsto* tMHMl.. Total Value el import*. Tei^. ] Value itf. XMtiMZ. Value Si*. (`ISO UK*# Atinmi uw|-- 1930-8*1 . ?<53 I*U4 1943 2.323 9.2 n 4/Hjl 13.254 15,281 12.133 Is/TU i*?19 I6A03 fiQ,*?* 128,494 71.UW 263,192 411.094 357,940 &64.3U5 344,4 ii 5C3.2<i1 I 77,953 03.233 <3.484 174),473 15.7.377 r1.75k 139.585 226,5?* 138.383 272.727 139.864 393.604 5.73.922 521.323 730,3 4S4.033 795.787 TA AuwnJ.ux* l*wrs or As2ftos Col*xtkuj* << OM&irr elOriri*.. CWe CaneiU Ke 7ie#Un<1 Doien ofSouth Africa United |Ci(.g<f{rt .. Pnitoff Suae* of Asotiok [ ov Twit* 5.459 K.liri.t Kia.,* 3.f TeU! 14,397 Vt&iB of Imported Anbnto goorJe .. 1'o43 v&lue ifoporle * . .8. AUSTRALIA** Consumption for 1944 and of erode asbestos, of which 9G per m AttsiraU* during IS34. This i in the atochs held between the Ix-g " apparent consumption " obtained <he IvgttTti for imports rmd suitrat fora, approximately D5 per cent < Australia was provided ty imports production. Some nmositc was jin other ampliibole used was produced s According to reports by th p.im i 1945 was approximately 2S,000 ws satisfied by production from of consumption met from Australia increase ia (*cc page 10). An analysis of Australian const is given m th following table;-- / ' TABU 0iauTjox or ARnrsms Abc*to4roioi products. Whim- pj/x, fee. .. Millbo*rd .. ., lVuter fciHjonp, pact:in"#, Bmko prongs 2*l.\*lic asphidt, ^N-)*os<ei;iof*t, Itope yarn, g**l'ct, a*l**tn riot; 4 29 TABLE IX. . AVSTCAtXSK Jwrwrs or AfilttJ>T09 ASI> AAMBTOR GOOUB *!< 1023 A> 1944 AK& Oouktriks or Oaieis or Assumes. > ------- ---------------------------T- Owb'fr >( Clil'l. Cafca&u VfWlMS. bkMUt Vw iNi, \ t Tv*'. . Vs*X&U> Totd. * Vh*iS*. , Crude A*1**!**. Onuuta Rer% Z&lutul Hl'CwMa fSowt licrn) Uftkm ofSorth Aff>e*t United Kingdom, >. limited Stolen of An^ricA 5,430 K.11K.S K1S.Q 7.03 I.S5 102,399 3*9.336 *4.200 6C1 two 6,flu.r S. 15 n.2 1,7*1.2 U.4 0.15 150.317 25 , *20.463 10.855 J.OM ^os TUJ 24.397 447.SGA 14.001.35 43*1,355 Vsluo of roporti A'bcsloa goods .. Total vaJuc. ><a;0rt> 137,877 M5.745 .. - 1&4.41& / 6&U5C . .8. AUSTRALIAN CONSUMPTION. Consumption for 1944 and 1945.--Approximately 14,800 ions of crude :i$Lmio, of which 0C pci cent, svns chrysotile, were'Consumed in Australia during 1944. Tins figure does not allow for xjyriatious in lbe nocks held between the beginning; and end of 1044 and as the "apparent consumption" obtained by adding domestic production to the ftgun* for imports and subtracting the exports. In 1944, there fore* approximately 05 \cr cent, of the crude asbestos consumed in Australia was prortdod by imports and only 5 per cent, by domestic pTodoctron. Seme ameeite wn imported, but all the emidolile and other nmpMholc used was produced in Australia. According to reports by the principal users of asbestos, consumption in 3945 v#9 approximately 38,000 tons, of which about 7 per cent, was satisfied by production from domestic source*. The pcitentage of consumption met from Australian sources of supply is expected to inmost in 1946 (see page 30). An analysis of Australian consumption of erode ueWstos by uses is given in the following tables-- TABLE X. Covm.mitiom or Abisr.sTos in Acsthama n* U*k. * `Snmtimlr IVi> Ute. A>bc*to*>cerceot pio^iurt s, b'.riltlngsnatertal. pipe*. Ae. .. Boirt't packing*, *mi4Uon waicri.'d Mastic n'plott, *fcl**tn\'C*fnent, Ro(< yarn, ga'fce**, /iabr*f<'= rirjfJriog, A'r, 95.0 2.0 1.G 1.0 0.3 9,2 100.0 t i l i , S "*~-"'*rr~rrrr Anticipated Fah.re of en*3g asbestos in tr0S that co&susopUau * h it tV. " UcTm l fa^ n c^Lm^tion may satisfied. 9. GENERAL SUMMARY. A4iit<y ^ypurs in every Slate &f tbe Commonwealth, but with lie C-Xcrption of the crovidoltte deposits in the Jfnmcisiey ranges, tt'ottem nhtrb sfo tvy bnyp, arailaUe reserves arc VVieved lok / relatirely wnalh / Consumption of asbestos lit A'lMra's* ling inirtcesw! markedly since 30^1, ami fcaeJisd approximately 3$,000 tons in 2345. Consotop* bo u Htcl? to ccniinuc at this level Ur several years. /. SWnctWu rf ***? *" a"*Tt*Sni^ if'?*$ ewed-d * <c !idred wui, J**11 , 1(Jj? ,)10Jiidion amounted to flpprpxiinatelf pJAuction in 2345 was approxi- A ** tfcr^pntftivP pfodwJ^aTu^ctur^ i* tiu tfawetikv Bungcs m osWios wwent pi SCfi to 20 or JESS paU for JOiportwS c^TTaot^fcAigtirohi* tin- nWij i*M Tjit "Vo" peJ'.*1* of^tl.c need to imi*ort eJirysotito to total ntmtutl consumption cbry*otfl* is not JiioAy to at. rctirim,enU of AmtraUa Jt utUor wjWM, W** . ' \,,SiraY>u |>rodw.*3<ra f* 5 4 *t. of tU Mrtrfibr ccocldoht*' -;V/l n,.{? fr0m domestic k for most of tlm i^doHt, ,>.i,,, may ,J, 3.000 to 3,000 fen* per 10. REFERENCES. In nation to *> reference., i^ted below, . ^ deposits has ten4i*a*n from !j'U^`f^S4 rtn from *!* BiUrm Surrey- i" J^bkVwTrtTwSv t>( *i: Stnt **<1 prepared by *cr t*(4wvmw4Uicb l*w Wctv avoUaVbt TcrrrtortM, #d of ** vo 5 by courtly of 0* _..,? Or'vamations concerned, ^$ !& Lte Minrs P^f MS '*'-- >-'ai-5'-TM ^ r<"l5Ul!ea- UST OF MAm'.X. 1044. (^rtvoUlv /W, p. 3.S. rvnt^itu. >T- s- v-tt. A y.Vr, .w. W, |v c*. ii/-fe>(.. s, is,, io| t x. .ik, iri#. u*'- Tf. S>*.. 1 T. p- *3. HiciWin. S, ,. |P4X .v<j. ty. sy. .Wiw. riiifiinNc. K. J.. XulIiiW.C, 4.. nnA "fi-tf* l'i- i*tnl .V}jlinJrti X. h't'f, tr, Aittf.Xe. i). K. 4., Th Woe AsW WV-ti-ru Ay*tro!i'. -(#. CVoC * Jr. A ifit, .Ye, 4P. Vvtett, 5. S.. }R4i ylie Wo* AJ-i*k tJivir KtfOMQutvt: IfjJ3. A, f... Jfrt(f. A*r*r-|o in tlvc Cnn" t*on of Africa, */. J ttnu-Jin^. <;. K.. I?d7. on tl*<e 3t and Fuic C^msr' --AxWsto*. 2**i daefc, I;, h. 193*). J<-iorl <w t% lHw> of Mhd>fk*. S. J ot!. JUu. Strr. .V*. &> Afivk, }.*. X.. J9SJ. * iUe .A-le-i C.v rfwi a.s Unn.UiA oi Pn-ltt, ,v, ,<*, K- 1... on NSVt^T^ V< y{ ifinWir, f)> A*t- Jfi'it, A'fv. -V. ijiic*. K. >r. f942. 2*l.r K0u A*!,P.r^-?fas tftWT,4*< fcsofcn'A, Weti*rM AjtxirajJJa. Uasvatf. If. A v, y. tOit, At.W.la, VUiinry, 1*1' If. Tf?2. .MiMeral lytlnsley / VVW. x tnliUo*Ai. jyfO, Asdn'-tos h* tt 7`. x, A. X". >i. !:2-V Tt 24 .. t',, Jici. flo.vsotife* .Ailtrsiw tt.)/'*< /.*-(< t ffrp, .Vo, "ff*, jtjt. 40>?>t. >ii|vu, K. S.. f!22. TUc AA*^<o /!</'. ir. Auxi. ft>T ]i>2i, jo ms Vut'ivfir*^-. U'. if., j fj17. AiftCAtt*.* *t A Om, f,',., X. ',, tVnrd. I. K.. {fif. Kv>A<n VnUey A V*. t!-" ). fin. AVitk. 3,. K.. (aj. l*At Jsivfr. K. J*'. X /rtf. .XV. <*6'. p. U)!.(. ii i^. iy^. VW Xwo <J*tfdn-M<, X*-rtIi.UV*i i>i\,i*on, .ln. p, 5ii. VVil*OB. 1',. 4,. * n . i mo. fa, |,(i .S.In-->l'- p. c?. J .* LIST OF SEFBEEKCBS. *, 3 Mum** V. lifc Climotile AAm*. Hr* "<V- Mime*. W. Atr*f. for W y. *s. Cornelin*. K. $., )4l. A*WU* A't. X*. 1., 0. e* 0**|urfmn Stat**, H. Art!. Ui. ji. 3|H( Corwlni*. II, k_ 1fn:s. A.iovtn* Mio*. Hundred fritrid\, IS. Mix. krt. So. 76, |i. *:{. Ok-kin^Mi. S. It., 1043- Abeu>* Mine, Hundred of JSrigto, S, Anal. ifin. Bee. -Vo, 1$. i-, >. nuonn*. K- r., KhikH, C, .1.. tkl Telford, If. ,T.. iKtt. TW flirvwtik IHrpndls M lh*. J'ilttnjs **d tinjdftrM*, ,1'fv Cent. ml Ifroftiiff*. Hmt. of V. key. V, 404/. Xo. ,54, Kiuncartu. K. J., 1333, Tin? Itlne A*Ii*to TV{<oi(ft of tin* Hdmrnrtey Ilimfiw, Wcviwn Australia. Acs, OVoI. owl 4>rr. of X. Aunt- Ksp. IP. AvmI. Xo. 4U. Cos.nl], J. S- IS42. TIi 2)hu> Al*4to4 IVpoetti of tfe* llameraley Range* and IHeir l>oHvjttir lT|ortunc'. Cwl, Sore, It'. 4tr*f. Jlnll. So. 160. Hall, A. I... A*d*M* hi Ike Union < South Afnet, IJcpt, Mines t*. lad., ! Union `if Smith A(riiA, Hoot. timer. AScm, X*. H, j. <. Howling, (Jt. I*.. J03T. Report * the Mitwral Industry of On* BritUli Kmpirr and Foreign {'minifies--A'U*ts Imp. Itat. itiurret Jteo. frrpl. lark, R. J-., lyjff Jlr}K7t on h Drwoven* .f of ktinkin', ft. A***. AH", i'rc. So. JO* j, XS, in fiecHrm Jo, Hundred .litrfc, R, h'i'f-nt on the ni fierikw 2,\ >1 :t.\. limnlf** of Itright, X, ,4waf. Hit'. Rcr. So, 3$, p. *S. t.nk, Jl. J... 1323. m ilincial S*i, UlW*. Rorlimt Iji, UnIrd of MiMbrio. ,v. ,4ns/. Min. AV. So. .Iff, j, SI, Mlfes. K. }t,, 1042, 'J'fio HIit* ArAetfift-IkMrlng Jinmled Inw Fommlinn* of tire llnmondry Range'*. \V4*rM Aulrnliu, iirot, Anro. It*. A rot. Jil[, So. JOB. liaypatt, II. <J,. 1!*24. A`l*fu*. Jvnnrv, rhiorsiwr, 4o.. f/rol. Rum. A'^IK. JImU. Xo. H. If, 0,. 1325. Mineral Unlthrtry of 5s,XAV'.---A>>Ue4t;, Coot. urp. XJ*.IP. VAVl. A. ttclUtoih, wo. Toe. A'op. Xo. . Kerrt, A. yh-hiUt-h. 1W', Ko, on. Avtamo* IW TtVstrirt, <5rol. Karo. Tifo !Hernia* Mineral Ki*W. Cvot, Xtirr. To*, fi*U. ttOfi, 3. C,. C1>rv*ntli* AtlrwUi* In Cnii.utn, T>ejrt, of ifirtr*, Canaria, Jfinea Isnotch Rtf. X. 3f>7. j.j., d!-5l. Sjnrpwn, K. S'.. 1022. The I.i-nrrI A.lu-^Hre FmM. I'IIIkijh ColdHeld, A**. /?p. Dept, Xittt* It*. ,!>>,?, far JU2f, \k IoS, Twehttn*f**, "*. >{.. !iM7. A*hr-to nf. Atalerson* Chcvk. Cent. Svro. Tns. Min. Uc*. Xo. 4, Ward, L. K.t ISoT {} K**ut'.u Valfry JV^h. V. .IW, .Win, Per. So. 65. j>. \tark, h. K.., 1f;n It). ,\-Wtn\ MorlV^nst *) Uyndoeh <m tke 'Sorth Prft Riser, S. Hit. AVr, .Vo, 66. p. 5S 11. <\, 4322, *nr fVrj-.-fts xA fir* Tltfinr* anU WTMt T7T'.*a GoldfieirK, N'onli*'V*t>si pjvitimi. ,t. Rep. Mi*'* U\ -tir.f, for lb21.\ li. 111- IVifaon, ii, fi<23. ,ti AW^t<r nt CoomaHing. .In*, ftry. B^pt. Wine* ir. .4 ..of. for MU, p. 67. 32 ? I X c <4 5 * '-U.--2 v-. i-' * '"T>-`,'v\-'*V:s*rOi. '*-` 34 OOesi ** .28 S .gas f. 6g9 o J & s-' 5SS?.: $s ss s r>n S' 55 / X! *1 sS *S 58 . . .882 JUIItilgS*5 r> * * 9^ o \ SS SS S 3SS SS8SS?gSS on . I . - ..................... ... l_-i_Ani-aot i; u n*S*Z S3 fr g B r*>? ..3f.is!S<^to*fSwlo--=i^-r' %? izs9$s-o-n *S82;e*5 *i * IS4 < A CXS >1 Xj2 *I St I 21 Ac r *r ** 5 "2t9& S^2sSaJ&?c* ---- wi --a SS? .gSSSJSgffSSf- 1 8- 8ggSSiisS2= ' *o SIS? t |0 *1* s.s... -SSS8 3 $'* ' <rotJ<>9 inW no-oneoj ->. r.s* r>43*-y? -C 6 gsssgggssg 'SSggipgsS :  p4- I3G TABUS XV. t Aa&Kix 1`jmtorscnoa--vhtiuija. v**. <TlWk6lr. Jm IX ('hrymltk. Tour, IA. Aatr**fr, TMrl A. Totaf? *Toaa. U. 1<* ., lf*M .. 1-v- .. IhKl-M J'Kl .. * I'ft* .. * .. t*'i .. lfK.7 ., im .. Iwn .. isjo-N im 1<6 ., 1917 .. >ms ., 191:* ., 195m .. msi ,,. 1922 .. ittfa .. is** ,. isy.-... HWO .. .. ift?< .. 1! .. I{l> .. !?$1 .. vest ,, JtCCT .. i'XU .. ite .. nor, .. Jtm .. 193? .. IM* .. 1 ,. w .. Jtu* .. J .. I?M4 .. 4% .. *4 it.nr. i\ .nft ,# ,- , .von 2.0(1 7, 4.00 .. t, 1,00 20.06 j.W -< JS.W 76.00 !.* G7.<K> 4W.oy -ii ftft 142.00 2;9.00 I.WG.W* 2*..00 1J.$y < ., 4.<13 ,. ,, 46,00 2,83 *1 2v \.S> 27-10 204,40 247.H0 $12.30 7t 1,140.33 742.IW j>.] ;JJ*.K5 80 73 28 30.74 103.34 10.80 11.70 2.73.05 *2.36 f8 J2J.U1VI 100.05 ri:r 28.fW> 153.00 Wl 058 U>U 14100 138.00 2s.W 2,01* B8.1W 1.613 1.00 H\335 lfc,n 8.8ft 128.00 476.*5 46I.W 55 6'if m 113 43 i./wo 134 J 271 5.130 4.0X0 14.626 37.021 10.O1S 8.2M S2M 1/41 2,750 304 782 14.721 4.728 1.502 1,702 4.017 2,i73 2.$$9 3.088 1,0.-41 2.RSI V32 4.S30 J 0,368 IG.778 12,40 7,50 6.40 R.08 15.00 1.50 ,4 10.00 ,t 12.40 8,00 40-00 . 4 00 > 4 00 .w 13.25 7.00 58.00 *7,00 Cl.00 0.00 23.00 320.00 353 15.40 32.1 73 7,60 00 .<W M fO.W 15.8U 4.65 % 363 113 J.7 50 5.00 40.00 J.SOO i*v> 17,S3 301 fi 0.85 52.50 10c 37.10 . 204.40 48 250,00 G4 823.50 57C U82,35 "45.0$ 326.20 77 .{* 50.74 20 209.84 10.80 H.70 555.95 85.30 122,07 150.93 79.00 J5SiOt> 176.00 W 238.00 12* 140 40 240 370 I63.W1 173.27 7S 00 450,60 VA .Zto C29 331.00 K7 07S.23 220 763,99 in 240 37) 5,13<i 4.7M U.70) 37,363 13,018 S.460 2.2V6 l.('r41 5.74$ 364 782 14.721 4,728 1.CJ0 1J192 5,0Sft 2.973 3.24S 4.3S2 3,156 5.9l J.KS5 lij.OTT, V.7V4 1J .291 20,783 27.0.76 3,107 8.44.7 <* 24I.4J5