Document e51ZG6Ok7v1GaywZ0vMxmqEV4

FILE NAME: Z,, DATE: DOC#: , OCUMENT DESCRIPTION: ZZZW^ZZE/K^,dZ ,,^,ZZZ -a leview of NIOSR Testing of 30 Hand Held and Standing Hair Dryers for Asbestos Release Report to CPSC Contract # CPSC-C-78-0l09 William J. Nicholsou, Ph. D. Mount Sinai School of Medicine ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LABORATOity COC:1 G10000 1 Introduction Tiis report is in response to a request by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) to revi~v the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) study of asbestos emissions from various hand h~ld and standing hair dryers. The reviev includes a discussion of the sampling and analytical techniques utilized by rrlOSH, a comparison of results obtained by NIOSR with other environmental asbestos measurements, and, in an appendix, a discussion of possible health consequences from asbestos concentrations that are found in the effluent of some hair dryers. Sam~ling and Analytical Techniques The procedures developed to sample the effluent air from bair dryers are, by far, the best utilized in any available report to date. Care is taken to assure that clean air. uncontaminated by asbestos fibers, enters the dryer and a good determination is made of toeal dryer effluent and the fraction collected for analysis. While isokinetic sampling vas not utilized. this vculd be difficult to achieve under the circumseances of testing high velocity air streams from a variety of dryers. The absence of isokinetic conditions may result in an underestimate (as ~e air velocity through the sampling bead exceeded tbe duct air velOCity), but this vould be a relatively small effect. A greater underestimate of fiber release from tbe dryers may occur from the analytical procedures used to quantitate the number and mass of asbestos fibers released. Firstly, collection of fibers on Millipore filters and the subsequent CisaQlutiouof the filters by a Jaffe vick me~od can lead to significant fib~r loss (perhaps up to 80%) unless extreme care is taken. CC02 G100002 .' percent of the effluents measured were typi~al of the ambient ai~. Ho~ever, without further data it is not possible to determine if this is an attribute of the model tested or the particular dryer tested (in its current state of use). Special concern must be paid to standing dryers because of the possibility of their nearly ~ontinuous use, often in confined spaces, in hair salons. Here a build up of asbestos concentrations in excess of that in dryer effluents can occur. SUMMARY Using analytical techniq~es which may underestimate the concentration of asbestos, NIOSH has clearly demonstrated that some hair dryers release considerable quantities of asbestos fiber. The fiber concentrations in the effluent of some dryers exceeded the highest we have measured in eight years of surveillance of environmental asbestoB contamination. Appendix 1 discusses the possible health risks of such concentrations. While the risk to an individual from the intermittent use of an asbestos emitting hair dryer is less than that from many current occupational asbestos exposures, the large number of individuals that may be exposed clearly calls for the elimination of the exposure. C003 GI00003 Appendix 1 ENVIRONMENTAL ASBESTOS CONTAMINATION AND HUMAN HEALTH EITECTS Report to CPSC Contract # CPSC-C-78-0l09 William J. Nicholson, Ph. D. Mount Sinai School of Medicine " . coo~...... GI00004 The contamination from spray sices vas extensive. with asbestos debris o l covering the sidewalks aDd streets adjacent to the building. Attempts vere made on some job sites to contain the spray by tarpaulins, but these were often torn, loosely secured, and ineffective as containment. It is difficult to imagine contamination about a factory. even forty years ago, exceeding that from the direct spraying of asbestos materials into a community from a building 40 or more stories high. The evaluation of building air was in schools in which damage, sometimes ext~sive, had occurred to friable asbestos surfacing material in hallways or cafeterias. In some schools, the students had reached up to the ceiling and physically dislodged asbestos material. The household measurements were made in the homes of ~orkers employed in chrysotile mining operations in California and Nevfoundland. At the time neither sho~er facilities nor adequate change rooms ~ere available to the workers.' Thus, the households sar 'ed occassionally had visible asbestos fibers in the living areas of the house as well as dusty clotbes a~aiting cleaning in laundry facilities. ANALY'l'ICAL TECHNIQUES In these measurements, the same analytical techniques have been utilized as vere originally developed for the analysis of ambient air samples of cbrysotile asbestos.5 Thus. there is a direct comparability in the results of all analyses reported here. All samples were collected on 0.8 ~ pore size membrane filters and analyzed using electron microscopic techniques that determined the amount of .chrysotile asbestos in each specimen. This variety of asbestos was quantitated because it could eaSily-be identified on the basis of its unique tubular structure. Amphibole asbestos (either amos1te or crocidolite) could also be present in the air of buildings or in the ambient air, but it is much less commonly found. Bowever, 1 ~cgt ~ the a1. aampled, a~~ aabeato$ wo~ld add to tbe ~ou~CDt~&tiOU$ ~epo~ted here. coos G100005  4 , -'rs, higher values than those mentioned above were obtained. 7 These were six-to-eight hour s~les collected berween 8:00 A.M. and 5:00 P.M., and' reflect what could be ictermittently higher concentrations during those hours compared to night. time periods, for example. Table 2 records the chrysotlle content of 22 samples collect~d in the five boroughs of New York. It should be noted that tbe samples analyzed in all of the studies discussed above were taken during a period when fireproofing high rise buildings by spraying asbestoscontaining materials vas permit~ed. The practice was especially common in New York City. ~ile no sampling station was known to be located adjacent 'to an active construction site, unusually high levels could nevertheless have resulted from the procedure. Other sources tbat may have '.contributed to these air concentrations include automobile braking, other construction actiVities, co"sumer use of asbestos products and maintenance or repair activities of' asoestos-containing materials (thermal insulation, for ~ple). CHRYSOTltE AS!ESTOS CONc.tNTRA!IONS !!OCT CONSTRUCTION SIrES !o determine 1 construction activities could indeed be a significant source of cbrysotUe fiber in the ambimt air, six-to-eight hour daytime sampling was conducted in lover Mauhattan in 1969 about sites where extensive spraying of 4sbestos-containing fireproofing material was taking place. 4,7 Eight sampling sites were established about the World Trade Center'construction si~e during the period ben asbestos materials were sprayed on the steelwork of. the, first tover. Table 3 shows the results of those sites located wi:hin one-half mile of the Trade Center site and demonstrated that spray fireproofing can contribute significantly to asbestos air pollution. In some instances, cb Jt~e asbestos levels approximately 100 times the concentrations typically found in tbe ambimt air were observed. 0006 G100006 CHRYSOTILE CONCDfl'RAl'IONS IN 1'RE HOMES OF WORKERS The finding of asb~stos dis~ase in family contacts of individuals occupationally exposed to the fiber directs attention to air concentrations in the homes of such ~orkers. Thirteen samples have been collected in the homes of asbestos mine and mill employees and analyzed for chrysotile. The workers were employed at mine operations in California and Newfoundland and did not, at the time of sampling (1973 and 1976) have access to shower facilities nor commonly change clothes before going home. Table 5 lists the concentrations range of these ~amples. Three samples taken in homes of non-miners in Newfoundland yielded concentrations of 32, 45, and 65 ng/m3 . In contrast, the workers homes were much higher, pointing to the need for appropriate shower and change facilities in asbestos ~orkp1aces. As asbestos cancers have been documented in family contacts of w... _..:.ers. concentrations such as seen here should be viewed with particular concern. DISCUSSION Three sets of data have been obtained demonstrating significant environmental contamination by asbestos in different circumstances. Seventeen samples collected at various sites about the World Trade Center during the spraying of asbestos materials on the steelwork for fireproofing purposes were analyzed for chrysoti1e asbestos. Twenty-seven samples collected in public schools with damaged asbestos surfac~s and 13 in the homes of asbestos mine ~d mill employees were also studied. In all cases the sampling was designed to reflect the more serious instances of contamination in these circumstances. The severity o Jme of the conditions sampled was sufficiently great that it is difficult to imagine conditions even in past years, more egregious than those considered here. 0007 GI00007 8 would primarily consist of deaths from mesothelioma and lung cancer. Other data are 1n hand linking the incidence of lung cancer in workers engaged in asbestos mining and milling and asbestos products manufacturing to total dust concentrations in the workplace. 13,14 The best fit to these data demonstrate a linear relationship between total dust and the rate of excess mortality from bronchogenic carcinoma. Even though fiber concentrations are unavailable in these studies, the linear relationship, with no evidence of a threshold below which disease does not appear, suggests that any extrapolation of the risk of asbestos disease in occupational circumstances to environmental exposures should utilize a linear relationship. If 10% of the deaths in workers exposed to 60,000 ng/m3 are asbestos related, such an extrapolation suggests that 1/6000 deaths will be asbestos ralated,at daily, environmental exposures of 100 ng/m3 and 1/600 at 1000 ng/m3 If the exposures are intermittent, the risk would be correspondingly reduced. While these risks are considerably less than those of occupational circumstances, concern arises from the fact that millions of people may be exposed to multiple sources of lower concentrations through the daily use of such products as asbestos insulated hair dryers, habitation of public and pr~vate buildings containing asbestos materials as fireproofing, acoustic or thermal insulation, and in other en~ronmental circumstances. C008 G100008 Table 2 Distribution of 4- to a-hour day~1me cnrysot11e asbestos concentrations in the ambient air of New York City 1969 - 1970 .A.sbes~os concentration (ng/m3) tess than 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 Number of samples o 1 4 8 16 21 22 Percentage of samples 0.0 4.5 18.1 36.4 12.7 95.4 100.0 COC9 GI00009 Table 4 Distribution of chrysotile asbestos concentrations in 4- to a-hour samples taken in public schools vith damaged asbestos surfaces Asbestos concentration (ng/m3) Less than S 10 20 SO 100 200 500 1000 2900 Number of saml)les a 1 1 6 12 19 2S 26 27 ?erce:ntage of samples 0.0 3.7 3.7 22.2 44.4 70.4 92 .. 6 96.3 100.0 C0:10 GIOOOIO , " References 1. Nicholson, W. J. Cancer folloving occupational exposure to asbestos and vinyl chloride. 1977. Cancer 39:1792-1801. 2. Ne~house, M. and Thompson, H.. Mesothelioma of pleura and peritoneum fo11o~ing exposure to asbestos inthe London area. Br. J. Ind. Med. 11:261-269.(1965) 3. Anderson, R. A. et a1. Asbestosis among household contacts of asbestos factory ~orkers. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. In press. (1979) ,4. Greenberg, M. and Davies, T.A. Mesothelioma Register 1967-68. Bt. J. of Ind. Med. 1UL:9l-l04. 1974 5. Nicholson, W. J. and Pundsack, F. L. Asbestos in the environment. Biological effects of Asbestos, Lyon, International Agency for R~search on Cancer, 126-130. (1973) 6. Nicholson, W. J. Measurement of asbestos in ambient air, Final Report, Contract CPA 70-92, National Air Pollution Control Administration (1971). 7. Nicholson, W. J., Rohl, A. N. and Ferrand, E. F. Asbestos air pollution in N~' York City. In Proceedings of the Second Clean Air Congress, (eds.) England, R. M. and Barry, W. T. AcademiC Press, Ne~ York (1971) 8. Nicholson, W. J. et a1. Contamination of U.S. Schools by asbestos surfacing materials. N. Y. Acad. Sci. In Press. (1979) 9. U.S. Environmental Protection. National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants. Federal Register 38:8820 (April 6) 10. Peto, J. The hygiene standard for chrysoti1e asbestos. Lancet 1:484-489. (197'8) 11. Committee on Hygiene Standards. Hygiene standards for chrysoti1e asbestos dust. British Occupational Hygiene Society. Ann. Occup. Hyg. l!:47-69 12. U, S. Environmental Protection Agency. Criteria for asbestos in vater. (1979) 13. McDonald, J.C. Mortality in Canadian miners and millers exposed to chrysoti1e. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. In press. 1979 14. Henderson, V. t. and Enterline, Philip. Asbestos exposure factors associated ~itb excess cancer and respitatory disease mortality ..Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. In press. 1979 OO~L G100011 .. -, TESTINC OF HAIR DRYEaS fOR ASBESTOS EMISSIOUS Charles L. Ger~c1! Jr., Ph.D. Paul A. Baron, Ph.D. James Y. Carter Da\"id L. Smi th \" Interagency Agreecent NIOSH,IA-79-29 with U.S. Consumer Product Safety Cocmis.ion U. S. Department of Health, Education. and Yelfare Public Health Service Center for Disease Control ~ational Institute for Occupational' Safety and Health Division of Physical Sciences and Ensineering Cincinnati. Ohio September, 1979 C01.2 GI00012 ., TEsrIl~C OF HAIR DRYEP.S FOR ASBESTOS EMISSIOllS Charles L. Ger~ei! Jr., Ph.D. Paul A. Baron, Ph.D. James Y. Carter Dav-id L. Sm! th .\Interagency Agreecent NIOSR'IA-79-29 with u.s. Consumer Product Safety Cocm1ssion U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Public Health Service Center for Disease Control ~ational Institute for Occupational' Safety and Health Division of Physical Sciences and Ensineering Cincinnati, Ohio September, 1979 C012 G100012 -. ~ J~PORT TO TKE U.S. COHSUHER PRODUCT SAFETY C011MISSION ON TESTING OF HAIR DRYERS FOR AS2ESTOS EMISSIO~S BY THE DIVISION OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Background Beginning in April 1979, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (N!OSH) furnished to the Consumer Product Safety Co~m1ssion '(CPSC) the laboratory and other support services necessary-to test the effluent air of hand-held hair dryers for asbestos fibers. The need to determine the possible release of asbestos fibers from hand-held hair dryers containing asbestos insulation materials yas realized by CPSC as a result of neys media disclosure of asbestos release and a petition by the Environmental Defense Fund, Inc. (EDF). The petition presented by EDF requested that CPSC proceed under the Consumer Product Safety Act to remove hair dryers containing asbestos from the consuaer marketplace. Prelicinar] evidence yas presented by EDY Yhic~ allegedly demonstrated the ability of seweral hair dryers containing asbestos insulation caterial to 'ecit asbestos fibers. To fully evaluate the potential consumer exposure tc asbestos froc asbestos containing hand-held hair dryers CPSC detereinec that the identification and quantitation of fibers emitted by the dryer! having lengths and diameters of as little as 1 microceter (um) or les! would be necessary. To accomplish this task any samples generaced youlc require analysis by a transmission electron mieroscope (rEM) capable of performing energy dispersive analysis of x-rays (EDAX) and selected arec electron diffraction (SAED). The aetual sampling of effluent air from the hair dryers vould also require expertise and capabilities in ~he area of (013 G100013 air s~opling and the fabrication of controlled atmosphere tast Both the sacpl~ng and analysis experience. necessary to perforc a study 0 this type reside within the Division of Physical Sciences and Engineerin (DPSE) of NIOSH. On April 12, 1979, NIOSH and CPSC entered into a Lnteragency Agreement to acco~plish the task of evaluating potentia consucer exposure to asbestos released by hair dryers. Objective The pr10ary objective of the project was to quantitate and identif asbestos structures in the effluent air of hand-held hair dryers durin operation. Making this determination would require the following: 1. A count of asbestos structures and fibers sampled during operatio of the product. 2. Qualitative identification by EDAX or SAED of fibers saopled a being asbestos or non-asbestos. 3. Determination of the size distribution of sampled asbestos fibe lengths and di~meters. 4. Determination of fiber count and fiber mass per cubic ceter 0 effluent a1r. To meet the needs of the project a system to determine asbesto emissions from hair dryers was fabricated and validated by NIOSH. sampling of hair dryers. new and used. that contained asbestos wa collected by CPSC and subcitted to UIOSH for testing. All dryers wer -2OO~4 G100014 tested ~s recei~ed fro~ CPSC. rest Systec The valid determination of asbestos release from the hair dryers decanded the test system meet several reqnirements. Pre.... ious tests (1-4) indicated that a valid deter~ination of the amount of asbestos ecitted by various hair dryers vould "require a clean sampling system capable of accurately determining asbestos concentrations over a wide range. Therefore, the air entering the hair dryers in the test systea vas filtered to elicinate the possibility of external asbestos contamination and to reduce the amount of background particulate that might interfere with the electron microscope analysis of the samples. The high flowrate of air through cany of the dryers precluded cocple~e collection of the efflu~nt.~ Therefore, the test system was designed to obtain an accurate represent;tive sacple ot"the hair dryer effluent. The bair dryer test system consisted of several co~ponents including a clean air source, a sampling duct assembly, several types of monitoring equipment and filter samplers. A schematic of the tes t system 1s shown in Figure 1 The high flowrate (up to 2 m3 /oin) produced by so!:!e hair dryers required a high flowrate, clean air source to elioinate background interferences during testing. A test tunnel in the NIOSH dust laboratory ~as adapted for these tests. Two 60 cm x 60 cm high efficiency particulate air (PoEPA) filters in series were used to remove ambient particulate. The ducting around the high flowrate blower was sealed to prevent -3- 001.5 G100015 -. .r~con:~oination of the "ir introduced into the speci~lly constructed clear air test chamber (volume~ 1111 3 ). The airstream entering the test cha~ber was deflected by a cetal plate and diffused through a punched-holl screen. Excess airexhausted from the test chamber via a 25 em square porI through which the sa~pling duct entered. With the entire systet operational and a hair dryer operating, a positive pressure in the hood 01 approxicately 0.15 ca H20 was obtained. This pressure was low enough to preclude any significant. effect on hair dryer operation. Th e ail velocity through the exit port was hiah enough ( 100 em/sec) to prevent turbulent back diffusion of aobiect air into the hood. That pottion of thE tes t system ia which the dryer was placed is herein referred to as th~ clean air hood. A dry box glove was fit t ed to the side of the hood to p e rml t oanlpulation of the hair dryer controls during a tes t run Yithout contaainating the hood with ambient air. The air exhausting from the sampling duct was fed back into the inlet of the test tunnel HEPA filter to prevent potential asbestos escape iote the laboratory. A velocity profile was obtained in the return air duct in order tr. estiaate the total air flow through the clean air supply. The velocity it the 12.7 co dla~eter duct was uniformly ;62 co/sec indicating a flowrate of 5.78 a 3/min. The sa~plins duct asseably consisted of a one meter lencth of 18 cn dia~eter duct and various tapered adapters vh1ch allowed d1ract connectior. to the outlet of various shaped hair dryers. The duct was selected to be -4- 00:16 GI00016 larse enough to easily cont~in three side by side "37 co filter cassette sacplers. The sacpling protocol Yas subsequently changed to use a single ~ ~illipore aerosol open-type 47 me filter holder Yith a stainless steel body and support screen. The ~alls of the duct and "tapered sections were coatee vith oil to prevent reentrainment of particles froo the surface of the duet, thereby assuring that particulate froc anyone dryer ~ould not be detected during subsequent tests. Based on work by Liu and Agarwal (5) the losses in the duct of particles soaller t~an 5 um aerodynamic diameter were expected to be less that 10% for the flowrates of all the hair dryers tested. The air~low througt the duct for these flowrates was in the turbulent regime indicating thai the potential source of any primary particle losses expected wo~ld bl turbulent impaction on the of the duct rather than gravitational settelinl of the particles. Sampling the hair dryer air supply and effluent was accomplished b: using 37 mm and 47 em filter cassettes, respectively, and 0.8 um PQrl "size oixed cellulose ester membrane filters. These filters have greate than 99% efficiency for all particles of interest (6). A vacuum pump vas used to draw 69.4 liters per minute of air throug" the '7 mm filter cassettee. The sacpling system vas calibrated using a American Meter Company 150 liter spirometer. An MSA Model G pucp ~as use to sample the supply air at 2 liters per minute vith a 37 mm open-fac cassette. Calibration of this system vas accomplished vith a soap fil bubble meter. -5OO~7 Gr00017 S~~plin~ ~t 69.4 L/oin allowed collection of a sufficient voluce of effluent in a reasonable amount of tice to allow an accurate determination of airborne particulate concentrations. Any possible error because of the resulting anisokinetlc sampling was judged negligible since the major source of error lies with particles larger and heavier than those expected from the hair dryers. Also, cost treatcents of anisokinetic samplin6 error assuce laminar flow in the sample streac. As stated previously, the flow in the sacpling duct was turbulent and not laminar. Three different real time particle monitors were used during the assembly and initial testing of the hair dryer test syst~m. These instruments included a Royco Model 225 connecte4 to a multichannel analyzer. a Particle Measuring Systecs (PMS) ASAS-X particle spectrometer and a" CCA Fibrous Aerosol Monitor (rAU). All of these instruments detect" particles by their light scattering properties. The Royco Model 225 yas used to determine the uniformity of distribution of particles across the sampling duc~. Monodlsperse. 12 um potassium biphthalate particles were generat~d using a ISI, Berglund-Liu generator. These particles were injected into the duct just downstreae of an operating hair dryer which produced 4 duct air velocity of 58 em/sec. A probe connected to the Royco particle counter was inserted into the duct at the sacpling location and nine representative locations across the duct were saepled. The coefficient of variation at tbese nine traverse P9int locations was less than 0.08, indicating acceptably uniform distribution of particles vithin the duct. Sampling the hair dryer effluent at various locations within the duct was thus expected to be representative of the -6- 00:18 GrOOOIS entire effl\!ent. The PliS ASAS-X aerosol' spectrometer vas used to monitor the effectiveness of the ~ir cleaning system. range vere monitored with the ASAS-X Particles in the 0.15 to 0.30 um since this size pro~uced a rapid instrument response and vas expected to have the highest' penetration into the clean air systec. Ambient particle concentrations (0.15 - 0.30 um) were reduced by a factor of 40 in the clean air hood (see Table 1). Background filter samples were found to be quite clean by electron cicrosc6py. so no further effort was made to. redue~ this ~oncentratlon. The production of particles by some of the hair dryers was als.!) noted With the ASAS-X. TABLE I Particles Larger than 0.15 uc Using ASAS-X Spectroceter Acbient air Clean air hood 35-50 particles/em) 1-2.particles/cm3 Test duct. dryer on 2-4 particles/em) These particles were apparently generated by motor bearing or electrical brush wear. althou8h these concentrations were barely above the clean air background. The clean air system vas found to be entirely adequate to supply air to all the dryers. Using the ASAS-X. it was found that the particle concentration in the hood was brought down to its baseline level less than one oinute after the high volume blower was turned on. The third monitoring instrument used was the FA!1. This device was used ~7- 001.9 GI00019 to indicate tile fiber concentr~tion in the h~ir dryer effluent. :he FA~ responds only to the larger fibers (and not just to asbestos) visible by lisht microscopy. The FAM w~s used with several hair, dryers. In Soce cases, a single fiber was noted in a two hour period. and in others, none were detected. A one fiber count in a two hour period indicated approxicately 0.01 fibers/cc. The statistical significance of one fiber counted in the size range licitations of the rAM vas questionable for this study. Use of the FAM on this study vas discontinued because of its lack of sensitivity at such low concentrations. It should be noted that the.FAM was designed to operate primarily in the 0.1 to 20 fiber/cc range to ceet the requirements of the OSHA standard for asbestos (7). Sacpling Procedure Before positioning the dryer to be tested in the clean air hood, the appropriate reducer was attached to the sampling duct. Various size reducers were fabricated to ensure the best interface possible between the dryer and sampling duct. The dryer vas firmly clamped into position and sealed to the sampling duct reducer with duct tape. The dryer was 'then plugged into the power supply located inside the clean air hood. The clean air supply blower was then turned on and allowed to flush the clean air hood for 15 minutes and the dryer vas then turned on. An air velocity profile was determined in the sa=pling duct usini a Sierra Instrucents ,Model 440 thermo-anemometer. A uniforc velocity pr4file indicated a good placecent of the dryer. If the velocity profile indicated nonhooogeneous flov, the dryer vas repositioned to produce uniform flow. Dryer velocities -8- 0020 G100020 vere determined vlth a Taylor rotatlns vane anecoceter. Dryer flo~ rates ~ere ~lso checked by inte~facing a 2 inch plastic pipe to the ~ryer inlet nd determining the air velocity vith the thermo-a~emometer. A 47 cc diameter filter, Millipore AAwP, was placed in the stainless steel filter holder and the assembly placed in the sampling duct. Also. a 37 me filter, Millipore AAYP pre loaded in a styrene open-faced cassette vas positioned inside the clean air hood near th~ dryer inlet. Pumps for bQth filter samplers vere started and the dryer effluent vas sampled for 2 hours. The dryer vas accessed when necessary during the high-heat-lov-heat cycle via the glove port in the clean air hood.vall. At the end of the sampling period the 47 mm fllter sample was removed from the fil~er holder' and carefully placed in a 47 mm petri dish and brought to the tEM laboratory for examina~ion. Backgroun~ zample. vere obtained both in ~he clean air hood and at the end of the sampling tunnel while operated without a dryer in the test chamber. TtH Analysis The aabestos analyses for the study were performed on a JEOL lOOB electron microscope equipped with both selected area electron dlffract~on (SAED) and energy dispersive analysis of x-rays (~DAX). The microscope ~agnification vas calibrated using O.S um Latex spheres, and during the course of the study indiVidual fibers vere i~entlfled on a random basis by diffraction patterns and metal content. Due to the light loading. of fibers seen on saoples obtained early 10 the study, the decision vas made to scan the entire srld in order to -9- 0021 GI00021 to ncquire a representative saople. Each srid contained approxicutely 200 fields each measq~ing 80 x 80 uc. Counting time varied from 2 hours for li&htly loaded saoples to 3.5 days for the most heavily loaded samples. Background samples ~f the supply air shoved very clean, fiber free filters. A detection limit of one fiber per grid vould result in a sensitivity of 9 x 10-5 fiber/cc. Representative photocicrographs are presented in Appendix I. Sample Preparation The Millipore AA filters used in sampling the effluent froc the hair dryers vere prepared for analysis following the ~tandard NIOSS procedure described in Technical Information Bulletin 177-204 (8). A disk was removed from the center of each filter with a No.5 cork bore. The sacple disks vere affixed to a clean glass slide and allowed to clear in acetone vapor for 5 minutes. The samples were then coated with & thin carbon film .n a vacuum evaporator to provide an electron beam transparent surface to vhich the collected particles could adhere. After coating. the cleared filter disks were cut out and placed upside down on pre-coated 200 cesh copper grids vhich had been placed in a petri dish on absorbent ~hatman 141 filters. The Whatcan filters were carefully saturated with acetone and left to sit overnight to allow complete dissolution of the sample filters. When dry, the preparations were ready for analysls by electron cicroscopy. Fiber Count The sample grids were scanned initially to ensure that at least 70% of the preparation reeained intact. A fiber search was carried out at a cagnification of 1700X and fibers were sized and counted at a magnification of 10,OOOX. Fiber clu~ps and bundles which exhibited unequal or acbiguous -10- 0022 GI00022 dioensions ~ere' sized in segments or were as~igned an average diacet~' based on 3 or more measuret:lents. In all cases, eultiple measurements' takel on fiber bundles, clut:lps, and clusters were bracketed in the data record t indicate that they be treated as a single airborne structure in calculatin a i r concent~ations. The length and diameter of each individual fiber vas detereined t allow calculation of the volume of 'each fiber. Calculating the volume 0 each fiber allowed an accurate estieation of fiber casso The onl assumption made was that each 'fiber approximated a solid cylinder. All recorded data were reQuced by cocputer to obtain air concentration and fiber size distributions. A description of the calculation can b found 1n Appendix It Test Data. " Summary, During the testing program conducted for CPSC, 30 dryers were testee Of these, 25 vere home use hand-held appliances, 3 were table-top hoodE codels, one vas a hobby heat gun, and one vas a heavy du~y comeercial sale style dryer. Airborne asbestos concentrations generated by these drye] ranged froa 0 to 0.11 structures/cc and the mass concentrations ran;ed frc o to 7652 ng/ff3J. During the test program, one asbestos fiber was detected in the entire gro~p 'of background samples. The pooled results I these background samples resulted in a background conccntrat~on of 3 10-5 fibers/cc. The pairs of results obtained by running each hair dryer on high he versus cycled heat were used to determine an upper limit ,on the variabili of the sampling and analysiS. The geometric aean of the ratios of t -11- 0023 GI00023 structurc~/cc concentrations of hih heat to cycled heat for 21 pairs of non-zero results vas 1.19 vith a 95~ confidence interval ,of 0.82 to 1.73. ~hust the successive saople ratio for each dryer cannot he' considered significantly different froe unity, indicating no significant differance between samples taken at high heat or at cycled heat. The paired sacples ~ere evaluated to find the variability due to sampling and analysis techniques. The geometric standard deviation vas used to deteraine the upper and lower 95% confidence limits on any measurement, N. These limits can be determined by respectively multiplying and 'dividing N by the factor 3.4. In other words, at a 95% confidence the true value for any aeasurement, N, is between N X 3.4 and N/3.4. Figures 2 and 3 show frequency distr{bution graphs of the hair d~yer test results as a function of the number of asbestos structures emitted, and the oass of asbestos emitted, respectively. In each figure, the bar on the extrece left indicates the number of dryers from which zero emissions were observed. -12- . 0024 G100024 I. "AsJestos Discharge f:-or.l Six Xair Dryers in a r~o-Hour Test". 2t:',l Associates, M_arch 19, 19'/9. 2. "Hair Dryer Asbestos Eeissions". Health, Safety and Environt:\ent Department, Johns-Manville Corporation, April 10, 1979. 3. "Asbestos Ana1y'ses: Son-of-a-Gun Hair Dryers ~Iodel TD-I and TO-211, Report to Clairol, Inc. by Walter C. HcCrone Asssociates, Inc., April 30, 1979. 4. "Exaeination of Hair. Dryers froQ CPSC (t7166 and 17267) for Asbestos". Memorandum to Consumer Product Safety Commission from U.S. Oepartt:\ent of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, May 2, 1979. S. Liu, B. and Agarval, J. Experimental Observations of Aerosol Deposition in Turbulent Flo~. Aerosol Science, 5:145, 1974 6. Air Sampling Instruments from Evaluation of Atmospheric Contaminants, 5th Edition. Acerican Conference of Governaental Industrial Hysienists, p N-6, Cincinnati, Ohio 1978. 7. OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Standards. Title 29, Code of Federal aegulations, Part 1910.1001, Asbestos. . .". B. Zumvalde, R.O. and Del!lent. J.M. Review and Evaluation of Analyticai Methods for Environmental Studies of Fibrous Particulate Exposures. DREU (UIOSH) Publication No. 11-204. U.S. Depart~ent of Health, Education, and ~:elfare, Public Health Service, Center 'for Diseas'e Control, ~ational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio. ,-13- ..... - .... -~. '.---". 0025 GI00025 AIR .' FLOW ... RETURN AIR DUCT HIGH VOLUME BLOVv'ER ~~Ii--_ ! HOOD _E_ XHA_ US_ T- 4--C~LHE~AONOD AIR o GLOVE PORT ----HAIRDRYER-~ Figure 1. Schematic of Test System -14- 0026 GI00026  Number Concentration Frequency .. Number of Fiber Structures per cc Figure 2 -15- 0027 G100027 111CiSS C07lcentrair-ion FreqcL~ncy VJ ~ C) >... 15 ~ ~ S-! .~ ~. ::r:: ~ 10 4', 0 S..cS-! (l) 5 ::J Z Mas~ in Ng/M3 Figure 3 -16- 0028 GI00028 APPENDIX I TEST DATA AND . SAMPLING AND AKALYSIS INFORMATION 1. Sacpling rate: 69.4 L/~in (2.45 cfc) 2. Saopling time: 2 hours 3~ Fiber counts are presented as follows: I Individual fib~rs not part of a clump or bundle RIC - Hueber of bundles or clumps T - Hucber of individual fibers (I) plus the number of fibers contained in each clump or bundle 4. The structures/cc calculation treats each bundle or cluep as one airborne structure e.g.: fro~ a count of I 5, BIC - ~, and T' c' 41 .. the nueber used to calculate structures/cc would be I + B/C 12. Structureslcc (FC/TEM) x ECA VOL (2 FC - Total structures counted + B/C) TEM - TEM grid area examined (mm ) tCA - Effective filter collecting area (960 VOL - Sample volume in cc mm 2 ) Example Calculation: If: I - 5S R/C - 30 TEM 1.22 me 2 VOL - 8328000 cc Then: Airborne structures/cc (85/1.22)960 - 0.008 (8328000) If effluent volume is 170 m3 , ttal airborne structures in effl~ent (0.008 structures/eel x (1.7 x 10 ce) 1.36 X 10 structures 5. The voluee of each fiber counted, both individual fibers and 'those in cluops (T value), is calculated and its mass determined using a density of 2.4 srams/cc for chrysotile asbestos. Total fiber mass as reported is a sum of individual massess. -l7- 0029 GI00029  Saople Humber: D-870-5361 ~anuf~cture:/~istributor: ~e~ York Merchandise Co. ~ryer ~anc: ' ~ishty 1200 Model/Series: Hodel 1012100 Asbestos Use and Co~cents: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation uas present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flov Rate (L/cin): Effluent: Voluee (L): Sample Voluee (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Airborne Structures Icc: ~tal Structures in Effluent: Fiber ~ass (ng/m 3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range C~m): Mean Fiber Length Cum): Fiber Diameter Range Cue): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fie lield Area Exacined (om ): High neat 673 8. 1 X 10 4 8328 1-171 B/C-4 T-1Sl 1.6 X 10- 2 1.3 X 10 6' 13.9 1121 0.6-26 3.7 0.05-1.2 0.21 1. 24 H1gh-"eat-Lo~-Heat Cycle .. 673 8.1 A 10 4 8328 1-23 B/C-l T-25 , , , 7.1 X 10-3 S.7 X 105 ,8.8 709 0.8-23 4.1 O.OOS-O.S 0.22 0.39 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps 1+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted I-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in ~undles or Clumps -18- 0030 GI00030 ;~:. Qr:lp 1e .'"_,.I..-,..o.J.'.". r D-~35-3535 Hanu f act u r erID i s t r.i but 0 r : Schi c: k . Dryer ]ace: Shick 1000 U0 del/ S e r i e s : P D-1 0 0.1 A Asbestos Use and Cocccnts: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining to the barrel. Dryer Flov ~ate (L/Qin): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 2632 3.16 X 105 8328 1-6 B/C-O T-6 1rborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length Cum): Fiber Diaoeter Range (u~): Mean Fiber Diaceter (um): Total TEM F1el~ Area Examined (am ): 0.22 71 0.8-13.2 5.0 0.06-0.3 0.2 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 2632 3.16 X 10 5 8328 1-13 B/C-2 T-20 1.3 X 10-3 4.1 X 105 693 0.7-9.0 0.05-1.2 0.2 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Dundles or Clu~ps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -l9- 0031. GI00031 Sa~ple Nu~bcr: CPSC-2 i:a~ufactureJ!Distributor: General ElectriC: Dryer ~:aI!le: Power Turbo 1200 Uatts Hodel/Series: ,Sl-5115-0 Asbestos Use and Co~~nts: Used hand held hair dryer. The gsoestos insulation was present as a tubular lini~ of the barrel. Dryer Flo~ Rate (l/min): Ef fluent 'yolul!!e (1): Sacple Voluoe (1): Air~orne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1089 135161 8328 H1~h-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1089 135",61 8328 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fibe1." !-lass (n:./'O.3): Total F1bGr ttass 1n Effluent (~): Fi!ler Len5:ch Ran2e (um): !!ea::l Fiber Len:tth (Uill): Fiber Dimeter Ranae Cue): Hean Fiber Diameter (um): Tot.u T[:-I r1el~ Area Exact ned (rue ): 1.4 X 10-3 1.9 X lOS 15 2027 0.6-15 3.8 0.05-1 0.25 0.98 6.S X 10-4 1.1 X lOS 13 1757 1.3-11.S 3.8 0.1-1.3 0.31 I-Individual Fibers B/e-Bundles or Clumgs "revised 6/)/1980 l+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted r-Individual Fibers Plus Esctmacee Number of Fibers in Bundles or Cluces 0032 GI00032 Saople Nu~ber: E-100-375 :ran'ufaeturet/Distributor: Ceneral Electric Dryer Name: Super-Pro 1400 ~odal/Series: Sl-Sl12-0 Asbestos Use and Cococnts: Used, hand held. hair dryer. The asbestos insulation ~~s present as a tubular 11n1n3 of the barrel. . Dryer Flov ~ate (l/min): Effluent Voluce (1): Sacple Volume (1): Airborne Asbestos Str~ctures Counted: Airborne Structures/ec: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Hass (ng/m3): Total Fiber Hass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (U!:l): Mean Fiber Length (UQ): Fiber Diameter Range (ue): l~ean Fiber Dia.-,:cter (ue): Total u:'! Fiel~ Area Exar:i ned (t:IQ ): I-Individual Fibcrs B/e-Bundles or Cl~~ps *re~ised 6/3/1980 High Heat 1398 167760 8328 1-37 B/C-O T-37 O~44 73.8 0.8-23 H1sh-~~.at-Lo"'-Heat Cycle 1398 167760 8328 1.1 X 10-3 1.8 X lOS' 0.69 168 1.S-13 0.05-8 0.2 0.15-1.4 0.4 1.19 0.95 I+B/C-A1rborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibcrs Plus Es tioated :lucber of Fibers in Bundles or Cl~ps 0033 Gr00033 Sat:1ple Nut:1ber: CPSC-8 to.:: n u f a c: t u r e r I jJ is: r i I:, u tor: Dryer Came: Norelco 1000 !i 0 r: h AtIe ric Cl n Phi l1i P5 Cor p tlodel/Series: UBI700 Asbe~tos Use and Co~oents: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestns insulation was present as a tubular l~ning of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/01n): effluent Volume (L): Sacple Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 849 95880 8328 Airborne Structure./cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Hass (ns!:: 3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effltfien.t (ng):' Fiber Length Range (u:): Uean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Dia=eter.Range (uo): Mean Fiber Diaceter (um): Iotal TEM Fiel~ Area Exao1ned (mm ): 2.5 X 10,,:"3 2.4 X lOS 15 1438 0.5-12 3.4 0.05-2 0.31 1.2 Hish-Heat-Lo~-Heat Cycle 849 95880 a32S 1-21 B/C-6 T-S6 8.6 1822 0.7-22 0.05-1.2 0.23 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clu~ps I+B!C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Esti=ated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -20- 0034 GI00034 Saople Nucber: E-IOO-3S2 ~!<l nu fa c t u r c 1:' / 'u i 5 ~ -.ri!>u tor! Con air Jryer Name: Prostyle 1200 ~:oc!el/Series: 065 Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of, the barrel. Dryer Flow Kate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Voluee (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1284 '154080 8328 H1gh-Heat-Lov-geat Cycle 1284 154080 8328 ~irborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Hass Cng/m3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length 1um): Fiber Diaceter Ranse (um): Mean Fiber Diaceter Cue): Total TEli Fiel~ Area EX8::lined (ml!l ): 1.15 X 10-4 1.77 X 104 0.096 14.7 no range no range 0.25 1.0 4.2 X 10-4 6.5 X 10 4 3.8-36 12.9 0.05-1 0.5 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Sundles or Clucps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Pibers Plus Estimated Hueber of Fibers in Eundles or Clumps -21- ('035 G100035 Sample Nunber: E-IOO-377 Hanufactur~r/~iscributor: General tleccric Jryer ~ame: Power Pro 1000 Hodel/Series: 5105-013 Asbestos Use and Com~ents: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel Dryer Flow Rate (L/=in): Effluent Volu:e (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Stru~tures Counted: HiSh Beat 1035 124200 8328 . High-Reat-Low-Heat Cycle 1035 124200 8328 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in [ffluent: Fiber Mass (ng/c3): Total Fiber Mass 1n tffluent (ng): ri~er Length r.ange Cum): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (uc): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fiel~ Area txamined (C\l~): 1.7 X 10-3 2.1 X 105 361 0.8-25 0.03-0.7 0.25 1.11 9.3 X 10-3 1.2 4 106 17 2148 0.7-45 5.2 0.05-1.0 0.22 I-Inci""idual Fibers B/e-bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Nucber of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -22- C036 GI00036 Saop1e Nutilber: ~-840-5924 i ~ <1 r.:; f act '.1 r e r / iJ i 5 t rib u tor : Z.:1 Yr e C0 .r p Jryer ~;at:\e:' 1200 Fold.3uay ~odel/Series: J~-115 Asbestos Use and Co~~~nts: Hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation Vas present as a l1ning to the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Voluee (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 418 17 0 160 8328 High-Heae-Low-Heat Cycle 410 170160 8328 ..... Airborne Struetures/ee: lotal Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/03): 'rotal Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Ran~. (um): Mean Fiber Length {u~): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Dianeter (u~): Tot a 1 TI:!~ Fie 1 ~ Are a Examined (m~ ): I-Individual Fibers B/C-5undles or Clumps 39 0.098 6609 1.0-25 8.6 0.03-3.0 0.8 no rang. no range 1. :31 1.06 I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted r-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -23- 0037 Gr00037 Sacple ~ucber: E-IOO-361 ., ~anu!actu~er/Uistributor: Dryer Uaoe: Croomer II Ha~11ton 3aach .lodel/Ser1es: 423 Asbestos Use and Cocments: Used. hand-held. co~b type dryer. The asbestos uas present as a lining to the barrel. Dryer Flou Rate (L/min): Effluent Voluee (l): Saeple Voluee (L): Air~orn~ Asbestos Structures Counted: Hi8h Heat' 184 19017 8328 High-Heat-Lo~-P.eat Cycle Dryer has only oae" settin~ 832& Airborne Structures/cc: - 'tal Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m 3): Total Fiber Hass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Hean Fiber Length Cum): Fiber Diaoeter Range (UID.): ~ean Fiber Dianeter Cum): Total rEM Fiel~ Area Exaoined (OlD. ): 42 1-21 6.,4 0.05-0.8 0.25 1.06 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures eouated r-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Cl~mps -25- 0039 GI00039 Saaple ~uQber: -100-376 ~3nufacturcr/Dist!ibutor: Hont~ooery Ua~d ,ryer Nace: !fontgolilery \lard 1200 !!odel/Series: 53-19~75 Asbestos Use and Coceents: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular linin~ of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/ein): Effluent Voluee (L): Sample Voiume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1104 132480 8328 High-Reat-Lov-Heat Cycle 1104 132480 8328 'trborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent eng): Fiber Length Range Cue): hean Fiber Length (Ut1); Fiber Diat1eter Range Cum): ~ean Fiber Dia~eter (um): Total TEM Fiel~ Area Examined (IIIID ): 0.22 29 3.5-17 9.75 0.08-0.3 0.17 1. 16 0.16 21 1.5-5.5 3.44 0.07-0.4 0.2 1.25 I-Individual Fibers a/C-Bundles or Clulllps I+n/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -26- 0040 GI00040 Sa~pl~ Ku~ber: E-1DO-360 ~anUfacturer/Uist!ibutor: Cillette Jr Ye r t; a TJ e : .Sup e r Ha x Hodel/Series: RD-S Asbestos Use and Comments: Used. hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos was present as a cocponent of the support for the heating element. Dryer Flow Rate (L/~in): Effluent Volume el): Sample Volume (l): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Airborne Structures/cc: ~otal Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (na/m 3 ): Tbtal Fiber Hass 1n Effluent (ng): Fiber Len$th Range (ua): Mean fiber length (um): Fiber Diaceter Range Cum): ~ean Fiber Diameter Cum): Tota 1 T~l: Fiel ~ Area txall1ined (me ): High Heat 618 74160 8328 1-314 B/C-24 I-386 3.4 X 10-2 2.5 X 106 . 34 0.3-50 0.05-1.3 0.2 1.23 High-Heat-Lov-TIeat Cycle 618 74160 8328 . '. 21 1.6 X 103 0.4-40 3.5 0.05-1.1 0.2 I-Individual Fibers B/e-Bundles or Clucps 1+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated eumber of Fibers in Bundles or Clunps -27- C04i GI00041 Sa~ple Nuober: -100-390 H~nufact~rcr/Distr1butor: ~ra%ier )ryer ~a~e: Frazier Blo~ Out Co~b Styler Hodel/Series: ~-069-1 Asbestos Use and Co~ments: Used, hand-held, comb type dryer. The asbestos vas present as a conical lining around the heating elecent. * Uncountable cue to high background level of a~orphous,opaque material froe the dryer. Insulation material in ~ryer was identified as chrysotile asbestos. ** Low speed 1no?erative: therefore, only high heat test conducted. High Heat Hish-neat-Lo~-Heat Cycle Dryer Flow Rate (L/o1 n) : 99 ** Effluent Volu:ue (L): 11880 Sacple Volume (L) : Airborne Asbestos S t ru c t u res Counted: 8328 * Airborne Structures/cc: rotal Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m3): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng~: Fiber Length Range Cum): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um)~ ~e3n Fiber Diaaeter (um): Total :EK Fieli Area Exaoined (am ): I-Individual Fibers ~/CBundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Nu~ber of Fibers in !undles or Cluops -28- 0042 G100042 Sagple nuober: E-I00-355 ::anufacturer/Uistributor: Honq;o:::lerY:::lrd Dryer Na!:e: Variable Power 1400 Hodel/Series: 52-19361 Asbestos Use and Coements: Used, hane-held 'hair dryer. The asbestos was prescnt as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Voluee (L): Sample Volume ell: Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1417 1.7 X 10 5 8328 I-28 a/C-5 T-41 High-Reat-Low-P.eat Cycle 1417 1.7 X lOS. 8328 I-8 a/c-~ T-JO Airborne Structurea/cc: iotal Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/g3): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent Cng): Fiber Length Range Cum): Hean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range Cum): Mean Fiber Diaceter (ue): Total TEM riel~ Area Examined (Illm ): 3 0.5-48 0.03-0.7 0.19 1. 1 S 0.35 60 0.7-10.5 0.02-0.4 0.12 1.16 I-Individual Fibers B/C-aundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne $tructures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -29- C043 GI00043 Sa~ple Nu~ber: -100-375 ::anu:!lC:t:urez:o/Dist:ibutor: General Zlectt"ic Dryer Name: Super-Pro 1400 Hodel/Series: SI-5112-0 Asbestos Use and Co~~ents: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation ~as present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flov ~ate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1398 1697760 8328 1-:37 a/c-o T-37 Airborne Structures/cc: Iotal Structures in Effluent: Fiber Hass (ng/a3): Total Fiber Maas in Effluent Cng): Fiber Length Range Cum): Mean Fiber Length Cum): Fiber Diameter tange Cum): Mean Fiber Diameter Cum): Total TEll Fie12 Area Exacic.ecl (om ); 0.44 740 0.8-23 0.05-8 0.2 1. 19 High-Heat-Lov-Heat Cycle 1398 1697760 8328 1-8 B/C-1 T-IO 1.1 X 10-3 1.8 X 105 0.69 1179 1.8-i3 5.7 0.15-1.4 0.4 0.95 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clucps I+B/C-A1rborne Structures Counted T-Ind1vidu~l Fibers Plus Estieated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -30- 0'044 GI00044 Sa~plc NUQ~er: E-8G5-1292 ;ianufclcturer/Oistributor: Conair Dryer ~la::-,e: Professional Blo\J Coc~ ilodel/Series: !lodel 06i Asbestos Use and Coocents: Used, hand-held co~b type dryer. The dryer was of 'a configuration such that the inside could not be inspected for asbestos position. Dryer Flow Rat~ (L/cin): Effluent Volume (L): ,Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 11844 8328 I-a B/C-O T-O H1gh-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 98.7 11844 8328 " , Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber liass Cng/m3 j: Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ns): !iber Length lange (UD): Mean Fiber Length Cum): Fiber DiaDeter Ranse (UD): Mean Fiber Diameter (ue): Total TEM Fiel~ Area Exaci ned (ella ): 0.98 0.02 0.25 no range 20 no range 0.25 1.27 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clucps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Esti~ated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clucgs -31- C045 G100045 Sample Number: CPSC-3 ~:a ..u:c.cturerf'Jistril:utor: Sears Cryer ~ame: Sears 1000 ~odel/Series: 253-8754 Asbestos Use and Comcents: Used, hand-held ha1r dryer. The asbestos insulation vas present as "a tubular l1n1ng of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/~in): Effluent Volume (L): Sa~ple Volume CL): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Airborne Structures/cc: Jtal Structures in Effluent: Fiber !fass (ng/m3): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range Cum): Mean Fiber Lenath Cum): Fiber Diameter Range Cum): Menn Fiber Diameter (um): Total TiM Flel~ Area Exac.i ned (mm ): I-IndlYidual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Cluc.ps High Heat 863 103560 8328 Hlgh-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 863 103560 8328 I-267 B/C-16 T-304 I-139 B!CT--11603 .', . 0.031 3".2 X .10 6 16 1.6 X 103 0.3-55 3.5 0.02-0.9 0.12 0.016 1.6 X 106 1.9 2 X 10 2 0.4-24 2.S 0.02-0.5 0.1 1.15 1.11 I+~/C-A1rborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Esti~ated of Fibers 1n Bundles or Clucps Nu~ber -32- 0046 GI00046 Sample Number: E-I00-354 ::anufacturer/LJistril:'Jtor: Hartman Model/Series: Asbestos Use and Comr.ents: Used. hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular linins of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume C~): Sacple Volume CL): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Iteat 696 83400 8328 I-32 B/C-8 T-64 Airborne Structures/cc: Jtal Structures in Effluent: Fiber . Hass Cng/m3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent Cng): Fiber Length Range Cue): Hean Fiber Length Cum): Fiber Diameter Range Cum): Hean Fiber Diameter Cue): To~al TEM Fiel~ Area Exami Ded <elll ): 5.3 439 0.8-12 0.05-1.4 0.22 1 .13 H1gh-Heat-Lo~-He3t Cycle 696 83400 8328 1.5 X .10- 3 1.3 X lOS 1.4 118 0.05-1.0 0.18 1 13 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -33- C047 GI00047 Sacple Nu~ber: CPSC-2 ~ ~cu_& acturer I" , . ~~str~ b utor: General i:lectric Jryer nace: Power Turbo 1200 Uatts ~odel/~eries: S1-5115-0 Asbestos Use and Cocoents: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/cin): Ef flu e nt Voluae (l): Sample Volu'Ce Cl): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Airborne Structures/cc: iotal Structures in Effluent: Fiber Uass enS/till): Total Fiber Mass 1n Effluent (ng): Fiber length Range (ue): Mean Fiber,Length Cum): Fiber Diameter Ihnga Cue): Mean Fiber Diameter Cum): Total rEM Fiel~ Area Examined (mm ): High Heat 1089 39960 8328 1-8 B/C-4 T-29 1.4 X 10-3 5.6 X lOS 15 604 0.6-15 3.8 0.05-1 0.25 0.98 Hich-Heat-low-Heat Cycle 1089 39960 8328 13 536 1.3-11.5 3.8 0.31 I-Individual Fibers B/C-~undles or Clumps l+n/C-Airborue Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Est1aated NUQber of Fibers in Bundles or Cluops -34- 0048 G100048 Sacple ~u~ber: E-IOO-359 Hanufacturer/Distrib~tor: Korvettes Dryer.liatne: Super .1400 Uociel/Series: HA-1214S Asbestos Use and Cocments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume eLl: Sample Voluoe (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: nigh F'eat 1064 127680 8328 High-Reat-Low-Heat Cycle 1064 127680 8328 Airborne Structures/cc: iotal Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m 3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range Cuo): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range Cum): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Tot a1 Tt}t Fie1 ~ Are a Exaclined (mm ): 0.23 29 1.5-9.5 0.15-0.6 0.35 I-Individual Fibers B/C-tundles or Cluops I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individu3l Fib~rs Plus Estioated Nuober of Fibers in Bundles or Cluops -35- C049 GI00049 Sa.eple t:ul:lber: C1"SC-1 i:a.nL.::<lccur~=/~i::;crioucor,: S.:nyci Corp. Dryer 1: a:l e : 5 any e i Cor? .! 0 d C! 1 Is e ric s : E- 2 100 Asbestos Use and Com~ents: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present ~s a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (l/min): Effluent Volume (l): Sacple Voluee ell: Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber hass Cng/m 3 ): Total Fiber aass in Effluent. Cng): Fiber Length Range Cum): Mean Fiber length Cum): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TE~i Fiel~ Are~ Exaoined (em ): High Heat 1104 132480 8328 1-256' B/C-27 T-31S 2.9 X 10-2 J.8 X 106 8.7 1200 0.5-42 0.01-1 0.14 1. 25 High-Heat-Lo~-Heat Cycle 1104 132480 8328 I-141 B/C-15 T-ISI 1.5 X 10- 2 2.0 X 106 4.3 560 0.3-35 3.0 0.03-7 0.14 1.23 I-Individual Fibers B/e-Bundles or Cluois I+B/C-Airborne Struetures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estleated Nucber of Fibers in Bundles or Clucps -36- coso GIOOOSO Sat:lple NUI. ber: CPSC-9 ~ianufac:turer/Dj;stribucor: Gene:-al ~lectric 'ryer ~aee: Super-Pro 1400 ~lodel/Serics: 51-5112-0 Asbescos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. * Fiber ~it:lensions could not be determined Dryer Flow Rate (L/oin): ~ffluent Volume (l.):' Sacple Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Hih Heat 1398 167760 8328 Rish-He3t-Low-Heat Cycle 1398 167760 8328 Airborne Structures/ee: otal Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m3 ): Total Fiber !!ass in Effluent (ns): Fiber Length Range Cum): Hean Fiber Length (ue): Fiber Diameter Range (ue): Hean Fiber Diaceter Cum): Total rEM Fie12 Area !'x.l.:1ined (mm ): 1~Indiv1dual Fibers n/C~Bundles or Clumps 1 X'10- 4 1.7 X 104 1.1 X 10- 2 0.05-.15 0.1 L 17 0.96 I+a/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus stimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -37- OOSi GrOOOSl . Sample Nueber: E-I00-353 i;;lr:l,;.f::cc~reriDis::ributor: Sl.!nbea~ 1) r y r. r ,. a to:: e : Pro f es s ion air e .1 0 0 0 :J 0 del/ 5 (! r i e 5 : 5 2- 9C Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-hele hair dryer. The asbestos was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): I: flu e n t Vol uI:\e ( L) : Sample Voluee (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Airborne Structures/cc: tal Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m3): Total Fiber Hass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (un): Hean Fiber Length Cum): Fiber Diameter Range Cue): Hean Fiber Diaeeter Cue): Total !EM Fiel~ Area EAamined (m= ): Rinh Heat 9E7 11&440 8328 I-I B/C-O T-1 1. 1 X 10-4 1.3 X 10 4 17 no range 4.6 no ran~e 0.4 1.09 High-Heat-Lov-Heat Cycle 987 118440 8326 I-I B/C-O I-I .. 1.5 X 10- 4. 1.8 X 10 4 3.1 no range 4.1 no range 0.15 0.75 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus EstiQated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Cluops -38- G05Z G100052 S~mple Nucberi E-IOO-374 ~anufactur~r/Distributor: Pr~sto ~ist . . Dryer ~ame: Pres10 Kist Hair Dryer aod(!l/Series: PP-19A Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, table top hood type dryer. The asbestos insulation ~as present as a sheet under the heating eleu~nt. Dryer Flow Rate (L/01n): i:ffluent Volume (L): Sample Voluae (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/til3): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length lange Cum): Hean Fiber Length Cum):... Fiber Diameter Range Cum): Mean Fiber Diameter Cum): Total TEl! Fie12 Area Exaci ned (t!1I1i ): IInd1~1du~1 Fibers B/CaBundles or Clucps High Heat 1302 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle .1302 8328 .8328 r-12 B/C-a T-12 1 1. X 10- 3 1.7 X 105 19.8 I-IS B/C-O T-12 1.4 X 10-3 2.2 X lOS 0.218 3104 1. 3-48 7.5 0.1-1.5 0.3 43 1.1-6 2.8 0.OS-0.3 O. 17 1.22 1.21 I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Cumber of Fibers in Bundles or Clucps -40- 0054 GI00054 Saople ~u~ber: CPSC-16 ~~n~facture:/~i3cr1butor: ~esti~~house Dryer nace: ~:odeI/Series: H 10-2 Asbestos Use and Cocoents: Used, table top bonnet type dryer. position of any asbestos insulation ~as not noted. The Dryer Flo~ Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Airborne Structures/cc: ~otal Structures in Effluent: Fiber Hass (ns/m3): Total Fiber Mass 1n Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length Cue): Fiber Diameter Range Cum): Mean Fiber D1aceter Cum): Total :M Fiel~ Area Exaoi a'ed (mm ); I-Individual Fibers C/C-Bundles or Clumps F.igh Heat 277 33240 8328 1-0 B/C -0 T-O Hi~h-Heat-Lo~-Heat Cycle 277 33240 8328 r-o B/C-o T-O 1.23 1 .1 I+B/C-Alrborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Esticated ~u~ber of Fibers 10 Bundles or.Clumps -41- 0055 GI00055 S3~?le ~umber: CPSC-22 Mauuf~ccurcr/Di5trihutor: Gen~ral Electric Dryer ~aQe: Professional llair Dryer Xodel/Series: HDS1 Asbestos Use and Comoents: Used, table top hood type cryer. The asbestos was present as a pad under the heating eleQent. Dryer Flow Rate (L/cin): Effluent Volume (L): .Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Airborne Structures/ee: :otal Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m J ): Total Fiber hass. in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length RanBe (um): Mean Fiber Length Cum): Fiber Diameter Range Cum): Hean Fiber Diaceter Cue): Total TEM F1el~ Area Exacined (mm ): High Heat 2207 264d40 8328 1-0 BIC-O T-O 1.13 Bieh-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 2207 264840 8328 1-0 B/C-O T-O .', . I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clucps. I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted r-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clucps -42- 0056 GI00056 Sacple ~u~ber: E-850-5327 -. Hanufacturcr/Jiscr1~uCor: Dryer ~ane: Bona~ Blo~er Eonat Dryer Inc. hodel/Series: Nodel,10 Asbestos Use and Conments: Used, stand mounted professionaL dryer. asbestos insulation was present as a linine to the barrel. The Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volu1:1e (L): Sample VolulIIe (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1044 125312 8326 I-650 B/C-137 T-137S 4irborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber l-iass (ng/e 3): Total Fiber Mass in ffluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length Cua}: Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter Cue): Total !t~ Flel~ Area Exa:nined (ac ): 0.11 1.3 X 107 7652 918211 0.15-95 .7. 1 0.04-15 0.4 0.83 High-Heat-Low-Hear Cycle 1044 125312 8328 1-450 B/C-72 T-720 O.OS 9.6 X 106 651 78088 0.2-95 0.-3 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Eundles or Clucps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimnted Cumber of Fibers in Bundles or Clucps -43- COS7 GI00057 Sample Nucber: -860-1440 ~anuEacturer/Cistributor: Clairo! Dryer !~ a lD e : Sup e r Zap !fodel/Series: SZ-1 Asbestos Use and Comeents: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The insulation was present as a lin1ng to the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sacple VolulDe CL): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 687 82440 8328 Airborne Structures/cc: ~tal Structures -in Effluent: Fiber Nass (ng/m3 ): Total Fiber Mass 1n Effluent (ng): Fiber Lenath Range Cum): Mean Fiber Length Cum): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Hean Fiber Diameter Cum): Iotal TEn F1el~ Area Exaclned (::un ): 1.1 89 1.0-11.S 3.S 0.05-0.7 0.2 1.08 Hish-Heat-Lo~-Heat Cycle 687 82440 8328 I-li B/C-5 T-37 1.9 X 10-3 1.6 X 105 789 0.9-31.S 5.0 0.7-1.4 0.25 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clucps I+B/C-A1rborne Structures Counted . r-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated ~umber of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -44- 0058 GI00058 S~mple Nu~ber: E-805-1291 Hanufacturer/Uistributor: Jheri Red~ins ,jryer Uarne: Jr. Pro '1000 ,Hodel/Series: 066 Asbestos ~se and Co~ments: Hand-held dryer. Its asbestos insulation vas present as a lining to the barrel. Dryer Flov Rate (L/ein): Effluent Voluee (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Airborne Structures/cc: lotal Structures 1n Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ns): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length Cum): Fiber Diameter Range Cua): Mean Fiber Diaeeter Cum): Total TEM F1el~ Area. Exam1 ned. (mill ): High Heat 829 9~480 8328 1-360 B/C-17 T-410 3.3 X 10-2 3.6 X 106 26 2627 0.3-43 3.2 . 0.03-1.2 0.18 1.3 High-Heat-Lov-H~at Cycle 829 '99480 8328 1-148 B/C-8 T-174' 30 2975 0.1-95 0.05-1.5 . 0.2 1.32 I-Indivicual Fibers a/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus sti~ated Uuober of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -45- 0059 GI00059 Saople Nuober: D-81S-0580 Dryer name: Nono~6te Heat Gun !~ 0 del / 5 c r i e s : non e pre sen t Asbestos Use and Coc~ents: Hand-held hobby heat gun. insulation was present as a lining of the barrel. The asbestos Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Voluoe (L): Sa~ple VoluQe eLl: Airborne Asbestos S~ructures Counted: Airborne Structures/cc: ltal Structures in Effluent: Fiber Hass (ng/m 3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent eng): Fiber Length Range (uo): Mean Fiber Length Cum): . Fiber Diameter Range Cum): ~ean Fiber Dia~eter Cum): Total TEll F1el~ Area Exaci ned (em ): High Heat 182 21840 8328 1-324 a/C-20 T-439 3.8 X 10-2 8.4 X 105 4154 91395 0.8-90 6.3 0.05-13 0.36 1.05 H1gh-~ent-Low-Heat Cycle 182 21840 8328 I-IOO ,/C-6 T-12l 168 3100 0.4-60 6.2 0.03-3.5 0.33 0.93 1-Indivi~ual Fibers a/C~aundlcs or Clucps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated ~uober of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -46- coso GI00060 Saople NUMber: E-840-4024 :. il .. t,; ; oJ c t u :- e :- fL' is c: r i :;,:; tor: S c r.:l i r I.ryer tiane: Pro Style 1200 Hatts :.odel/Series: i,iodel 055 Series 0278 tsbestos Use and Co~~ents: Used, h~nd-held dryer. :;0 asbestos was present in the dryer. It "'as run as a control. Dryer Flow Rate (L/cin): Effluent Volume 'Cl): Sac?le Volume eL): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1284 154080 8328 I-a B le-o T-O H1sh-Heat-low-Heat Cycle 1284 154080 8328 I~O n/e-o T-O Airborne Structures/cc: ~otal Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m3): Total Fiber Mass i~ Effluent (ns): Fiber Length aanse (u=): Meaa Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): "ean Fiber DiaMeter (um): Total TEM Fiel2 Area Examined (em ): 0.83 1.29 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clu=ps I+B/C-Airhorne Struceures Counted r-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Cu~ber of Fibers in 3undles or Clumps -47- 006i GI00061 APPEi~DIX I I PHOTO}! I CROC RAPHS 1. (Plate 479) - Supply air sacple showing absence of dust and fibers in supply air (Hag. - IOOOX). 2. (Plate 548) - Very long asbesto~ fibers associated in a loose cluster n~ a g. - 2 0 a 0 X) J. (Plate 549) Typical asbestos fiber bundle showing splayed ends and small fibril frageents (Mag. 2700X). 4. (Plate 555) -Typical asbestos clump/bundle association showing random orientation of sooe fibril. (~ag. - 5000X). s. (Plate 551) - A large cluster of individual fibers, large bundles, and clueps deposited as a single structure on filter (Mag. - 3300X). 6. (Plate 562) - Numerous asbestos fibers and bundle structures deposited .in close proximity on filter (Mag 1300X). 7. (Plate 553) 01aS 2000X). Typical small chrysotile fiber bundle depdsited ~1~gly- 8. (Plate 556) - Extremely large chrysotile bundle 15 to 25 um in diameter deposited on filter. (Mas - 1700X) .9. (Plate 552) - Asbestos fiber bundles with organic globular particulates adhering to surface (Mag 6700X). 10. (Plate 563) - Large asbestos bundles deposited as a single structure on filter (Mas -1700X). 11. (Plate 560) (Mas - 1200X). Larse asbestos fibers associated in a single cluster. 12. (Plate 560) - Large asbestos bundle and fibrils associated as a single structure. 01a8 - 2000X). 13. (Plate 557) - Typical heavy loading of asbestos structures on filter. (hag 1000X). 14. (Plate 465) - Sample of bulk insulation material taken from a dryer. 15. Exaople EDAX spectrum froe a dryer air sa~ple. -48- C062 GI00062