Document e19DakoaQYy2pxzzyL67102j9

FILE NAME Manville JMA DATE 1964 DOC JMA290 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION National Safety Council - Manual for Industrial Operations + we e en t 17 OO e Wwe mes Oy are a te sees eae. core Sead copyrig copyrig La e 4 wt aot eee ra nee y ye . odoe 08 Ay Accident ' Prevention for Industrial Operations 5 Y 4 o National Safety Council 4 Chicago III 60611 . a a amount and kind of dust inhaled percentage of free sifica contained The the dust 1 : three Gree The 4 and ab ent generally The al is merely form of the silica The size of the particles inhaled duration of the exposure #14 inhaled dei or injury A The powers of resistance of the inchi- vidual concerned mable of pro se all these din^ monioses besi The presence or absence of ing process such as infectiou complicate complicate complicate y condition BE Myaenayrs ^finst has beed sekage of the teak en known evebdy Justs may be the lungs in de irritation maunological w begradu thout hanaj Qerimental S theories have been advanced over acts to explain why crystalline freesilica acts as it does in the lungs It is now bes that the fibrosis produced is caused not the hardness or sharpness of the par- icles but by a combination of slight sohn- fility with a physiochemicalphysiochemical effect and sen maunological effect but no one is certain the exact mechanism of the disease Ex work on the reasons for the devel P pment of silicosis is still going on in various ant lung dis ; pats mineral dust crystalent viere crystalent uch as found nite cutting Sf Amorphous w va rock It in the iS. past phtheated Rtate as mineriji phtheated phtheated miner'sminer's phtheated on's disease of the world If the precise mechanisin fd silicosis could be determined better ffmedical preventive measures might be deEveloped and possibly a cure could be found free silica differs from crys- Wine free silica in physical structure and Wine physiological effects In the amorphous molecules of silica are randomly ori- and may be naturally converted to Peral and diatomaceous earth kieseiguhr or however i $ cis caused by a^ lica usually f disease dueiH lymite the Americas gifically converted into such formos as silica s^>licafume and fused silica or quartz If amorphous silica is heated to high femperature as in caleining forus of eryst line free silica called cristobalite and tri- result intermediate forms of amor jykous silica are known as crystalline > microcrystalline Inhalation of these nodulation shortness of con lessened 3 er increased 2 one or all of nt and manifest it ads of cape development development H^ystalline forms can readily cause diatomite Jeumoconiosis When diatomaceous earth is caleined par- Bcularly in the presence of a trace of alkas flux appreciableappreciable quantities are con- sTehrteed to cristobalite As a result of studies made by the U.S. Public Health Service it has been recommended that the threshold kmit value for crude or amorphous diatomite placed at 20 mppef million particles per bic foot but that the atmospherie con- centration for dust containing cristobalite be kept under 5 nuppef Various commercial products containing particles of silica under 1 in size are available The physiological effects of these products have not been well defined Until more experience with human beings is available exposure to these products should be kept to a minimum through the use of appropriate control control measures Free silica is uncombined silicau dioxide 810 Silicates contain silicon and oxys gen combined with other elements in more complex molecules The SiQ reported in chemical analyses for mineral and geological reports is the total of the silicon dioxide press cut both the free silica if present and the silica combined in the mineral Such anadyses are not reliable indications of the silico- s^>s potential of the material because it is the unicombined or free silica that is most important in industrial dust exposure So that an exposure can be properly evaluated the percentage of unconbied silica must be determined by petrographic analysis using a polarizing microscope or preferably by ray diffraction analyses and special analytical chemical procedures With the exception of asbestos and some tales the silicate dusts do not ordinarily cause a serious disabling hung condition such as is produced by free silica Much higher levels of silicate dusts than of free silica dust can be tolerated In many industries men have worked with silicate dusts that contained no free silica without development of disability or of modulation in the lungs The may show shadows indicating dust deposits in the lungs but the pneumoconiosis is essentially harmless However pars tially disabling pneumoconioses have been reported where men have worked for long periods of time in very high concentrations of certain silicate dusts Disabling puemmoconioses from exposure to abnormally high concentrations of mica tremolite tale and kaolin dusts have been described in the lit- erature The clinical signs are not the same for these silicate dusts as for free silica but the symptoms can be marked Asbestosis Several minerals having a fibrous character are classed as asbestosvari- hydrated silicates of magnesium with vari- 1257 ae Astee RL! tothe 989 we. WM rs 98 we S. Me Industrial Hygiene allu aunomuts of iron calcium sodium potass^>umand aluminum present as impurities impurities The line arborne fibers of asbestos can pitss through the upper respiratory tract to the lower parts of the lungs to cause irritation and to form asbestos bodies where the fibers are encapsulated This diffuse fibrosis prob ably begins as collar about the terminal bronchioles There is evidence that other minerals having a fibrous character except glass fiber can produce a reaction similar to that of asbestos A number of investigators in recent years have reported an association between ex- posure to asbestos in industry and urban atmosphere and a rise in certain types of hung caticer As result these reported findings the Division of Occupational Health of the U.S. Public Health Service has undertaken an epidemiological study of the asbestos products industry to a refine and update earlier work done in this industry in relation to asbestosis and b appraise the relatious ship of asbestos to the carcinogenie properties suggested by these investigators Miscellaneous pneumoconioses Even though a dust is classified as harmless amounts above the TLV can lead trouble by causing a pneumoconiosis mechanically irritating the walls of the respiratory system or interfering with ordinary lung processes Mien dust and kaolin dust are two good examples of dusts that ordinarily are conside ered benign but amounts above the TLV can cause a troublesome pneumoconiosis Mica pneumoconiosis has been observed in grinding operations where mica dust but no free silica was present There were marked changes in the ray pictures of the hings and some disability The cases occurred where the dust exposures were massive over inay years Industrially important metals and their compounds that can have toxic effect when the dust or fumes are inhaled include arsenic antimony cadmium chromium lead manganese mercury selenium tellurium thallium urauium and a few others The effect of some metals such as mag- nes^>um and zine appears to be transient Only limited data are available on the exotic and rare earth metals Although the dusts and fuines from metals 1258 with low toxcity do not need as much atten toxic tion as the dusts and finues from highly metals they should not be neglected or dis bA regarded The metals with low toxicity are more readily controlled because greater Sm amounts can be tolerated but their dusts and fumes should be kept at reasonable levels since excessive amounts of any of them can be harmful Inhalation of the dust of lead compounds % is the most common mode of entry of lead into the system and ingestion of lead compounds can add to the problem if personal hygiene is 22 poor Workers therefore should be en- couraged to wash thoroughly before eating from apart and lunchrooms should be set . work areas Smoking should be prohibited in work areas Work clothes and street clothes should be stored separately : Lead is a normal constituent of plants and iy animals and people ingest and excrete it Pe to daily even though they are not exposed excessive lead in their daily work When intake rates exceed the normal excretion rates 4 4 however lead builds up in the body When When reg the accumulation reaches a sufficient level ame symptoms of poisoning or intoxication appear Og). The concentration of airborne lead should therefore be kept below the threshold limit because of lead's high toxicity and its tend- + y system 7am ency to accumulate in the human Berylliuni intoxication is a severe systemic Sy of Ag disease that can result from the inhalation q the dust or fume of metallic beryllium beryl- & Ri Ke lium oxide and soluble beryllium compounds ^' There is no evidence of intoxication from the o. ingestion of insoluble compounds Only rh i: the inhalation of the berylliuin dusts or fines produces systemic disease j Ac TMS 2 -. to cordingly control of such dusts and fumes 7 5. specified 3 keep them below the concentration by ACGHT American Conference of Goveme mental Industrial Hygienists threshold ' ; measure 94 limit values is a basic protective q When the soluble salts of beryllium espe a cially beryllium flouride contact cuts or ab rasions on the skin deep ulcers may be formed which heal very slowly and complete surgical excision of the ulcer is sometimes required to effect healing ig 3 q Metal ume fever is an acute ] condition caused by a brief high exposure to the freshly gacky sy aenteby . rtd eee ayety . eal . oxicology re commION in which BAL was not effective Hy Inhalation of excessive quantities of ass those of ar- See Industrial Data Sheet 499 and Hy bestos fiber can produce a fibrosis the lungs which may | mair follicles amation andl ae, my trioxide blood cells tie exposure n when the n the LD 108 and Hy nic trioxide stomach and Hapse Howoisoning are on in the lit- arsenie tri ontradiction anties within mpounds of vivoier vivoier and ! septum ulir and nails nicers which ry malignant El severe nuity never fatal ative poison ative body the liver and siderable de- vhere arsenie eeks after the here it persistspersists r yearsafterafter to a consider ys and can be gienie Guide similar to that found in silicosis but some- Arsine tarsenic hydride Severe and acute & what milder and usually not s~ rapidly pro- gressive Like silicosis the condition de- industrial poisonings with arsenje are likely to be the result of inhalation inhalation often arsine of arsine often & MAY velops and advances slowly and is equally fresistant to treatment There is also good is Gage ORS produced accidentally when hydrogen evidence that inhaled asbestos causes lung generated in the presence of a materia which Cancer The reported has contains arsenic been gas RE: See Hygienic Guide in the acid cleaning of filter plates in the oth., metals 8 handling of wet dross from a light plant in the cleaning of tank cars which have wag Asphalt Although asphalt itself is con sidered to be substantially nontoxic it may :agRa held sulfuric and hydrochloric acids in the cause inflammation or dermatitis on contact in cleaning of pipes with an avid contaminated some individuals Careful supervision with arsenie in the precipitation of cadmium Aa of worker's personal cleanliness is essential with metallic zine and in other operations u the prevention of dermatitis or other ill effects Arsine rapidly destroys the red cells After "> Skin contact with the asphalt should has been inhaled the first signs are those of { be indivi ind diu viadulalss working with ats body SSA lack of oxygen After some time the begins to excrete the damaged red cells { which appear as a dark or bloody urine The phalt should wear suitable protective equipment including goggles to protect the eyes The effect of exposure to vapors from liquid kidneys may then become too clogged to Py cuthack asphalt depends on the particular operate all Arsine in very small amounte solvent added to the asphalt Steps should be is also capable of producing a chronic type of poisoning but it is more typically a source of acute episodes 4 pe taken to hold the solvent vapor concentration in the breathing zone below its threshold ZR limit value Where operations require heat- The possibility of arsine formation should Ing or grinding asphalt inside a building always be considered when there is freshly suitable ventilation should be provided See forned hydrogen around ores of the heavy X.S.C. Data Sheet 215 widely metals since arsenic is in only distributed in small small amounts amounts and and a a trtara ccee of arsine Mo, Barium in the form of its soluble salts is : ingestion ingestion inhalation inhalation be mic on both ingestion and inhalation and to produce required be troublesome of enough arsine sources to oh arsine highly caustic when applied to the skin The carbonate and sulfide are sufficiently soluble of common been the 5S) caustic One the common has more incidents sulfate be toxic although not very The druss from aluminum refiniangrsine incidents refining dling of significant of in recent years the has been sfaecrtmveattiaolns abPoruotbably thceases aatsmoisdpheerefartmoospmherte he these most atmosphere ionxtiicdiottyes that the moisture in the atmosphere enough to forum arsine is the fact in refining refining sulfate which is used as a contrast medium Shia ray work is too insoluble to show any i is thatthat th- Re: : and soluble sulfates are specific for ingested barium salts Since these salts produce violent stimulaof all muscle upu onpon ingestion theythey pro don people people involved involved in them odor have not aware aware aware of the the posed the of the presence presence to be posed involved them garlic - like warning garlic a warning of have which odor the presence duce been See . of severe disturbances of the digestive sup 5 Bystem After After absorption absorption the barium barium salts Increase blood pressure by constriction of a few hours of for a long time arsine arsine See Hygienic See Hygienic Guide the arterial muscle s owdown heart beat by . Pyige action similar to that of digitalis and first Asbestos is hydrated magnesium silica incite and then paralyze the central nervous -dimercapto an antidote for found in the minerals chrysotile amosia crocidolite and tremolite Practically all hea jyystem spite of the high inherent toxic- ty there are few cases of industrial poison- in effective pre- therwise harme nds general og cases of poibeen reported | a2% commercial asbestos used in this country par gwith bariuma chrysotile It is used almost exclusively fos Barium is a heavy inetal and the dust of resistrat heat insulation or for textiles which must sist high temperature such as heat Re insoluble salts will collect in the lungs and give rise to the condition known as bari- clothing and brake linings ny mis Its nodular appearance on ray film may be mistaken fin showing the sign of 3 not disabled or incon See Hygienic Guide Benzene benzal i volatile liquid with matic odor Its fire alcohol and ethyl eth is that of chronic poi comparatively small period of time It = most dangerous organ cial use and acts pri ing organs producing ing under the skin ar ability of the blood 1 The most COUVED damage is given by who may be exposed have blood counts singificant changes closely investigated ~ Headaches dizzi petite irritability .. and other signs of al may or may not be ing A single heavy exj may produce a ser to an aesthetic with central nervous syst usually exhilaration dizziness vomitin tions defirium and The main first aid poisoning are remo air inhalation of os of bodily warmth Skin contact Wit avoided partly beca it solvents it produces skin primu the skin but primu most certainly invol of the vapor See Industrial ) gienic Guide Benzene hexachlohexachlo clohexane . Benzoyl peroxide of benzoyl Peroxide and explosive proj fects are related t PRODUCED JM - 83 ACCIDENT _PREVENTION MANUAL for Industrial Operations penal on"ar, 5th 5th EDITION 1964 NOTICE copyright ThTishiThsis matermaitearilal may be protected copyright copyright copyright law Tilla 17 17 U.S. by law Tilla Code 17 U.S. Code 3A0019 NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Chicago Illinois 60611 PRODUCED I | ; | w ; i Be i. 4 ig s wi W: ' INDUSTRIAL HYCIENE "| ete uncombined dieside The fine airborne fibers af asbestos can fine airborne airborne fibers tract to nes gad On} Free Free silica uncombined dioxide Silicatesuncombined uncombined silicon dioxide dioxide the airborne fibers of ---- (SiO,). SiO with contain silicon and yen gen combined molecules other elements more oxy- pass through the lower parts upper respiratory tract ~ more cause irrita- 1. asbestos conmplex conmplex for mineral reported in tion to ~ encapsulated encapsulated bodies where tim chemical chemical analyses geological the fibers encapsulated This diffuse probably reports reports the total of mineral dioxide fibrosis encapsulated wil reports present both the free silica present the terminal bronchioles bronchioles There collar about .. tion present and and the silica combined combined mineral present the other minerals having having a fibrous evidence evidence are not indications indications Such except except glass fiber can the analy:analyses analyses potential of material because because silicosis silicosis tersimilar to that asbestos asbestos produce produce reac- +: is the uncombined uncombined or free silica that becamuosset Following Following a study the U.S. Public industrial important inindustrial industrial exposure important can properly evaluated asbestos asbestos textile textile indus- Health Health Service Servicrecome mended recommended that the dust con- that that percentage exposure percentage uncombined uncombined silica must centration was recommended than 5 mppef to the determined petrographic analysis using using centration kept Evaluation Evaluation of mppef to determined determined petrographic microscope preferably using sure prevent asbestosis asbestosis total dust based the ray microscope analyses special ana- lytical chemical analyses amount asbestos asbestos since the concentration concentration of of injurious dust safe lytical chemical procedures limits injurious fibers fibers will kept kept suggested There some been experimental evi threshold dust dence silica dusts tend tend inhibit Even pneumoconioses the action of on body but this in the hibiting action action silica that Miscellaneous Miscellaneous pneumoconioses pneumoconioses pneumoconioses Even it mustmust action discounted discounted dissclouintgedht slightand uncuerntcaeinrtain practice that though a the classified classified as harmless harmless trouble nt it be is discounted evidence practice In fact amounts above pneumoconiosis ig therecomponents components evidence that the nonsiliceous by causing a pneumoconiosis pneumoconiosis pneumoconiosis mechanically components may may provoke disabling containing irritating the pneumoconiosis with ordinary respiratory system free that disabling condition more severe than caused by the silica or interfering Mica dust and kaolin ordinary lung processes proces es ex- more acting acting alone that of dusts that ordinarily With With amples but amounts ordinarily are consid- can i and some ered benign ; can talcs the silicate dusts asbestos ordinarily cause a troublesome pneumoconiosis pneumoconiosis pneumoconiosis Mica Mica a 3 pneumoconiosis grind- cause cause serious disabling lung ccondiotionn dition such has pneumoconiosis mica observed in grind- where as is produced free silica Much higher ing operations mica There but marked as levels silitoclaertaetedsilticoatleerdatuesdtsmatnhy amanny industries silica dust silica was present the marked marked . changos in the ray pictures lungs can be industries con- have worked with silicate and some disability pictures cases over tained no silica without development development of tained nodulation lungs of weremassive occurred where the dust exposures years disability disability or nodulation shadows indicating indicating dust many deposits may show shadows pneumoconiosis the but pneumoconiosis Toxic Toxic dusts uines uines deposits essentially partially caused i essentially essentially harmless harmless Ilowever reactions caused by toxic toxic | disabling pneumoconioses have reported Systemic various various elements and disabling disabling for periods periods their compounds fumes organic organiccom- Come time worked concentrations concentrations concentrations certain certain pounds compounds by certain irritating S- are irritating silicate dusts high pneumoconioses pneumoconioses from exposure exposure to Disabling important concen- pecially metallic metallic Industrialy Industrially metals freshly generated that their compounds that compounds abnormally trations exposure tremolite and kaolin have metals when the dust or oF .: fumes dusts have described described the literature literature fumes are inhaled include arsenic antimony antimony The clinical signs not same same these tellurium silicate dusts as symp- symp- cadinium chromium chromium include selenium manganese manganese Met uranium cury toms can marked marked silica silica the others tellurium uranium silicate dusts 35 marked free silica, but the anad nd a few others a Several Asbestosis Asbestosis Asbestosis ; PRODUCED magnesium magnesium asbestos 2 | hydrated calcium magnesium sodium vari- U.S Study of Ashestosis Washington Washington able amounts potas- potas- aluminum present Industry Industry Bulletin No. Asbestos Asbestos Asbestos " - sium aluminum impurities impurities 39-8 aniounts of iron, present TTeextxitleile PRODUCED No. 241. 1938 1938. 39-8 and aluminum present as impurities. 89-8 --... owe -- 4