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FILE NAME: CERAMICS (CER) DATE: 1941 Apr DOC#: CER022 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Journal Article - Health of Brick and Tile Plant Workers in North Carolina *T>- lence 'IOI .uul problem oI co lo rs m s! **'ce. trate Bichromate Chromate Urinate Selenite Glazes ..de n O n d e Burnt ize Colors i Nitrate i Oxides ir Clay .kv .ides Oxides >C Equi pme nt lates tor rk, N. Y. Centrifugal Slip Casting--C R \uiiti and 0 H D uiicouiIh.', Jr . . 113--It* Tunnel Drier Refinements--T. \V. Carve. 117-1* Control of Iron Oxide in Volcanic Ash --E D Kinne> l l ' s - 'Jl Examination of a Chinese Tunmoku G ian aii-l Ho<l\-- \V H I*jrlirf't 1'Jl-l'J Engmet ring Control of Dust with Spu. iu! IUfuv in.. to Ki>|m .ii*i >-- \ 1> Itr md: . 1J i-L'i Recent Legislation on Occupational D im ,im s - 1 1 mlon C Wj u i Heal i h nf Iti n k ami Ti le Riant Wo r k i m V m i l i C . u n l i m - M I ' I n n I (i i -.)4 A d vertisers' f n d e * ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................... 6 Buyers' G u id e............................................................................................................................................................................ 12, 16, 18, SO INDEX TO CERAM IC H ISTO RY, A C TIV ITIES, NOTES Air Hy g ie n e F o u nd a tio n, Hirer trustee p I AO American Ceramic Society, Anmiil Meeting places amt officer 18`*`- PM I , p 14.* American Society (or Testing Materials, comm ittee report* C*8 on Kcfrac tonrs. p HU C-14 on C is u and Glu Product (hullcom m ittee M I), officers. p I.Yl C-15 on M anufactured M asonry Units, p 138 Aaaua l M e e t i n g s , I f t ' i f f - P d l , p 14.* Ceramic h is to r y, Kohl er. \V | . p 111 Ceramic s ch ool s, low. .Stale College S t u d e n t Brancti mt-cimg. p 14.* Missouri Scho ol *( Mine a nd M e ta l lu r g y , S t u d e n t B r a n c h mee tin g, p 1 | `l New York State College of Ceramics, c h a n ce s in stall, a p p o in tm en t . F C. Ar ra nce a n d R. I, S to n e , pho to . p 144 resignations. C. M U m p n a n and F F l.oha ugh.fpH ot ). p 143. North Carolina, University o(. Student Branch meetings, honorarirs. Keramos, pp. 142-43 Ohio State University. S tudent BraocU m eetings. |> 143. . Rutgers University I7 jth anniversary, PI43 Virgiois Polytechnic Inst . S tudent Braoeb meetings, p 142 xiereland M u seu m of Aria, gifts of R A Weaver, p 14*. Corning G la ss W o rks, ( .lir i'im o t r u mcnl ph>>io p I4N C ry sta lw a re in i lu m ow c. p It .ru t E r j m e 'e r s ' C lu b , C c n tr.il l>i-in>t m e e tin g , p 1 !* \ | r h G la s s D iv is io n . C .u n in it f r t > ]*h ir m m.<*p <h nu.in>H rs. p 1 t'.i H is t o r ic a l D a t a . **ciet> \ n i n u l M t t t n i k ' u u l ofTictr p 142 K o h le r , W . J . , lu n g , p 111 C im r p li i \p n l Lo ca l S ectio n s. O itc ig I tr e r tm . ..f fu \ r p t tN P u c iiic V ir t h * f i o P i f n * I* 1 J'll (i.u rg ii. k iiik r i n i u i ' i . ' u IIk i i . p IHS Southern C alifo rn ia j.tu im -tiing. ih crr* p ns " Livin g k itch e n ," at Sxracu* M u n u m nf F in e A r t s . p . I 4 `.: p h o to ?, p p 14' t - iu M e m b e rs, m cniter!up w o rker' p 140. new. for Feb and M a rch , p N o p a id m e m h e r h ip re c o rd , p 141 roster changes for I eh and M a rc h . record, p. 110 N e cro lo g y , E a rd ro f. T . E .. hiog photo, p 14 t 1 44. k'oMilti VH,,| l,|.,k pll.llli, p | | *, I in.I.-in m u \ I l.ug p I P . '* UM.hr 1 I l.iMg . p l i n l o p II*. Orion, Edward, Jr , Ceramic Foundatioo, I m.tiM'i d M.U iikui f.r Pi 10 p I'*i Pacific Northwest Clayworkers' Association, Him* r it i tnu. officer |*. Its. P a s t - P r e s i d e n t s . I nk1* p u n p. |4,,* Ph o t o g ra p h s , Vrr^.ici I C . p N * tl.ir.lf.il I t p 1 1 *. Chrioim . (ft. H n u im ii iv U ..rk p IIK i* i.m . I .# t ..I L-fi <( NT k'..l.l-r W | \ p r i l i mw r k.M.d.. 'S.lll J. II*. C * h i i i ,, <.1 s . U \ U r.v.r * I. > t.ik, L u . I.- i. vtail*i r ^ c . i < M i; v i n >l I i m \ f t p p I Pi .* ................ It p 14 1 V u i l l . l l f s | . I . p I I '. P. I. . p I N Porcelain Enamel lostitute, annual meeting. P 11. PriMA C o n t r o l C o i o m i t i c c , p l Pi Syracuse M useum of Fine Arts, " living kitchen* p erm an en t exhibit, p 140. p h o t m . p p I P-V Weaver, R. A., gift? to Cleveland M useum, p 147 ymt Jicoite* Offu< 2 0 t h & N o r t h a m p t o n . S t s . . Ea t o n , Pa. Edtiortal, E x t e n t re, a n d Advertizing O j u t f . 252$ N H ig h S t ., C o l u m h u s , Ohio. Committee on P u b U f i t o n r J D. S u l l i v a n , C*rmon; E . E. M a k b a k s b , J B. A u s t in , A. S . F i n s . R o s s C . P u t o r . E n te re d as secood-cluss m a t t e r a t the pot office a t E a ston. P a . u n d e r th e a ct of M a rc h 3. 1879. Subscription SI 50 a jear. Single numbers twenty-five cents. (F o rttt* end Cenedter. pottatr. SOt odditionaf n m subscription) (Copyntbt I94i. A irem on Ceromu 5wiefy. /ac ) Published monthly. i.;o Bulletin of The American Ceramic Society-- Trice established in the majority of states, and these bureaus have initiated programs to study industrial conditions and to formulate rules, regulations, and methods to eliminate occupational disease hazards. Industrv should welcome the assistance th a t these bureaus af- tord, because prevention of occupational d ise as s of prim ary interest to em ployees and caves emploveT the cost of compensation. ' s M u l l i k i -<. S r o c K * t o c r , a so W ater s Baltimore, M aialano HEALTH OF BRICK AND TILE PLANT WORKERS IN NORTH CAROLINA* By M . F. T r ic e J A dstract Daia art rtvitved which were obtained in an investigation of the North Carolina brick and lilt industry to evaluate the siliceous dust exposure of the workers in terms of hazards to health. The distribution of the forty-eight plants is classified according to the raw material used, that is. alluvial clay or shale. The extent of the dust exposure of the workers by occupational classification is appraised in terms of millions of particles of dust per cu ft. of air. based on partiele-eount analyses of IS.I samples of air-ltorm- dust collected in twenty-eight plants An evaluation of the health status of the workers is based on medical data obtained in the clinical and X ray examination of 1.5so employees in plants, most of which were the same as those in which dust samples were obtained The investigation disclosed that none of the employees had silicosis, a fact which apparently is explained by a low quartz content of the atmospheric dust, an ibsenee of i xri ssiee concentra Iinns of dust, and a high labor turnover representative ditions in the pation. insofar samples. wi> b. the apparent d greater number ate the expose hacker because exposed to rtut (1) Dust Ex; Inasmuch as is performed dust counts w building in *h or "open." A segregation, P buildings V. I closely, they v. ployed for eh One dust-eeiThe dust ciat' further c!is- : As the valueplants vseri carded. 11 i workers be I. Introduction A mteutial li.i/.trtl tn health exists whenever work men arc exposed to dust th at contains cjuartz, flint, or .'li.- lorn's of uncoinluiicd silica, as such particulate m atter is definitely toxic.d-) T he role of com lum d silica, or silicates as causes of pulmonary diseases, how ever, cannot lie so categorically assessed. A uthorities dilTer with rcs|>cct to tile toxicity of siliejtes although most of them no doubt would agree "th at the presence of other inorganic dusts in the silica-containing altnos- Iplicre may tend to iiilluciice the rate of progressive re action . . . (to) . inhaled silic a ."11'') Although there is some tpiestion as to the effect c f silicates in general, several uf them , notably aslxistos,5 ste atite (tale1), Presented at the Forty-Second Annual Meeting. The American Ceramic Society. Toronto. Canada. April 8 18-40 (General Session on Toxicology). Received April 8 18-40. ' t Industrial Hygienist. Div. of Industrial Hygiene. N. C. State Board of Health and N. C. Industrial Commis sion. Raleigh. N. C. 1(n) R. R. Sayers and R. R. Jones, "Silicosis and Simi lar Dust Diseases." U. S. Pub. Health Repti., 53 (331 (b) 1453-72(1938); p. 145Qj Ceram. Abs., 18 (1 ]40(1939). L. U. Gardner, "Inhaled Silica and Its Effect on Normal and Tuberculous Lungs," Jour. Amer. Med A n n .. 103 191743-48 (1934). 5 W. C. Drcesen. J. M . Dalla Valle,. T. I. Edwards, J. W. Miller, R. R. Sayers, H. F. Easom, and M. F. Trice, "Study of Asbestosis in the Asbestos Textile Industry," V. S. Pub. Health Butt., No. 241 (W ashington, D. C., 1938). 1 W. C. Dreesen and J . M. Dalla Valle. "Effects of Exposure to Dust in Two Georgia Talc Mills and Mines," U. S. Public Health Reptt., 50, 131-43 (1935); Reprint No. 1669. and tnica' are capable of pnxlucm g a serious aud some tim es disabling pathology Any silicate dust therefore should be regarded as a probable menace to health until such tim e as it can be proved innocuous in the concentrations th a t arc encountered in routine. Because the raw m aterial from which brick and tile arc m ade is siliceous in character, an investigation of the North Carolina industrv has been made to evaluate tlie dust exposure ot the workers m terms of hazards to health, particularly with respect to Mlic0sis Most of the medical and engineering tl.itj were collected over a twelve-m outh |>criod, beginning m the summer of 193S. II. Evaluation of Working Environment In a stu d y of this character, it is desirable to appraise, in term s of an average d u st concentration, the exposure of the workers in each occupational classification, as such values perm it a com parison of occupations with respect to the e x ten t of the d u st hazard and are useful in correlating m edical and engineering data. The G rccnburg-Sniith impinger1 was used to the collect 183 sam ples of atm ospheric d u st for particle counts in tw enty-eight plants. T hese du st sam ples were col- lected during each of the four seasons under a variety of w eather conditions and so distributed as to yield * * W. C. Dreesen, J . M Dalla Valle. T. I. Edwards. R. R. Sayers, H. F. Easom, and M. F. Trice. "Pneumo coniosis Among Mica and Pegm atite W orkers," V. S. PahHealth Bull., No. 250 (W ashington. D. C.. 1940). * Leonard Greenburg and J. J. Bloomfield, "Impingw Dust Sampling Apparatus as Used by U. S. Public Health Service," U. S. Pub. Health Repls., 47. 654-75 (1932); Reprint No. 1528. Hotstman {ii'.-.l " Ops' Clay sioragt m Crusher `roils root bov Inclosed n " u ' Ope a I no Dv ' /bats Screen attcr.1 r Dr, pan o p i- v Pug-mill o p i i v Preparatici n-i Isolated Iron- Brick machiai. Open mill cm Hackers Transfer, upprr IS " l0-'r K workerc, t` Ufi cleaning Pip* manufacu. Pip* drying Sot Cleanup man * Weighed a\ N ote: ,Jm:k Stated by this Pectivcly, the . Health of Brick and Tile Plant Workers in North Carolina I 131 .ses is of employers representative evaluation of the atmospheric dust con ditions in the industry. The importance of an occu pation, insofar as it concerns the distribution of dust samples, was based on the num ber of men involved and millions of particles of du st |>er cu ft of air) are shown in T able I. (2 ) Character of Dust the apparent dustiness of the job. A proportionately Because free silica or quartz is a toxic mineral insofar -reater num ber of sam ples was thus collected to ev alu as pulm onary pathology is concerned, it is desirable to ate the exposure of a screen a tte n d a n t th a n th a t of a know the am ount contained in the atm ospheric d u st to hacker because the screen atten d an ts in m ost plants arc which the workmen arc exjiosed. Samples for petro exposed to m uch more d u st than the hackers. graphic analysis accordingly were obtained directly (1) Dust Exposure by Occupational Classification from the atm osphere with an electrically driven, hand vacuum cleaner sus|>cndcd a t the breathing level and JNA* Inasmuch as the m anufacture of brick a t some plants operated interm ittently for a icriod of several days. is performed under v irtually outdoor conditions, all Inasm uch as only one such sam pling device was a v ail I dust counts were classified according to the type of able (and it was out of commission fur a while), several building in which they were collected, th at is, "closed samples of settled dust were collected from structural or " open." Average values were com puted, after this members. Four sam ples (if atm ospheric d u st and three segregation, for each occupation for both types of buildings. W henever the two results obtained checked closely, they were com bined, and the one value was e m ployed for the occupation in both types of plants One dust-exposure value thus serves for all hackers The dust counts for open- and closcd-tyiie plants were further classified according to raw m aterial employed As the values obtained for both the clay and the shale plants were almost identical, the results were d is carded. The calculated average dust exposures of the workers be occupational vlassiluatH u (expressed in samples of settled dust were examined |ietri>graphically for quartz content, the results of wbieli art presented m T abic II No two of these sam ples were collected in the same plant. Although both of the i lav samples contain more q u art/ than the shale samples, thev represent settled dust, which m.n aea ouiit for their higlu r q u a rt/ eoiltent An alialv siso t saiiiphs In partule si/c Irae lions is lrcqucuUv made t" delvrnniit tin q u a rt/ con tent of the respirable s i / , . I he frit k plant dusts, h o u e v .r were not '> met n uioU'b a.i il./e-l 1 ' 3c me- .fore > health nous in the tine. ick and tile 'lig a tio n of to evaluate of hazards sis Most looted over unraicr of nent (i appraise, it e\|iosure ification, as ations with .d are useful data. The e collect 183 c counts in .s were col ler a variety as to yield a I. Edwards, -c, "Pneumo- V. S. Pub. . 1940). id, `" --oinger Pu' ealth - .4 - .932), . 20. No. 4 Tauu- I Av ik m .i D i m IIxhoslkl of Wokkiks in <>eci ia i leiv\ l C i. xssu ie ari. 1)ut ATims.ii n . .mu....is,\ i. * > Nu Hanipio coiiMdcrcl _ --*------* - -- V! \1 .u \s Hoistman (inclosed and preparation ninehmcr> > 11 " topen " " Clay storage bin " " " (inclosed I " ' in -J 1 Crusher (rolls and disintegrator a tn u d jiil. J f tl t. n M 1 ( ! > i <: 19 0 .> II { 0 7i h root boy) Inclosed (nu bats) " (bats) Open (no bats) " " (bats) Screen attendant, inclosed " " inclosed, full bin " " open Dry pan operator, dosed (material dryi .. .. .. .. ( damp) " " " salvage " " " open Pug-mill operator Preparation-machinery exposure Isolated from preparation machinery Brick machine - Open mill discharge Hackers Transfer, upper " lower ' " " (car rackers) Kiln workers, downdraft " " updraft Kiln cleaning Pipe manufacturing, pipe feeder (isolated) " " pressman " " special shapes Pipe drying floor Cleanup man 4 11 t > ;r ;r >* in 3 2 25 3 3 2 41 5 5 1 3 1 4 4 4 ' u 227.0 14 1) 227 n Itili.O 0 0 *2 I) l.2 0 22 0 MG n 11 n cj u i8 o in n 1S4 n r2 u io 0 8 0 n .o 5 7 .0 17. 274.Ot 3 9 .0 92. U 5 1 . A n 2 u 14 <) 2 n 2 i) : i) :> ) 11 9 s n 21 < 1 O 7 u 8 9 (1 1 o 10 0 1 n 4.0 4.0 9 .0 0 9 .0 .5.0 8 0 13. U 21. U .o 7 i* 19 n 09 0 4 U 2 0 44 u x o 112 o i n i; .*1 9 to 0 9 .0 137.0 13 0 10.0 4.0 3 .0 17.0 12.0 138.U 14 0 2.U 5.0 33 0 28.0 iSSSS.'tSSi- ~ . a y d , .. M M * . * 3 * 3 created by this machinery. D r i e d or f i r e d b a t s when ground produce much d u st. no bats and bats mdicat . spectively. the absence or involvement of such material. (1941) Bulletin of The American Ceramic Society-- Trice Virginia authorities* report th at the finer fractions of air-bom e du st in brick and tile plants contain less quartz than the raw m aterials from which the dust originates. T hey estim ate th a t the quartz content of air-bom e d usts varies from 3 to 10% . ated with safety. The brick plant workers are e x p ^ j to dusts, the quartz (or free silica) content of winch vanes from 10 to 25% (Table II). If the maximum concentration of 25% of free silica is employed fur illus tration, then a concentration of tw enty million parti T able II cles of such d u st per cu. ft. of air would contain live million panicles of qu artz, which is the maximum Q uartz C ontent op S am ples of A tm ospheric and S e t t l e d D ust O b t a in e d in N. C. B r ic k and T il e P l a n ts am ount th a t m ay be tolerated with safety. Assuming th a t forty years constitute a norma] lifetime, a f>erson Identification Settled dust (clay) Atmospheric dust (si Settled duM (clay and shaleJ " " iclnyj Cu&rt* coottot (%) 25 1 10 15 15 13 >n could theoretically build up a cum ulative ex|rsure of 800 million particle years of such dust without incur ring a serious risk to health. T hus 5,00 million part.. !e years become a kind of yardstick by which the cum u lative dust exposures of the workers muv be gauged. Only tw enty routine workers (see T able III) have limit up a cum ulative exposure of more than 500 million | ar ticle years of dust, which is only a little more than one O rc a v o W alker and In; c o - u rk ti> T report that half of the S00 m illinn-purticlc-ycur vardstu k at winch puartz *1 ab u n d an t in all sample^ of clav and ''h.tlc some evidence of dust pathology m ight U cvi-ctud deposits oi N orth Carolina. T his hy|K,tlictic.il "thresh o ld " lim it ib h a n d on the dust sample with tlic iiuxiuniiii q u a rt/ e o n k u i. winch . III. Cumulative Dust Exposure of Workers lu an ci ablution of an iuaip.ilioii.il di-c.i'c Ii.i7.irrl. Iliu medical d a ta are usually con elated with the total d u ll cx|ioMirc of tin workers ns will as with their total lengths of service ,\s the uinum t of diw: winch the men aie e x p o s a l c a m s with the iK.aip.nion, (lie total dust c\[MiMires of the workmen arc of more x.duc than tlieii lengths o| serviic in y ta rs Some ohs t \ | k^ c the men lu little d u st, otheis to apprcaahlc ainouiits of <lust, as shown in T able I. 'I u .n i p u r c w oikm ai oil the basis of tinii total dust txpositre, a niilhou-p.irliclc te a r d u st indtx* is ustd w huh is ob taim d lie m ulti, piting the a\er.igi \ curly dust exposure of an oeaipntion by till- total num ber of \ ears s|K.nt llierem ,\ man t \ posed to an average of ten iiullu.ii |. .r tith s of dust l -tr CII. ft. of a ir in ten years would therefore build up.a' cum ulative cx|.osurc of 100 million particle vears of dust. \\ lien more th an one r*ceup.ition js involved, the is undoubtedly much higher than lliat of t | K ,n i r.,-e uluiosphtiic dii'ts to whiili the workers an exposal Tims, instead of the total "threshold" dust exp.^urt being NHI million partie le- ) ears of dust, it is pi,,l,.,|,fi a t least double th a t figure, as the e|u.irl/ c o u n n t of (fit air 1.me dust samples ( | able II) aee rage s only IJ .7 [ or one lull of the figure used. One ec.rke m ule bus bui't lip a eiium latixc c.\|><>siire of more th an ll.nn null.... purliele years, l h e length of exjwtsure, m eears of tfi^ employees reeeals that almost one half of tin routine workers examined have liven in the indu-lrx un.-e ifi.ui leu xears. After so long a Krnxl of se-re in , fio w iw r their euinulatiee dust ex|K.suris are onle- u fr.ui.on ,.j the theoretical "threshold" computed as a \.n d -ln k by which to examine the tot.,I dust exposure- of ifit eeorhitien. 1hese assumptions and cuuiptil.ilion-. therefore, mdie'ate that the s.lu e-eu- du-l b ./ .rel a i..>: acute in the North Curolin.. i ,, u k and til......... - a cum ulative cx|>nsurc for each is calculated and a total exposure computed by adding together the individual IV . Medical Examinations occupational expe-sures. A distribution of the workers according to arbilrarilt selected cum ulative du st exposure classifications is presented in Table III. V irtually SU% of the routine workers have accum u lated less than 150 million particle y ta rs of dust, which is not an excessive exposure. This conclusion m ay be examined bn the basis of the free silica (or quartz) con tent of the dust. I t is generally accepted th a t five m il lion particles of quartz (o( respirable size) per cu. ft. of air is the m axim um concentration th a t m ay be lolcr- M edical exam inations, including an X -ray film of the chest, were given to 17V. employees and' p ro s,* c tiec employees in tw enty-eight plants, which were not identical in even- instance will, those m which dust samples were collected. 'Hie clinical and X -rav exam inations ucrc made on the premises of the rcs|K cli\e companies in the cruising X -ray trailer of the North Carolina Division of Industrial Hygiene.* The medical exam ination given to the workers was thorough, fsjiecial emphasis being placed on the heart and lungs Blood specimens for the W assermann and Kline tests . ' Pif?in3ina7 Report of Study in Brick and Tile Indus try in . Va., Bureau of Industrial Hygiene, W Va State Health Dept., Charleston. W. Va,, 1939. ' Greavts-W alker, X. H. Stolte. and W. L. Fabia- mc. Occurrence. Properties, and Uses of Commercial Clays and Shales of N. C . " N. C. State CM. A t r. ( f E nt t s T w 5 % f e f N - 6' 74 pp- (1934); c " OBI- 15 n V pMc 5 al1?, Y?Ue- "Significance of Dust Counts," X o520834' H RtP" ` ' 1005-1104 U939); Reprint for syphilis were obtained from a large num ber of the persons exam ined. A com plete m edical and occu|*ational history was also obtained in every instance."1 1 G. R. M athcson and M. F. Trice, "N orth Carolina's Mobile X-Ray Laboratory," Jour. In i. ifed.. 7 327-30 (1938). u M. F. Trice, "Pre-Employment Examinations and Related Activities of N. C. Div. of Industrial Hygiene," M i.. 9, 188-93 (April, 1940); Ceram. Abs., 19 fill 272 (1940) Voi 20, No 4 v. exposed of which m jxim um 1for illus ion parti* m ain live maximum Assuming . a person in ju re of *ut mcur- n particle he cuniu- v gauged. ' bui l t illinn pur- ilu n one . at ulnch o\j>ecled n r the m ulncli ' >*'U igC t\;ii ivf<l c.\;i *Mire prb.ihl\ tu t *.| tin- .y !2 V c . built n) * Mj, >n .r lie .ane <. than Imnev i r. i.n ito n uf vu r d M i c k ::l n| tin. j*11tut ion* artl is not -lusirv v lilm "i ! pr<sj*.c- u rt not liich duM r.iy examrespective the North ne medical rough, es* and lung*. <line tests her of the a] occupu* a n c e . l# Carolina's . 7. 327-30 ati' *nd . H n | 0 72 . -0. No 4 Health oj Brick and Tile Plant Workers in North Carolina 133 T able III Distribution of Workmen Total esposure (m p y.)' Negative Less than 25 25- 50 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-300 300-400 400-500 500 and over T otal Million particle Total employees 374 356 230 229 140 85 79 22 13 21 1555 years. by Arbitrary T otal Di m Pre employment (No.) ir.) 301 60.7 166 33.5 23 4.6 5 1 0 i 0 2 490 1UU II Exposure Classifications Routioe (No.) 71 1S9 213 224 140 S3 77 21 13 20 1051 <%> 0.7 17.0 20.2 21.3 13.3 7 .ii 7.:i 2.1 1.3 2.0 100.0 Rejected (No) 2 1 I 3 T abll IV Percentage of Brick and TTlc Workcrs E xaminld Havinc T uberculosis Contacts. I'ast R lspiratorx Ill nesses. and Otiilr M edical F indings in Each Okoit ' SrcciFii u Min i wminid Past medical ini'lini. Family history of tubcruilo>i> Exposure to tuberculosis Pleurisy Hemoptysi** (blood-Mrcakcd -pn- turn) Pneumonia Influenza Colds (few reported) Colds (more in rccun years! Other respiratory disca'-cs Clubbed or bowed curitm lK * Diaphragm (normal) Diaphragm (angles shallow) Childhood tuberculosis Childhood and adult tuberculosis Pulmonary tulxrculost; (activity (>) or arrested) l*n t uiplo> rmot 1 .( 1 2 2 S l .4 8 3 2D 3 87 * 2 n 2*) 4 8 .P J2 U 4 4 it 7 0 2 InOHlllll 1 " 1 1 1 > 1 1 *J 2 13 S Si) n 3 1 27 d 12 0 8!). (i 3 2 7 h 2 1 ! 1 h T h e c \ a i i u i u t l u u <I t h e w o r k e r * * t u b n c k a n d t i l t p l.m t^ h .i< e x p e c t e d l' r e v e a l I h r iM '.tc n c c o f p u llin '- n a n - p a t h ' g i tli.H im ilil U - u ltn lm U -il .'tile '"Ii.il.it m u I.f ( l i i ' l W 'lu -iI l lu- c ' i l l I ' l l t c : i l i M . m c " i - n i li | . . i t 1 1 \\ .I- : I I-i : c<I. it .is lim ili 11 tn .tii.ils /c ill "I IIn II 'll i .il il.il.i I in till T. ili Hi mil il- I tin i -...... i 111i I "I ( | M. l m i l il l 1n ut n u b i l i I r r i i i - . i l i li 1 111LH r i m u l ' i i ' i ' f .i t i l l l in . n 11 I i n t i n li 11il. n I II -1 n r .i 11It i i l m . n l v . r s \ 1! il.i I I 1 l u n E .it i n i ' d K 11 I 'll I ill Iu li i j ri U . l i n i . i i i . i K n `1 n i l I i i t i i r . i l i . 'ii.il H u s n u s . M . k l u i s 1 i l u i l . i l i n ; . ; i | i i i | . H,i ul I In i n . m iii i|.i.il .n i l n s i i l i s ,.f U n s nil.ill sis. i w i p l tin I. " I liii'liucs. .in i -i i -i m u l in T i l d i IV1 l im- i- n-1 ,||'| invilii ill-11ilTi 11 m e m l lie i i i d ' l d i c c ( IIn i.iri mis i nul i ne' i"i Ilie pre im|i l n) m i n i .mil .......... u i.r U l'. m ilii.itine lli.il i-\|.siiu- In lilli.k pi.ml 'lii'l li.is p rilli, n i un d em imslr.ilile i l l i i l ml llic Inalili **f Ihe Hi.rhi i ' lii.isiiliuli as all p n em plnvim nl anil imiUtn ia h d s alike aie (m in lin '.une 11 ..iimiiii I m i . the funnel 'ir v i as a s.uisf.n tu n nm lrul snm p u h which l" 1'iuip.iie lliv latti r. 1lie e,,," l 1 m in ,N T aim.i. V N unoer and P ekcentai.i. op Pre lmployment and KuUHNL Workers. C lassified hy Kali , Ki altiv Positively to Wasslrmann and K i ivl I i s i s for S \ i-iiii.is pre employnunt Koutim While (No ) <%> Colori! (No ) Win {N,, > (CD <_*4ler *.-*1 (Xu ) (Ve) Wassermann Negative 02 tn D 09 Doubtful 1 1.3 11 Positive 3 4.5 o2 Not done 115- 182' T otal 181 314 33 1 3 227* 2ST 13 0 1 H 5.2 161 31 177 398* 767` 13.1 X 4 4S.0 Negative Doubtful Positive Not done T otal 94 91.3 157 71.0 221 93.5 382 5-3.5 6 5.8 15 G.7 3 2.9 49 22 3 8 7 3.5 72 11.0 3.0 200 30.5 78* 93* 48' 113* 181 314 284 767 ' Not considered in calculating perceniages.- V . Medical Findinj* T he X -ray films of the 1555 workers were read sepa rately and apart by two physicians, both of whom re ported th at there was no evidence in any of them of silicosis or any o th er pulm onary condition th a t could be attributed to dust. (1941) amined were in an unusually excellent state of health, except eight men who were rejected for employment, one of whom had tuberculosis questionable, four ques tionable active, and three definitely active tuberculosis. Seven of the persons rejected were routine workers, the other was a pre-employment case. i ). t. I j k . Bulletin oj The American Ceramic Society--Ceramic History VI. Venereal Dittate In view of the nation-wide campaign to eradicate venereal diseases, the medical findings relating to this scourge are presented in T able V. The incidence of syphilis is much higher am ong the colored workers. Among chose whose blood was subjected to the W asser mann test, 48% of the routine colored workers reacted positively as against 5.2% of the routine white workers. Results of reactions to the Kline test were 80.5% against 3.0% ; about the same ratio holds for the precmploymcnt cases. VII. Cor.clusioni The total absence of silicosis and other serinU5 pulmonary pathology and the low incidence of other respiratory diseases am ong 1555 brick and tile plant workers indicate th at exposure to dust in the North Carolina industry does not constitute a serious menace to health. D ivision o r I ndustrial H vgjrnr N o t T C aro lin a S t at B oar d o r I I rai th KALBi c a . N o rt h C a ro lin a CERAMIC HISTORY WALTER JODOK KOHLER* Lt me die, working. Still tackling plans unfiimhid. taks undone* Clear to its end, swift may my race be run No laggard Mcp, no falurtng. no lurking: Let me die. working Haller J Kolilvr. Chairman of lliv Hoard of Directors of Kohler Company, spent a busy day at his office, Satur day. April 20, l rMii, working uniil near se w n o'clock m the evening with the vigor and rest which alwayscharacli rizcd him Much of (he morning was given to corre spondence. S i m l v of ojivrating reports, and presiding toward noon at a meeting of the executive cominillcv Afternoon brought a long conference with company engineers regarding a prnjccitd new factory building and its equipment On Sunday, the members of ilic organization, ihe peoph of the village, and thousands of friends were inexpressibly shocked lo learn that he had liven stricken that morning wiih a fatal attack of coronary embolism. The verses above, by S Hall Young, dated I'l.t.'l. which he clipped and saved, had liceu prophetic. UK) on a farm mar M uh Aiiiim miia IUK manhood, Ik- worked fm .1 imim in (,'hn tj;* Af*- i !k ki-cjI lin . In went In Mu Im >l'jm. wl1Ln hi married There, in 1*7.;. |,, , M.ddidu ,1 ., ,,unnlaclur mg business h u ll Ihe (dimly lu s t ,, n im m ,I l l i r slUll Halter Kohler was bapti/id into ih, I pis, ,,p.i| <Hurch With which he toiiliumil ................ through,,tit |,,e |,fc He diso liclongcd tu l l i , Itine I., IK, ,,f ,|,, ........... ,,. Order His f o m u l cim a li,n i w.is ,,Inani,,I nr tin -dulmygan pnbhc schools Al r,ficco, I,C ,K,-,,I,,I |,c warned to go into his father's bllsimss He followed a naturai urge In the factory, lie pul in long hours ,,M,, \ |,i,, ,r K fo. c the enamibug furnaces and m the foundry. i , , , , e m g a wage of almut $1.2.', a day If, U , a for. man at eighteen and factory sujK-riitlt ml, ut al twtuly he,- In 1 3 -11, the factory was removed by his fallar, John Boyhood and Early Responsibilities Michael Kohler, to its prese nt site. wha I, was the a m ihe Halter Jodok Kohler was born March 3. is::,. open country Sheboygan, Wisconsin, tf of John Michael and 1 lie death of liis father, one month afier ns r, uao al jnd Lillie \ollrath Kohler. His u _>ther died on March 2, two days after Walter's wedding day ,u tla fall of 1'). 1SS.. the day before bis eighth birthday. On November left three young brothers, Kolari. Haller, and Carl, lo 3. 887. his father married Minnie Voilrath. his mother's cope with difficulties which, a few lunnihs fwter, lH.-c.mic I sister. Waller was devoted to her through the years, more formidable with the toial dcstrm iion of the new plant by fire. I and her photograph was on his office desk at the time of his passing. They returned to the old plant m . S h c l m y g a n and c o n He was the third of a family of four sons and three daughters. . tinued business. Triumphing over Ihe problems of financing, planning, construction, and equipment, they Family ties and traditions were ever a dominating interest and influence in his life, and his middle name Jodok, long in the Kohler family, is reminiscent of the regenzerwafd (Forest of Bregenz), near Lake Constance m Austria, where the Kohlers had dwelt, according to church records, since 1624. rebuilt the plant, reopening it one year later on the anni versary of the fire. By the untimely passing of the two brothers who had been associated with him. Walter Kohler was left in 1905 the responsible head of the business A series of calami tous events had precipitated him, at the early age of Thence John Michael Kohler came as a boy of ten with his father and the immediate family to America, where thirty, into the presidency of the company, a position which he held until 193/ when, becoming Chairman of the Board, he was succeeded as President by his youngest ` From Kohler Nnrs. 24 [5) (May. 1940). brother. Herbert V. Kohler. ! Among Mr. Kohler's many civic activities, his keenest i Voi. 20 No -l