Document dqQEJeZxw2Ompkjvj3q9oxJ6

LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, INC. 292 MADISON AVENUE. NEW YORK. N. Y. 10017 LI A2 6725 The Press Comments The National Observer (March 15,1975) "Back to the Drawing Board for Converters" Backing away from policies that already caused expensive change in most new cars and at gas stations across the land, the Environmental Protection Agency began to take action last week against the sulfuric acid mists emitted by catalytic converters. EPA has long promoted the converters to control hydrocarbon and carbon-monoxide pollution. The Washington Post (March 7,1975) "EPA and Auto Emissions" Weighing one danger against another, the Environmental Protection Agency now urges Congress to move slowly in tighten ing automobile pollution standards. EPA's decision has massive significance for future policy on public health, not to mention the future of the automobile industry. The Clean Air Act was designed explicitly to force the manufacturers into new technolo gies for reducing the health hazards in automobile exhausts. But technological development is a road full of risks and uncertainties. To meet the schedule of increasingly rigorous requirements that Congress set five years ago in the Clean Air Act. industry produced the catalytic converter--a device which fits into the exhaust system of the car and cuts down certain poisonous gases thrown out into the atmosphere. In his decision, Russell E. Train, the head of the EPA, warned that the converter itself is producing a new emission, a very fine spray of sulfuric acid, that has to be taken seriously as a potential threat to health. Time (March 17, 1975) "The Catalyst Backfires" The Environmental Protection Agency last week granted automakers a year's exten sion on the federal deadline lor the removal of virtually all pollutants from the exhausts of 1977-model cars. The extension itself came, as no surprise; meeting the tough federal standards would have added another $445 to the cost of a new car for antipollution equipment that might have decreased fuel economy to boot. But in making the announcement, EPA Ad ministrator Russell Train did not mention energy or recession. The major reason for the delay, he said, was the EPA's conclu sion that the catalytic converter--the device installed on most 1975 cars to reduce nox ious emissions--was itself a polluter. The converter. Train explained, produces mi nute amounts of sulfuric acid mist that in high enough concentrations would pose a health hazard, especially to people with respiratory problems. New York Times (March 9,1975) "Auto Makers Win One" The government has conceded that the automobile industry was justified when it tried to resist pressure from the Environ mental Protection Agency to meet strict pollution standards too soon. The EPA has agreed to the requests from manufacturers for a one-year extension on final emission standards for several ej. haust pollutants that were scheduled to be imposed for cars in 1977. Richmond News Leader (March 7, 1975) "Catalytic Reversal" Of all the automobile equipment dreamed! up to promote cleaner air and improved i safety, the catalytic converter stands out i as the biggest of the big-time losers. The Wall Street Journal (March 6, 1975) "We Told You So" At long last, the Environmental Protectioa Agency has admitted that a colossal mia take was made by the government in foru ing the automobile industry into catalytil converters. The gadgets that supposedll would clean the air by removing emission of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide il fact are fouling the air even worse bl spewing out sulphuric acid mists. Editorial Note: As of press time, the P' has taken the matter under further judiul review . . . Quieting news about noise from n on exto imed o\e<l out ction mi>* fore- llytic -edU >ions le m r* by EPA licial Mn on't squeeze the Charmin'' was ^probably nut designed as an anti noise campaign, though it has helped inflate the shopper from the gentle repri mands of the grocery store manager. For 1 harmin Paper Products Co., however, quiet docs begin at home. At the new Mhany, Georgia, offices and plant, they tave "built'' quiet into the working am bience. Sheet lead installed out oi sight ffove dropped ceilings helps prevent the unwanted How of office and construction n<)ise from one area to the next. Plans insuring acoustical integrity at the Charmin plant were provided by the Bechtel Corporation, the large engineer ing firm commissioned to design the Albany plant by Charmin's parent con cern, Procter & Gamble. A similar instal lation was designed for P&G's Modesto, Calif., plant. Use of sheet lead for sound attenua tion is a relatively simple procedure -. adopted in recent years by many archi tectural and contracting firms. Essen- tiallv. the procedure is to hang a barrier curtain of the l/64th-inch-thick. one-lb.pcr-sq.ft. lead sheet so that It seals off the main noise leakage routes. Leakage u.-ually uccurs between hung ceilings and slab, over intervening ceiling height partitions. This is the plenum area above the ceiling that is usuallv left open to accommodate ductwork, water pipes, telephone and electrical cable. I nless lead sheet is used, a great deal of noise may penetrate the ceiling and How un hindered into other offices. Lead sheet is relativelv easy to in stall in the plenum, even after the basic office construction has been completed. At the Albany plant, built for Charmin by Daniel Construction Companv. the lead sheet was applied bv Daniel as the office partitions were installed. The shept lead is snuglv fitted around pipes, ductwork and rallies. This vital step--snug fit--is simple to effect. Lead sheet cau be readily folded, cut with scissors, and nailed, stapled, taped, or adhered with conventional cements. Around piping, for example, it is cut and taped to the pipe to prevent sound leakage. Similarlv. seams and joints in the lead itself are overlapped and taped. In P&G's Charmin plant, which has a drywall office construction over steel studs, lead sheet is bonded to steel beams and attached to the drvuall partitioning with screws. The new Charmin offices were occu pied before the manufacturing areas of the structure were completed. This was practical because the lead sheet con verted the new offices into comfortable quiet work spaces, even though construc tion continued elsewhere in the building. On the production side too, noise is frequently a problem in the paper in dustry. The enclosure shown here is de signed to provide effective, efficient, and economical noise attenuation for certain types of process equipment such as jordans and refiners used in paper mills. The closure is constructed of 120-oz. to 144-oz./sq. yd. lead-filled vinyl formed into a box-like modular enclosure to fit over the machine. The rugged, tear and water-resistant material is installed on a support frame constructed around the machine of -'f^-in. pipe or angle iron. The motor is excluded as it requires air flow and heat dissipation. Transmission losses of 10 dba or more are common. LIA2 6727 3 I A. Intensified interest in alternate energy sources and energy conservation tech niques makes harnessing the sun's rays a realistic matter. One index of this growing concern is seen in increased re search budgets. The .National Science Foundation, which allocated $3.2 mil lion for solar energy in 1973, expects to spend $50 million this year. The Federal Energy Administration has gone on rec ord as endorsing a strenuous exploration of new energy sources. So far architectural applications of solar energy have received the focus of attention. A natural priority when you consider that one-third of the nation's total energy consumption is committed to the lighting, heating, cooling and utility service of buildings. A Canadian experience hours expected, yet weekly readings of battery specific gravity stayed almost constant throughout the winter indicat ing that very little battery capacity had been required to make up for the pro jected ampere hour deficit. In December of 1973, the Canadian Pacific Railway installed a solar array near Montreal to power a DC track cir cuit. The power requirement was esti mated to average 6.5 ampere hours per day at 2.1 volts nominal. The array con sisted of 10 solar modules, 2 in series by 3 in parallel. A 500 ampere hour lead acid battery was specified as the energy storage unit. The size of the battery was determined by the maximum ampere hour deficit projected for the winter months plus enough reserve ca pacity so that the battery would not be discharged below 50% of its rated ca pacity to prevent freezing. Soon the system design was proved to be overly conservative. The average load as measured by a coulombmeter between the solar array and the battery was slightly higher than the 6.5 ampere Solar arrays, such as the Canadian Pacific one referred to here, are being used now on unmanned offshore oil plat forms to provide power for navigation lights and warning horns, on boats with auxiliary power to maintain a charge on the battery during periods of non use, for powering radio repeater stations, and for remotely located environmental monitoring equipment. Railroad com munication and signal systems by the nature of their operations need power at many different locations along their lines. These requirements vary from many kilowatts at a busy terminal to a few watts for a DC track circuit. These power requirements often can be met by tapping a nearby AC power line, but many times a communication and signal engineer is faced with a situation where there is no AC power available in the vicinity. Either a power line must b* brought in at considerable expense or some form of self-contained power source! is required. Solar cells offer several advantage* over other types of independent pow systems. There are no moving parts and no adjustments to be made eitlw mechanical or electrical. The solar am| does not use anv fuel, thus elirhinada( the problems of fuel supply and storag) as well as the escalating cost of fuel Nothing in a solar array wears out or gel used up, eliminating the problems aid costs of inventory and replacement a sociated with primary batteries. A sola array has a life expectancy of 15 yeu or more. Finallv, for the ecology minded solar arrays are noiseless in operatid and do not give off any fumes or otha pollutants. Silicon solar cells are fabricated fro* a cylindrical crystal of nearly pure sil con (Si), the second most abundantd* ment on earth, which is grown from1 hot melt of silicon. The crystal is usua^ doped with a small concentration of a be puritv so that it will conduct electricity, or j.- purer silicon is a poor conductor. De ice pending on the nature of this impurity, the crystal will conduct negative (n) charges leaded electrons I or positive wer <p i charges l called holes). Phospho and rous may be used to make the crystal nher tvpe and boron to make the crystal prav tvpe. The n- or p-type cylindrical crystal ing is then sliced into very thin wafers. Each age "afer can develop about O.T to 0.5 volts iel. in sunlight. :rts The solar cells are assembled into a md package or module that will permit them as- to Function in an earth environment. ilar The package must be able to withstand ars shock, vibration, moisture, humidity, and led. 'tnall boys throwing rocks. ion her A standard module consists of five 55 millimeter 12.17 inches) wafers wired in 'ones or parallel on a government speci fication glass reinforced printed circuit ^ard which is anchored firmly by 12 | cfrosion resistant screws into an im- i Pact resistant polycarbonate case. The 'hole assembly is then encapsulated in 1 AV resistant silicone rubber. The electrical output of each module under maximum light conditions is 1.5 watts. The series connected module generates 0.65 ampere at 2.3 volts and the parallel connected module generates 3.0 ampere at 0.5 volts. Solar cells themselves have no storage capability. They generate only while ex posed to light. A lead acid battery is the most practical, reliable unit of energy storage. Since power is usually required continuously, a storage battery is used to provide power during the time the solar array is in darkness. During the daylight hours the array recharges the battery as well as handling the load. A solar power system consists of a solar array and a storage battery. The array is composed of solar modules mounted on suitable frame with series and parallel connections to meet the de sign requirements. The number of solar modules in series is determined by the operating voltage of the system. The number of modules in parallel is de termined from an analysis of weather data and the load requirement. Built into each array is a blocking diode to prevent discharging the batterv back through the solar cells during periods of darkness. AA hen the arrav is installed, the out put cable from the array is connected to the battery terminals. Lead acid or nickel cadmium type storage batteries are generally specified because of their reliability. The batteries are subject to a daily cycle of charging during the day and discharging during the night. In addition, there is an annual cvcle of gradual discharge during the winter months when power requirements mav exceed the amount available from the solar array, followed by a gradual re turn to the fully charged state during the summer months when the amount of power generated by the solar modules exceeds that required by the load. A storage battery to be used in a solar en ergy system must have the capability of repeated discharge cycles, long life, and a low self-discharge rate. The solar array is mounted in a fixed position that will give maximum ex posure to light. Ideally for maximum power output the array should track the sun, but the energy used to operate the tracking device would more than offset any gain in array output power. The best fixed position for an array is facing the equator at an angle to the horizontal equal to the latitude plus five degrees. If desirable, the array angle may be in creased to favor operation during the winter months. Clearly the crux of the matter in the development of solar energy, as it is in the acceptance of the electric vehicle, is cost. Technological trade-offs, like change, are the order of the day. LIA26729 5 m People movers give travelers an assist etting out to the airport is not half G the fun. And some of those lung runwavs Iliterally.I : > the boarding area ran be heartbreaking l literally I. At Clevelands Hopkin's International Air port. they ha\e taken action to help the harassed trayeler. Battery powered peo ple movers prov ide the answer. Basically, the idea is adapted from automatic materials handling robots, widely used in warehouse order picking for the last several years. In the tractor-trailer arrangement at Cleveland, the battery powered, driverless tractor has a drawbar pull of 400lbs. The tractor is capable of handling 16.000-lbs. of rolling load, which means the vehicle can tow multiple trailers with --three slow commands, three speed-up commands, one stop command, and one automatic re-start command. The auto matic re-start is commanded at a spe cific wait interval after stopping, which can he pre-set. Average speed is 3 mph, a trifle faster than normal walking pace. The system is, in effect, multi-vehicle, computer-controlled, with each vehicle towing a trailer or group of trailers. The number of vehicles as well as the num ber of trailers each vehicle would tow will be determined by the service level desired for departing and arriving pas ease. The trailers at the Cleveland Airport are designed to handle twenty-five to thirty people each. The tow vehicle is sufficiently powerful to handle multiple trailers. The path the vehicle travels is defined bv wires which are recessed in a slot cut into the floor. After path wire installation, the slot is then re-sealed so that there are no changes made in the surface over which the vehicle will travel. The guide path is a passive sys tem, containing absolutely no magnets or active components of any type. At this installation the vehicle tra verses a path which makes a complete loop that is approximately 3,000-ft. in length. During each trip, the vehicle may be commanded to perform eight actions sengers. The system is completely , malic, with each vehicle havina i ., ... e a sonu* object detector which would el;-.- r . , cnTMnat collisions ot any sort with the oti vehicles and/or pedestrians. The - T tern sequence of vehicle departures ,|0 downs or stops could be modified at , time to react to changes in schedules or peak traffic by a simple alteration to the computer program. Resort areas find electrics attractive There is an increasing trend to utiliw battery powered electric transportation at major resort areas, -ome of them specifically designed to utilize the advantages of electrics. For example at Sea Pines Plantation, located at Hilton Head, S.C.. 20 four-passenger electric vehicles are in use to supplement the transportation needs of both permanent residents as well as tourists and othervisitors. These electrics are operating on designated routes throughout the 5.0004 acre x acation/recreation area. The v hides rent for S10 per day and. accord ing to a spokesman from Sea Pina Plantation, they are very popular. 'The fact that they are noiseless, do not pol lute the air, and are simple and eco nomical to operate, are decided advan tages", the spokesman said. Proving hit point, the spokesman stated that nego tiations are underway for additional; electrics. i AXrW ill auto- vonic: linate other ->s- >lo\v t aru m's or O the ctive itilizc ution them ad<' at lilton <tric t the -inent other A, oil '.000- tt \ ecordPines "The t pnl- ecoIvang his nego:ional jann C^ane, U S. Postal Service, adaresses audience ol fleet owners Showcase '75 marks milestone for electric vehicles Thev came from all over the New \ork Citv metropolitan area; from large companies and small; from General Elec tric and Gramercy Heaeman Milk Co.; from Coil Edison and Green Eagle Enter prises; from AT&T; and Star Uniform Rental Co. Their reaction to Showcase 75 ran from show-me to I-want-to-buy,,ne now. But in any case, they showed up. Nearly 200 in number. The occasion, of course, was the Elec tric Vehicle Showcase 75, held in Feb ruary this year at Westbury, L.I. For the first time, all the major producers of elec tric \ehicles and their suppliers (mostly hatterv producers) were being brought face-to-face with a representative audi ence of potential buyers. LIA was joined in the sponsorship of this event by the Copper Development Association, Electric Vehicle Council, and Long island Lighting Company. For the producers of electric vehicles, the main business of Showcase 75 was the opportunity for a one-on-one meeting with fleet owners and a demonstration of the specific advantages of their vehicles. The demonstration period was preceded by an orientation session and discussion. LI.Vs Connel Baker chaired the morning meeting. He took the occasion to recapit ulate the 1974 GoLiAth program. Last year the vehicle was transported to 25 cities in the U.S. and Canada to demonstrate the ability of electric deliv ery trucks to perform the same tasks as their internal combustion counterparts. During the 25-citv visit that included a side trip to a Mexican town across the Rio Grande River from El Paso, Texas. LoLIAth traveled 2,500 miles during a variety- of work assignments and demon stration programs. GoLlAth's work assignments were typ ical of those normally performed by in ternal combustion trucks. For example, during a two-month test and evaluation program in Chicago. GoLIAth undertook a number of diverse work tasks in which it carried payloads up to 350-lbs. These assignments included; Shuttling employees of Common wealth Edison, Chicago's electric utility, between a passenger car ga rage and the utility's corporate head quarters. Transporting service and meter reading personnel and their equip ment for the water and electrical departments of the Public Works Authority in Maywood, a suburb of Chicago. Delivering small packages for the Cannonball Delivery Service, a Chi cago-based parcel delivery service. Pickup and delivery of bulk news papers for the CHICAGO DAILY MEWS, and SUN-TIMES. Transporting personnel and equip ment for the city's Environmental Agency. As an intra-plant mail truck for the S & C Electric Company. During the year-long tour, demonstra tions of the vehicles's capabilities were also provided for the general public, en vironmental agencies, city, state and fed eral officials, as well as for business and industry representatives. Speakers for the co-sponsors of Show case 75 were Donald K. Miner. CDA; Ered Port for the Electric Vehicle Coun cil; and W. O. I hi for Long Island Light ing Company. Each has a record of long time involvement with electrics--proto type development and testing. Miner retlected a common attitude when he said. AX e feel very strongly that electric cars and vehicles are the best wav to achieve energy conservation, reduced air pollu tion in urban centers, and quieter service in residential areas.'' The next battery of speakers was made up of men who have specific firsthand experience in the practical application of electrics: Donn Crane. Director. I Mice of Fleet Management. U.S. Postal Serv ice; A. F. Dicker of Battronic. describ ing Continental Baking's record: D. I. Ozerkis. Chief Engineer of the Roose velt Island Development Corp.: and D. K. Miner of CD A standing in for the City Engineer of Birmingham. Mich. After detailing the comparative and favorable economics of the electric ve hicle in Continental Baking s Long Is land delivery circuit. Dicker pointed to 'human benefits". ' The drivers come in at the end of the dav less tired, in a better frame of mind because of the lack of noise and vibration. In the sum mer, the cab temperature is 15 degrees cooler." Key speaker from the operational standpoint was Donn Crane of the L. S. Postal Service. His responsibilities in clude the care and maintenance of a fleet of over 100.000 vehicles. He has had in-depth experience with electric vehicles in daily use and he was on hand to report: `Tt was a sensitive time-- January. 1974--when "GoLiAth" was first introduced. We were right in the midst of the Arab oil boycott and public interest in any alternative to petroleum power was high. But with the spring came a relaxing of the boycott and more LIA26731 4 gasoline--anrl some of the barriers to the electric vehicle were raised again. Forgotten was the fuel crisis--pushed aside was the crying need for an im proved air quality. "Today, we face a new crisis. True, there is more petroleum--but at what price? A recent report released by the Commerce Department for 1974 through November, shows that foreign oil cost us $22.2 billion for 11 months. That compares with only $7.2 billion in all of 1973 for a greater amount of oil. Can we as a nation continue to pay that kind of money and avoid bankruptcy? "The nation must retain its trans portation systems--private, public, and commercial--but it must do so at a rea sonable cost. And in the urban trans portation mode, what better way than the electric powered vehicle for the stop and start shopping trips, the family taxi chores, and most especially for multi stop delivery trucks--for it is in the heavy traffic world of stop and go that the electric really excels. When the truck stops, the current flow stops. "We in the Postal Service have been fighting the battle of fuel conservation for almost two years, now, and do you know what we found to be the largest single culprit in fuel consumption? En gine idling! We made a series of de tailed studies to determine the break point in time when it would be ideal from a fuel conservation standpoint to shut off the engine. It turned out to be between 15 and 17 seconds. Just 17 seconds! Now. of course, we don't rec ommend cutting off the engine at every stoplight, but I shudder when I realize how much fuel is unavoidably burned each day bv our 110,000 trucks all waiting for a light to change. And all the time our few electrics sit there at the stoplight quietly--consuming no fuel, emitting no noxious fumes, and making no noise. "And so those of us who are in the electric business have a tremendous rote to play in this nation's well being. The hard part is to get the message across--that here is a way to get the job done, to keep our national mobility, without sending all our billions to be buried in the desert sands of some Mid- die East sheikdom. "And the biggest problem we face is cost effectiveness. How can we justify , the high initial purchase price of elec tric vehicles? Since last vear we have had further experience which speaks) more directly to this matter of cost. In . March of last year we put 30 more elec- 1 trie trucks built bv Harbilt of England to work in Cupertino. "To date we have had more than 7,200 days of service and in that total time our records show only 8 days out of service. More importantly, the yearly operating cost per vehicle computes toJ only $384.80. on the base of 4.533 kilo- < watt hours. fc'-tl LIA26732 Here s h0w that breaks down: 0St of Electricity 3124.62 Battery service & H ater 25.74 fiettular Chassis Maintenance 24.35 Special Body ^faintenance 122.59 Amortized Charger Cost 87.50 which costs us 3700 each year for de preciation alone must operate on a mini mum of current and maintenance. And that takes a whole vehicle--solid chassis components--sound body construction. Brakes, suspension and drive train must electric vehicles." He went on to relate the inevitable growth of electrics to the depletion of world energy resources in oil and the need to shift a reasonable segment of our transportation needs to energy other than gasoline. Creger , includes installation ) all be trouble free. closed with some sales specifics: "He do total Maintenance & Operating Cost 3384.80 "Our test trucks are also doing quite well, although we have had a few batterv and brake problems. Driver acceptance have the prices on AM General electric trucks. They are available for sale. The lead time is approximately 120 days. hides are on tmhe street about I Ve and one-half hours a day with an is verv good and there has been no case of failure on the route. Dependabilitv is Lease arrangements can he made for the entire vehicle or just the batterv. I LTp mileaa-- e of 11.15 per dav or i g-;q aides per vear. \rtw. this is an expensive vehicle-- essential in our business. All of our elec trics have that quality. And so we look to this i. -\t veur with great eagerness. think you will find the prices around S7.700 complete, something like 82.100 less than that if you didn't buv the bat timated at about 310.000 each, and so Bv this time next vear. we should have teries w ith the vehicle and utilized the lit. capital cost requires a twelve-to- a reasonably firm projection of life cycle batteries, and the batteries would be fifteen vear amortization period--too costs." leased to you for about 375 a month." [ll0 for most fleet operators today in The operators having had their sav. Battronic. which last vear manufac ,|,is'( hanging world. But couple this low Showcase '7.5 continued with a summary tured some 120 vehicles currentlv in F naiutenance and operating cost with the of the state of art in battery develop use bv 75 different companies in the i llt.r price of a production line chassis ment as seen bv representatives from l .S.. Canada and Australia, announced I nt{ bodv. and we find that the electric becomes cost effective with an eight- C&D Batteries: E5B Inc.: and Gould. It was clear that producers are concerned it had electrics to ship from stock. "These minivans". Battronic President. u.ir amortization. with improving batterv performance. As Harry Aoder. said, "are capable of \Ve are non beginning to get deliv Jim Aorberg. ESB representative, put it: achieving better than the Federal High ery of our 350 Electrucks. H e will be "'if e know how to make a battery that way vehicle speed of 55 miles an hour. matching the operation of these trucks will make a vehicle go farther and fas Thev use about 1 to 1.5 kilowatt hours u-rv closely. The pilot model last fall .,js ,-rnincntly successful, with the truck ter. He can produce a battery with the higher energy of power intensity. We per mile. Our buses and large vans will achieve better than the three-way speed rxceeding our performance require know how to make a battery that will of 10 miles an hour and they will utilize ments in every particular. Remember, give you a longer service life but we about 1.5 to 1.9 kilowatt hours per ihis \ chicle is tailored to our particular don't know how to do both of these mile." needs- speeds of less than 40 mph-- things at once, and that is the problem Harry A oder pointed out. as did all -hurt mileages (8 to 15 miles per dav) that we are wrestling with now." three manufacturers, that flexible pur jnd a lot of stops and starts. ICe have To wrap up the proceedings, repre chase and leasing plans--including sep ihe distinct advantage of having routes sentatives from AM General. Battronic arate purchase of the power pack--are (hat are the same day in and day out. and Otis, defined their company's posi available. Vnd so our costs should be predictable. 'Presently our gasoline jeeps cost us 31.179 per year each. \ow that's total cost. Fuel parts, labor, overhead--de preciation--the whole works. Mainte tion as electric vehicle manufacturers. The level of confidence and commitment was high. AM General's R. Creger pre dicted that, "Sometime in the 1980s at least 10 percent of your fleets will be Charles Beshore, representing Otis, a company with some 100 years' ex perience in the electric propulsion busi ness. returned to the subject of depre ciation that had been raised in Donn nance and operating cost alone is 3642 Crane's remarks. He contends that the per vehicle per year. They are depreci ated over a six-year life. And so, you can see quickly that an electric vehicle r'iff truV .It rnur.-;rat-< 1 i.>nitv -nnuld work out as a strong sales argument. Beshore "believes thoroughly that the depreciation period should represent the useful life of the produet being depreeiated. Now. if an electrie vehicle lias tan or three times the useful life of a gaso line \ehiele. w he shouldn't it be depre ciated 'Her a useful life. Now. if von do this, then the e. anomies look ipiite a hit different and there isn't auvthing wrong with a In or even a Id-year depiei iatuai period "H an - le. trh v.-hide if that happens to p-pre.. ut it- useful life." I'.r-itore eeplained he will he market ing his i "nlpailV - eleetlue Vr.liflethrough this' lift trui k people, "'a ho are thoroughly experienced in servicing IX. propulsion sv stems. W e think that is extremely important, partieularlv in an indu-trv in its infancy. Showcase response The \iirornii5 question and answer period, the actual demuii-tration of the electrics at the >how ease, attest a high le\ el of interest in this .-merging indus try. Hill what are the finite results? Not that t-asv to u-sr-s. A tangible response certainly is Battronii s' Harry 5 oder re porting siy positive sales leads. Another: putting a solid base of awareness under the tiohlAth demonstration program for 1973. Initiated at Showcase '7.3 was a meet ing of LI A staff and 11 officials of the Transportation. Air Ke-ources. High ways. Traffic and Energy Departments of New fork (lity. The group discussed arrangements for providing the various departments with one or more electric trucks to evaluate their ability to trans port personnel and equipment to main tain traffic control equipment, perform pickup and delivery chores in the highly congested garment center in mid-town Manhattan, transport supervisory per sonnel. etc. [.[A officials attending the meeting report that other possible uses of liatterv powered vehicles may be ex plored onee the truck evaluation pro gram is underway, Such uses could in clude the use of electric buses for speci fied routes in mid-town Manhattan and the use of small, two-passenger electric cars for various transportation chores. Approval of electric vehicles by New Turk City would represent a major im pact on the future growth of the batterypowered on-the-road vehicle industry. Municipal governments such as New York City operate hundreds--and sometimes thousands--of trucks, buses and passenger cars that could be battery powered. During 1974. GoUAih performed working demon strations >n 25 different cities, orovmg that electries have competitive, commercial applications r rum \\ .ishinur'gu. shourjj>p 75 "{ijMc'tn. S uas , bv L.r?. f .on;2re>5man H. L. 0t| His Special Assistant. A''3 <:rTadini' bint<*mV\wd manv of and speakers at length. Part,iriPan,, Currently r cress has under consideration a > '-on 3120-million to per-uade America do much of their driving in electrie The hill would enable the Co\.. carv. ''firrient over the next three years to hl`y lO.OQn electric cars for testing and promote The l.aunderers and Drvvleaners ticipants asked for. and veeri\l.,l Jn. .ii. i " addi tion u 1 data on Irctncs to review a .l . ,. ai in?if ' otnention m rfmemx in late Pt*Hruarv Ihe Atomic Industrial Forum, tv. ni/inir in the 0->U \th pT'-arani a Cf,m plementarv objective^ has introduced data from Show ease '75 into it. (ji,b|jc information programs. Flditor Turn [Vr geron. writing for CONTR U"T(')|KF.l.F.CTKICA1. FQriPMFNT. w'rapp.q up his article: "It's always ri.-kv tn'prp. diet long-range technological d. rion- ments. particularly aff.-cting the -'J-o. line engine which is so basic (0 llilr o; style. The electric motor could ,jjs. placed bv other propul-ion -v-tcnis ilP. fore the market for electric \ eKtcles begins to fully develop. New fuels could be developed along with new engines to use them. Right now these puseif.ilj. ties appear remote--and the future UV promising for electric vehicle-." Where do we go from here? After tin' showcase '75 kirk-off, CoLIAth will lie in demonstration serv ice with various types of lightweight truck fleets in each of the other -i\ cities where the Showcase presentations are to be held. Truck fleet operators who have used CoLIAth for a variety of transpor tation requirements will be among the principal participants of each local Showcase program. For example, in St Louis, plans for using CoLIAth include such service as transporting books to i and from branch libraries and the city's . central library, delivering mail for the L.S. Postal Service and the University of Missouri, transporting personnel and equipment fur major St. Louis-based companies such as Falstaff Brewing Co., and performing tasks for the Motor Ve hicle Department of Southwestern Bell Telephone Co. From St. Louis. CoLIAth will move' on to: Minneapolis St. Paul. Atlanta. Philadelphia and Washington. D.C- The < 1974 program w as one of maximum el- i posure to the concept of electrics. The 1975 program is one of concentration. For concentration read sales. 10 Anti-corrosive paint system protects giant maintenance facility for jumbo jets hen the "jiiml'o jets urn- intro- Maintenance of the structural steel Wlint < ti M i nminrrrial airlines in posed a partiiailarlv diflicull proldeni for (ij,- iat- I'^'H their -lircr -i/t* presented Pan \miT iea n World Air wavs. I nc.. j \aii''tv "t :n-. tcinuirui from uhi. h wa- -tartina construction of a :ia> L' i"adin'_r ;< a: a^ tkirullmi_r and aiant >70 million jot maintenance i'oni- (,ifrr -- r\ i<- inir. [>lc\ at John I'. Kennedy International r'-r a .im; ('. an- - a dn- maim' `<jn~ul- Airport in Vu V ork. K Airport faces :a !t :a airlirna urderimj: l*eina Jamaica Pav. an inlet that feeds into 7!," ! (:-. h'a-A-t "t the ;imlw> aircraft. the in ai l". Uiantie Ocean. The airport .,a- aiiaihinj aa i nten a n < * taralities. 0. theretoro. constantly enveloped in a *im r ta< hit;-'' had to he inhoims. 'jltdaden atnnwjihere that is liiahlv cor- A hiia+ ! 11i!dina with a tr-'e.^pan interior i o'ir e ti i metal. A a- : - - f 11 i r - 11 t" h."ii'e the aircraft. De.ijnina the trrf.^pan interior failed tor die extensive n-e -d -tr>nir structural 4,'.'l tliat in -ndinarv hnildinas would ;,e .''Vend hv ti reproot ing. interior ails. in>iiLitmn. and a varietv of other mat'-rials. I'imy provide corrosion protectinn hv diiehlina the 'tt-M from atmo^pherie i hmiiral and other forms of ,aa'e-ien. !>eeau>e -Ini' tnral -tee! for the mainv:ianei` duilitv oa- to he exposed, a hirf concern was how to protect the surface of the -trurtural ^teel from cor- Plan- for the Pan \m complex called for construction of a massive mainte nance hanaar--the first o| its kind to lie huilt at JFK Airport--capable of servic ing four 7 17'- simultaneously in four liuae havs uith the aiant jets parked, two each. nosc-to-uO'c. because the doors ot the oars are frequently open, salt contained in the air. b>ar and mist is a constant corrosion threat. A specially formulated, anti-corrosive paint system a as -peeihed to protect the structural steel. a-hm. Otdinarv paint could not he used The heart of the paint system, de aecau'e it would soon peel otT and re signed in particular to combat corrosion quire e\pru.-i\e repainting that would resultin'* I rum exposure to salt-laden likelv interfere w ith serv icing the jet marine atmospheres. Is a basic lead aircraft. silico chromate pigment. A total of 8.000 cals, of primer and finish acre required to cover the structural steel of the i.Sn.i h h .i--i(. ft. Pan Am 717 maintenance hanaar at Kennedy Airport. A key ele ment in tile primer that gives it the re quired corrosion resistance, loner life and ability to retain its "jm-t painted look for main years i- its high lead content. In addition to providina 271.noo.sq. ft. of iluor -pai e tor lloeina i 17 mainte nance. the Pan Am hanaar provides H H l.sq. ft. tor other', tool -hops, looker rooms and utility -pace, [he "jumbo hanaar" stands more than lim it. high, uith a hitrh bay clearance heicht of 8 l-ft. The hanaar is part of a modern jet i enter that permits repairor overhauls on virtually every tvpo of aircraft component, such as maine-. laiulina aears. hydraulic assemblies and and electrical systems. This maintenance hanaar is one struc ture that can least afford to close down tor maintenance ol its oun. and the lead base paint system plavs an impor tant part in maintaining it in operation. Paintina contractor for the hanaar was J. 1. Hass, Inc., of ,\evv A ork (.Jitv and Jersey City. N.J. LIA26735 \t erv lew [jt-i>|.Ie are auarc of it. hut " -oilier is placing a major rule in to day 5 rapidly expanding electronics inilu-trv. Nilder is being u.-ed to intercoimeet hundreds of thousands of electrical com ponents. -uch as diodes, capacitors, switches. ivlav,-. resistors, transistors, and manv other devices that, in effect, make up the "nene-" of printed circuit boards. I't. boards, as they are more com monly i ailed in the >de< tronics indm-try. can be compared to miniature airing; panels that route carious kinds of elec tric signals back and forth. This com munication can range from computer in put and output data to transmitting an electronic signal uhich actuates a suiteh to operate an automotive ignition svstem; multi-channel radio, television and stereo sets: clocks that tell time with digital numerals; or countless other electronic products in use today. PC hoards share a number of things in common--they are. for the most part, mass-produced and they demand the highest quality at the lowest competitive price. Therefore, careful attention is paid to the manner in which they are interconnected. Achieving properly sol dered connections--or good solderability--is of utmost importance in the production of PC boards, whether they are used for highly sophisticated com puters and telecommunications equip ment. or for home appliances and enter tainment units. PC boards are produced in a variety of shapes and sizes. Electrical intercon nections are made by soldering the components to the PC hoard. The con ductors of these Interconnections are in variably copper and are often applied by a plating process. In many instances. tin h ad is plated over the cupper to provide longer sht-lt life and to aid in -oldering. Producers of PC boards must exerei-e particular care during the copper and tin lead plating processes, since good copper plating is required for proper electrical conductivity, just as good tin lead plating is required for solderability. f or example, in the tin lead electro plating process, the metal deposition must he carefully controlled in order to insure that proper proportions of tin and lead are being applied to the sur face of the boards. Chemical analysis of the plating solutions insures that the desired alloy ratio is being achieved. A 6.1 37 tin lead alloy is the material most often used when soldering PC boards since it melts at 361CF. a tem perature that will not damage the com ponents or the PC base materials. Circuit-Wise. Inc., of North Haven. Conn., is a high-volume, high-quality manufacturer of PC boards that employs carefully controlled electroplating proc esses. At its new 65,000-sq. ft. plant, featuring the latest in automated equip ment. Circuit-Wise produces a variety of PC boards for the computer, commu nications. and automotive industries. One type of PC board the company produces is a two-sided, plated-thruhole board, which is designed for the in terconnections of components on both sides since they perform a large number of functions--the more functions re quired. the more interconnected circuits needed and. thus, the need to use both sides of the board. In the first production step of this type of board at Circuit-Wise, a compu terized program is generated for the automated, numerically-controlled ma chines that drill as many as 16 boards simultaneously. \lter the holes are drilled, the boards are cleaned i.ofore rupper is deposited into the hides. The boards are then vacuum cleaned to remove dust and nther surface ,|,.|,r^ immediately prior to the image applp ration. In this step, the * irr11>tr\ ilja(. terns are applied <m the hoards \iih a [dating resist, either l>v -ilk.-i tvening ,,r photographically. After the image is applied on both sides, the boards are then processed through a series of baths where they are chemically cleaned prior to copper elec troplating. The primary rea-un for using copper as the base material is its high electrical conductivity, and because it provides an excellent base tor soldering. Tin lead, which acts as an etch resist, is then electrodeposited on top of the copper. After electroplating, the plating resist is removed, then the boards are chemi cally etched to remove all unwanted copper. Next, the boards are processed through a conveyorized infrared HR) heating unit--manufactured hv Argus Engineering Company of Hopewell, N.J.--which melts the electroplated tin lead. This "retlou" process enhances <olderabilitv and prolongs the shelf life of the boards, a critical requirement since there is sometimes a long period between the time the boards are produced and used. Where boards are to be used soon after production, the "reflow" step is not . necessary. The PC boards are now functional, except for the machining which finishes-) the board to its final shape. Final inspec tion and electronic testing for electrical) integrity takes place prior to acceptances and shipping. LiA26736 Major problem in mass feeding solved by battery powered hospital cart ,.,|>in!2 hot f''oil hut and n.id food K,-old i.~ a problem for hospitals and n-titutiun^ N"u they have Inund an in- ,-ni>wi* solution a battery powered ::0-|,ital food v`|-\ ina cart. I'll,- -ervina art. which was awarded -l,,. \ew l -e- for Battery Power prize ,t the Fifth International (ionference on Lead, held in Paris. France, late last i,jr. is [towered by lead batteries. Thev .ire used to provide energy to power the t..ri/-ed - art a> well as to heat the food. Failed the .Sweetheart >erving Svstem ,v the manufacturer. >weetheart Plas ties. Inc.. Vi ilrninuton. Mass., the cart .(,1s - 1 -peciallv designed food travs. I; delivers food from central kitchens 4e V .aid keeps it at the desired serving temp erature for prolonged periods without a ,-r-cookina. loss of tlavor or nutriti-.-nal v alue. Special Pattery powered neating jmts keep food hot m plate at lower left and souo bowl, seen at lower rignt. The serving - art can be used to serve three meals before it is plugged into a -tandard electrical outlet to recharge the batteries. Peine battery powered, the cart is virtually noiseless--an obvious advantage for hospital use--and it does iv * -1 pollute. The cart is reported to cost F-s to operate than a household refrig erator. Heart of the system is a control panel that contains three punch-activated but tons. ,-ach marked with OFF, BOWL and PLATE. Each set of three switches immediately begin to return to room is numerically coded to correspond with temperature, thus eliminating any possi the 20-trav compartments contained in bility of touching hot surfaces. The serv the serving cart. ing tray can be cleaned in a dishwasher When a trav is inserted into the cart, since the heating elements are fully im contact points of the underside of the mersible without damage. Dinnerware tray connect with electric heating termi is designed to be disposable to help save nals inside the cart. The OFF button is time and labor as well as improve sani punched if the food being served is to tation. he a cold plate. The operator can punch Battery power moves the cart smooth cither the BOWL or PLATE button--or ly over thresholds, carpeting and all sur both--depending on the makeup of the faces. Forward and reverse drive posi meal. A lock device insures that punched tions provide for easy maneuverability buttons remain "0\" should they be ac in hospital corridors, and the ease of cidently hit. turning insures that no problems are As soon as the serving trays are re encountered when rounding comers or moved from the cart, the heating units entering or leaving elevators. An automatic safety factor is incor porated in the design of the cart. Two dual safety drive controls must be man ually engaged before the cart will move forward or backward. If either control is disengaged while the cart is in mo tion. the cart will automatically brake. An electronic sensing device on the front of the cart automatically brings it to a complete stop if it comes in contact with another object. \A hat do hospital administrators think of the battery powered hospital food ser vice cart? Ed Tinnermon. Administra tor, Redmond Park Hospital. Rome. Ga.. summed up the feeling of most people when he said: "1 think it is a tremen dous innovation that will utilize the cen tralized mass production basis of handl ing food service. This cart will allow us to carry food a further distance from the food service area to the patient without fear of losing the proper temperature that's needed to make the patients happy and content with their food service." The Sweetheart Serving System meets all safety specifications of L nderwriter's Laboratory (LL), the Official Safety & Health Act I OSHA ), and the National Sanitation Foundation. LIA26737 13 he longest lenuths of lead sheathed Teal-le i \er processed In' the Western neously. Seven are being placed in a simi lar manner in April 1975. and the last hleetric bompanv--29 massive coaxial seven the following month. cable-----will -non he plaving a key com As with prior river crossing cable- munications role as a pioneering under in the svstem. this new cable is protected water eahle operation nears completion from underwater corrosive elements by in the Hudson River. about 25 miles a lead sheath covered hv a polvethylene north of New 5 iirk City. jacket. The lead sheath, providing maxi A I AT Lone Lines started placing the mum water-tight integrity. is extruded 2D submarine cables, each about 2' > around each of the single-tube coaxial miles long and weighing 15 tons, in De core- and then paper wrapped. The cember 1971. as part of an expansion thickness of the lead sheath is 0.105-in. program designed to meet the growing The overall diameter of the cable after i onnmmications needs of the northeast. armoring is 2.55-in. The 29 coaxial 1 lie pioject i- expected to he completed cables in the underwater system will in Mav 1975. and the entire new sys Contain a total of 527.000-lb. of lead, tem "ill be in sendee later in the year. which averages about 2.991-lb. per I In- new cable system, which is re 1.090-ft. of cable when applied to the placing existing facilities, will stretch und'1 oi . miles of the Hudson River total number of cables. Protection provided hv the lead sheath between Scarborough. N.A.. on the east ing permits an extremely long life ex bank to Hook Mountain National Park pectancy for the cables. If replacement on the western side near Haverstraw. is required due to obsolescence, the lead Yd. The river crossing, being com sheathing can be recovered for recycling. pleted in three stages, is unique because Historically, lead sheathed rabies remain It mark.- the first time ever that more in service for more than 50 years, with than one underwater cable is being some cables still performing after 70 plai ed at the same time. In the initial years. phase, six cables were laid simulta The lead sheathing wire armor protec tion and testing operation- ,,n fiii- Spe rial ''limited edition" Hudson [->ppr cable was nm-l ellieientlv carried out |,v enaineei- and specialists at WV-tern's Raltmiore Works in Man land. Another unique a-pei t of tin Hurls,,n lliver crossing is that il i- th [i(J|| System u-e of a HI! 1 \\ liexii.le ,o. axial cable, speciallv designed with a built-in capacity to maintain tr]<-nh,,ne signal amplification so that repeaters ho not have to be attached to tin- , able under the water. Repeater- are the am plifying device- which buo-t voice , ur. rents alone the eal-le route. Nurniallv. this type of coaxial -v-tein ivipiiies re peaters at one-mile intervals. The Hudson River cable crossing is part of an --verall glo million project that will prov ide more than six tinu-s [he number of telephone ' ireuit- now avail able on a i able route extending about 149 miles between Airmonl. N.\, and (.hesterbeld. Mu-. It will be able to handle 51.999 telephone conversations i simultaneouslv. as well as < arrv W ide Area Teleco m muni' at ions Service i W AT.> i and j>ri\ ate lint' data and voice services for business and jruvernment. Old model toy soldiers worth more than their weight in lead - hat do Winston (..huivhill. Douglas Wf Fairbanks and publisher Malcolm . |lt. have in ronmitm Prize codec,,f lead soldiers! Malcolm F nrhe.-" ' jIfl. in Tangier- houses no le-s than 9|(lp lead soldiers acquired all .>\er the .larto If. \ lead tov soldier that cost 20 to 25 jn a tor -hop eight r ears ago- or l^j i,,ld for main' rears in the Lnited at Pi for Sl-^mav bring S', in , t,mien s famed Portol.ello Hoad, ft t,hc p.ir|. Flea Market a single 1 *)25-\ intage , 11 n in drah World War I unitorm. all ad de "ear and tear of gmeratii.n, kjd-. aoes for S10. |!u\ mur child an inrestnienl" runs t|,,, advertisement of one of F.uropc s Imutinn tor -ohlier firm.-. Based on "hat hie market is doing, the advice seems -eiind. The soldiers in question are not the ,,Hectors' hand-crafted models that hare alaars commanded several dollars jj|,iere: thev are the garden-r arietr toys .,f onlv a decade or so ago. Amazingly. ahout trio-third.- of the mreral Pillion lead soldiers in the world lamed out between 1895 and 1965 hare rome from a single London firm, a ren table Knapp W orks of the tor soldier im-iness. named Britains. Ltd. It was 1895 alien Britains. already established 58 veals as a tov firm, made it- first lead soldier--a car alrr mail of the fihieen - Life (maids. I lie last lead soldier--driren off the market hr- anti lead health regulations and the rising mist of load was cast in 19<>5. During tho.-e 78 rears the hollow-cast, superhlr detailed Britisli soldiers killed a (.ernian monopoly of manr roars, all hut hni-lied off the traditional tov -oldier indu-trr of the luntinent and made London tile tor -oldier capital of the world. Atnona a ho-t of those who plared with and collected Britain- -oldiors were H. Well-, who wrote a hook. "Little War- . on tor- war game-. Douglas Fairbanks and Win-ton fhurchill. t.hurchill s farorite wa- an ingenious mountain-hatterv. one of the all-time loaders of the firm, in which a 8-part pack howitzer is attached to miniature mules and can he unloaded, assembled and surrounded by tor- cannoneers put into action and fired. One such set. which used to sell in the States for S2..50. today hirings as much as S50 at London auc tions. Koval families alrvavs hare been soldier enthusiasts. W iSIiam Keugo. gen eral manager of Britains modern faetorv in London's suburbs, sar- the firm has sold soldiers to every reigning house in F.uropc -ince lOnil. Among noal tor soldier fans Kina (o'orn,. \ aiuj Oueeii Mail well' partieu- larlv notable, t.hici'ii Marv bought lingo, often -peeiallr made, set- ol -..Idicr- lor her sons and nephews. She c\rn had a tinr miniature Fox of -oldier- mad. hr Britain- for the nurserr ..1 a dollhouse built for her daughter-. 1 he prnee-- of piodioing a -ol dier. metal oi pla-te . i- oai'liuw le-lore a prototype i- modeled, tin- urti-i. litei- allv a miniature -.-iilpO.r. a..... to the British War <) i i i < - -. . .n-ult - uniform regulation- and unit In-tori. -. ami ..lien visits tile leainient in qui-tion. La-t year, when Britain- .1.-. id.-d t<. l-i n ..nt a new model of tin sm!- (.uard-, "I ton -een hr- tourist- at Buokinaiiam l\d.ire. a red-eoalrd (luai d-inan. eoinplele with bearskin and equipment, wa- lent to tin lompanr ha two dars of -k.-t. iiiiig and modeling. After research preliininalie-, the artist sculpts a detailed wax figure. -ercral inches high. which, wln-n approred. i- scaled down to tin- traditional 1-82 a- a master from whn h i- . a-t a pattern for the finished mold. Painting tor" soldiei- i- "a '..llaae in dustry." Britain emph.r- nearly 1.888 women on a piecework lu-i-. win. paint soldiers at home. CHANGE OF ADDRESS OR NEW READER Use this side of the coupon if you have recently changed your address or if you would like to be added to the mailing list for LEAD (please check one) V/ ATTACH MAILING LABEL HERE _________A__________ To_____________ Name, Title Company Street City, state, zip code LIA267 39 G Painting Q Health & Safety Z2 Architectural & Building 3 Design & Radiation Engineers ~ Ceramics _ Chemical Engrs ~ Battery Power Miscellaneous (please specify) LIBRARY OF TECHNICAL INFORMATION The following publications and materials are available free of charge unless Otherwise noted. Send request to the LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, 292 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017 NEW LISTINGS Lead Pigments Bulletin Brochure, 12 pages, describes the ad vantages and varieties of lead pigments ,n ant-co''PSicn paints. Covers red ieaa. r.ioasu 'tad p n c s p h 11 e. basic silicate a h ;e 'ead bas-c read chosDhosil'Cate. base ieac ci'cncsi'cate. basic lead Si CO cnrcn-3te. L-Sts rraior suppliers. F-7 Lead for Corrosion Resistant Applications Sett co.e- p o c k icb'Pages. aesigned to amihar^e engmee-s and engineering stucents vvith the corrosion resistance, design and fafc'ication data on lead and iead-casec equ-pment Defines plumbum senes and corrosion resistance of senes H-6 Lead Chemicals Soft cover p o c k . 334-pages is designed as 3 v.0rk 1 ng manual tor the chemist or chem.ica1 eng-nee' engaged in spoiled techncogy or pure research Covers on gane'eap compounds, oxides and hydrox ides suihces and teHundes. halides Dinar)' compounds, 'eac salts, lead chel ates sa'ety m handling compounds. Pur chasing price 53.CC H-7 Battery Powered Electric Work Vehicles A 16-page bul'etm on eiect-'t vehicles for snet-hau1 multi-stop ccmmercial ap plication Lists major vehicle manufac tu'e-s as a e.as comparative costs e'ecr-'c vs i.C vehicles m closed looped service L-21 ARCHITECTURAL Lead Roofing and Flashing Deta ;ec instructions on the simplest and most usuai methods for forming or 101 nmg lead tc' roofing and flashing appli cations Complete specifications. Dia grammatic c-avungs- Sixteen pages. A-5 Lead in Building A four-pad cat a sneet co.nta.hrng informatier c~ /vate'prcof.ng sound h ar' 1 e r s. 'cofmg a-'h f'asn-ng anc anti-vibration apO -oatuu s A-2 3 PAINTS Follow' the Safety Line with Chrome Yellow Formulations and suggested applications for chrome yellow safety pamts. Illusfratec. Eight pages. F-5 Organolead Antifoulants An 8-oage reprint describing how organo lead coatings have proven successful m preventing marine fouimg Tests were conoucted in Connecticut and Maryland. F-6 CHEMICAL CONSTRUCTION & CORROSION PROTECTION Corrosion Resistance of Lead in Chemical Applications A chart presentation of the corrosion re sistance of 'eao and its alioys against IS8 chemicals from 0 to 3000?. Six pages H-3 BATTERIES A Primer on the Lead-Acid Battery A condensed story of the principles of the iead-acid battery and its chemistry, in cluding seme of the fundamentals and definitions of direct-current electric en ergy Two pages. 1-6 Electrics Get Key Post Office Tests Reprint of a feature from Electrical World oesc-ibmg tests on the suitapihty and economy of electric battery-powered de livery trucks for the Posta! Service. L-18 Electric Work Vehicles A 12-page folder describing batterypowered short-haul delivery vehicles and comparing their economics to internal combustion delivery trucks. L-19 CERAMICS Facts about Lead Glazes for Art Potters and Hobbyists Detailed information on the proper formu lation firing techniques, handling, etc. of lead fiuxeq glazes used by art potters and hobby ceramists. Illustrated. Sixteen pages. B-ll SOUND BARRIERS Directory of Acoustic Specialties Summary of available materials for scuno insulation by barne\ damping and absorption methods Sixteen page list of materials by brand name and manufac turer Eighteen pages. J-4 Lead a Major Factor in New Machinery Noise Suppression Systems Description of techniques used to lower machinery noise levels with lead and lead composites. Lists machines that normally exceed noise level allowed by WalshHealey Public Contracts Act. Two pages. Sheet Lead Plenum Barriers Detailed description of acoustical plenum banners and how to install them. Mate rials and installation procedures described anc illustrated. Eight pages. J-10 Controlling Sound with Lead Reprint cites th-ee installations where lead is be-ng usee as a nerse and vibra tion b?.rr er: John Hancock Building; Baldwm-Wailace Col-ege; and New Eng land Medicai Center Boston Four pages. J-12 Lead Keeps Classrooms Quiet Reprint illustrates how sheet lead was in stance as plenum barriers between rooms tn a Greenlawn. N.Y. school. Leao-shieiOed aupiometr'C room will provide accu'ate hearing tests. J-13 Practical Application of Sheet Lead for Noise Barriers Discusses how the use of vanous thick nesses of lead bonded to cr used in con junction with other construction mate rials determines the Sound Transmission Class ;STC; rating of waiis and partitions. J-15 Lead Proves a Heavy Favorite as Sound Control Material A reprint cf a feature from Product Engi neering illustrating lead's usefulness in sound attenu3t'cn to heip meet OSHA noise requirements in factories and alsc on planes and trams J-17 SOLDERING AND WELDING Lead Welding Reprint from Arnemar We'dmo Society banco 00k. covers methods of weiflmg lead, jc-nt design, torch manipulation and welding speeds Other sections covesafety promotions and common aopl.ca tions Bibliography. Fourteen pages. 1*1 Soldering Preforms C-'Cw'ts .VfhL'ECvrhc rep-int discusses hew the use of lead solder preforms saves time anc simplifies task o* joining metais for automated production 1-3 GENERAL "Lead Abstracts" and "Yearly Indices" Bi-mcnthiy abstract of all current worlq literature on lead and its products and published research. A general index is published annually. Must be requested on company letterhead. M-2 Publications and Films Twelve-page catalogue listing the publica tions and films available from The Lead Industries Association, fnc. M-13 t<3 cues c-on "Sc --' on. VI.; Pr,mathyeLuas.Pr0dUCti0nA'e r-.' schools, libraries !l"xl4* rng ccaTiuns m U.S. of nos; l.Pt anc refineries, ane Ieac mmes y! Lead--a Modern Design Material Summary cf properties a., terms of Ieac for .ao,a,- scund/vib-a .op eom-ol wc;,,., sources scicer.og anc cers,,,,* pages M-15 u Use of Lead in the Automobile Reprint of article from vefa,4 cussmg m detail the various Lons of lead tn the automohi pages. M-17 Lead--The "Clydesdale'' Worktr in Space Repent fr-cm Space .\orc 3Dpi cations cf lead in space **' illustrated. Four pages. W-W Facts about Lead and Pediatric* Presents cata cn prevention 3n<j cf ieac apsc'-pt'O'- cy ccth a<J- chdcren Pahicuia' emphasis (J - p-event ng 'eac nrox.cat-on m from suen sources as oid ie3usuaiiy fc-unn m poor hous-nge'ty areas M-20 Ecology in the New Lead Belt Reprint describes cooperation of and environmentalists i southern Missouri lead mm* pages. M-23 Childhood Lead Poisoning High.ights on M'dwest and East* ferences where chndhooc lead we-e piscuSseG Prepa'ea in c* w'th the American Academy of ' M-27 FILMS Lead Matrix A 26-rnm., 26mm color film, sfrates that lead is one of the ' ments in the matrix that bind* zation together. To order, specify show date and one alternate charge to borrow; viewer pay* turn postage. N-l PRINTED IN U.S A. <-TO REQUEST L1TERAT MAH TO: LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSN. INC. 292 MADISON AVI NEW YORK, N.Y. 1C LIA2674C