Document dny4oEQndwe88g3rvNZ84Ye3Q

i T'P'O'frZ?'. O0Z. J o -_A MIDALCO ?TY. ED ats JOOSTEN KNOWLEDGE OF THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ASBESTOS AND DISEASE: This note covers two matters: (a) the chronology of medical knowledge associating asbestos exposure and asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma (b) a review of specific literature in the CSR Limited technical library up to the mid 1950's. f t fD (a) Chronology I can do no better than refer to the brief chronology provided by Dr. McCullagh, and the more extensive and authoritative chronology give by Selikoff and Lee in "Asbestos and Disease" (Academic Press N.Y. 1978) . A copy ) / of pages 20 to 32 of the latter is attached. (b) Literature in CSR Technical Library Mr. I.P. Willington of my department has surveyed all periodicals which may possibly have been of relevance, and to which CSR subscribed.in the years 1946-54. There wer some references to asbestos mining, but very few on heal effects. The main articles found were as follows. 1. The Australasian Engineer, April 8, 1947. Article on asbestos mining in Eastern Canada (Thetford Mines, Quebec). Description of mine and mill, no reference to dust control or health effects. Photographs of mining and processing show no respirators, and e.g. piles of fibre on floor at bagging station. ) 2. Chemical Engineering and Mining Review, April 10, 1951. Short paragraph on Asbestosis, as below. "Asbestosis Studied Experimentally1' Inhalation experiments with asbestos dust and animals suggest that the action of asbestos dust on the lung is very different from the action of silica dust. Some conclusions from the experiments are:- * Long asbestos fibres (20 to 50 Microns) are essential in the production of the peribronchiolar f ibrosi ? e'-'rr*- ihr arA inranshlo 2 * The mode of action of the long asbestos fibre in the production of asbestosis is primarily mechanical rather than chemical in nature. * Duration of exposure required to develop asbestosis varies inversely as the concentration of long fibres in the atmosphere. * Established experimental fibrosis ceases to progress on discontinuance of dust exposure. * Aluminium hydroxide failed to neutralise the fibrosing action of the long fibre asbestos. * Inhalation of asbestos dust did not alter significantly the final outcome of tuberculosis. A.J. Vorwald, T.M. Durkan and P.C. Pratt in A.M.A. Archives of Industrial Hvgiene and Occupational Medicine (Vol. 3, p. 1.) 3. Rock Products, July 1954. Article "More Efficient Mining and Modern Plant Double Asbestos Production" by Marion L. Briggs. Describes new Ruberoid Co., Newmont Asbestos Division plant in Lowell, Vermont USA. Bag filters used to remove "all harmful dust and offensive odor". 4. Chemical Abstracts The following references were found: Year Vol Abst. No. Topic 1946 40 4451-8 Health survey of pipe covering operations in constructing naval vessels. 194S 42 3875g Asbestosis. Asbestos bodies and pulmonary asbestosis related to work in a factory processing waste asbestos, and raw Canadian asbestos.. 1950 44 5037h Panel on epidemiology, including environmental and occupational cancer. Refers to Proceedings of U.S. National Cancer Conference 1949. Lung cancer from asbestos mentioned as being ) C 3755 3 1951 45 9772e Diseases of the lung resulting from occupational dusts ocher than silica. Review in Thorax bv K.M.A. Perry (1947). Asbestos one of many materials discussed. 1952 45 5291h Carcinoma and asbestosis of the lung: report of a d^e. (T.K. Owen, Brit. J. Cancer. 5, 382, 1951) 1953 47 4471C Lung carcinoma caused by asbestos inhalation. German article by F. Boemke. 1954 48 13043e Experimental studies in metal cancerigenesis. Tissue reactions in rats and rabbits after parenteral introduction of suspensions of arsenic, beryllium or asbestos in lanolin. (Negative results with asbestos). 1954 48 3572i The nature of lesions caused by asbestos an^ mica in experimental pneumoconiote*- in guinea pigs. Indian article. 1954 48 14045e Mineral content of the lungs after exposure to asbestos dust. 1955 49 9195h Mortality from lung cancer in asbestos workers. Abstract of Doll article (Brit. J. Ind. Med. 12, 81 (1955) . 5. Journal. "Asbestos**. May 1941: Safety Problems of The Insulation Contractor. Most important hazard is burns from hot pipes. (!) Oct 1941: Blue Asbestos in Australia (extract of Report No. 49 issued by the Aerial Geological and Geophysical Survey of Northern Australia). Sept 1945: Milling Asbestos by J.C. Kelleher. No mention of dust hazard. "Asbestos milling is like no other type of mineral recovery and therefore requires special machinery and mill design." Oct 19451 Milling Asbestos Part It J.C* Kelleher. "The many millions of cubic feet of air being handled hourly by the air collecting system are heavily laden with fines. This must be deposited without being ejected to the atmosphere, to the detriment of the surroundinc ccmmunitv. This ohiort-Mo ^ 4 Nov 19*3 "The finest particles are prevented from passing out to the atmosphere by such methods as electric precipitation or passage through canvas filtering bags." Milling Asbestos Part III J.C. Kelleher General. April 1946: p. 14 Australia. Information on asbestos in Australia published by U.S. Bureau of Mines. Sept 1946: June 1949: p. 10 Asbestos Mill at Wittenoom, Australia. Descriptive. p. 4-16 Recent Trends in Asbestos Mining and Milling Practice by Michael J. Messel. p. 14 "Dust Collecting". "In asbestos milling, which is a dry process, considerable dust is created in the various operations, together with a large amount contained in the air from the fan exhausts, as the fibre collector is really only a partially efficient separator. Some shorter fibres escape into the fan, and these, if recovered, have commercial value. In the past, this air has usually been sent through ducts to a large setting chamber, where the heavier material is dropped because of reduced velocity and returned to a sp ^cial circuit or department in the mill flow. At the end of the dust building there is a chimney for the exhaust dust. In one instance where this dust has been objectionable one company has Installed a Cotrell system. However, a recent successful development has been the application of bag type collectors with automatic shaking devices, which usually can be made to fit very nicely into the top of the conventional mill building. These units not only recover the valuable fibre, but also the dust, so there is a very small amount of exhaust dust in the atmosphere. Some companies are experimenting with the possibilities of recirculating this air. About 98% efficiency by weight is claimed for these units, and at present, there are many installations under way. The cost is approximately 20 cents per cubic foot of air, aad about 1 sq ft of filter cloth is necessary for filtering 2 cu ft of air." 3756 June 1950: p. 18 "Milling 'Amosite' and 'Blue1 Asbestos" e.g. "The milling processes for amosite and blue asbestos are quite a bi t different from that employed in the preparation of Chrysotile." Reprint of article published by Department of Mines, Union of South Africa, in its quarterly report for July, August, September 1949. Hardness of host rock emohasised. July 1951: p. 32 Asbestos bagging machine described. Aug 1952: p* 12 Asbestos Deposits of Western Australia described. Dec 1954: p. 8 Reference to Department of Mines, Salisbury Southern Rhodesia bulletin on "The Problems of Dust in Asbestos Preparation. 6. Annual Reoorts of H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories (U.K.). Report for Year Published 1946 1948 No reference to asbestos. 1947 1949 Key article. Statistics of co-occurrence of lung cancer and asbestosis. pp. 66, 78, 79, 80. (But see Buchanan, Annals N.Y. Acad. Sciences, Vol.132 Art.l, p. 510 - "an attitude of caution was adopted and no formal claims of any association were made'*.} 1943 1949 Asbestosis.cases in table of pneumoconiosis. 1949 1951 p. 139 Pneumoconiosis table p. 144-146. Discussion of Asbestos Regulations 1931 and progress achieved. Critical of asbestos spraying? and use of unlined hessian bags for raw asbestos. 1950 1952 p. 152 Reference to Third International Conference of Experts on Pneumoconiosis called by I.L.O. in Sydney 1950. 1951 1953 Tables only.. 1952 1954 p. 127 Note on progress in asbestos dust suppression in cording operations. p. 172 Table 5 1954 1955 p. 153 Loom dust control. ?. 190 CJpdate of 1949 cancer statistics. . 1955 1956 p. 206 Further update of cancer/asbestos is statistics. 1956 1958 ?. 141-145 Discussion of Asbestos Xndustrv Regulations, 1931. 7. CSR Newsletter Wittenoom operations are mentioned in various issues of the CSR Newsletter. None refer to dust or dust collection. Examples are: August 1948 (p. 83): "Community Life at Wittenoom*. Account by Mrs. A.R. Johnston. Feb 1949 (p. 107): "Wittenoom Gorge". Anonymous account of a visit. March 1954: Photographic competition. Two photos of mill by W.A. Dibdin. Sept 1954 (p. 13): Aug 1956 cover: p. 10-11 The future of blue asbestos. Refers to Tariff Board enquiry (old?) photo of mill Good prospects for Australian blue asbestos. - U.S. industrialists visit Wittenoom (Johns-Manville) . - Mill output increases. Increased employment and overseas credit. - Government recognition. Mar 1957: p 12: Mining of Blue Asbestos. Description of mining and building at Wittenoom. Photographs. Sep 1958: p. 12 Wittenoom - a town has risen out of wasteland. Descriptive with photographs. Note: See also South. Pacific Enterprise pp 213-229 (1956) . Enel. 58 A 'A V - V^ V -5 ^ ~ ^ -- -- -2V"^ Z-^ X * = r_ >'-?.= 5 -1 : > vo i'i -^iJ>p7 :'*' .-ij--'iJ "'2^-w=^J=.`-i5-r;E-i:^:M7-i--;"-2Z--" :'. /'> : V "S 2 = a ,* 2 > 7 - 5 2 ^ lE` = 'l = i.^-^"2i -- i_ IS .= 7-7I5-33^5l2='isi^-5--j >iI- 5 ^ y*. Z vs 7 ? ^"=i55i 2 = rr -= 3 ? 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S " .S ~ z*a. o c 3 C vj II w U^ 0 33 a >,-o SI 2 i 3 2 2 = a g i y 3 XS o to <M a<-.3q 10 q y3 s q ^ QO V uj m -- o -- * 5 ^3 5 aojfi .u= 2-- = !2 ror x: -cr "o'3 i-3 * _ III 5 3* Is It 5 i^s 3S 5 .5 .5 5 - 3 2 so 2- 2 5i9 ='> -c3j O2 --s eo * 5 a. - u c 3 3 " i -3 2 2 = 15" 1 r^ .= u o 2- *c -e s 19 s - - g o x 3 Sw8^20~csso2x* *" wAj .Z 1s9 W>, BW O n it <4 eo xO xo> 2" 7 " p- -- 4) ^ S-O 4* C o 3 2 32 --s> --2 _>os * o.5 S e a 32 X <8 -o X 8.2 2 o *8 2vo ^o o X 2d -o v O -- 2 |* *o si X 1_ * -- a. o -- l-'Sl-? O g 60 s2 *5 >; oo S <9 S U <9 . g *9 s*iS S ?! I 1 * gX > 2- S <>ys s <9 *5 >s O 41 2 o a LA 2s.; I* r g 2 - 8 S u*. 4) .5 S C e ss g a o -q <9 <9 c -* (O _ O In o o 2 o 5; ^ xH mg 2^ Ju act <<g9 j~; g_ O S' " .3 O3 = siX O g >. S5 73 hi -5 o <3 4) 3 C <9 - Js . aA o * 90 ^ 5 ^ 3 4> 7 U 4i55k--3a O 3 oa* >. .2 2 c .2 c 32.3- j4uj1 X?2I! S"41 o -3= ag= 5?is -* -a ^ ^ At co 2= 5* cc o A '2. w lf3zaVI ^(a9-. s o C^o^So Sca. 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It X c rj c M 0 X >928 0 > W s* Aj 3 ^ W at 4 * a.$* ''O 41 = c O e 0 X ** 0 >0 " 0 c wi 4J V) V8 VuI 5 <j CN -6 2?'- V) s 9 0 - 1 I Ma i-s^ is i^ 11 ssll'85!i- sn * g '= S 4, r 3 ; 7-- ~X <</9) X -3 19 "'"8 !- 3 g *3 "3 at 4s1 o = r5 2 c s-i to s2 oe 3* o J *> 4/ a. a. 5 S x : O J= iU j*5 t ac = 19 4> -- <9 ^ x^ i3 w xi X o A A bo > < Z zj o 3 oz A A < 'J ajs ./) in >s r a --a>*9 33C a c-- 2 3~v 3 --J L. --: VaI Vi ^ va --V- 3 jz ax -2a ^* 2x 2 -5r; Z S- I ! -- u z u. > a .S' a--. -.3 .v 32 33 o ,, -5 -C V) 3 o ^ .3 = 30-?--= j- - S J'SSt. *: :ll I3C -^ o- Cfl5 32 f^s3*3 o I 3 -- ^ 8S5 in3 "" A (3 3 * 60'S -- =*$ s ui 60 X 0u01 *C,, 3 3 o III 3 3 3" W "* - = S 6; 3 V 3 66* I jj b 6 u. a vi m esotheliom a and its a ic v ie w e d in C h a p te r 10 encountered elsew here in S outh A frica , and apart from th is series no n e o p la sm o f ||iis n a tu re had been d ia g n o s e d a m o n g 10,01)0 lu n g s con- 2 = 58 -33 3= Z" 3 3 -- 5 -- _ 2 O I33 JJ --", i3nJ ^--33 O_ "O S 3. 3 /> 3 - 3 r 3 - -3 -2 3> * * :j 2^ -t6 ar 5 -- -o O3 C3 3S li 2! 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"om77 b9't- Amn 33 a. 2 ^3 5 1 co 5^s3 --52',--M3r 2 3 3 -33 .5 w = 2 S 3 5 *60 5 - 2 * 6 60 o o- "3- 2Cl <n 3 "2 -6o ^c ^023 -3 a. 2 <9 w in. 3X 3 ^*- -.c m-o. 2 >2 -2s -8-r sI8n1 -- --s_ 23 s a - i 3 5 ^3=A S^ 3 in Aa. in 22 a^X *O5* c83 40 84w614 O b a. 3 S eo -- -- "33 -c s i3 "^2 sO / 6S--0* oin 2 oS --6 --6 m= 35 *c3A: -C2 g C , in 8 Qo_ .O2 3^ I- ,2 SI sgs 3 -g | ^ * w > .:5= .s5c2 2?3* _632.5O2C233^2-!6^c22C3 3 <S >> 6 JS 60 .O .> 0 > C ^3 O 33 -3 A3 o <5 3 3 3 O 336 s*s = o J "m --? . 2e aos c2 o s inJ ^ -3s J3Z o. 25 <un 3t. 2u 83 0 S'* b3 'C3 >6S "S 3-- >^3-0 A 3--. v --<s i^n S .= 5i = m 3 " A3 A" C. C 5 3 2 :W ^ S, o 6 "fl 2 3 5 S 60 .2 3 fAii 2 3 .3 .3 3 3O <r a Ji6Sn 6^ *Ai "5 81 2t; 6>5 *?3s. 5 2 Cufiii ^c .2 ts. w* p 6 ,3 5A o 6 s^ a Sf- <1 in S2 56 j3n 3 S Xh. o lA 2 3 V) *X9 ^w A 8 . 3 g, | o 5 n = '=3 po 33 8O5 S3 2 U. o ^S V^> u3 3 w-o c3a 6 *9 ,,_ 2ion an -^2 3* c5 > _-.0o O-' "-- >6 o u > O 60 3 . O--' --8 4> _6 5Q. 33 r3 -2O uP"A> gS g ic A60_^823G a 63 So 5 "m 667 fA in iS i 1 o'"! ^SaC O.Q O c as Z -o ^ c 3 3 i 3 3 rnf 3O life span. A scries of in te rn a tio n a l conferences, some alicady in the p la n n in g stage, w ere to acccler/le these developm ents greatly. jj= .- 2 1 .S-3i 3= bJt 3 * >,, --- *7> 2 3 ** ** 8 *2 <mn _a, .5 o = 3 >. o W) V ** 2r o uo9v4>. aS e 3 . "U6 "V* Hfi vOHT a. o % 2 E " ^4( :"= a a -jai ^ Ij j ?.2 ^ 3 Q q Qy --= .s> 5? ^* 1 c * 95 i.s= | 5 = -.a= 2 v> 35 06 % T\llD'6fO O