Document dnknxn1EQr3Ex86KYJ3MGxgy5

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1961 DOC#: NSC085 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: NSC - National Safety Congress Transactions - Vol. I - General Sessions & General Index of All Volumes I W i i i i i i I i i i p ^:5`iVv-A*i H->.v5?*-''r;-. -y:i~;/:'->ir:"''.= ' --v:' w i v - ` < * v f ` '^ i,s sir,s t l S I S i m; -'.Vh-f-'*t*f*c-.,".*,^*'!i ' \$ ... Si p * 1* Congress U B ftm r m I Transactions VOL. i Is;.. and ;w* jj 'eLpraa*" '>J JA iX-fi5d Litrito jkf T357* s. * -itf . i: , f r:: NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 North Michigan Avenue Chicago IT , Illinois PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT Vic- I t National Safety Council \: O F F IC E R S ---1961-62 Chairman, Board of Directors--W illiam H. Lowe, Treasurer, Inlaw' Steel Company, Chicago, Illinois President Emeritus--N ed H . D earborn, President Emeritus, National Safety Council, Titusville, Pennsylvania President--H oward P yle, President, National Safety Council, Chi cago, Illinois Vice President fo r Farms--H arry L. P owell, Assistant to VioPresident, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Akron, Ohi" Vice President for Finance--Curtis B arkes, Senior Vice President, Finance and Property, United Air Lines, Chicago, Illinois Vice President for Homes--George M. W heatley, M.D., Third Vio President and Medical Director, Metropolitan Life Insurant-*Company, New York, New York Vice President for Industry--R. P. H amilton, Superintendent oi Safety, St. Louis-San Francisco Railway Company, St. Louis. Missouri Vice President for Labor--Lloyd D. U tter, Director, Industrial Health and Safety Division, United Automobile Workers, Detroit, Michigan Vice President for State and Local Safety Organisations--H. G. M angelsdorf, Standard Oil Company (N. J.), New York, New York Vice President fo r Membership--John L, Gillis, Vice President, Monsanto Chemical Company, St. Louis, Missouri Vice President for Motor Transport--M ark Robeson, Vice Presi dent, Yellow Transit Freight Lines, Inc., Kansas City, Missouri Vice President for Production--Robert R. B urton, Senior Vice President, Kenyon & Eckhardt, Inc., New York, New York 4 iilMItllllllllMIttl National Safety Council Vice President- fo r Public Information--Charles IW. Ferguson, Senior Editor, The Reader's Digest, Pleasantville,' New York Vice President fo r Research and Education--D r. W illiam P. Y ant, Research Consultant to the President, Mine Safety Appliances Company, John T. Ryan, President, Memorial Laboratory, Pitts burgh, Pennsylvania Vice Prsident fo r Schools and Colleges--D r. Lowell B. F isher, Chairman, North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois Vice President for Traffic--Rex M. W hitton, Federal Highway Administrator, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. Vice President fo r Women--Mrs. Raymond S ayre, Ackworth, Iowa Executive Vice President--G. C. Stewart, Executive Vice Presi dent, National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago 11, Illinois General Manager--W. G. Johnson, General Manager, National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago II, Illinois Secretary and Treasurer--R. L. Forney, Secretary and Treasurer, National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago 11, Illinois Assistant Treasurer--J. D. F ulford, Director, Treasury Bureau, National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago 11, Illinois h i n u n i il m i t i ti n iii iiii iiiii iiii iin in i i l i m i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiM iiiiiim iiiiiiiiM iii m u n i i iiiiiiM iiiM iiiiiiiiim iiiiiiiiiiiiiiif m i n n i tin National Safety Council TRUSTEES -- 1961-62 Chairman of the Trustees--H oward P yle, President, National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago 11, Illinois Vice Chairman of the Trustees--W m . W hite, President, The Dela ware & Hudson Railroad Corporation, New York, New York Members Melvin H. B aker, Chairman, National Gypsum Company, Buffalo, New York James B. Black, Chairman, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, San Francisco, California S. B ruce Black, Chairman, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston, Massachusetts Elmer H. Bobst, Chairman, Warner-Lambert Pharmaceutical Com pany, Morris Plains, New Jersey H. S. M. B urns, Former President, Shell Oil Company, New York, New York H oward H . Callaway, President, The Garden Industries, Incorpo rated, Hamilton, Georgia W alter F. Carey, President, Automobile Carriers Inc., Flint, Michigan W illiam G. Chandler, President, Scripps-Howard Supply Company, New York, New York L ucius Clay, Chairman, Continental Can Company, Inc., New York, New York Morgan J. D avis, Chairman, Humble Oil & Refining Company, Houston, Texas H arry A. D eB utts, President, Southern Railway Company, Wash ington, D. C. J. Doyle D eW itt, President, The Travelers, Hartford, Connecticut M orse G. D ial, Chairman, Union Carbide Corporation, New York, New York E. F. DU P ont, Director, Employee Relations Department, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Delaware F rederick W. Ecker, Chairman, Metropolitan Life Insurance Com pany, New York, New York 6 National Safety Council tm14 ' < ' ; '-.{Trustees, continued) llltItlM IM IItllllM in M IM M IIM Iin itllM llttllllllltlU im ttm M m iM tlM U M IIliim illM M IM K IIIItM m M lim iM IIIM IIIIM M IIM im im fM M m tlllM IM IIIim iilM M IIIItIlIH M tllltllllllllllllK lllllllllllllim ill Calvin F entress, Jr., Chairman, Allstate, Insurance Company,. Skokie, Illinois " ...... "/"' John F. Gordon,. President, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Michigan ' i Bowman Gray,,: Chairman, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Winston-Slem, North Carolina i Jake L. H amon, Dallas, Texas E. Roland H arriman, - Brown Brothers Harriman 'and Company, New York, New York J. V. H erd, Chairman,'The Continental Insurance Company, New York, New York W illiam A. H ewitt, President, Deere & Company, Moline, Illinois F rederick R. K appel, Chairman, American Telephone and Telegraph Company, New York, New York Joseph L. Lanier, President, West Point Manufacturing Company, West Point, Georgia S am Laud, Chairman, Executive Committee, General American Transportation Corporation, Chicago, Illinois George E. L eighty, Chairman, Railway Labor Executives' Associa tion, Washington, D. C. W illiam H. Lowe, Treasurer, Inland Steel Company, Chicago, Illinois (Ex-Officio) N eil M cElroy, Chairman, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cin cinnati, Ohio Robert G. P age, President, Phelps Dodge Corporation, New York, New York G. T. P ownall, Secretary, United States Rubber Company, New York, New York S herburne P rescott, Belle Haven, Greenwich, Connecticut Gwilym A . P rice, Chairman, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania J H oward P yle, President, National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago 11, Illinois W alter P. Reuther, Vice President, American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations, Detroit, Michigan W. S. S. Rodgers, Former Chairman, Texaco, Inc., New York, New- York -: 7 *****$*2? National Safety Council (T rstees, continued) E dward L. S hea, Former Chairman, Ethyl Corporation, New York, New York A rthur E. Stoddard, President, Union Pacific Railroad Company, Omaha, Nebraska D r. John F. T hompson, Chairman of the Executive Committee, The International Nickel Company, Inc., New York, New York '"4 Juan T. T rippe, President, Pan American World Airways System, I New York, New York iS I: W m. W hite, President, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corpora tion, New York, New York Robert W. W oodruff, Chairman, Finance Committee, The Coca-Cola '.u r 1 Company, Atlanta, Georgia Leslie B. W orthington, President, United States Steel Corporation, New York, New York : r ->; :n U; 8 National Safety Council BOARD OF DIRECTORS -- 1961-62 Chairman of the Board of Directors--W illiam H. L owe, Treasurer, Inland Steel Company, Chicago, Illinois Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors--D r. Lowell B. Fisher, Chairman, North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois Members Edward S. A dams, Director of Safety, Iowa Farm Bureau, Des Moines, Iowa F rank R. A hlgren, Editor, The Commercial Appeal, Memphis, Tennessee Cyril A insworth, Deputy Managing Director, American Standards Association, New York, New York Robert H. A lbisser, Safety Manager, Merck Chemical Division, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey F inlay C. Allan, Assistant to the President, United Brotherhood of Carpenters arid Joiners of America, Washington, D. C. H omer Allen, Associate Professor, Physical Education, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana W. M. Allison, Senior Safety Director, British Columbia Lumber Manufacturers Association, Vancouver, B. C., Canada ... Louis H. A ntoine^, Resident Vice President, The American Insur ance Company, St. Louis, Missouri M rs. Almer A rmstrong, Indiana Farm Bureau Cooperative Asso ciation, Indianapolis, Indiana. D r. D ewey F. B arich, President, Detroit Institute-of Technology, Detroit, Michigan Curtis Barkes, Senior Vice President, Finance and Property, United Air Lines, Chicago, Illinois F. R. Barnako, Manager of Compensation and Safety, Bethlehem Steel Company, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania R. R. Bartelsmeyer, Chief Highway Engineer, Illinois Division of Highways, Springfield, Illinois Richard 0 . Bennett, Secretary-Treasurer, The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Washington, D. C. Mrs. P. D. Bevil, Sacramento, California M. F. Biancardi, Manager, Safety Services, Allis-Chalmers Manu facturing Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 9 National Safety Council - (Board, of Directors, continued) W illiam E. Billings, Executive Vice/President and Secretary, Greater Cleveland" Safety Council, Cleveland; Ohio J. T. B lalock, Vice President, Pacific Indemnity ' Company, Los Angeles; California H arry H; B rainerd, Executive Manager, Western Pennsylvania Safety. Council, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Clark D; B ridges, Managing Director, Industrial Medical Associa tion, Chicago, Illinois George T. B rown, Deputy Director, Bureau of Labor Standards, U. S. Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. Robert U. B rown, Editor, Editor & Publisher, New York, New York Russell I. Brown, President, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Washington, D. C. E. J. B uhner, Chairman of the Board, The Silver Fleet Motor Express, Inc., Louisville, Kentucky Robert R. B urton, Senior Vice President, Kenyon & Eckhardt Inc., New York, New York Bernard R. Caldwell, Director, The Traffic Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois Earl N. Cannon, Consultant, The Greyhound Corporation, Chicago, Illinois A lfred W. Cantwell, National Director Safety Services, The American National Red Cross, Washington, D. C. W alter F. Carey, President, Automobile Carriers Inc., Flint, Michigan J. J. Cavanagh, President, Chicago Motor Club, Chicago, Illinois D r. A. L. Chapm an, Assistant Surgeon General, Chief, Division of Accident Prevention, U. S. Public Health Service, Washington, D. C. Allen L. Cobb, Director of Industrial Safety, Kodak Park Works, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York John M. Convery, Industrial Relations Consultant, National Associ ation of Manufacturers, New York, New York Owen Cooper, Executive Vice President, Mississippi Chemical Com pany, Yazoo City, Mississippi S anford B. Cousins, Vice President, American Telephone and Tele graph Company, New York, New York Ernest G. Cox, Chief, Section of Motor Carrier Safety; Bureau of Motor Carriers, Interstate Commerce Commission, Washington, D. C. National Safety Council (Board of Directors, continued) B revard Crihfield, Executive Director, The Council of State j Governments, Chicago, Illinois N eil J. Curry, President, California Cartage Company, Inc., Los I Angeles, California ....... E E. M. Cushing, Director of Industrial Relations, United States \ Rubber Company, New York, New York M. R. D arlington, Jr., Managing Director, Auto Industries Iiigh- ! way Safety Committee, Inc., Washington, D. C. i N ed H. D earborn, Drake Manor, Titusville, Pennsylvania : John D enson, Editor, The New York Herald Tribune, New York, ; New York E Cecil B. D odd, Manager, Industrial Relations, Weirton Steel Com- I pany, Weirton, West Virginia = Miss D orothy D owns, Assistant to Director of Engineering, Fire- men's Mutual Insurance Company, Providence, Rhode Island I T. A. D rescher, Milk Industry Foundation, c/o Borden's Farm Prod- ! ucts, Division of The Borden Company, New York, New York E. F. du P ont, Director, Employee Relations Department, E. I. du : Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware = D r. J. D uke Elkow, Professor, Department of Health and Physical = Education, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York I H oward E nn es, Director, Bureau of Health Education, The Equi- : table Life Assurance Society of the United States, New York, New 1 York H enry W. F ales, Vice President--Manufacturing, St. Croix Paper E Company, Woodland, Maine 1 Charles Ferguson, Director, Safety Division, United Mine Workers E of America, Washington, D. C. : Charles W. Ferguson, Senior Editor, The Reader's Digest, Pleas- : antville, New York \ R. H. F erguson, Assistant Director of Industrial Relations, Republic I Steel Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio I A. C. F ield, Jr., Manager, Public Affairs, WGN Inc., Chicago, II- ! linois D r. L owell B. F isher, Chairman, North Central' Association of Colleges and SecondarySchools, University of Illinois, Urbana, 1 Illinois : F rank F lick, President, Flick-Reedy Corporation, Bensenville, II- E linois P arker C. F olse, Safety Advisor, Socony Mobil Oil Company, New I York, New York ;; ! 11 National Safety Council - / Board of Directors, continued) iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiititiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiM iH iiH iiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiM tiM fiiiiiiim iitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniM iiim im m iiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiitiim iiiiiim m tiiiiim iiiiiiuniiiiiiiM iim niii B enson F ord, Vice President,' Ford Motor Company, The American Road, Dearborn, Michigan Robert B. Forney, Associate Professor of Toxicology, Indiana Uni versity Medical School, Indianapolis, Indiana Edward G. Fox, President, Bituminous Coal Operators' Association, Washington, D. C. Robert G. F razier, M.D., Secretary, American Academy of Pedi- . atrics, Evanston, Illinois M rs. Gertrude H. F rese, Generah Personnel Supervisor, New York Telephone Company, Brooklyn, New York A. H. Galloway, President, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Winston-Salem, North Carolina W m. Gill, Jr., President, Gill Construction Company, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma John L. Gillis, Vice President, Monsanto Chemical Company, St. Louis, Missouri George L. Gorbrll, Manager, Safety and Fire Protection, Monsanto Chemical Company, St. Louis, Missouri J. W ilson Gowdy, Vice President, Northwestern Mutual Insurance Company, Seattle, Washington G H unter Green, Vice President and General Manager, Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company, Louisville, Kentucky Gerard 0 . Griffin, Manager, Hazard Control, Dravo Corporation. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania John T. Gurash, President, Pacific Employers Insurance Company, Los Angeles, California R. P. H amilton, Superintendent of Safety, St. Louis-San Francisco Railway Company, St. Louis, Missouri D r. E arle S. H annaford, Safety Engineer, Long Lines Department, American Telephone & Telegraph Company, New York, New York CHARLES J. H augh, Vice President, The Travelers Insurance Com pany, Hartford, Connecticut D. F. H ayes, Chief, Safety & Fire Protection Branch, United State? Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D. C. W illiam Randolph H earst, Jr., New York Journal and American, New York, New York D onald M. H iggins, National Director, Health and Safety Service, National Council, Boy Scouts of America, New Brunswick, New Jersey R t. R ev. M sgr. George G. H iggins, Director, Department of Social Action, National Catholic Welfare Conference, Washington, D. C. 12 National Safety Council (Board of Directors, continued) iifii M iiit iiiii itin ii iin iin HitiiiifiitiiiiiiiiM iiiiiiiiiiitiuiiM iiM iiiin tufn iiiiiiiitiiitiiifiiM iittitiiM iM iiiiM iiiiiiiiiiiiuin tH niiiitiiiiiiim iiiiiiiiitiin iitiiiiiiifiiiiitttiiiM iiiiiiiiiiitiim mtiiiitn iiiiiM iiin iiititi P aul J. H oover, Vice President and Store Manager, The Halle Bros. Company, Cleveland, Ohio S tanley C. H ope, Chairman, The SoundScriber Corporation, New York, New York W. G. H otchkiss, Director--Corporate Personnel Services, Chrysler Corporation, Detroit, Michigan J. H. I ngersoll, President, Ingersoll Products Division, Borg-Warner Corporation, Chicago, Illinois D r. H arold K. Jack, Director, Department of Health,^Physical Edu cation and Recreation, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsyl vania George A. Jacoby, Director of Personnel Relations, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Michigan D. B . Jenk s, President, Missouri Pacific Railroad Company, St. Louis, Missouri Claude A. Jessup, President, Virginia Trailways, Charlottesville, Virginia N. R ussell Johnson, Vice President, Railway Express Agency, New York, New York N ewell R. Johnson, General Manager, American Mutual Insurance Alliance, Chicago, Illinois D r. N orvin .C. K iefer, Chief Medical Director, The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, New York, New York Barry G. K ing, P h .D., Chief,' Research Branch, Division of Acci dent Prevention, U. S. Public Health Service, Washington, D. C. Irving B. Kline, President, Kline Chevrolet Sales Gorp., Norfolk, Virginia Otto Z. Klopsch, Works Manager, Inca Manufacturing Division, Phelps Dodge Copper Products Corporation, Fort Wayne, Indiana W alter K. K och, President, Mountain States Telephone and Tele graph Company, Denver, Colorado D avid K ohn, Vice President, Yellow Cab Company of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania T. A. Kraklow, Director of Safety, Deere & Company, Moline, Il linois Franklin M. K reml, Director, The Transportation Center, North western University, Evanston, Illinois M rs. John E. K rueger, Milwaukee, Wisconsin FRANK E. LABEREp, D ire cto r o f S a fety , N ationw id e Insurance Com pany, Columbus, Ohio 13 National Safety Council (Board of Directors, continued) F. S. Lake, Director of Safety, Interstate System, Grand Rapids, Michigan Edward B. Landry, Director of Safety and Health, United States Post Office Department, Washington, D. C. A rthur B. Langlie, President, McCall Corporation, New York, New York Stanley Learned, Chairman of the Executive Committee and As sistant to the President, Phillips Petroleum Company, Bartlesville, Oklahoma E dmond H. Leavey, Honolulu, Hawaii Ivan F. LeGore, Safety Director, Portland Cement Association, Chi cago, Illinois E ugene L. Lehr, Chief, Program Planning & Consultation Branch, Division of Accident Prevention, Public Health Service, Washing ton, D. C. G. M. Leilich, Vice President--Operations. Western Maryland Rail way Company, Baltimore, Maryland Bruce Lourie, Vice President, Deere & Company, Moline, Illinois W illiam H. Lowe, Treasurer, Inland Steel Company, Chicago, Il linois F orst E. L owery, Manager, Greater Minneapolis Safety Council, Minneapolis, Minnesota D r. Mary F rances Lyle, State Home Demonstration Leader, Co operative Extension Service, Agricultural College, South Dakota State College, Brookings, South Dakota H. G. M angelsdorf, Standard Oil Company (N. J .), New York, New York Miss Marion E. M artin, Commissioner of Labor and Industry, State of Maine, Augusta, Maine H arry O. M athews, Vice President, Transportation and Distribu tion Division, Armour and Company, Chicago, Illinois G. E. McCorison, Chairman of the Board, Thilmany Pulp and Paper Company, Kaukauna, Wisconsin B rooks M cCormick, Executive Vice President, International H ar vester Company, Chicago, Illinois E. C. M cFadden, Vice President, Texas Employers' Insurance As sociation, Dallas, Texas H. S. M cF arland, Director of Personnel Services, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Michigan D r. Ross A. M cF arland, Professor of Environmental Health and Safety, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 14 National Safety Council : r. (Board o f Directors, continued) W illiam H. M cGaughey, Vice President, American Motors Cor poration,: Detroit, Michigan i F. C. Merner, Vice ^President--General Manager, Moore Business Forms, Inc., Oakland, California " I. W. M illard, Chairman of the Board, Industrial Gloves Company, Danville, Illinois J. T. Monahan, General Manager, Safety Products Division, Ameri can Optical Company, Southbridge, Massachusetts W alter E. M ontgomery, Safety Director, -Quebec Asbestos Mining Association, c/o Robertson, Hall & Henshaw, Ltd., Montreal, Que bec, Canada T homas O Morrill, Vice President, State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, Bloomington, Illinois A. W. Motley, Director, Bureau of Labor Standards, U. S. De partment of Labor, Washington, D. C. E dward C. M yers, Vice President--Personnel, United States Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania A rthur J. N a q u in , Safety Counselor, New; Orleans Public Service, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana A mos E. N eyhart, Director, ' Institute of Public Safety, The Penn sylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania J. E. N ichols, Director of Safety, Reynolds Metals Company, Rich mond, Virginia Guy L. N oble; Chicago, Illinois Robert A. Olen, Vice President, Gar Wood Industries, Inc., Wayne, Michigan Geo.. P, O 'Rourke, Sr., Chairman of the Board, O'Rourke Con struction Company, Dallas, Texas .. Charles L. P atterson, Chairman, New York City Transit Author ity, Brooklyn, New York Mrs. Louis L. P erlman, Wilmette, Illinois Richard D. P eters, Editor, The Indianapolis Times, Indianapolis, Indiana F letcher N. P latt, Manager, Traffic Safety and Highway Im provement Department, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn;1Michigan M. C. M. P ollard, Director of Safety, National Gypsum Company, Buffalo, New York H arry L. P owell, Assistant to Vice President, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio H oward P yle, President, National Safety Council, 425 North Michi gan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 15 National Safety Council (Board of Directors, continued) :ii h i m u i n m u m u Ih h u m m m n i il Im i m u mi i n m u I m i n m i * m u m m i m i i u i m m m m m i m i i m m M i i m * M m t m i i i i m m u m i m i i m M m M i m i M m i i n i i i i i M i i m t i i f i i i m i i i f m r t i m f r i M m i m m f J. S.. Q ueener, Manager, Safety and Fire Protection Division, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware Rev. S heldon Ra h n , Executive Director, Department of Social Welfare, National Council of Churches, New York, New York W. T homas Rice, President, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Com pany, Jacksonville, Florida Mrs. Jean Rindlaub, Vice President, Batten, Barton, Durstine & Osborn, Inc., New York, New York Mark Robeson, Vice President, Yellow Transit Freight Lines, Inc., Kansas City, Missouri D r. 0 . P reston R obinson, General Manager, Deseret News--Salt Lake Telegram, Salt Lake City, Utah J. M. Roche, Vice President, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Michigan H. I. Romnes, President, Western Electric Company, New York, New York Jack J. Rosebrough, General Manager, Farm Bureau Mutual In surance Company of Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana Robert T. R oss, Manager, Employe Programs Department, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan E. M. Rowley, President, Southern Specialty Sales Co., Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana James A. R yder, President, Ryder System, Inc., Miami, Florida Mrs. R aymond S ayre, Ackworth, Iowa C. F. Schlueter, Accident Prevention Manager, Employers Mutual Liability Insurance Company of Wisconsin, Wausau, Wisconsin Karl S chulze, Supervising Safety Engineer, Standard Oil Com pany of California, Western Operations, Inc., San Francisco, Cali fornia E. W eldon S chumacher, President, American Optical Company, Southbridge, Massachusetts A. J. S chwantes, Head of Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota J. H. S chwarten, Jr., Vice President and Treasurer, City Products Corporation, Chicago, Illinois H arry Schwartz, President, Washington Pipe and Steel Company, Seattle, Washington H arry S ee, N ational Legislative Representative, Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, Washington, D. C. 16 National Safety Council (Board of Directors, continued) S. M. Sharp, Vice President, Southwestern Electric Power Com pany, Shreveport, Louisiana P. L. Siemiller, General Vice President, International Association of Machinists, Chicago, Illinois J. R. Simplot, J. R. Simplot Company, Bank of Idaho Building, Boise, Idaho Reuben D. S iverson, Manager, >epartment of Manufacture, Cham ber of Commerce of the United States, Washington, D. C. J. L. S. S nead, Jr., President, Chicago Express, Inc., Kearny, New Jersey Robert R. S nodgrass, President, Atlas Finance Company, Inc., At lanta, Georgia Leslie J. Sorenson, Chicago, Illinois S. F. Spence, Director, Safety and Loss-Prevention, American Cyanamid Company, New York, New York H erman J. Spoerer, Vice President, Industrial Relations, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, Youngstown, Ohio A. E. Spottke, Vice President, Allstate Insurance Company, Skokie, Illinois George H. Steel, Safety Director, Ralston Purina Company, St. Louis, Missouri J. C. Stennett, Consultant, National Association of Mutual Casualty Companies, Chicago, Illinois G. C. Stewart, Executive Vice President, National Safety Council, Chicago, Illinois A rthur E, Stoddard, President, Union Pacific Railroad Company, Omaha, Nebraska E lwood D. S wisher, Vice President, Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union, AFL-CIO, Denver, Colorado R abbi Marc H. T anenbaum , Director, Department of Interreligious Affairs, American Jewish Committee, New York, New York E dward W. Tanquary, Staff Engineer, Farm Equipment Research and Engineering Center, International Harvester Company, Hins dale, Illinois Colonel W. L. T ubbs, Laguna Beach, California H untington M. T urner, Vice President, Chemical Bank New York Trust Company, New York, New York Mrs. E. A rthur U nderwood, Vancouver, Washington Lloyd D. U tter, Director, Industrial Health and Safety Division, United Automobile Workers, Detroit, Michigan M rs. B ernice T. V a n der V ries, Member, Chicago Transit Board, Chicago Transit Authority, Chicago, Illinois 17 i i i H H i i t t u i i i i t i i i u i i i i i i i i i i t i i t i i i m i t t n i m i i i n i i i f n t i i i i i i t m m i i i f f i i i r m t m m t i n n 111111111111111111 ii m i ii M K t it f if n t M i M n i m i t M i i m i f t t i i M i i m i i i m i i t i i r i i K i m i i i i i i m m i i f i n i i i t t i i i m i t i i i i r National Safety Council (Board of Directors, continued) D onald G. V aughan, Assistant Vice President, Engineering De partment, Aetna Casualtj' and Surety Company, Hartford, Con necticut D r. P reston A. W ade, Professor of Clinical Surgery, Cornell Uni versity Medical School, New York, New York J. P. W arner, Vice President and General Manager, Manufacturing Division, Humble Oil & Refining Company, Houston, Texas Miss M ary M. W eeks, Program Specialist, Health and Safety Edu cation, Girl Scouts of the United States of America, New York, New York Mark D. W entz, Jr., Safety Director, Cit-Con Oil Corporation, Lake Charles, Louisiana H unter P. W harton, General Secretary-Treasurer, International Union of Operating Engineers, Washington, D. C. George M. W heatley, M.D., Third Vice President and Medical Di rector, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York, New York Rex M. W hitton, Federal Highway Administrator, U. S. Depart ment of Commerce, Washington, D. C. T. H. W ilkenson, Director of Safety, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. A llan M. W ilson, Vice President, The Advertising Council, Inc., Washington, D. C. Robert S. W ilson, Hudson, Ohio W. B. Wood, Director, Agricultural Extension Service, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio E. Clark W oodward, Director of Safety, A. 0 . Smith Corporation, Milwaukee, Wisconsin D r. J. C. W right, Secretary, Committee for Advancement of School Administration, American Association of School Administrators, Washington, D. C. D r. W illiam P. Y ant, Research Consultant to the President, Mine Safety Appliances Company, John T. Ryan Memorial Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania D r. D. W illard Za h n , Dean, School of Education, Temple Uni versity, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Carlton L. Zin k , Product Research Department, Deere & Company, Moline, Illinois 18 Congress Transactions VOL 13 NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 North Michigan Avenue Chicago 11, Illinois Labor Safety sensitization. They are inclined to ignore the- warnings because in many cases the skin reactions do not appear until several months after a person has started work ing with the resin. Once a reaction has developed, they must exercise even greater care then required initially in order to pre vent a recurrence. High Energy Fuels The race for missile supremacy and the conquering of space has confronted us with increased problems of exposure to high energy fuels and their decomposition prod ucts. Among these are hydrazine and the boranes -- diborane, pentaborane and decaborane. Hydrazine finds its use as a propellant fuel, either alone or with other compounds such as nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide or oxygen. It has a maximum allowable con centration of one (1) part per million, and in addition to -the inhalation hazard, the material is absorbed through the skin. It is primarily a central nervous system stimulant causing excitement, convulsions and cyanosis. Diborane is a gas at room temperature and has a maximum allowable concentra tion of 0.1 part per million. Inhalation produces congestion, edema and hemorrhage in the lungs. Its toxicity is comparable to that of phosgene. Pentaborane is a volatile liquid with a tentative maximum allowable concentration of 0.005 part per million; however, it is recommended that the! exposure be kept as near to zero as is possible since -no medi cal preventive or therapeutic, agent has yet been developed for this'compound. Decaborane is a solid having a tentative maximum allowable concentration of 0.05 part per million. Both decaborane and pentaborane attack the central nervous sys tem. Protection is best afforded by the use of air-supplied respirators or cartridge-type respirators that are specifically designed and designated for protection against these com pounds. In concluding this brief discussion, may I point out to you that the services of your local, state, and, federal ,health .agen cies are always available to you. Should you. desire information on the potential health hazard associated with, any material or process to which you or your -associates are . exposed in ,your particular place of work, feel free to contact any one of them for assistance in evaluating the problem. REFERENCES 1. Easton, 'William H., "Smoke and . Fire Gases," Industrial Medicine, Vol. II, No. 10, p. 467, Oct., 1942. 2. Eisenbud, M., et al, J. Industrial H ygiene and Toxicology, p. 282, 1949. 3. Haggard, Howard W. and Henderson, Yandell, "Noxious Gases," Reinhold Publish ing Corp., 1943. 4. Stokinger, Herbert E., Ph.D., Industrial Hygiene Quarterly, p. 341, Sept., 1956. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS -- MEDICAL ASPECTS By H E R B E R T K. ABRAMS, M.D. Medical Director, Union Health Service, Inc., Chicago I would like to quote from a famous writer his description of a "modern" com munity : It was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; but as matters stood it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage. It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys, out of which interminable serpents of smoke trailed them selves for ever and ever, and never got un coiled. It had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill-smelling dye, and vast piles of buildings full of windows where there was a rattling and a trembling all day long, and where the piston of the steam engine worked monotonously up and down, like the head of an elephant in a state of melancholy madness. It contained several large streets all very like one another, and many small streets still more like one another, in habited by people equally like one another; who all went in and out at the same hours, with the same sound upon the same pave-. ments, to do the same work, and to whom every day was the same as yesterday and tomorrow, and every year the counterpart of the last and the, n ex t . . . 5. 1.961 National Safety Congress On every side, and as far as the eye could see into the heavy distance, tall chimneys, crowding on each other, and presenting that endless repetition of the same dull, ugly form, which is the horror of oppressive dreams, poured out their plague of smoke, obscured the light, and made foul the melancholy air. Strange engines spun and writhed like tor tured creatures; clanking their iron chains, shrieking in their rapid whirl from time to time as though in torment unendurable, and making the ground tremble wth their agonies. . . -1 Before you try to guess which city this is, let me tell you. Charles Dickens wrote this in his book Hard Times, published in 1854, describing a typical city in England during the years of the industrial revolu tion (1760-1830). The description sounds too familiar for comfort to us in America in 1961, at a time when we are going through another industrial revolution: automation, atomic energy, space travel, and many powerful new chemicals. They are excit ing developments. They offer a promise of a wonderful world of tomorrow. However, they also pose serious threats to our health and well-being, unless they are properly con trolled. We must ask ourselves whether we are better prepared to meet these threats than the English were 150 years ago. Certainly, we are better prepared technically. In 1800, except in a few instances, little was known about the health aspects of exposure to chemicals, to ionizing radiation, or the ef fects of long hours of work, poor lighting and ventilation. Today, however, our tech nical knowledge is sufficient, so that we can say with assurance that we know how to use any chemical with safety. We know how to set up proper protective measures to make every job safe. The big question is, "Are we utilizing this knowledge?" Perhaps you who represent workers in industry know the answer better than I do. Let me give you only two examples that will help provide the answer. In Illi nois, in 1958, there was found "a drug packaging plant where 103 employees were subjected to a full body fluoroscopic ex amination each day as they left the plant as a check against pilferage. During the examination, the entire body from the top of the head to the bottom of the shoes was exposed to ionizing radiation. The firm had practiced this procedure on all employees for some 12 years, but discon tinued it when advised of the hazards in 6 volved." I am quoting from the Report of the Atomic Power Investigating Commis sion to the 71st. General Assembly, State of Illinois, March, 1959.2 In the same report, the study found that: Gross contamination and excessive levels of radiation typify nearly all radium processing installations in Illinois included in the sur vey. These conditions result from a lack of adequate shielding of proper routing of ma terials, as well as poor housekeeping within the plant, as noted by the contaminated paper and rags littering the floors, the lack of local exhaust ventilation and presence of contamination in eating areas. In addition, it was noted that labels on containers of radium-luminous compounds do not contain information as to the quantity of radioac tivity included. In all radium plants sur veyed, little or no use was made of per sonnel monitoring devices, such as film badges and, therefore, there is no adequate record of radiation exposures received by working personnel.5 This was Illinois, 1958--thirty years after the tragedy of the girls who painted watch dials : they pointed the brushes containing radium paint with their lips, and later died of bone cancer. The role of environment on health grows in importance as we gradually control the infectious disease agents that caused the plagues of old, and as the chemical and physical hazards of our industrial environ ment become ever more important deter minants of our health and our diseases. A recent report of the Public Health Service made for the House committee on appro priations states : "After hearing the evi dence, the members of the subcommittee concluded that the health hazards resulting from changes in the environment are far greater than is generally realized and that all levels of government, industries, and research and educational institutions need to step up their effortsto deal with the problem."3 The number of chemical materials man is being exposed to is increasing constantly. Over 600 chemicals are currently being added to food; over 600 million pounds of pesticides are used annually, in the United States. Approximately 500 new chemicals are introduced on the United States market each year. The occupational environment is the basic element in our total environment. Our oc cupations largely determine how and where we as individuals will live, and, indirectly or directly, may actually influence our life expectancy and our mode of death. Our V- Labor Safety industries, in addition to affecting the im mediate eight-hour working environment, also largely account for the chemical and physical contaminants in the air we breathe, the water we drink, and in the food we eat One example will illustrate: recent studies show that people living in manufacturing areas experienced higher death rates than residents of non-manufacturing areas. The difference was1 greatest for cancer, and tuberculosis of the respiratory tract (mainly of the lungs), and for various forms of heart disease.4 Air pollution was a major factor in caus ing this greater mortality, but socio-economic conditions also played an important role. Occupational Diseases , Occupational disease hazards may be clas sified in various ways. For example, by the type of agent which causes the dis ease: chemicals, in the form of liquids, dusts, gases, fumes and vapors; physical agents, such as noise, ionizing radiation, abnormal temperatures and pressures, vibra tion, and physical strain; infectious dis ease agents, such as the germ that causes brucellosis in meat-packing house workers and farmers. Or occupational diseases can be studied according to the part of the body affected or the; kind of disease. For example, many toxic chemicals may attack the skin, caus ing an inflammation which we call derma titis. These or other chemicals may affect the lungs, the liver, the kidneys, the bones, or various combinations of organs of the body, and, in many cases, the entire system. Occupational diseases may be acute and temporary, or may be chronic and long-last ing. Brief exposures to certain chemicals may produce symptoms that are of short duration, and the individual recovers quickly. A good example of this is metal fume fever, arising from inhalation of the fumes pro duced when certain metals are heated to temperatures above the melting point. Among the metals which can cause this are zinc, copper, magnesium, cadmium, iron, man ganese, and others. More important, however, are the chronic diseases of industry. These are the dis eases of relatively long duration arising usually^ -from long-continued exposure to relatively small amounts of toxic chemicals. Sometimes these diseases do not show symp toms until long after, in many cases years after, the exposure has stopped. A good example of this is berryllium, ' a metal which may result in serious and fatal lung disease up to 15 or more years after breath ing the contaminated dust or fumes. We must ' remember ' th at, diseases, 'like everything else affecting living things,: can not be put into rigid categories. Not all chronic occupational diseases need to re sult from long-continued exposure. Onb' a brief exposure to a large dose of ioniz ing radiation (X-ray or radioactive chemi cals) may result in cancer. Similarly, a brief exposure to a sufficient dose of car bon tetrachloride may ^result,in chronic .kid ney disease or liver disease. In other words, there are many variations and combinations of these conditions. To attempt detailed listing of all of the chemicals and metals which car. cause disease would only be disturbing and con fusing, and we would be .in danger of not seeing the forest for the trees. Every industrial chemical is dangerous. It is merely a matter of determining how dangerous it is and establishing procedures for protect ing against it. The time is past when "ex perts" can stand before;a group -of workers, or, for that matter, a group of physicians and scientists, and say without ' evidence that this or that chemical when absorbed into the body is harmless. I recall only a few years ago attending meetings of. in dustrial physicians and 'being:shown X-ray pictures of lungs Of coal miners, black: with inhaled coal dust, and being told that this dust was harmless. Yet, lcng before that time, British scientists had demon strated that coal dust can cause disabling lung disease in miners. We in the United States were merely slow to accept the evi dence. Diseases of the Lung , The respiratory system (lungs,--.bronchi, and larynx) is ;the most frequent ,,site of chronic diseases caused by industrial poisons. For a long time, we have recognized that silica dust, as it is inhaled by the metal miner, the foundry worker, the pottery worker, the tunnel digger and others, causes a d isabling and often fatal . d isease called `silicosis.' Similarly, we know that asbestos dust causes a serious lung disease called 7 1961 National Safety Congress 'asbestosis.' And, there is a lung disease found in workers in the manfacture of alumina abrasives, called `Shaver's disease' (after Dr. Shaver who described it). The dust has high concentrations of alumina and silica. Diatomaceous earth, a form of free silica, similarly causes serious lung disease. And there is byssinosis, result ing from the inhalation of cotton dust. Un til a handful of years ago, some of the experts insisted that many dusts when in haled into the lungs were inert; that is, they produced no effect on the body. How ever, as we learn more, we find that these so-called "nuisance" dusts are also capable of causing disease. For example, talc, co rundum, feldspar, graphite, porcelain, barita, cement, mica, slate, kaolin, and many others. Even farmers, as well as grain handlers in the holds of ships, suffer from a respira tory disability when inhaling large amounts of grain dust. They develop chronic bron chitis with shortness of breath, cough, etc. Chronic bronchitis can result from inhala tion of irritating dusts, fumes and gases: for example; phosphorus chloride and other volatile chloride compounds, acid fumes, phosgene, nitrous gases, aldehydes, solvents and other chemicals. One of the leading toxicologists in the. country, Dr. Herbert Stokinger, of the Public Health Service, points out th a t: . . . our experience with occupational lung diseases makes it difficult to escape the con clusion that all dusts, irrespective of their nature, if breathed in sufficient quantity and for sufficient time, may cause profound dam age to the lung, and emphasizes the desira bility of the physician's obtaining an ac curate and thorough history on individuals suspected of pulmonary disease." Other Chronic Diseases Let me discuss a few more of the chronic disease hazards, since these are the chief occupational health problems of the present day. The chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as carbon tetrachloride, represent a large group of chemicals used in industry. These can damage the liver and the kidneys. The chemicals known as aromatic amines, repre sented by beta napthylamine, used in the manufacture of dye and other commodi ties, have been, proven to cause cancer of the urinary bladder. The central nervous system--that is, the brain and spinal cord --can be affected by many chemicals. Tetra ethyl lead causes severe brain disease called encephalopathy. Manganese, one of the im 8 portant industrial metals, causes a disease that is remarkably similar to multiple sclerosis. Carbon disulphide may cause se vere nervous system effects, affecting the nerves, muscles, and brain. Serious and sometimes fatal blood dis eases may be caused by exposure to benzol. Of course, we know that ionizing radiation in any form--whether through exposure to X-rays or radioactive chemicals--may cause fatal blood diseases as well as various types of cancer. The bones can be affected by exposure to radioactive chemicals, fluorides, phosphorous, and other chemicals. Cadmium affects the lungs and kidneys. The heart may be affected by the metal known as antimony, and possibly by nitro glycerin, and there have been a number of reports that the heart may also be affected by brucellosis infection, which occurs among slaughter house workers and farmers. Nitroglycerin and related chemicals used in the manufacture of dynamite and other explosives make an interesting story and illustrate some of the problems in occupa tional medicine. Workers have been ex posed to this group of chemicals for many years. They have known for many years the severe headaches this chemical causes. For years, also, we have heard reports of sudden deaths among workers exposed to nitroglycerin. We do know that this chemical has a powerful effect on the body. It causes profound reduction in blood pres sure, severe headaches, palpitation of the heart, nausea and vomiting, fainting, dizzi ness, and other symptoms. It can also cause skin inflammation. Whether it can cause heart disease is disputed. Even though we have known this chemical for many years, there has been insufficient investigation of the health hazards, and inadequate preventive measures. Cancer Occupational cancer is one of our most serious problems. It also provides us with a remarkable opportunity to study cancer in general. The first breakthrough in the mystery of cancer came with the discovery of an occupational cancer. In 1775, in Eng land, Dr. Percival Pott called attention to soot as a cause of cancer of the scrotum in chim ney sweeps. T hese were little boys who climbed into the chimneys to clean them out. Years after working in this -Labor Safety occupation, they died of cancer of the scrotum, which was traced to the soot which penetrated' their' clothing. Similarly, for years we have known that an excessive number of uranium miners in Europe have died of lung cancer. (Recent studies in our own uranium mines reveal dangerously high exposures.7) Since then numerous other chemicals, in addition to ionizing radiation, have been demonstrated to be capable of causing, or contributing to the development of, cancer in various parts of the body. Some examples are beta naphthalamine, which I mentioned earlier, causing cancer of the urinary blad der, coal tars which can cause cancer of the skin, chromates which cause cancer of the lung, and many others. Recent studies have focused suspicion of lung cancer hazards in the work of welders, sheet metal workers and other metal workers. Skin Diseases Skin diseases are, as you know, the most frequent type of occupational disease which we see. Most of them result from direct irritation by chemical or physical agents. A smaller number result from an allergic reaction to a chemical. Almost any chemi cal contact can result in dermatitis. Many of'5the new chemicals are causing skin troubles. For example, the epoxy resins: These materials are being widely used in electronics, automotives, pattern-making, die casting, aircraft, and other trades--for sur face coatings and paints, molding compounds, various plastics, and electrical insulation. Another group of chemicals which causes skin disease are the chromates. Chrome ulcerations of the skin are well known. The chlorinated hydrocarbons also may cause skin diseases. One of them is called `chloracne' because it resembles acne. Machinists and metal workers often get a dermatitis from cutting oils. Coal tars produce skin changes, some of which may turn into can cer. There are a host of others too numer ous to mention. Protection These are only a few examples of the occupational disease hazards arising from contact with chemicals. The alert worker will become acquainted with the materials he is handling and the process he is using, so that he can help to protect himself and his fellows. If he should suffer excessive exposure to some harmful :; material, he will know what to tell the doctor who examines^ him. The alert doctor will be able to correlate the occupational history with the physical findings and symptoms and decide whether the patient is suffering from an occupational disease. Very few occupational diseases produce such characteristic; symptoms that they can be readily identified as an occupational dis ease. After all, the body can react to harm ful stimuli only in .a limited number of ways. For example, a worker may have severe pains in his abdomen. These might be caused by appendicitis or by lead poison ing. Leukemia may result from unknown causes or from exposure to X-rays. A person suffering a certain type of paralysis may have multiple sclerosis, a disease of as yet unknown cause, or it could be man ganese: poisoning. The person who has a cough, shortness of breath, and is losing weight, mayu have tuberculosis, silicosis, berylliosis or cancer of the lungs. A his tory including occupational history and a thorough examination is the only way of telling those conditions apart. Prevention All occupational diseases are preventable. If we were doing our job right; we would have nothing to talk about today.- The fact is that unknown numbers of people are suffering from a great variety of oc cupational diseases because we are not ade quately protecting against them. What are the protective measures which we should follow ? (1) Education: Employees should, be given adequate .training, for their jobs, .soifitlaat they understand the process, know the ma terials they are handling, and, therefore, can protect themselves and other workers from injury. Key employees should, be instructed in first aid,.. Management and labor both have responsibilities.here. Shop health and safety committees can help in the health .education of workers. There is no,..substitute. for knowledge., (2) Protection of the environment: This means from the air of harmful dusts, fumes, gases, vapors. This, is accomplished by means of engineering measures, such as exhaust ventilation, enclosure of hazardous processes, wetting down methods, for suppression of 9 1961 National Safety Congress dusts, and substitution of less harmful for dangerous materials. Good lighting and re duction of noise, etc. are other environ mental problems that the engineer can help to solve. Only when engineering measures are not possible should respirators or other personal protective devices be depended on for pro tection against inhaling of harmful materials. (3) Goad housekeeping and sanitary place of work: This means a clean place of work, free of dirt and dust, and accident haz ards. There should be adequate toilet, wash ing, shower, locker and eating facilities. Hand washing alone can often prevent dermatitis and other diseases. All containers of chemicals should be properly labeled. (4) Personal protective devices: Wher ever necessary, management should supply workers with respirators for protection against noxious dusts, fumes and gases in the air; suitable gloves and work cloth ing for protection from harmful chemi cals; hard-topped shoes and hats for pro tection from falling objects; safety goggles, etc. (5) Medical protection: This includes first aid facilities and a medical department. Every worker should have a periodic physi cal examination, not for the purpose of dis qualifying him for work, but for the pur pose of detecting disease early so that prompt measures can be taken to protect his health. The physician has an ethical obligation to inform the worker or his family of any finding important to his health. In addition to first aid and medical care for work injuries, all workers and their families should have access to modern medi cal care. Unions throughout the nation are obtaining such care through collective bar gaining. Union health centers and otherplans, such as Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York and the cooperative health plans, are attempting to bring good care, including preventive medicine, to work ing people. (6) Plant health and safety committees: Every place of work should have a com mittee of representatives of the workers concerned with the health protection of the men and women in the plant. This com mittee should have authority to make pe riodic inspections of the plant and make recommendations to management. The com 10 mittee should meet regularly with the plant physician, the nursing staff, the plant safety and industrial hygiene engineers, and with other representatives of management to dis cuss health and safety problems and to plan programs of education of the workers in these problems. (7) Government safety and industrial hy giene agencies: These agencies should be called upon for help, whenever the union believes that management is not adequately providing health and safety measures in any particular problem. How We Are Doing Our Job How well are we doing in protecting our workers? Let me cite a few facts. The prevalence and incidence of occupational dis eases in the United States is unknown, be cause in many states there is no reporting of occupational diseases. And, in those states where there is reporting, it is incomplete and not uniform. Moreover, we know that numerous occupational diseases are not rec ognized because of medical ignorance, de ficiency in medical education, deficiencies in workmen's compensation laws and health and safety laws. Health services in many private industrial plants are inadequate, and most workers are employed in small plants where such services are not provided. According to the Public Health Service, 90 per cent of the labor force is not receiving proper industrial hygiene and health services. The governmental agencies, federal, state and local, which are charged with responsi bility for protecting the health of workers, are for the most part grossly inadequate in their resources and services. They suffer from lack of funds, personnel and even from lack of authority. At least seven of our states have no occupational health units in their health or labor departments, and in all of the state occupational health agen cies in the entire. country, there are less than 40 physicians employed. There is no uniformity of industrial health codes and standards, and the states differ in the haz ards regulated and in their regulations for the same hazards. There is a serious and growing shortage of physicians and other health personnel both in and out of industry. Dr, H arold J . Magnuson, Chief of the Division of Oc cupational Health of the U. S. Public Health Labor Safety Service,, estimates that by 1970, industry Hope for the Future , ' . will need -4800 physicians, bui is .expected to have only 2900; while 35;000 industrial nurses will be needed, but only 26,000 are expected; and 3400 industrial hygienists will be needed, but only 1600 are expected: Last year, a subcommittee of the House committee on appropriations under Congress man Fogarty, conducted hearings on- these problems. These are published in a "Report on Environmental Health Problems," 'avail Workmen's-Compensation . Good workmen's compensation laws are basic to the health of industrial workers. Without strong workmen's * compensation laws, it is difficult to see how we can ever have really effective implementation of our industrial health measures. The fact is that although the workmen's compensation laws are the earliest form of social legislation in the United States, they are in almost all cases hopelessly behind the times; They are inadequate in their provisions for com pensation, for medical care and rehabilita tion, and most of them have not been brought up to date to permit, equitable ^recognition^ and compensation for the injuries'' inflicted* by radiation and chemical: hazards "which cause chronic diseases, usually after long latent periods between exposure and the first symptoms of disease.. Two states still have no occupational dis ease coverage. Nineteen state laws cover only specified diseases. Most of the laws exclude farm work, domestic work and casual employment. In over half the states, employees in small establishments which have less than a specified number of em ployees are excluded; and in 12` states the laws apply mainly to a list of "hazardous" employments. Many white collar workers are today excluded from the workmen's compensation laws. able through the Government Printing Of fice.VTt is interesting reading. These hear ings raised hope that better appropriations would be made to the Public Health Serv ice and other agencies for an expansion of services in the- environmental health field. In the meantime, there is a dangerous vacuum in the supervision of hazards from ionizing : radiation as differences prevail among the interested agencies, AEC, U. S. Public Health Service and the states, over jurisdiction in this field. At the moment, controls in this field are a patchwork with good programs in a few states like New York and California, but poor or almost non-existent programs in most others. < The implications o f. all this should be obvious. Occupational health and workmen's compensation vitally and directly affect the health and life of working people. Yet the unions so far, for the most part, seem to be apathetic about this. Now that un ions are deeply involved in health insur ance, for the care- of non-occupational dis eases, .perhaps there will be a resurgence of interest in the environmental factors which affect our health. A few unions have begun to help -themselves. Some have negotiated clauses in their collective bargaining agreements'embodying a number of the- preventive.. measures I outlined earlier, and have also asserted the union's right to bring expert consultants Research into the plant. The level of our research in occupational health is correspondingly low. Research is largely in the hands of private industry, and it" is guided substantially by the eco nomic needs of the particular industry. Even where research is done in universities, much of this is subsidized for special needs by private industry. Governmental agencies sporadically have made excellent contribu tions, but their resources are chronically inadequate. There is an urgent need for a system of research and consultation .facili ties in various *parts of the country where workers and employers alike can go for scientific solutions to their problems. The United Auto Workers has a depart ment of occupational health, stalled'by two , experts in safety and industrial hygiene. The International Association of Machinists has a medical consultant. The International Chemical Workers' Union also has a medi cal consultant and recently appointed a staff safety-man. These people can be;of great help - to. workers in providing -them- with expert, knowledge and honest information. Obviously, however, every union cannot .and should not hire its own corps of experts and set up its own research laboratories. We are dealing with big; social problems, and they must be met socially. ..... . . 11 1961 National Safety Congress Professor of Sociology of Columbia Uni versity, C. Wright Mills, defines the issue in this way : No moral endeavor, no political orientation, no human study that does not pay close at tention to man at work, can possibly be adequate for our time. For work is affected by and in turn affects all that man is and all that he might become. The question we must ask of any society or of any social pro gram is what kinds of men and women does it select, encourage, create? And, in terms of this human evaluation, the most important question we can ask is whether work is a void in which men sacrifice themselves or whether work is a central feature of a style of life in which man may realize himself. . . ." REFERENCES (1) Hunter, Donald, The Diseases of Occupa tions, Little, Brown & Co., 1955, pp 85-6 (2) Report of the Atomic Power Investigating Commission to the 71st General Assembly, State of Illinois, March, 1959, p. 25 (3) U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Sum mary of Report on Bearings on Environ mental Health, 1959 (4) Rumford, John, M ortality Studies in R e lation to Air Pollution, presented at meet ing of American Public Health Associa tion, 1959 (5) Stokinger, as quoted by Mancuso, Thomas, in Ohio State Law Journal, "Medical As pects of Occupational Diseases," Vol. 19, No. 4, p. 631 (6) Mills, C. Wright, in Symposium, "Man and Work," Northern California Mental Health Association, San Francisco, 1951 (7) G overnors Conference on H ealth Hazards in Uranium Mines, IT. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Public Health Service, Washington, D. 0., 1961 (8) Report on Environmental H ealth Prob lems, Hearings before Subcommittee of Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 86th Congress, Govern ment Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1960 SOME OBSERVATIONS ON OCCUPATIONAL DERMATOSES By PA U L P. B O SW ELL, M.D. Senior Dermatologist, Provident Hospital, Chicago Incidence of Industrial Skin Diseases While there are at present no reliable statistics on the incidence of occupational dermatoses, their frequency is undisputed. Indeed, in World W ar II evidence indicates that there were more skin casualties than all other battle casualties in this very spe cialized occupation of soldiering. In England, a three year study done be tween 1930 and 1932 inclusively, more than 72 per cent of all occupational diseases were found to be industrial or occupational dermatoses. Reports from the compensation boards in seven states in this country indicated that 65 per cent of all compensible cases were occupational dermatoses. In a fashion more understandable to those of us accus tomed to cost and taxes, this means an estimated loss of more than ten weeks per year with an annual cost of approximately one million dollars. This, in itself, a stag gering figure. Anatomy and Function of the Skin With these brief statistics, it is well to ask something of their body area, so easily 12 disposed to such great measure of damage. And again it is felt that a most superficial look at the anatomy and function of the skin, as it is related to this question, is indicated especially for those not related to the medical sciences. It is not always realized that the skin is one of the most important organs of the body. In its embryonic development, it represents the first of the three primary or basis tissues formed, the ectoderm. And from this ectoderm the largest sensory or gan is developed, the brain. So the skin is not only a prologue to the brain, but remains the next largest sensory organ. The skin is an organ, a very complex organ, constituting about one sixteenth of the total body weight. It coniains, within its comparatively thin structure, muscles, blood vessels, nerves, glands, specialized cells such as those that produce pigment and appendages such as nails and hair. With over-simplification, we can divide the skin in two major layers--an inner layer, called the corium and an outer layer called epithelium. The inner layer is tough, elastic and resilient, and its chief function National Transactions VOL. 20 it!i'**>-'-I':#^-;. .4#^'^'f<c55 Nuv^' . fi?1i ;; vu,tfc.- UTILITIES NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 North Michigan Avenue Chicago 11, Illinois OFFICERS OF THE PUBLIC UTILITIES SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1961-62 General Chairman--V. L. W omeldorff, Safety Advisor, Illinois Power Co., Decatur, 111. First Vice Chairman--E rroll D unbar, Safety Engr., Potomac Electric Power Co., Wash- " ington, D. C. vi-'-'+f.'. Second Vice Chairman--P aul W indsor, Safety Dir., Bureau of Safety, Chicago, 111. Secretary--T. F. W ickord, Safety Supvr., Commonwealth Edison Co., Maywood, 111. Program Committee--Carl J. L oh man (Chairman), Safety Dir., General Telephone & Electronics Service Corp., New York, N. Y. ; F. W. W atson (Vice Chairman--Com munications)., Dir. of ,Safety, General Telephone Co. of Florida, Tampa, Fla. ; W. W, . W illiford, Plant Supvr., Safety, The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Co., Wash ington, D. C. ; J. O. P arker, Safety Supvr., American Telephone & Telegraph Co., New York, N. Y. ; R. R. P hillippe (Vice Chairman--Electric), Safety Engr., Du quesne Light Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.; C. A. F ischback, Safety Supvr., Southern Cali fornia Edison Co., Los Angeles, Calif.; M. B. T ravis (ViceChairman--Gas), Dir. of Safety, Northern Natural Gas Co., Omaha, Nebr. ; W. R La D ue (Vice -Chairman --water),'Supt. & Chief Engr., Bureau of Water Supply, Akron, Ohio; H. D. H armon, Vice Pres. & Asst. Gen, Mgr., Gary-Hobart Water Corp., Gary, Ind. Technical Publications Committee--E. M. Chase (Chairman), Safety Dir., Central Ver 9 mont Public Service Co., Rutland, Vt. ; N. W. Temple. (Vice Chairman--Communica tions), Plant Safety Supvr., The Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co., Seattle, Wash.; 11. : C. E, H ammon (Vice Chairman--Electric), Safety Dir., Columbus & Southern Ohio i- Electric Co., Columbus, Ohio; John W. Gronbeck, Safety Mgr., New England Elec I tric System, Boston, Mass;; R. V. H averfield, Safety Dir., Indiana & Michigan- Elec- tric Co., Fory Wayne, Ind. ; M. H. Maxwell, Safety Supvr., The L. E. Myers Co., Clawson, Mich. ; R. W. T omlinson (Vice Chairman--Gas), Safety Dir., Philadelphia Gas Works, Philadelphia, Pa. ; C. H. Gum (Vice Chairman--Water), Safety Supvr., Department of Electric & Water Utilities, Jacksonville, Fla. Training Committee--H. G P otthast ( Chairman), Supvr., Wisconsin Rural Electric Job Training Safety, Menominee, Wis.; W. L. Cl if t o n ( Vice Chairman), Safety & Fire Engr., Accident Prevention Div., The Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, Toronto, Ont., Canada; J. W esley Sam m is, Safety Engr., Philadelphia Elec tric Co., Philadelphia, Pa.; R. N. P apich, Safety Mgr., American Gas Association, New York, N. Y. ; H. C. McChesney, Sr. Safety Rep., The Detroit Edison Co., De troit, Mich. ; V. A. A ppleyard, Exec. 'Mgr., Chester Municipal Authority, Chester, Pa. ;*W. J. Bryan, Safety Engr., Michigan-Wisconsin Pipe Line Co., Detroit, Mich. Audio-Visual Aids Committee--W arren D. Collins (Chairman), Exec. Safety Dir., Orange & Rockland Utilities, Inc., Boston, Mass.; Samuel McKa y , J&r (Vice Chair man), Safety Dir., The Bell Telephone Co. of Penn., Philadelphia, Pa.; James Sealy, (Safety Consultant) Ebasco Services, Inc, New York, N. Y. ; W . W . D u n n , (Safety Director), City Utilities of Springfield, Springfield, Mo. ; A. E. P ieroway, (Safety Director), New Brunswick Electric Power Commission, Fredericton, N. B., Canada Contests & Awards Committee--Robert M. Clark (Chairman), Safety Dir., Atlantic City Electric Co., Atlantic City, N. J. ; K. G. Cregar (Vice Chairman), Safety Dir., Metro politan Edison Co., Reading, Pa.; M. H. I ngraham, Safety Dir., Central Main Power Co., Augusta, Maine 45 Membership Committee--B. J. Lorenz (Chairman), Mgr. of Safety, Northern Indiana Public Service Co., Hammond, Ind.; E. B. H urst (Vice Chairman), Safety Dir., Virginia Electric & Power Co., Richmond, V a . S . T. Robeson, Safety Supv., Carolina . Telephone & Telegraph Co., Tarboro, N. C. Newsletter Committee-- Charles S chweickart (Chairman), Exec. Asst., Hoosier Engineering Co., Columbus, Ohio; D. E. B uckley (Vice Chairman), Safety Dir., East Ohio Gas Co., Cleveland, Ohio; W arren D. W ilt, Safety Engr., City of Detroit, Detroit, Mich.; George C. Sopp, Asst, to Gen. Mgr., Department of Water & Power, Los Angeles, Calif. Off-The-Job Committee--R. G. Claar (Chairman), Safety Dir., The Ohio Fuel Gas Co., Columbus, Ohio; R. F. Mills (Vice Chairman), Gen. Plant Safety Supv., Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph Co. Denver, Colo.; J. E. A ppel, Safety Engr., Common wealth Edison Co., Chicago, 111.; A. B. S hehee, Safety Engr., Rural Electrification Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.; R. E. M cE ldowney, Jr., Safety Dir., United Fuel Gas Co., Charleston, W. Va. Publicity Committee--W. J. Easton (Chairman), Dir. of Accident Prevention, The Cincinnati Gas & Electric Co., Cincinnati, Ohio; M. M. Mehring (Vice Chairman), Safety Supv., Consumers Public Power District, Columbus, Nebr.; L. C. Meyer, Elec tric System Specialist Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Wausau, W is.; 0. W. B rock way, Safety Dir., Board of Water Commissioners, Denver, Colo. Special Representatives--American Gas Association-- P eter Barry, Dir. of Safety, Rochester Gas & Electric Corp., Rochester, N. Y. Edison Electric Institute--S. H. Y oung, Supv. of Safety, The Hartford Electric Light Co., Wethersfield, Conn. American Water Works Association--R. J. Faust, Exec. Secy., New York, N. Y. Counselors (Past General Chairmen)--*1916-17, J. B. D ouglas; *1919-20, W ills MacL achlan ; 1925-26, B. B. McCulloch ; *1926-27, George O pp ; 1927-28, C. J. R utland ; 1928-29, H . F. W ebb; *1930-31, E. S. Beaum ont; 1931-32, G. A. D oeller; 1932-33, C. B. B oulet; 1934-35, E. J. Kreh ; 1935-36, R. M. Godw in; 1936-37, J. J. B arada; 1937-38, W. P . E l st u n ; 1938-39, R. S. Metzger; *1939-40, H . A. P tolemy; 1940-41, Charles S. B owden; *1941-42, P . L.G. H asskarl; 1942-43, D. C. D u n c a n ; *1943-44, E. S. M iner; *1944-46, J. T. O 'B r ie n ; 1946-47, J. O. Leslie; 1947-48, J. B. P orcher; 1948-49, E. L. F itzgerald; 1949-50, John MacLella n; 1950-51, E. S. H annaford; 1951-52, W . H. A d a m s; 1952-53, W . T. Rogers; 1953-54, P. M. Gentzel; 1954-55, W . S. K itch en; 1955-56, H . T. Ja y n e ; 1956-57, F. C. H arrim an; 1957-58, J. E. A ppel; 1958-59, E. M. Ch a s e ; 1959-60, R. S. Lowe; 1960-61, R. E. M cE ldowney, J r. *Deceased 46