Document dkpxbqEj2gNG218XVqXk11m0

FILE NAME: General Electric (GE) DATE: 1935 Sept DOC#: GE020 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: National Safety News Article - No Half Way Measures in Dust Control P-N SC -36 National Safety News P u b lish e d m o n th ly in th e in te re s t o f a c c i d e n t j prev en tio n an d th e health o f industrial workers i VOL. 32. N o. 3 | CONTENTS FOR SEPTEMBER, 1935 Th i y C i.n g w j c ity ............................................................................. n S'., M.dMWn M en su r in DtiM Cnntvl~-.4rt/iur S. Jahnson........................... 17 The I >ri\ cr Has Hi Troubles*--U nity J. Oruga]....................................................... 1$ .-i\ I'. i-mIiIv safety M ensure"-- T, II'.O tg o in l...................... ........................... 20 ,Vs ,\u "im i.m i Analyzes Safety Savings--Slaiilfy Pmihr'-iig . ............................2. li,ami Rapirli 1$ Nilviy Conscious-- Curii] Billings................................................. ,.25 Kansas H ealth A uthuriurs Fight Accidents-- Earir C, Bram , A(. D........................27 Steps tu S afety-- Ruy H R o n d a li.................................................................................... 29 t leaititii: h.'\trior Wall of Buildings by Sandblasting or Steam blasting-- Imlmirial Otfltf Shtfit D-Gtn. s i ................................................................................32 h,iij*iiig the S tandards nf Industrial Medicine--J /. ,V. Scvqntt. M. D ...................34 bonking T ow ard the C o n g re s s.........................................................................................,3S Klnwntary Safeguarding Is Still Im portant........ ................................................ 5 And Sudden D e a th --J. .1. Furnas ............................................................................. 66 Regula D e p o r tm e n ts I ilil.'l :,.( ... ................................................... V Hit' Minutimi Dirwtur' Pays: .................. lln Siltiv Kxrhangv . JO lihliniriul Health .................................. -34 Hu- byllvtin Hikir.l .................. 10 HrrM^ial. ...........................................--........VI Tit* Sufrir Library............................ Art Thr Hnnnr Ridi ........................................... An Cantile ErnMi -- ..........................................AS With thr Munu/anurrr ............................" TIi Huyo S e n k t ......... "A The Affidarti Banwtmr ...............................an t.AKMAN T. Fish , Editor ' i xii- Hu.cincs, Associate Editor SrANtrtr H. K**shaw, Puster Editor C. H. M u.ua, Advertising ^(J\na*er * i lulu Pt36 C)- Nmiuiml H*Zn- Counetl, |nc. I'rtntrd In L'.P.A, I'Viaiahod montMr. ... r. m u J .,'U r i n i i l l r r J im |. n i l . at H i* I 'n . l Olile a i C hlraM . 111., u n d e r Ih I nr M.inn 3. ilia. AdAlUonul ttlry I %\, Jo*uti. Mien, Thr *s.i,rTl|Hlon prie* to m u n o n rr *tr ropl* uf th* NATION AL NaFSTY n F'VS '* O.zu i.rr vKf. Sl.iul* ropli-. 0 e*nr, ndue*t quaniliy prier rr ,rly ruiier|pi>um* arid Mrufl* eople* on raut. Sul/rcrlpOon t r r va.lli.bl only I m im b n i *f ih* Natio*! Srty Calmeli. Mmhr Audit Bureau al Clreulatton, Th.. n t . t n i i i r I mo 1 th* Induatrl! Art Index. '*sii'r.-i1.'mHi.m,,.,,..ranldho|rplntiniutiniur rA.dvnaunicethdaIan aalwl nturd* artici r la Ik und*r*iood NAilenal Safety Calmeli. tt indlvIUu! Nation! Safety Council, Inc. rtofttrtttiine ~''ui-CfHttlntrrU4l`-XvHPuUUc*l--S*$fr*nri>\) 20 North Waelter Drive, Chicago, U. S. A. New york Office, 9 Eait 4 lit Street O ffice of the Education OviiAa* I 0**L A - National Safety Council Office, I934-I735 j u n > G. La#. P r o l J a n L )lO*Mf I. C.A1U*. Vlcr-Pmldent of lib ilo "(ry O. D- Ftxs<ri,i,, Ile JifUliflii L w H. P ai.s u . Safity Cuunrili for Poi* V k#l'rviid*ul for Af.h*J*Y -V O n tU - i. fr l*ruglti**r.x (l. W . S m it h . Vkrl*Tft'Uu( f u r (tittus* <fll Saffi? 11. T. XeM.iM.tTrN, Vle*(*rr,-*Mriti fni* ,V #nil^nhP H. \Ver^>. >.>.. Vu-fPrv^Ulviil itlf l(*Mlllt A U u r f \ \ \ U'm i x i:V . for hdiKUiion Wji.M a.'S K. \VmTII. V ti' * |'rv M ilriit fo r Hihijic mi TivhMirvf >V. II. CaMAAh N. S*rH;ir> itti M.iiiaj* Ifitf IJirfi'lnr 1 Executive Com m ittee t* Memberi at Large Tut A.OVC U ir iM i .h i: A. L. Aaaonc. tollmen Kulak Co. T. ri. Cimn*. S*rtr Svttlon. AtioeL- If.a r AinvrlvMii ftallm*<li i. 1!. Cl'iAiM*. IVtfileh.Hi .l*l Carp. Hum* i ii iu in , Tin I'lillnun Co. 0. T, Kimmvtii, Cli coo AwrUi .Miurr and Milwaukee l.u lnu.il C,,. TnoKAA P, Xaii.t). Imiuatrlal Commi. llotfT irf Olilo Tmomu it. iiMlKihiii. C. 3. Uurtau or P*i*ta*li iR. oaKd*tHux, 1`ortUnd Oiiwnt HuAMi*lo**<L*.tfeMrtlXM. K. I. dul'.Mit dr N-- I liinwautraR.kSOai't.rMM, <>nvrJ IW.vIrtv Cv. lU u t A. *<uevr, Caiicil M*ti Safety Cauncil Reprtientativej Cluuiaaci P. Titmi. .M m iaeliuielli SafHy Canne 11 Vi'.vriQ Ix k t S m it h , I 'r l n - r a r r s . i f i l y f,OKn,mrfllitl.itTN. Sufrty (jatittril l>. la hittiv \.i\v Illi<MloUtfilrIT1I, JSa.MMlTT ftllr S,ifpfr H. tt. KiwTriM. (`Mult \uUy Sasfpfr Kiu(jatrdMllKLiU.v M. OtOhrll Ktviiigtm 5ettonai Repreicntatvet <U*rr. M. W. KiaK . Murliw V. \V. ItAAC^r \Voil l^lgci.s Hamm <, IfuOMA, Mrrrf nti Mwuu? cT.mHffafiu*l A*lmttlYr ttM Vaclihu* I, .ll\x\t\f1 Miu.Aim, AfvMeut PrpveniiHM Latuinmrul MmiufaHuPTr* i.KATc* l ) s S u r M ora* A rrH m u fi.^ a i i. A. V(>ia, Mr!f,4 Pa>t Presidenti 1 M a Il e u r \V, ( hrm.i. Arf T.. M urr l.f I'. Pii.mi. P L A IN T IF 0ta V. Si:h*i ' E X H IB I' n .t> C. h/ilH A .' Cm^ u * P. Thm . h Aitnv II, YacHU M.k v i a. Dnw L * i A. Dilli.* Ciat. IL Avki. Chiaui I). crr M i*. ti, M ir. Il 1. .'S!.' I.T.ritw,. Hrxat A. lirMsr.r C. P.fttxic l*rTtn.vi! r*ai \Y. Hivnwnir trt Honorary Membett fOiiMT W. A 410* .AfiOP nrt '* ' v y No Half W a y Measures in Dusy Control 8y A R T H U R S. J O H N S O N */ In ifl# .lftiti?*/, flnifHtrtfln* l*<?i*4rtntrntt itnrrlcnn JiWtJ/ J,Mutiny tiuufuntt OsmjMtiiy T O ('O.VTROI. 1 dust hazard to du- uxtv'nt of milking the occur rence of pneumoconiosis improbindti-a ry must iIr much moro than Iin*. 'i:n iiiiniciil dust removal equipment ui'i <' :t `-oust. With it then- must 1h* ,, 1 u;i ,i nuitme n| clUfds Mild double , luck, ii-rh.ips whole new operating jiriicitfcs and a sharp definition of re|Miusihiliii*;>. This ,ill boils down to tlac-to-rlay attention to a program de-iuneil upm u lonp ranse health conM-rvt.iiiui policy. Half-way mensures unrrl.itrd ii> ouch other won't work, Xor is ihis a ''done once, done forever" affair. Dust comrol is not an event, it is a program that never finishes. Ivcpcris ss-vm to Isc in rather eneraI .isrrviiicm about four railes of pneuimviaiiosis hazard, l-'irst. quartz caus ing real -iliTnsii. a serious jolidificaiion '( the mass uf the lungs by fibrosis or growth uf scar tissue. It lakes years m ;vi !;ir:1 1 1. hu| rncc Sliirle*l i.< prugreS- ' .tilion which will tint snip ami ..tmioi In- cured. After e\|iiMire uf 15. 'Uin .'5 years, men in certain trades sicauinlaie this lihrosis of the lungs which lessens ihcir capacity for physical lalmr. 11 makes them short uf breath and >mises certain well defined clinical symptom#. X-rays of their chests show characteri-tic shadows. A few of these n'en `In- .i- a direct result uf this cutuliUill Alt few o( them llave their phi-icai capacity pi work lessened oven m 15 nr 2U years, there may lie actual impairment which predisposes them t tuberculosis. Tli* cause of this siiif'Ns is silica, as free quartz, nut cotn- "ni'd with oilirr elements in ihc form of 'ilir.ii.i,,rt the quartz as found free in jrim.t,- i, jts purest natural form as mi .uid ,,.mister. The studies made uf '"my ca-f. ,,| IRusis and the exposure* "i'irh . .ui-i-i| them in die rock imlit.-- (cila| grinding industries, fire- , r,1-'k making, etc., have shown that tbe v "iUfd is silica and that it is nrooortion- Dust control is not an vent; it is a program that requires concentrated day*today attention al to the amuunt of silica in the air lucathcd \ new ray of hoiK lies in some fairly good evidence that there may be mixed dusts in which such dust as limestone, gypsum, coal, hematite, clay or cement dilute the silica hazard and produce less physiological reaction than the silica coment operating as pure quartz alone. A second group of dusts produces somewhat the same clinical picture as silicosis in its early stages, yet the x-ray of the. chest shows the shadows pretty much confined to the lymph ducts. The damage appears not to be so serious as silicosis In many wars, particularly in that it is not progressive nor does it predisi* to tuberculosis. The dusts pro ducing it certainly should Ik classified as absorptive and therrfurr harmful al though not in the same category as quad*. There is no question hut that lessened lung capacity results front them after long enough exposure hut it cer tainly takes more dust and more time to lower capacity for work. Asbestosis falls in this group and apparently similar con ditions develop from exposure to* ex cesses of many mineral dusts relatively low in free silica coment. Iner Dusts A third group ( mineral dusts may Ik- harmless in reasonable quantities. The result of work by some investigators which has been published recently indi cale clay, talc, emery and carl.-orundunt dusts to be inert. In some animal ox- ivrinumtation these dusts did not |>rn. duce lihrosis. (`mitranly, there have Ikvo claims fur disability frutti worker- who alleged that tin- exposure to llk-se same dusts caused their ailments. Ex- rwrt# A- . nut produce disabling' lung pathulouv yet wt> are t.iced with the Inns uf claims prosee'tiled successfully. (Quantity of dust, rather than quality, was doubtless responsible for any ill health. Some State regulations require dust exhaust machinery on some oix-rations. We must, thereiore. Include for control some dusts whicH by nature may not In- harm ful. *" Our fourth anule of hazard i- tuber culosis- Tul*n. ulosis is a caused by a grrm, and probably more useful work has Ixrett done to control this disease than almost any other, Prom time immemorial the dusty iratles which we now speak uf as having a silicosis hazard were always among the danger s)iois tor tulvmilosi*. What we now know is this: that sfll<e>is makes a lirjl class place fur tuberculosis tu thrive in and kill the ]xttien\ off much earlier than wtnild sibcusis alone. IIpiiiHm serins to be that perh;t|)s simple *ilieni> un complicated by tuU-milosis may .-s-lrium Ik fatal, but shortens the working life of the victim just a angina, arterio sclerosis, and such degenerativr diseases do. On ilu* oilier Hand, tve may expect from tuberculosis one of two things-, first, a man brings ttdierculosis. no mat ter how dormant it may be, into a dusty trade, he may reactivate the tuberculosis and have his esse diagnosed as "aggra vated by'* the dust: or second, by get ting simple silicosis or perhaps other pneumoconiosis, and then contracting tulien-ulosi from tubercular associates either at work or elsewhere, die of tuber. ulosis .u|H,rimp,il >*o silicosis.'Tul wr- Cttliisis associated with Silicosis dues Hut rr>|Knd well tu (reatment, Regardless of the fact that tuberculosis i* a** f*'-  18 ul. we must (ace this (act. that tubercu losis is often the disabling result u( dust cxpuMtro, that dust control must include tuberculosis control at the same time. Measuring the Hazard Summarizing, we have three dust hazarris; (L) quartz, which produces true silicosis -- a progressive, lung-disabling disease, (2) smne (lusts which produce a pathology which usually is not serious and is not progressive after exposure stops, yet a pneumoconiosis none the less, and t.l; some dusts which para doxically are probably relatively harm less, yet have Iwen the claimed basis for tuberculosis and other disabilities. In the absence uf :ulri|uate diagnoses, occu pational lii-torics and a more satisfac tory met Ini n/ adjudicating claims than prosecution .it common Ijiw. wc must conclude that it i> necessary to und a practical motlnxl jor cu(ri>lling all min. rral dusts. Let us now see whether it is necessary to give them all the same de gree of control, We have learned that the silicosis haz ard is measured hv the amount of silica in the air breathed. This means that with but few exceptions it is directly proportional to the amount of dust in the air and the percentage,of silica that is in the dust. The studlt-frwhJch have established the safe limit, or tolerance, or threshold limit (or continuous expo sure without deleterious effect, have ar-. rived at 5 million particles of quartz dust per cubic foot of air, none oflwhich dust is larger than 10 niicra in size. I think we need to digress (or a moment to visualize what i* meant bv 3 million particles of dust ui such tiny size. We know, if is invisible to the naked eve be cause it lalte* li. to' 20 times that much to produce a haze, and even ihnt isn't visible as particle* of materials. 'fSe particles, therefore, .ire #o small as to thwart imagination. As one look* across a dusty room and ,vre9 cat gobs > d;r: fioating in the air, settling out rather rapidly, or being blown around by draft currents, he is told that 'hat U not tlur oust we are Miking about. The langur lies in such tiny particles that they could be run be tween the hearing anti the shaft o( a very fine m achine and nut touch, for a micron is toughl> .QQ04 uf an inch, five particles of jantl. each piece so <nril! a* ij hr mriv .01 of an inch in loading a cubic foot. This means that if it is (mind necessary to exhaust the dust at its (Mint uf origin so that that which gets into the breathing zone uf the workers will be 5 or fewer million invisible motes in each foot of space, we haven't begun when we get out only the visible dirt. We are confronted with the astounding fact that the health hazard has not been touched, even though an exhaust is 98 per cent efficient in terms nf the weight oi dust. If we cannot vis ualize such an invisible hazard, it at least-warns us not to throw together somejin ducts, motors and fans, and call it dust control. Returning to our main theme, let me repeal 5 million particles per cubic foot as lhe bench mark for quartz dust. Since the hazard is in proportion to quartz, the less quartz the less danger, or con versely. the less quartz the more dust may be permitted. N'ow, Is there a top limit of dustiness which, regardless of quartz content, might lie considered a maximum above which nothing would be safe, and up to which only the inert or so-called "safe" dust might go? It seems to be pretty well agreed among the investigators that there is a top limit and this figure, or second threshold limit, is 100 million panicles. In other words, no matter what the dust is, it's dangerous if the concentration is greater than 100 million particles per cubic foot. In between these limits must lie the points of safety which take the propor tion of silica into account. f Standards (or Oust Tolerance Wlwt is the practical answer? A table of dust tolerances such as is contained in some stale regulations does well enough, and in them we find a general agreement but with some variailim. In principle most such tables show 3 to 20 million particles as the limits where the quart* content of the dust runs Irom 100 per cent down to 30 nr .13 per cent re spectively. To use these tolerances which xre based upon percentages of silica, both chemical and petrographic analyses of the dust must be made to get reasonable estimates of the silica. The sampling and analyses art both very dif ficult and rX|Xfiiiivf. ft a doubtful if the settled out dust represents the haz ard, and the raw material efTtainly does not. Also much evidence indicates that petrographic analyses nf the smaller dzes i-. iinpi'.viiblc-. U .--em* to me :hat. I I . . I* *. '** i*',' | things by arbitrary standards. (. w liicli Jt? known // qyjfij. W tu 100 pvr cent, which tit? arni u n j nonet which .1 moJJiii* nperitiom, sarvJ Minin* itahive pulverizing, giniKtr brick r oilier Mich opcrjlioni, can w*ll be * a limit uf ) million particle*. 2. Dujii which come (<\>m fhe I uievl in the building and mooum<i which fun'50 to pr <tn( quin mixcvl iuunUfy Juit), which staritil 00 per cent qg-Jrtd m the w nj but JilufcoJ hy trenicnOou* quantities of lime of pheplu(<* pariin* 5 0 tlui bfCJtlicJ n often It-** (h.tn ^0 per < a practical safe limit fur (hem app 10 million particle*. .V Pur the wfwile great rjng of as talc tir day u< nnery, which Con m< quartz or nnly a ^ or ft per Ctn t*ir wlml Urt) imllnwi particle n iv.iM liit*', I il'Mihr tl>. U* fake d iijiio -uil he v.ifi wtmh Hrtnjj* tli\.c ilti'ts vi* IOO miMiuU pjrluU-t i h-.ivi- nfltii M niilli*' hut hi*v hvvn aUuH%l ms)i\ uI*hi> ScCjtiM' th.it figure 1* Cv in .iriihuicutjl p/ufw<tt*n >< tlu- Yet. w'v j t \ t.tcev) with tJ)1i )upp*.Mf we Pvk nf (W) milliot wull a \lu<t cnnfrtil pn<e\iure anj course of a number of yea/*' op w* >tiff jset rcjyiiJ. Nu J that I Icnww t*f hat jcftully JcrnoiH IV or V) oe tOO million residue is t ft nur he neer**ary, thervioec. 0 <1 jftct fur that type of txcpc 1 wli is it is oter 100 rndlion k muit l H* "T)'ef. gtf the Juit dnwn as rea.vsuMy prjtOCaMe. amt t * m l<nJti rcaumahle to me. Wv now understand in gene whui dusts, how much, and sixes constitute health haznr ha\T a plant in which you snip' ard. l.et u.* rxaniine what can almui it to evaluate your purtk ditinns. Ilust contrul is so expv should nut guess at the hazard dust has a lot uf quartz in it foundry molding santl, ganisigate fur tire brick, granite, v for tool grinding, etc., there d hazard. If vnu can see the ' know it to be a terrific hazard is settlement on ledges there is Yuu can save yourself the bothing out the exact quality uf I"* proceed at once to put the d control. Your problem lies in 10 million limit group. It, on the other hand, you . mixed dusts of low silica c doubtful hazard, before bu; contrul machinery you want i what the hazard is anti how n not tlmtishi would be to 48 a reasonable price. There a Dust Control ingenious continuous dust * counting apparatus fur kee (Continued jrom pate i3) tinuous count of (he dust in der exhaust and it can be so cotints, make analyses and rely upon those findings. I have said that 1 doubt the value of analyses. They may prove tu be the only practical methods, but they certainly are not as good criteria as ti> know whether the dust is harmful, and some moderate quantities under suspicion may be sift. Ue arc, there fore. very anxious from a practical standpoint in determine whether our dust is really dangerous or not. This xTnii in me to be a tremendously im[riant point, for if certain dusts are nm dangerous, the atmospheres contain* im,' ihem should not require such dean *wi i|>mg though (hi- quart/, content were then- .dune. Our pre.-etu knowledge i pneumo coniosis is s- 1 limited, and especially our knowledge of those minor dusts, that we do nut know definitely which arc had and which are not. Coot! itmlic.il records of old employees, which records would show the incidence of pneumonia, itiljerculojis, etc., would be helpful. X-ray of employees with 20 years or more exposure would be most useful, but danger from inexpert diagnosis on the one hand, and misuseef the informa tion or, the other, makesYuminalion of employees for this purpose something to be avuided. I urge that more satisfac tory yardsticks for evaluating this bast ard be found, and the recent and current toxicity studies hold some hojfc for an answer. fn the meantime, it is necessary to as sume that all mineral dusts contain same health hazard ami put them ail un der control, and rely upon the low quartz content of the material producing the dust to locate it in the third or least harmful bracket, h may lie well to cuosider medical extminatior'.s :< :i dust control measure. It is recommended that new employees for doily gh'.'.os found physically fit In order to avuid introducing men whose condition makes them liable to an early break down on account of defects or diseases ai ready present, or who may in fect others by spreading disease. Proper diagnosis of such physical con be made only by physicians who are qualified to interpret x-rays and who have training and wide experience in the diagnosis of respiratory ailments. The periodic examination is an indis pensable preventive measure which en ables the physician to detect diseases of the lungs in their early stages and at a lirt^e when removal of the worker front th^dust offers hope of recovery or im provement. In addition, the repeated routine medical examinations furnish a valuable means of determining the effec tiveness of dust control measures. While it would seem desirable to ex amine present employees to discover cases with active tulicrculosis, in order to assure proper treatment and prevent their spreading infection, this procedure is likely to stir up claims or misunder standings on the part of the. workmen. Such examinations, if made, should be used pnly for rehabilitation purposes. Equipment for Dust Counts Our problem nan is to suppress the dust to a safe limit. That implies its re moval at the source by mechanical ex haust. That implies counting the dust to begin with in order to have some basis for designing the equipment, and re counting to know that the equipment is working satisfactorily, The impinger or standard method is complicated, slow, expensive and poor for routine checking although it must be used as a standard for calibration. We, therefore, want a simple method, one that somebody not on industrial health expert can use sat isfactorily. Zeis* Konimeter is a satis factory instrument in the hands of the man who has had some training. The in strument is imported, is rather difficult to obtain, anti not too expensive, under $200,1 believe. Another Instrument Is the Owens Jet which has been modified by .Mr. rtaten of Harvard and Mr. Thompson associ* ated with me in the American Mutual to mnkc its operation simpler and more sat isfactory, This apparatus was built specifically for use in checking the dust to control the ventilniii mechanism, turn on more as turn it off when the satisfai tions have been reached. Tl designed and built by Mr. Mr. Philip Drinker of Har far as I know, j still a labor I see nothing impraeticubi however, and for a large dus stallation I would expect it t ful as the automatic carhoi detector and control mech.ii Holland tunnel. There are practical dost mechanisms for sand bkistim jtrimling. mixing, lullin'.:. dr sive grinding, dry pan mi.v most every type ni ImalizcH generating dusts, rhey an unless well-designed. They a ineffective because, as I so they don't begin to touch hazard until they have got i of the dust, which is the be* do. They wear out due to t action of the dust. They ct money, and the cost usually justified on the grounds o; work efficiency or quality Occasional installations wil supporting. The Kelly tra drilling has been demonstrt crease the cost per foot drill increased the drilling rate to offset the cost. Also ii of air-conditioned rooms in celain enamel is .prayed, thi air conditioning system car to control the dust and ai time be made economically reason of an improved enameled surface. Xo doub many installations which h.i demonstrated economy from sidrations than improvemen The point l wish to make improvement to health is toe to waste time trying to ju-sii haust equipment upon econo/ rations. Where operations out over a great area, as in foundries, it is difficult to dust in the shakeout operatioi ditions can only Ire accomplished by having a medic tl examination with x* rays of the chest, including as complete i nn.d'i.i'. and employment history of ... * . '**?tiI 11 : control apparatus in a large granite shed, and is entirely satisfactory. Up to the present time t <lo not know that any msiriimenr maker has undertaken to i.i ii-.-ii i.iniv it. I.tii . m ainly .. demand expensive mechanical installa of those which have cum tc tion have been installed for ti pur(m*e of sand handling a >mi`Ii c:im.`> wt-rc far frum . *.. i .'m* ><!!tl jll n^lu but ' tiit i' do nut touch the niicrugramt. Let us now look further to zee whether some other remedies wilt be satisfactory. Suppose we leave the hazard alone and put respirators on the men. It won't work, except ior very short periods or fur emergency work, such as cleaning ,,hi dust arresters or loading tumbling UirrvK There should be no question ,i,,,ii( efficient respirators because the i/oitert S'nl; Bureau of Mines is nun prrparfd to make tests and an employer , mii justifiably limit his purchase to rcs- rutors which meet these tests. Even though respirators may l>e efficient. they urc uncomfortable, ami while it is not a hardship for a man to wear a respirator temporarily, or even for a week perhaps liu'-iuu a period nt breakdown in the dust rxluu'i system. 1 cannot conceive of workmen remaining tnntenlnl if they haw in wear respirators continuously fur a long period. If they need to wear them and don't wear them properly they might just as well not have them on at all. In operations which can be confined in a limited space, such as sand blasting ami perhaps shaking out some ly|*ej of castings, the workers can be"eflta?M in hrlmets provided with an adequate sup ple of clean air. The air-line helmet is practical for continuous use, while a filter respirator Is practical for only limited periods. If the dust is extremely heavy, sav 300 million particles of titiarii!. and a respirator is 9S per cent rfiVirru. the worker is still breathing six tnilli.il- particles, which is too much. Think ,.1 respirators preferably to sui>- plrntent exhaust systems. What else can we iio to get fit! of the dust hazard? The first to suggest itself is to get rid of the silica content In the dust. I know o( one group of foundries which is conducting extensive research involving the use of molding sands that art- free of quartz. That may prove to be thoruuiilily practical and is a step in the baht direction. Any plant can study it* perauuns to see whether the quart! mn* ,ifial that is being used can be elimi- W'etl. Castings in some cases can be tlwneti with water. Blasting can be done frequently with steel grit instead of ^nrt. Certainly foundries can use silica- ,frr parting compound that is just as *d a;- quartz dust. Silica packing should u- replaced in annealing opert- ,lon^. I'ulvemed quartz is not needed an abrasive. This is one avenue of tonu'ii which should have thorough Jl(jdy in each individual case. v<tn though you get rid of quartz SVlvrr.% -- - - - - IMS b IM>tin * /* ' * Happy Feet It lia> often Iwen aid that a inan i.< oo better than hi feet. Mangled, bruited, broken or smashed tbes and feet not only take a man o(T the job, but oat real money in compensation, medical and other direct and indirect costs. In ad dition such in ju r ie s reduce the morale of fellow w orkm en and slow down production. You can p ro te c t your worker/ feet hy insisting they wear-Lehigh Safety Shoes with lb improved steel box safely toe. Their feet will Ik* happy feet, protected sgain-t injury and further--Lrhigh Shoe. an* built for comfort, durability ami ap|iarance. EVERY-DAY WORK SHOES No. * i9 -- Black E lk B l u c h r r , Leather Sale and Rubber H atl. No. t JS -- A t Aba, E x c e p t Chrome l.raiher Middle Sol, Army GHil Rubber Sale and Rub. ber Heel. Stia* M l EE LEHIGH SAFETY SHOE CO. 3 i s. severs tm s r . allentow n, p a . JFlnEli^PSUAp L7TreJadNs Alsu lrmunititi. Alnntafnn and jYfeelim PREVENT ACCIDENTS O N STAIRS and FLOORS A hard aiata! a a tf ia lata which can an abrasi naxt in hardneae ta the dialaid u n i r t i durability and anti-alip ftetenry. A U . ARE FIREPROOF Orif ina ran M d aUv*tap*et of Abrav maral far SAFE WALKWAYS Specify Faralun and Hr Surf AMERICAN ABRASIVE METALS CO. Irvington, New Jcracy 1(1 Reasons w hy * ** G R 0 *CDR05 a r e Jafe 1 Ci-Cid and Rav-Card Sol anti H n la cantaint approaisiataly 70% nativa cotton. GKOC0RD tn j RAH'-COHO toiti end hft fi t r t u ltJ in diiiritt, iron imJ ritti /oundntl, rtilrotJ ifutpt, tulo fttlorttif gut tm/ titt' Irte fittnli, i t t t n i futi tltliont, itone qutrrti, m iriti, f t n t r t l trtrthouttt -- ohtrt S tilly it tu importuni f tette. Tha Cotton il tviatad into laugh corda to mcraOM wait. 3 .Cerda ara ON-fiND placad in to prevent tha tola lipping. 4*Non-Slip train. ntim a raliaaa lag Tha high patnataga o cotton 5 . rt heat and cold. C0RD.ON-END giva cuthion 6 COMFORT to tha la. Flexibility and fin in walking. 7.NON-SLIP adda confidane and 8. tficiency to tha waarar. 9 GRO-CORDS and RAW COROS guard again lo tima idas ir* lilppmf, * Saia vatltan ara Ariani ttekI v a m and ara in damaci. No"--balora rou have an accident ia dia tima io putehaaa ho that bevo GR. CORD or RAW .CORD tela and hla on th an . Your wat* will h* moto plaaaant borati* o cha addad aa/aty. ^ *-< oor .tmok-'ai !tth Annual Sataty CongraM and SxpoaUlan iiD u itt mo. 1, "brvn Hm ii. Louiavin*. Ky.. Ortobar t t - l l, l >31. T h e L im a C o rd S o le ft K e e l Co, D e p t. 7 -P , L im a 0* Miy t reCMtnl %t f w e W WVt * PNweeM N O N -SLIP SOLES AND HEELS Rubberized Fabric Link Mat Thi Non-dip Safgty Mat it especially designed for industrial use here there is a slip hazatd. In addition, thay inertasa tha workers' efficiency as they rduce fatigue brought on by stand* mg on concrete, brick, tile or hard flooring, Ideal for placing in front of machinas and where wet conditions list. Heavy galvanized wire with cadmium plated clips and plates are used to prevent rust. Furnished in sizes to meet your requirements. Cow in cost and tong wearing. Write today for prices and complete information. THE BUXBAUM COMPANy Al<ron, OKio but cannot get rid o( all < you can do about getting i of it by conducting operat manner as to minimize t (Just, Explore your process and sets how much residua the hom ootil beams, iec some plants that have not for a long time this dust hr to lie at the angle of repos bration of a passing truck i enough dust in the air to serious hazard. This can ! by a thoroughly practical as vacuum cleaning or b with a jet of wet air or st rators are satisfactory for t of men doing the cleaning. There is an economic v item. It has been report plants which have improved keeping by this method and step farther and brighten factory rooms with puini a lighting that other accident reduced and work efficient! Certainly an extremely dust cates sloppy housekeeping, ing must be put on a periods Dry processes will sometin being changed to wet process processes. While dampness dust, moisture in the proee vent the generation of du: cases. Care must be exercis preting this suggestion becai a high speed grinding whe prevent the dust. One o( th ous silica health hazards is on natural sand stone wheel] dence to tuberculosis is high artificial emery and cartrun may or may not be beneficial mined in lieu of dust exhaus' one state, but we are facet opinion that these dusts ar anyway, unless the volume i worth depends upon gtUim well below 100 million partii Having done all the housek process improvement that cxq in lieu of exhaust, we are with the question oi whether remains dust in .umcient qua some processes to make it n< remove it by mechanical exh; counts will tell the answer. H lions, such as molding, car without raising much dust, chanical operations which use ate dust must be exhausted. I evitable that exhaust be u;e slingers, rock crushers, dry p; A.+iumintr ih:ti we Ivtve nui rw p * ' 1' 111 1,1,11 " ,`l* "'vipiutJ, what ' ' mysi be done to 't work? I have ftid that they wear oul. Vou must put dust counts on a routine basis as a check 0f the efficiency of the system. Whether y0U us the Zeiss or the Owens* or the nipinger doesn't matter. The system be explored constantly for leaks, * (hc dusi tfaps must be cleaned regularly, inHthe dust disposed of so that it won't ; v back lr.ts the building. If the d<- ji^n contemplates reluming the cleaned ,ir ip the building, extremely careful checking of it must be done in order that (he hazard may not be compounded. It u poor practice to return the air to the building because operation is so o/ten badly maintained. i Who is responsible for a dust control program? The owners, through the man agement, are responsible for the provi sion of the equipment and the proper engineering to produce it. They have to ! spend the money and it is management's responsibility to see that it is spent properly. The initiative and the engi neering necessary to control the dust rest entirely with the management. It is f not a hazard which can be controlled by* ! efficient supervision and safe practices ilcne. The supervisory department is rej|xmsibie for the housekeeping, safe practices and shop methods. Some as signed members of the supervisory deMrtment are responsible for the main tenance and operation of the dust renviv.ii rquipment and hor the dust fount* wsfd as a check on the system. 11 there ever was a nice machine re quiring constant tuning, it is a dust re, muval system. It won't work without j 'Ms attention. 1 The workers carry a responsibility [ loo. They must use the safeguards pro- j vided, whether they be respirators or pon.-iUi- hoods to place behind hand 'onl*. They must not stuff bags Into ducts to stop drafts. Dust control is a , fooperjiiive thing--each division carry- ; ing Us share of responsibility. Nobody ar) avoid his responsibility and make j. thing work. A Correction Through an error in the caption ac {mPnnying the illustration on page 11 of the August National Safety Nnvs. irw* !' Sloan, Jr., president of Cun- jk ^ Motors Corporation, was referretl P_. 0 *i vice-president of the corporation. SF,f>T!:MUEK. 1935 Whqn you make your next plant inspection, he sure to notice those more or less out-of-thewar drive belts, motors, s h a ftin g or other equipment that should he guarded, b at that have been neglected,due to their location. It i* a good policy to-protect every hazard even though the chine of accident is seemingly small. ft is rcsl economy to protect your workers front pOMtlrle injury and it is Safety Cuard Economy when you do so with H & K Cuard Accessories. They are furnished ready for easy nd quick assembly by your handy man in his .parr time, Ail HttK (luotA ArcfnonV, jrf onjrr fie itruitt of U nim m tm ' Lobomoritt. hit. 114 Liberty St. NEW YORK. N. Y. 5W5 Fillmore St. CHICAGO, ILL. USE a UNION or COLUMBIA CARBOY INCLINATOR for the SAFE and EASY way to pour acid* and chemicals from carboys or small and medium site drums. A tried and proved device attractively priced. Sold on tnouey.hack guarantee. Send fur n completely illus trated and dv-criptivu bulle tin giving lull pjrticuhir- und prices. THE INCLINATOR COMPANT-f.o. i o x j -minnzafou. i n n .