Document daN0ejGxM3axDB4deovvKYO55

FILE NAME Firestone FIRE DATE 1989 Feb DOC FIRE043 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Ex 807 B.C. Notes - NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Med Survey found parenchymal and pleural changes consistent with Asbestosis 2.2 Corp OSHA exposure data 1979-1985 in rubber manufacturing - mean 0.4 cc % exceeded 2 cc Much Asbestos still remains in power plants This Health Hazard Evaluation HHE report and any recommendations made herein are for the specific facility evaluated and may not be universally applicable Any recommendations made are not to be considered as final statements of NIOSH policy or of any agency or individual involved Additional HHE reports are available at htp:/ww.cdc.gov/niosh/he/reports http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports MHETA 87-017-1949 UNITED RUBBER WORKERS INTERNATIONAL UNION AKRON OHIO FEBRUARY 1989 NIOSH INVESTIGATORS John Jankovic CIH Robert Reger PhD L SUMMARY In October 1986 the Division of Respiratory Disease Studies National Occupfoar tOcicuopatnioanall Safety and Health NIOSH received a requfreomstthe United Rubber Workers International Union URW to evaluate exposure to fibrogenic dust and the occurence ofpneumoconioses among tire workers NIOSH evaluated a series of chest radiographs from the URW URW tire sponsored Personal Health Surveillance Program PHSP reviewed Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA environmental exposure data and conducted limited environmental surveys at three plants The final sample of radiographs incl 987uchd este fild ms from examine4e0s years of age who workedat nine plant locations 4 companies Three certified radiologists who were also NIOSH B readers independently interpreted the films according to the rules and criteria contained in the 1980 International Labour Office ILO classifsiyscteamtfiorothne pneumoconioses Two films with minor parenchymal change consistent with pneumoconiosis were identified In addition 22 other casess pleural abnormalities were found Almost half 10 ofthe films identified with pleural abnormalities were from employees at one plant A review ofthe OSHA environmental exposure data collecftreomd 1979 through 1985 in the rubber manufacturing industry revealed that % the exposure data exc2efibeersdperecud bic centimeter oc the OSHA permissible exposure limit in effect PEL atthe time When compared to the current PEL of0.2 cc 28 were in excess ofthe standard and when compartoetdhe NIOSH recommended exposure limoi f 0t.1 cc 33 were in excess Our surveys at the thretiree plants failed to documeannty overexposuretos fibrous mine or or thea r kl nos wn Pleural abnormalities consistent with exposure to asbestos were identified on 2.2 of987 chest radiographs Nearly half of these abnormalities were in workers from one plant OSHA compliance data for the industry indicate overexposures to asbestos Keywords SIC 3011 tires and inner tubes Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles asbestos talc rubber manufacturing pneumoconiosis Pltf Exh 807 Page 2 - Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 87-017 II INTRODUCTION In October 1986 the Division ofRespiraDtioserasye Studies National Institute forOccupational Safety and Health NIOSH received a requfreomstthe United Rubber Workers International Union URW to evaluate exposure to fibrogenic dust and the occurence ofpneumoconioses among tire workers NIOSH evaluated a series of chest radiographs from the URW tire sponsored Personal Health Surveillance Program PHSP reviewed Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA environmental exposure data and conducted limited environmental surveys at three plants In 1982 collective bargaining agreements betweetnheURW and selected companies set inmotion a multiphasic screening activity Personal Health Surveillance Program PHSP Through one provider mobile health testing vans visit local union and plant sites on an annual basis Test procedures include chest rays The PHSP is a stay healthy or wellness program covering an estimated 30,000 workers Although workers contribute financially to the PHSP their participation in the testing is voluntary At the time of our survey PHSP was in its fifth annual cycle ofexaminations Tweon ne t play nts ownbyefodur companies have participainttehde program 15 of them manufacturtiereds and tubes Locations of participating plants were Armstrong B.F. Goodrich Des Moines Iowa Natchez Mississippi Akron Ohio Oaks Pennsylvania Califomia Uniroyal Eau Claire Wisconsin Mishawaka Indiana Painesville Ohio TuscaloosaTuscaloosa Alabama Firestone Akron Ohio Des Moines Iowa Decatur Illinois Ohio Naugatuck Connecticut Albany Oklahoma City Oklahoma tire and tube manufacturing In February 1987 NIOSH issued an interim report of the survey's findings This current report is an update of that interim report and includes additional radiological evaluations of192 workers from 2 plants which were not previously included Page 3 - Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 87-017 III METHODS A Medical In an attempt to focus on the population with greatest potential for disease we limited our evaluation to employwiteh es40years ofage In ordetro reach a sample size ofapproximately 1000 we used radiogrfraompnhinse plants Chest films from the second annual PHSP survey period 1983-w8er4e utilized these nine facilities participation in the PHSP by plant ranged from a high of 26 to a low of only % Some examinations performed durti hatntigme frame involved individuals workingat plants which are now closed The nine tube manufacturing plants were Goodrich Number 40 Yrs Age Oaks Pennsylvania 86 Miami Oklahoma 302 Armstrong Des Moines Iowa 163 Natchez Mississippi 29 Firestone Des Moines Iowa 261 Bloomington Illinois 21 Decatur Illinois 48 Albany Georgia 50 Uniroyal Opelika Alabama 27 Total 987 Initially the chest films from the two Armstrong plants were removed from the study at the requeofsthte URW and Armstrong Subsequtehesne tparltiyes agree to have the radiographs incanl d tu he d resue ltsd are part of this report To use more than a single interpretfeor ray readings is beneficial as variability is well documented.26 We chosteo use three experts an odd numbeirs preferablteo resolve discrepancies in reading For profusion of small lesions a median determination became the final reading For all other findings the majority opinion was utilized Page 4 - Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 87-017 Four criterweirae used in the selection ofreaders ) Board certified in radiology 2 ' NIOSH reader certification.8 3 Detailed knowledge ofthe 1980 International Labour Office ILO radiographic classifiscyasttemifoonr the pneumoconioses. ,, 4 Known experience involving a large volume of cases with dust induced diseases especially resulting from exposure to asbestiform materials Exceforptthe interpretation of the Armstrong films each radiologiwsast assigneand assistotraecnortd observatiotnhse spebec ingispea ciall ly l traiy ned in the use of stand repoa rtir ng fdormianz d heavidng All films were interbpyralel treaededrs independently provtio tshe iproovinsiosns and criteria specified in the 1980 revisoif othne ILO classification sysfotr tehe mpneumoconioses All readings were performed without knowledge relating to the purpose of the trials or the source of the films TheArms filt ms r wereoren ad ag t a later date The same radiologists were used and readings were preformed in an independent manner The exact design used in the triawlassas follows INITIAL TRIALS ARMSTRONG FILMS Reading Order Reader by Batch A Reader1 Reader 2 A BECLAA BECLAA B BECLAA E BECLAA C -- F D Reader3 C F A B E B. Environmental We determined that a plant examination across the rubber manufacturing industry would be beyond the scope of the health hazard evaluation program To address exposures we began by reviewitnhge materials fouin n td he National Occupational Hazard Survey NOHS A group ofcommonly utilized mine androthaer l fins ely divided solid materials was selected from NOHS and utilized Page 5 - Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 87-017 to cross search the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's OSHA exposure data records SASDATA.OSHA in the SIC Codes listed below the period 1979 through 1985 SIC 3011 - Tires and Inner Tubes SIC 3021 - Rubber and Plastics Footwear SIC 3031 - Reclaimed Rubber SIC 3041 - Rubber and Plastic Hose and Belting SIC 3069 - Fabricated Rubber Products Not Otherwise Classified The materials for which OSHA had exposure records during that time period included asbestos talc coal tar pitch volatiles quartz respirable dust and total dust The plants from which worker rays were selected were all in SIC code 3011 and were involivn etidre manufacturing Of the nine plants in the reading survey site evaluations were conducted three During these evaluations air sampling for respirable dust quartz and asbestos was performed Respirable dust was sampled at 1.7 liters per minute onto micrometpeorre size polyvinyl chloride filters millimeter cyclones and analyzed gravimetrically Quartz was determfironm ethde same samples utilizing NIOSH method no 7500. Fibers were sampled at 2 liters per minute on 0.8 micrometpoerre size millimeter cellulose ester filters in faced cassettes Filters were analbotyh z by e phad se contrast microscopy NIOSH method 7400 and transmission electron microscopy NIOSH method 7402 Bulk samples ofmineral product ingredients and settled dust samples were collected for subsequent analysis by polarizedlight microscopy Observations of asbestos insu anl d fra ictt ioni mato erin als and their state of repair were noted as part ofeach plant evaluation Each of the three plants employed from 150t0o 2000 workers and had been in operation for more than 20 years The tire manufacturing techniques were standard and have remained unchanged varifaortvairioatnionss in raw materials The various processes are well describeidn Recognition of Health Hazards in Industrbyy WilliaAm. Burgess John Wile&y Sons 1981 with one exception the creel room This process involves the feeding brass clad steel wire from hundreds of spools to be fashioned into steel belts Each of these spools contains two brake pads to prevent overspin Each plant employed some hand mixing raw materials but this involved very few workers Only one ofthe three plants reported using talc However all three plants contained asbestos materials in the form ofthermal insuorl fria ctit on i mato erin als The other naturally occurring minerals found included bentonite and kaolin clays contsoameismn alliamn oung ts of silica IV RESULTS A Environmental OSHA DATA We examinethdeOSHA occupational exposure data for the years 1979 through 1985. Table I summarizes the OSHA particulate exposure datbay agent collected The data are presented as a percentage ofexposure measurements exceeding OSHA's permissible exposure limit PEL NIOSH's recommended exposure limit NIOSH REL and the average ofall exposures Page 6 - Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 87-017 AGENT COAL TAR PITCH VOLATILES KAOLIN QUARTZ ASBESTOS TABLEI OSHA PARTICULATE EXPOSURE DATA BY AGENT 1979 THROUGH 1985 % OSHA PEL NIOSH REL MEAN CONCENTRATION STANDARD DEVIATION 51 64 0 -- 7 11 3 33 mg mg 12 mg 0.4f cc mg -- 29 mg 0.9 cc NUMBER OF SAMPLES 55 3 55 39 RESP DUST 3 -- TOTAL DUST 20 -- Img 9mg 2mg 101 10 mg 99 ConsiderinthgeNIOSH exposure criteria significant overexposures from CTPVs quartz and asbestos occurred in the rubber industry during the 1979 through 1985 time interval Table II presents OSHA measured overexposures as a percentage of samples by agent within each standard industrial classification SIC Page 7 - Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 87-017 AGENT TABLE II OVEREXPOSURES AS A PERCENTAGE OF SAMPLES AGENT BY SIC CODE SASDATA.OSHA 1979 THROUGH 1985 3011 3021 SIC CODE 3031 3041 3069 CTPV ASBESTOS QUARTZ RESP DUST TOTAL DUST 36 0 0 0 29 3 0 0 0 51 0 0 1 0 12 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 15 Overexposure Determination Based on NIOSH Criteria For the time interval 197t9o 1985 two SIC codes stand out with regatorthde high percentage ofoverexposures SIC 3011 tires and inner tubes with overexposures to coal tar pitch volatiles and SIC 3069 fabricated rubber products not otherwise classified with exposures to coal tar pitch volatiles asbestos quartz and total dust The infertehant c canebse drawn from the OSHA data summarizedin these tables include 1 There was a number of expostuo rCTePVss above the REL the components in these CTPV's include large molecular weight polycyclic hydrocarbons as is foundin coke oven emission there could be significant exposures to carcinogens However a previous NIOSH tire plant study found compounds such as pyrene to be well below the value recommended by the Standard AdvisoryCommitotn Ceoeke Oven Emissions and withithne range ofambient levels 2 Ifcurrent fiber exposures represent asbestos exposures and they remain at the 1986 levels then these exposures are excessive by todays standards 3 Essentinaoltlalyc and no vermiculite exposure informatioins available 4 The greatest percentages samples indicating overexposures asbestos in particular are occurring mostly in SIC code 3069. This category includes flooring automotive brakes insulated wire and cable insulation and other products with the potential for utilizing asbestos as a product ingredient Page 8 - Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 87-017 SITE SURVEYS Site visits were conducted at three tire plants represented in the ray survey Of these three plants only one utilized talc compion uconmpdouindningg Additionally the only other naturally occurring minerals employed as compounding agents were clays and limestone None ofthe plants detatcalekasia fdetiackeifirer Figure 1 is a photomicrograph ofsample of the talc from plant # under plane polarized light at 400x magnification This product is labeled asbestos free by the producer and this is confirimn ethdis sample by the absence any discemable fibers Detackifier slurries typically consisted of clay soap and sometimes limestone as well as some chemically produced materials such as precipitated silica Figu2 risea photomicrograph ofbentonite clay from plant # under plane polarized lighatt 100x magnification No fibrous minerals are present The bentonite is typified as the more rounded granular particles while the large equant particles include silica quantitated by XRD limestone and orthoclase among the more predominant Figure 3 is a photomicroogfrsaetptlhed dust collected from a rafter in plant # 2 above a detackifier mixing area Again the magnificatioins 100x and the light is plane polarized No asbestos is present althoutghhe dark particlesrubarb e re ubbr er may contasoimen particle forms which would fit a 3 to 1 length to width aspect ratio a criteria which is utilized in designating fibers for purposes of counting in sample from an environment known to contain asbestos The lighter more rounded particles are clay Fig4 u at 4r0xeis sandblasting material from plant # where it was labeled in company air sampling records as silica sand However these round glassy spheres and fragments were determined to be amorphous rather than crystalline when examined under crossed polars the microscope The crossed polars view is not shown here as amorphous materials appear black against a black background All three plants contained asbestos materials either friction products as in the case ofbrake liniinn gthse creel theorr mthearmlal insulation on various pipes boilers and other vessels Dust near the brakes in the creel room of plant # 1 was found to contain chrysotile asbestos as demonstrated in Figure 5. In thisphotomicrogart a10p0hx magnificatiaondn 15 degree offset polars the chrysotile appears as the long thin fiber bundles the right Fig6 urtehe same field of view with the polars uncrossed Since the material is mounted in a liquid with a refractive index matching that of chrysotil1e.55 the fibers on the right disappear while the cellulose fibers present remain in good contrast This refractive index matching plus particle morphologydemonstratthee presence ofchrysotile asbestos fibers this sample The area wherthee samples were obtained is cleaned by blowing the dust loose with pressurized air prior to sweeping Figures 7 and 8 show the same refractive index matching as Figure 6 only this time the sample contains amosite asbestos mounted in a liquid with a refractive index of 1.68 This material was found in floor debris near the insulated piping of a contact heater in plant 3 Recently an asbestos removal project had taken place in this area This sample certainly points out the need for more thorough containment during asbestos removal and more care in accepting the clae s calen an before termtihe n abaatemtentipn rojg ect Incidental damage to asbestos insulation producing asbestos containing debris was also observed particularly in the power plants where much asbestos still remains This type of damage and the debris produced should be taken care of soon as noted Allowing this material to be trod upon may widely disperse asbestos contamination and contribute to a background level asbestos fibers in the plant air Tables III and IV prestheerensultts ofthe area air sampling conducted at the three plants for airbome fibers respirable sil andisc iliaca Page 9 - Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 87-017 TABLE III FIBER CONCENTRATIONS BY PLANT AND OPERATION Operation cc PCM 7400 A Rules 1 Hand Mix Master Batch Pallet Lube Mix 1 Banbury Creel Room .006 .006 .006 .007 .005 2 Banbury .052 Banbury .050 Milling .050 Fabric Calendar Drying Oven .050 Creel Room .190 Creel Room .280 Creel Room - Detackifier Mixing - 3 Banbury - Master Banbury - Pigment Compounding - Power House - 85 Contact Heater - cc TEM 7402 .003 - .011 1 .. .004 .. : .017 .014 .006 .019 .015 .031 .023 .013 Page 10 - Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 87-017 TABLE IV RESPIRABLE DUST AND QUARTZ BY PLANT AND OPERATION Plant # 1 1 1 1 2 2233 2233 2233 2233 2233 2233 2233 2233 Operation Banbury Banbury Milling Creel Room Hand Mixing Master Batch Pallet Lube Mix Banbury Daywork Banbury Banbury Master Banbury Pigment Compounding Detackifier Mixing * DetLe imic t ot f Di eteco tion n - Olmg ** Lowest Lowest Limit of Detection - .03mg ND - NotDetected mg Respirable Dust gravimetric _ 0.12 0.07 0.15 ND 0.17 0.40 0.16 0.34 1.07 0.11 0.11 0.18 0.14 mg Quartz 7500 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.06 ND ND ND The average transmission electron micro fibs er ccouont p in tehe 11 samples was 0.014 fibers per cubic centimeotf eairr 0.003 to 0.031 oc No asbestos fibers were foundin any of the air samples Respirable dust exposures averaged 0.28 NIOSH RELper cubic meter air Quartz was detecintoenldy 1 of 13 samples at a concentofr0a.0t6 imogn above the REL of0.05 mg The results of the thretiere plant visits are summarasifzolelodws 1 The only asbestos identified was in the form of friction products pipe and boiler insulation 2 Onlonye of the three plants used talc and asbestos was not matie n tr hisi mata eril al 3 Two the three plants had active asbestos identification and abatement activities carried oubty outside contractors 4 Workers with the greatest potential for exposurteo asbestos woulbde the power plant personnel maintenance workers required to make repairs in and around insulation and custodial encountering asbestos containing debris cleda ustn cleai ningn in ag reas like the creel rooms where asbestos friction products may be utilized also intetr o im ntei rmit ttentt eexpn osutre Page 11 - Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 87-017 B. MEDICAL As thetechnical quality of radiocg an rinfaluepnch e tshe intemr orepthar n ae ny ot thea r sit ngleifao ctn or an assesosf qmualeitynwtas prihoighrpiritoriyty These data are shown in Table V Table V Film Quality Assessment Film Quality Good Acceptable no technical defect impairing classification No. and % by Reader A B No. % No. % 709 718 879 89.1 No. % 509 51.6 239 24.2 108 10.9 352 35.7 Poor with technical defect but readable 39 4.0 0 0.0 74 7.5 Unacceptable 0 0.0 0 0.0 52 5.3 Total 987 100.0 987 100.0 987 ~ 100.0 On balance the quality ofthe radiographs evaluated was good One radiologist indicated that around nine ofevery 10 radiographs were of good quality with no technical defects and found none which were unreadable On the other hand another radiologist found over % of the films unreadable and only about half of the films to be good quality Two of 987 films 0.2 were designated as having parenchymal changes consistent with the pneumoconiosis The profusion for these two cases was 10. In both cases small opacities were described as irregular in shape and were predominant in the lower lung zones a pattern typical of early asbestosis In addition to these two films five others were classiafsi0e/1die they were ultimately classed as categzeororbuyt catego1 rways given some consideration No cases of progressive massive fibrosis were noted The two films with minimal parenchymal disease had no pleural abnormalities Data regarding profusion small lesions are shownin Table VI Page 12 - Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 87-017 Table VI Parenchymal Abnormalities Median Profusion of Small Opacities Profusion No. of Cases 0 0/1 985 5 1 1/0 2 2 2 0 3 0 PMF oO Total 987 % 99.8 0.2 100 Aside from parenchymal abnormalities emphasis was given to determining the extent of pleural changes i.e. basicaltlhye presence ofdiaphragmatic and chest wall plaques and diffuse chest wall thickening Thirteen radiographs 1.3 were noted as having developed diaphragmatic plaques These 13 were from workers at four plants six were from workers at one plant num thebnuembr er and proportion of cases with diaphragmatic plaques is small it is noted that nearly half of the cases identified worked at one location The overall consensus data regarding diaphragmatic plaques are shown in Table VII Table VII Consensus Interpretation ofDiaphragmatic Plaques No. of cases % 969 98.7 13 982 No Consensus 5 Exists because one interjupdgred ethte feilmrs as unreadable and the inte2ripntreerptreetrerss differed 1.3 100.0 Page 13 - Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 87-017 The radiologists agreed that 21 films 2.1 had chest wall plaques Twelve ofthese 21 also had diaphragmatic plaques For 14 of the 21 the plaque formations were bilateral These 21 films were from workers at four plants and 10 of the 21 were from workers at a single plant the same one where the 6 workers with diaphragmatic plaques was identified Ten 12 of the 86 films from workers at this plant had chest wall plaques No cases ofdiffucsheest wall thickening were identified in the sample Table VIII Table VIII Consensus Interpretation ofChest Wall Plaques Item No. of Cases % None 962 97.9 Agreemetnhatt Chest Wall Plaques Exist 21 2.1 Total 983 No Consensus 4 100.0 Exists because one interpreter judged the films as unreadable and the other2 interpreters differed In summ24a2r.y4 of 987 films had findings consi wits h at n aesbn estt os exposure Below are these summary results X Finding Parenchymal abnormality category 1/0 witnho evidence ofpleural changes Pleural abnormality chest wall and diaphragmatic plaques Pleural abnormality chest wall plaques Pleural abnormality diaphragmatic plaques Summary ofCases No. of Cases 2 12 9 1 Page 14 - Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 87-017 DISCUSSION The technical quality ofmost chest films reviewed was acceptable to good No consistent technical artifacts were noted That the PHSP uses a standard PA film in screening without additional lateral or oblique views fits well with recommendations from the literature Although about 30,000 workers contribute financially to the PHSP and are thus eligible for testing only approximately 5,000 per year participate in the radiographic surveillance In our sample participation by plant ranged from a high of 26 to low of only % Since we have no data on the participants in the PHSP we could not determine if participants were representative of the total work force of these plants or of the tire industry Theparechn angec s idh entiy fiedm wera e mil nor only two cases both having ILO category 10 profusion Such borderline profusion is often confused with increased vascularity and also considered by some to be consistent with linear markings seen in the lungs of some cigarette smokers However both cases identified had irregular shaped lesions with basal involvement consi wits h at n aesbn estt os exposure Pleural abnormalities were identini2f2 2i.e2d of the 987 films The expected prevalence ofsuch abnormalitisineost known A studoyf unexposed blue collar workers found only 3 pleural abnormalities among 1422 films but thispopulation had a mean age of 33.8 years and rays from 880 potential participants were not included among the 1422 because these 15 persons had a history of past exposure to dusts or other repiratory hazards The workers whose rays were read as part of our survey were all over 40 years of age and were not excluded from the survey on the basis ofexpoosutsuiderthee ts ire industry Finally neither group consisted of sample known to be representative of its population the tire workers were a selected minority and only % ofthe targeted population participated in the collar study While fat and muscle shadows scarring adjacent to old disease and tracau n mm ima ic pla fourqof u the fie lms involved calcification typical ofasbestos plaques Furthermore several more ofthe cases with pleural plaques were of textbook quality with small misclaosfsmiisfcliascsaifticiatoionn Of potentialimportance is the fact that a seemingly high number of Comparison of original readings from the at plant had pleural abnormalities occurredin a single plant Ten 12 of86 rays from workers 4ye0ars age this one evidence ofpleural changes This plantis now closed so we could not conduct an environmental evaluation PHSP contractor with cases identified in our survey is difficult due to the differences in classification systems used In our wortkhe 1980 ILO classifiscysatetmiwoans used whereas in 1983 the contractor used a single clinical interpretation Nonetheless both films we identified as having parenchymal changes category 10 were originally diagnosed as having increased lung markings suggestive of pulmonary fibrosis On the other hand while we identified 22 films with pleural abnormalities the original clinical interpretations mentioned pleural involvement in only about half these At least two reasons mighbte advancedregarding this difference First the interpreters we selected were kno forwthn eir experience in reading large numbers of radiographs of workers with asbestiform mineral exposure thus their sensitivity in the area of diagnosing pleural abnormalities might have been enhanced Seconthde initial readings and our survey were performed three years apart general emphasis regarding the diagnosis of pleural changes has incrinereacenst yeeadrs This evaluation of random sample ofrubber workers chest rays in selected plants served by thePHSP indicates the presence some radiographic changes consistent with asbestos exposure Sources ofexposures potentially responsible are not determinedat this time although the environmental survey found materials basis materiinaallls3 plants Inferences directed at or implicating specific industry operations and are not possible on the of the findings this study Page 15 - Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 87-017 VL REFERENCES 1 Beliczky L.S. A fifteen year overview and update ofthe URW's activities in Occupational Health and Safety Joint URW Conference Seattle June 1986 Reger R.B. and Morgan W.K.C. On factors influencing consistency in the radiologic diagnosis of pneumoconiosis ARRD Vol 102 1970 Reger R.B. Amandus H. and Morgan W.K.C. On the diagnosis ofcoalworkers pneumoconiosis American disharmony ARRD Vol 108 1973 Yerushalmy J. Reliability ofchest radiography in the diagnosis ofpulmonary lesions Amer J. Surg Vol 89 1955 56 Garland L.H. On the reliability ofroentgen survey procedures AJR Vol 64 1950 Reger R.B. Petersen M. and Morgan W.K.C. Variationin the interpretation ofradiographic change in pulmonary disease The Lancet January 1974 Felson B. et al Observations on the results ofmultiple readings ofchest films in coalworkers pneumoconiosis Radiology Vol 109 1973 Morgan R.H. Proficiency examination ofphysicians for classifying pneumoconiosis chest filmsAJR Vol 132 1979 Occupational Safety and Health Series No. 22 Guidelines for the use ofILO international classification of radiographs ofpneumoconioses Intemational Labour Office Geneva revised edition 1980 10 Control of aircontaminants in tire manufacturing DHHS NIOSH Publication No. 84 1111984 11 Reger R.B. et al The effect offilm quality and other factors on the roentgenographic categorization ofcoalworkers pneumoconiosis AJR Vol CXV 1972 12 Liddell F.D.K. The effect offilm quality on reading radiographs ofsimple pneumoconiosis in a trial ofray sets BJIM Vol 18 1961 13 Reger R.B. et al The detection ofthoracic abnormalities using posterior PA vs. PA and oblique roentgenograms Chest Vol 81 1982 14 Amandus H.E. et al Significance ofirregular small opacities in the radiographs ofcoal miners BJIM Vol 33 1976 15 Castellan R.M. Sanderson W.T. and Petersen M.R. Prevalence ofradiographic appearance of pneumoconiosis in an unexposed blue collar population ARRD Vol 131 1985 16 Sargent E.N. et al Sub pleural fat pads in patients exposetdo asbestos distinction from non calcified pleural plaques Radiology Vol 152 1984 Page 16 - Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 87-017 AUTHORSHIP AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Evaluation Conducted and Report Prepared by Division of Respiratory Disease Studies National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Morgantown West Virginia 26505 Assistance Program Division of Respiratory Disease Studies National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Morgantown West Virginia 26505 DISTRIBUTION AND AVAILABILITY OF REPORT Copies ofthis report are temporarily available upon request from NIOSH Hazard Evaluations and Technical Assistance Branch 4676 Columbia Parkway Cincinnati Ohio 45226. After 90 days the report will be available through the National Technical Information Service NTIS 5285 Port Royal Springfield Virginia 22161. Information regarding its availability through NTIS can be obtained from NIOSH Publications Office atthe Cincinnati address Copies ofthis report have been sent L2345 United Rubber Workers ofAmerica L2345 The Firestone Tire & Rubber Company L2345 The Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Company L2345 The ArmstrToirne g& Rubber Company L2345 OSHA 6 NIOSH Regional Office For the purpose ofinforming affected employees copies ofthis report should be posted by the employer in a prominent place accessible to the employees for a period of 30 calendar days FIGURE 1 TALC USED IN WHITE SIDEWALL TIRE PRODUCTION PLANE POLARIZED LIGHT 400x CIRCLE # 10 DIAMETER IS 20 MICROMETERS FIGURE 2 BENTONITE CLAY DETACKIFIER PLANE POLARIZED LIGHT 100x CIRCLE 10 DIAMETER IS 80 MICRONS FIGURE 3 RUBBER * a O ariseH, muvee dons re-* + * @ pe AND CLAY DUST FROM RAFTER SAMPLE PLANE POLARIZED LIGHT 40x CIRCLE 8 DIAMETER IS 100 MICROMETERS FIGURE 4 GLASS SPHERES USED IN PLANE POLARIZED LIGHT CIRCLE 8 DIAMETER IS SAND BLASTING 40x 100 MICRONS FIGURE 5 CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS IN BREAK DUST SLIGHTLY UNCROSSED POLARS 100x 80 MI- CROMETERS ie be Cn Co ... ... ... FIGURE 6 CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS IN PLANE POLARIZED LIGHT CIRCLE 10 DIAMETER IS BREAK DUST 100x 80 MICROMETERS aan on , 3 - FIGURE AMOSITE ASBESTOS IN FLOOR DEBRIS SLIGHTLY UNCROSSED POLARS 100x ume 80 MICROMETERS ee FIGURE & * Fe Me - AMOSITE ASBESTOS IN FLOOR DEBRIS PLANE POLARIZED LIGHT 100x 80 M~ ICROMETERS