Document daMGDe97nX8qKXYvYzRNZn99B

LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, INC, * MAOIION AVINUI MTW YOAOC, N. Y. I001 tlUMOAl - UIA C+* I *1, OS I January 7, 1965 To All Hes>cr* of the UA-HZflO Health and Safely Conaltteei RESEARCH PR0P06AL--*E7rET8 Of AIR F0IXUrAJH3 OH PiAHTS" Ve hare received the attached unsolicited research proposal from Professor E1U at the University of Utah. Professor Hill appear* to be a competent Investigator who baa had considerable experience working 00 the side of industry In the area of air pollution Investigation. He visited us here la tha office a frv ocths ego vhlla in the East soliciting work for his newly organised department and I was not impressed at the tine vltb the desir ability for our Industry to engage In his type of research. However, X may be wrong and I would appreciate your opinion. Will you please examine the propoeal and. If you think It la the type of work la which our Industry should be engaged, write to me saying eo. If I do not hear froa a majority of our Coenlttee with In thirty days, X will let Professor Hill knew that we are not Interested. Very truly yours. Wfimd Don 0. fowler eecretary Health and Safety Cemittee w w ir f.vw 'yif.hh'i.|| f f ft* ___ 1 *viWU*j t'U, w ,,.n h W! ffWJB* s ilE'9V;-."|S- ` J**'*'^ ;||> i^gpjpMOE>iw I rim ! LIA11615 \{ \ Uw iv k h s it y or Ut a h OU.T Uu on. UTiJI Hill ord iv is io n bio l o o t PSTiAtWtirT Of fiOTAVf > wanrM December 30, 1964 i i i Mr. Don Fowler Lead Industries Association 292 Madison Avcnuo Mew York, New York Desr Mr. Fowler: v Since I talked to you in October, 1 have discussed air pollu- tion research needs with a nunber of other industry representatives. Response to the idea of an industry-financod air pollution research prograa at our university was generally favorable, and, as a result, 1 have prepared the enclosed proposed research project. Copies are also being sent to othor company representatives for consideration. Although a nunber of companies have expressed a definite in terest in supporting our research, it does not appear to be practical to try to obtain all of tho funds ncodod for a sound air pollution research prograa froo industry at this tine. For this reason I have divided the research into two separate projects; one to be subnitted i to industry, and the other to be submitted to tho Public Health Ser j vice for support. The latter is designed to evaluate tho claln that is frequently r.ado that air pollutant concentrations too low to cause visible injury to plants still cause roduccd growth and yield, Tho najority of tnc peoplo that I talked with wore in favor of obtaining Public Health support for a portion of tho research progran. Current plans are to obtain onc-third of the financial support Iron the Federal governnent and two-thirds froa industry. 1 bolieve that both projects will be of definite value to Industry. A nesting of sponsor representatives will be hold annually, at which tiro results of all studios will be presonted and tho next year's prograa discussed. Annual and seal-annual reports will be subnitted to all participants. Money cannot bo obtained fron the Tublic Health Sorvico until the fall of 190S at the oarllost. Funds will have to be obtained froa Industry early In 196S If full advantage Is to be taken of the sunaer growing season. Any con&ents or suggestions that you have will be appreciated. - i Sincerely, //. euu ACHijd A. Clyde Kill Associate Research Professor JWjkjWJN*. N 418.01 l Proposal RMirdi Prc^act Ifftcti of Air follutut* on Pl*at A. Clyto am A*ocl*t Batetrch Profaaaor Project Director t*P*rtant of ftotaay Ublvr*lty of Utab Salt Uk* City, Utah rhcoai 601-322-7329 N 418.02 L IAl- I. Svenary A review of tbs scientific literature indicates that present knowledge of the effect* cf air pollutant* on plant# la inadequate to eolve the air pollution problem* vlth which Industry la being confronted. There 1* a particularly pre leg need for applied re earth In thla l=pc.rtent pbut of the air pollution problsa. 61nce thi* isttd 1* not generally being met by government financed reeearch an industry financed reeearch program ia propoeed. The prograa ia designed to develop a sounder baala for dlagncsing and evaluating injury froo air pollutants, establishing safe or haraful cctnectratiocs, and measuring atmospheric concentration*. In the etudlee outlined in thla proposal cany different plant pectee trill be sxposed to a range of concentration* of the Important air pollutant* and the effect* of exposure deterained. Basie fact11tie* and experienced personnel are avsliable to Initiate the prograa and it is anticipated that additional equipment and technical personnel vlll be added as the prograa develop#. The prepoaed preset trill require a nlnisua of $ year* and a nlnlaam bud get of approximately $50,000 a year. II. Introduction The need for applied research o q the effect# of air pollutanta oo plant* Is beccitlng more apparent each year. lArrlng the last 10 year*, reararch an plant effect* ha* largely teen directed along academic line* because of the investigators' acadenlc intere*ta and background. A* a reau.lt Best research has been conducted vlth extremely sensitive indi cator plant* *uch st petunias, pinto beans, orchids and gladioli; and the data obtained ha* dealt largely vlth effects on enxyas systea* or other phases of cellular physiology and cecbanlss* of injury. The value of these studies cannot be denied, but they have frequently added to speculation and concern over effects of pollutanta cn plants vlthout providing any basis for evaluation of the practical aspect# of tbs prchlea. Generally Industry's Med* are not being set by present research prograss. Industry'# interest in the vegetation aspects of air pollution usually fall# into the following 3 areas; 1. Evaluation of Clsta*. Allegation* are increasing that air pollutant* 7ru industrial operations are damaging crops, ornamental plants end native vegetation. These cl*ir* require sound diagnosis and valuation before they can be accepted or rejected vlth confidence. tvo if *n air pollutant 1* not causing dasaga or if the pollutant in volved dost not coo* frea th* suspected source, tbs problsa rquire* that tha facta be established. ?.__ Control of Ealx'.rv.*. Design of rev or aodlflsd Industrial facilities frequently re quire ~knov ledge of ths concentration of pol lutant* that 1* baraful. Air pollution control systsas may tend to be vsr-dsstgned or ur.der-designed vhen *ucb knowledge is absent. Also, Inc* plant* are sensitive to cany of tbs air pollutants of most concern. j f | inn gum.-iaw WW LI A 11618 -2- sxaslmatloc of vegetation In the vicinity of Industrial operation* 1* frequently the best ar.d oost ecocielcal vy to evaluate the effective* ocoe of abatement equipreot. Vhco tie background le available for reliable diagnosis, periodic exa-lnsUon of vegetation le usually much oert practical than air eacpllng In evaluating pretence of phytotoxlc air pollutants. 3. Air Quality Criteria cr Gbsndsrds. Tb le year, through the Clean Air Act, the federal Government baa cade available $h,500,000. for the expansion of air pollution control agencies and for the estab lishment of tiev control progress. As this nev program gets under vay, question* of vdslch pollutants to control and to vfcet level vlll arise In many parts of the country. Since plants are much mere sensitive to many air pollutants than either can or initials, values established as standard* vlll frequently be based on effects on plant*. It is to industry's best Interest to hare criteria for ambient air quality based on sound experlneotel data. Air pollutants that affect plants fall into tvo group*: (1) pri mary pollutant* that are produced directly (e.g. sulfur dioxide, hydro gen fluoride, ethylene and oxide* of nitrogen) and (2) secondary or photochemical pollutants such a* cnone, peroxyecetyl nitrate end cer tain aldehydes that are produced during atmospheric photochemical re act 1 or., fron oxide* of nitrogen and hydrocarbons. The secondary pollutanta are of considerable interest to Industry because the oxide* of nitrogen and hydrocarbon from vhich they are derived cane fron their operations end fron the ccnsumptloa cf fuel and the use of the autooobll*s that they produce. Also, injury caused by these pollutant# vlll tend to be attributed to local Industrial operations unless the pollut ant retpor.slble and Its source Is established. Present knovledge of the effect# of air pollutants on plant# le meaner and often Inadequate for reliable evaluation of the problaa. Sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride have been studied Bor* extensively than other pollutants, rven vben ve try to determine If Injury to vege tation 1* caused by these pollutant* and separate out Injury caused by them frea Injury caused by other factor* the need for more Information regarding sympten expression and susceptibility for the particular plant specie* Involved often bee ace, apparent. In addition, ve need to knov more about the effect* on plants of exposure to lev concentra tion# over a long period, and In the case of hydrogen fluoride, short time exposure to high concentration* that night occur from emission* during failure of equipment. Quantitative studies of the effects of realistic concentration# of ethylene on plant* are Halted to about 6 steels*, frv quantitative data are available for chlorine, nitrogen dioxide, and the Other primary pollutant*. Current research under vay at the University of California at Riverside Indicate* that nitrogen dioxide msy be more Important phytotoxlcant than has been previously thought. In contrast to the primary pollutants, vhlch have been known to cause Injury to plant* for many years, toxic quantities of photochem ical pollutants are apparently relatively nev to Our ataoephsra and v* knov relatively little about then. Although plant Injury fra* Co* of the photochealcel pollutant# va* recognised In lea Angela* as early as lQltb, and ha* been obstrved In many other areas sloe* that time, the pollutant -MSMiuiai LI4 11619 -3- reepocsible, peroxyacetyl nitrate, *u cot identified until i960. Extensive atuile* vers conducted prior to i960 with the reaction product* cf c>tor* end olefines tut isoet vor.-ers do not now believe that these ccx-pour-ie are important phytotoxicante, so the data obtained In thee# Invoetipaticxe are of little value. Since peroxyscetyl nitrate vti Identifies es a phytotoxic art, studies of its effects co plants have teen limited primarily to pinto teams and petunias. Most studies have dealt vlth effects co entyan eyete.*# or light relatlccianlps, sod quanti tative data regarding coocent rat loos that cause Injury nod sysptca dsscrlpticc* are extremely Halted. Otoos Injury to agricultural crops and forest trees vas first reported In 1959 although the Injury symptoms had been observed In various parte of the country for several years prior to that tine. Xn 196b It vas reported that aldehydes resulting from atmospheric photochemical reactions are causing plant injury In {lev Jersey. Much more research vill be required before our knowledge of sys^tooatology and the coocectratlon-tlae relationship required to produce Injury to a vide variety of plants will permit confident evaluation of claims, effluent emissions and values for standards. It hes bean our experience that It Is definitely to industry's advantage to establish the fact* vlth respect to pollutant affects. When the facte are not available, speculation by farmers and hcaa owners based 00 fragmentary data frequently results In undue concern over the effects of air pollutants. Sines this typa of research is too expensive for each company to conduct Individually, the logical solution appear* to be a project financed by a center of corporations. This proposed research project la designed to provide ouch needed Information In the field vlth the coat sprand as widely as Is practical. III. Objectives The objectives of the proposed research program are as follows 1 1. To product and study tbs symptom expression of the important pollutant* on a vide variety of plant species sad thus provide s sound background for diagnosis. 2. To determine the cooeeotratlon of each pollutant and exposure time that Is required to cause Injury to a wide variety of plant*. 3. To determine the relationship betveeo injury sod ultimate growth and yield of selected species. 1. To evaluate and furlhsr develop methods of staoepheris analysis. ELJ&agi Different species and varieties of agronomic crops, vegetable crops, fruit crops, ornamental plants, and native vegetation will be exposed to different concentrations of each pollutant and the effects determined. Otooe. nitrogen dioxide, peroxyecetyl nitrate, hydrogea fluoride, sulfur dioxide, ethylene, aldehydes, chlorine and perhaps other pollutant* will be studied. rwwaiwuw-ete fy I wygi m It4 ,mm g<i.^iwri!!i;i I *=r- *^->wivac2W.(' ]UJ?W^3,'PW..IilSM W*liJJW 1^*-. LI A 11620 isii^aa>ii*w?^^ I 4- The plant# will be grcvn la greerho-eea In ufelch the envlrocaeot closely approximate* that of the aablant during the growing ion. These greethwee* have teen ape-daily daalgoed fear air pollution tudlea. In these grccrliouxta no shading naterlal cr evaporative cool ing la used for temperature control; thua the light lntenalty and htaxldlty are codified little, and normal plant growth results. Air, filtered throu^i orloQ bag* to remove pcrtlculatea and through activated carton to remove gnaecua pollutant*, la circulated through each greenhouse at a rate of change* per nlnute. Air entering the greenhouse* la cooled during the auncer and heated during the winter to produce the <1*aired growing conditions by circulating cold car hot water throu^j hank* of finned colla In the air inlet ducta. Peat experience lndlcatea that response of planta grown In these greenhousea to air pollutant* la typ ical of response In tha field. During the atudy, planta will be expoaed to the air pollutant either in the greenbouaes or core frequently In plant growth ehaaber* that are apeclflcally dealgned for plant fumigation atudlea. E*ch plant growth chamber will have provision* for llit, tes^erature and hvalidity control. Air will be circulated ualfarsly through the chanter at a rate of one alia per hour. With the growth chamber* It will be poeaibla to subject planta to pollutant treatment* under the same conditions of environment at different time* ao that reaulta with different exposure tinea, concentrations, apeclea, etc., can be coopered. The pollutant concentration will be carefully controlled and measured continuously. Otooa will be generated electrostatically fron tank oxygen, the concentration In the chamber measured with a "Hast' oxone Instrument, and the level controlled by reg-ulstlhg the voltage and oxygen flow rate. Psroxyacetyl nitrate will be made by photolysis of ethyl nitrate la oxygen. After dilution with nitrogen It will be metered Into the ebaafeer air systea and the concentration determined by gas-liquid chrcoatographle and electron capture technique*. Hydrogen fluoride will be generated freo hydrofluoric acid solution and measured with a fluoride recorder, nitrogen dioxide and other pollutant* will be metered Into the chant*r from a pressurised tank of the diluted gaa mixture and measured by stand ard methods. Usually plant* will be exposed at 2 stage* of growth and usually at least 3 planta of each apeclea will be exposed In each treatment. Each specie* and variety will be expoaed to enou^i different pollutant concentration# to establish tha concentration required to cause Injury, Injury ayapten* will be photographed and described In detail. In case* where tha symptom* appear to warrant It, histological effect* will b* determined. Cpeclal attention will be given to tb* position of Injury oo the plant, the time following exposure required for Injury to develop and the sequence of stages of Injury development. Because the Injury ywytem* caused by several air pollutants on given apeclea ara often lallsr, particular attention will be paid to difference* that might be used for disgnoetlo purpose*. When practical. Injured plant* and control plant* will be returned to the greenhouse and allowed to grew to maturity. Yield or dry veltfit measurement* will be made, and the effect of tb* Injury, If any, oo yield determined. ~i|r ~[~-~r_------ ~~r ~t ^~mmr>Tn fTTfyr LIA11621 *S*'' i f Selected representative species vlll be exposed. to each pollutant > under different conditions of envirceaent to deternln# the affect of i 5 soYlrcc-cent, if any, on expression of Bynytcoe and the concentration rep.lred to ctuie Injury. Temperature, light Intensity, hvstldlty, state of plant grovth, and duration of exposure vlll bo varied cos at tlae u the others or* nalntalned under et&ndardlted condition*. Hors ertan*lvs studies vlll b conducted vlth the swot coonoo pollutants, and lees extenslvs evaluetlcc vlll be cade vlth naterlal* uoh u chlorine end aldehyde*. To the extent that fund* are available, sathoda of neasurlng the concentration of each pollutant In the aablent air vlll be evaluated and If necessary, attempts vlll be sad* to autonate then. Method* and Instruments currently available for otooe, peroxyacetyl nitrate, hydro* h gen fluoride, ethylene, and oxides of nitrogen all need to be sore thorou^ily evaluated In aablent air. Specifically It la propoaed to I autocate the electron capture method for poroxyacetyl nitrate deter* F itlnatloo (Earley et. el, Anyl. Chea. 35i5&9-91) evaluate the fluoride recorder currently being developed at the Ublver*lty of California A Hirer*lie, and evaluate current Method* of otooe deteralnatlon, particu larly in ataoephere* containing nitrogen dioxide and *ulfur dioxide a* veil aa otooe. These ttudle* vlll be conducted In chaaher* In vhlch varlou* c cull nation* of the pollutant and poeilbl* Interfering *ub*taocee vlll be alxed vlth purified air at aablent air. T. racllltle* and Egulpoent .. facilities preaently available Include the folLcvtngt L 1. Three greenhouaea that vert declined pec 1X1cally for air pollution (tudlea. Each greenhouae 1* 9 x 36 feet and la squlpped vlth an air circulation ayatea that vlll provide ci air changes per nlsute. The air circulating systea Includes a ba^ouae to remove particulate*, charcoal filter* to remove gaaeoua coctaalnants, a large fas, hot and cold vater col la to control teaperature, and a ateel duct ayatea to provide unifora air circulation. The University spent over $20,000 during the peat year coving these facilities on to the caapu*. 2. Ovsr 1600 square feet of office sad laboratory space including a partially eqirfcpad laboratory. 3. Otooe generator and "Mast" otooe recorder. k. Hydrogen fluoride generator and distillation bank for fluoride analysis. 5. fumigation chamber and related e$*lp**nt. t r Additional equlpsaant that vould be purchased fro* project funds f. over a 5 year period Include a controlled enrlronaeot plant fmlgatloo ift. chaaber, nltrogeo dioxide snalyter, sulfur dloxld* autaaeter, fluoride recorder, and aa additional otooe Measuring instrument. v t t. I i HHRSS?* L1411622 ' J ! 6- - VI. Personnel Th* following personnel are preeectly available to work on tin projecti A. A. Clyde Hill, A*oc late Research Professor and Project Director. .1. Educetloo 4 B. 8. Drtg}>4a Young Driver* lty-Agroocryr and Cbenlstry, 19**9. b. Ih.D. Rutger* University - Soli Cbenlstry and Float ibytlology, 1952 .2. Experience. 4 Plant Physiologist, 195^-1956, and Supervisor, Agri cultural Research and Technology, 1956-196A. Ohlted State* Steel Corporation, Provo, Utah. Directed 4 10 year research prograa to determine the effects of several air pollutant* cc plants. Also 'jxrvlsed research In air sampling sad analysis. b. Plant Physiologist, Agricultural Research Departsent, Monsanto Cheslcal Coepany, St. Louis, Klsiourl, 1952-195^. Conducted research dealing vlth th* effects of toxic organic cocpcuad* cc plants. 3. Supplemental Inforattlon. a. Member of th* Ccroltte* on Conouolty Air Quality Cri teria, African Industrial Hygiene Association. b. Meaher Otons Toah Croup, Air Pollution Control Association. c. Consultoot - X. Z. du Poet ds Beoour* and Ccotpany V. Publications la Air Pollution 4. Aa Investigation of th* 'Hidden Injury" theory of Fluoride Injury to riant*, Agrcocny Journal. JOt J62-565. 1953 b. Poe 11 It 1 and Technique* for Maintaining a Con trolled Fluoride Envlror&ent la Vegetation Studies, APCA Journal. 9i22-27. 1959 C. Xffect* of Atnoejherlc Fluorides and Various Types of Injury on ths Respiration of Leaf Tissue, Pleat Physiology. 3M U-16. 1959 d. Deteralnatloo of Caseous aad rartlculats Inorganic Fluorides in the Ataosphera. Aj s . Ooc. Testing Materials Spec. Public 26lt27-U. 1959 s. Plant Injury Induced by Otoos, Ihytopath 51i356-36j. 1961.  . :C**qBtw. LIA 1162 3 S-A. I H. JH- " "'nii*- 7- f. Caspllng Atmo*pfc*rlc fluoride* vith 01**a fiber filler*. Journal of th* Air Pollution Control A**ccl*tloo. 13t37**-377, 19&3 g. further Evaluation of OIj u * fiber filter* for Sampling Hydrogen fluoride. Journal Air Pollution Control Aa*oc. (la pr**). B. Ray J< Cowoe. Research A< toelate 1. Education B. 8. Utah State Cbiverelty, Agronctxy * 19%1< M. S. Utah State Uhlv*rlty, Agrconay - 1952 2. Experience a. Agrcocolvt, Agricultural Research and Technology, Chited State* Steel Corp., 195^-1961. Conducted graenhou** and field *tudle* to evaluate effect* of ataoapherlc pollutant* on plant*. b. Agrooccl*t, SouthernOregon Agrcocisy Experiment Station, Medford, Oregon, 1953-193%- Supervi*ed operation of WO acre experiment far*. Conducted (tudla* vlth fertlliier*, herbicide*, etc. c. Agrononl*t and A**ltant field Branch Chief, Agri cultural Dividon, Dugvay Proving Ground, IXigvay, Utah, 1951-1953- In charge of field tettlng and evaluation of certain biological agent* related to agriculture. I. B. HcEulty, Aatoclat* Prafeaaor, Botany 1. Education a. B. S. Uhlv*r*lty of Utah Botany, 19%2 b. M. 0. Uhlv*rally of Utah Botany, 19%7 c. fb.D. Ohio State Qnlvaralty Plant Fly* lology, 1952 2. Experience a. Read Dejartaent of Botany, University of Utah, 1959-196% b. C*vn year* *xparinc* In conducting r#**rch on the effect* of air pollutant* on plant aetaboll**. 3. Publication* In air pollution a. (kxt* Effect* of fluorld* cn Fhcaphat* Metaboll**. Plant Phyeiology, 371 IXDC I962 Ouppl**nt b. Mechanlaa* of fluoride Induced Chloro*is. Plant Ihy.lology, 36i 365-366. 1961 **M3kUl mm mm *msm yywwyyw y>^yiiyy yyy.. LIA1T62A -e- o. Possible Explanation of Fluoride Induced P.caplratlon In Chiore11a Pyrenoldcaa, Science 132i 1553-1551*. I960 4. Effect* of Atcoepherlc fluoride on the Respiration of Bush Bean and glndlolu* leave*. Plant Riy*lology. 321121-123. 1957 e. Effect* of Fluoride 00 the Chlorophyl cootent of Leave* Proc. of Utah Acad, of Set. Art* and Let. 3^jl3b. 1957 D. Klchael Treabov, A**oclate Prof***or Botany 1. Education a. B. 6. Uhlv. of California at Loe Angela* I960 b. Ri.D. Uolv. of Calif. Darla. 195b Plant Pathology 2. Experience a. A**ocl*te Profe**or Botany, ttolveralty of Utah. 1961 - Preent. Conducting research 00 effect* of fluoride* and other effluent* of plant dlaec***. b. Plant Pathologist. U. 3. 8t*l Corp. Provo, Utah 1953-1961. Conducted field air pollution rtudlea to evaluate alleged production lease* and other clala*. Conducted reiearch to establlah cau*al factor*. 3. Supplemental Information a. Hester, TK7 Agricultural Corelttee, Air Pollution Control Association. b. Consultant - U. 8. 8te*l Corp. and Barvey Aluxlno* Co. c. Training Progress Director. U. 8. Pvtlie Health Serrlc*, Air Pollution Division Training Grant TI AP 20*01 1963-1966 (*56,blb) V. Publication* In Air Pollution a. The Effect* of Fluoride on the Anatcov of Chine** Apricot Leave* (Ab*t.) Phytopath b60*O. 1956 b. Slallarltle* Betveen Leaf MirKing* Caused by Atao*pb*rle pollutant* and other Agent*. I. Moisture 8tr** and Fluoride Oupresslon. Proc. Utah Acad. Art* sad Lt. *1)1*9-52. 196A . Plant Injury Induced by Ctcrv* (Dr. A. C. Bill, Senior Author). Ihytopath 5I1356-36). 1961 d. Effect* of Oodlun Fluorld* 00 Orcvth <f *o m Patho genic fungi, rnytopath 5369l-^92. 1963 a. Evaluation of Vegetation Injury a* an Air Pollution Criterion. Presented at VjOt APCA seating* and currently In pre**. ^ ~ nij i' yj"3w.p'8 LIA 1162 5 -9- 5. Publication not directly Involving air pollution! the following have helped eetabllah lb* true eauee of con dition* alleged to be due to air pollutant#! a. Tenalnal blanch of careala. Plant Sincane Reporter. tit 116-119. 19V7 b. Rad Raapberry Degeneration la Utah. It* Caueta and Coctroi. Utah State Unix. Clrc. lhO. 16 pp. 195. 0. The tuportance of Coctrolllog Cytoepora Canker In Prult Tree#. Proa. Utah. State Hart. 60c. bl-bb. 1959. d. Petbcgenlc Variation of Cytoepora Rubeecen* Xaolatee on Stoo Prult Varlatlaa. Ibytopath. JO166. i960 . Powdery Klldev of Potato la Utah. Plant Dlaaaaa Raportar *5 35**355. 1961 f. Apfcld-tranealtted Yellow* Type Spinach Vlrua la the Enatarn Ublted State#. Plant Dlaeee# Raportar A5l 720-721. 1961 vn. xv>t It la anticipated that a budget of at leeet $50,000 a year vlll be required over a j year period. Recognlilag the fact that the full budget potential vlll probably not be net the flrat year the following lightly reduced budget la propoeed for 196J. Peraoonel A. Clyde Hill Half tine R. J. Dovne Half tine I. B. McHulty (environmental studlee) X. Treahov (blatologlcal atudlea) One technician Pull Tlae 8tudent labor Prlnge beneflta (9^) Z<jul;nent $ 6,000 3,000 300 300 6,000 1,000 1,710 1 Plant Growth Chaafcer 1 "Met" otone recorder Suppllea 9.000 1#>00 3.000 Travel Overhead 1,000 8,bib Total *>*3,62* 1, ^Miyi Wti i, imf.i&tf*. r LIA11626 o , -10- VIII. 61gnlflcance of thl Research to Industry Past experience l51cUi that this research vill be of value to Industry in the following vaysj 1. Th evaluation of cInina of air pollution Injury to vegeta tion around an industrial operation would be put cm a Much sounder basis. As the publlo becomes oar* iwn of sir pollution, the tendency to blase nany crop production problem of unknown causes oo the pol luted atooepbere increases. Knowledge of eyaptco expression and the concentration of tba pollutant required to cause Injury to the special In question Is necessary to diagnose tba problea end evaluate such a Islata. When tha evaluation la baaed cn such experimental data It la alaoat al ways possible to convince the partial Involved of the facta. When It la not, all parties are free to speculate. If the problea la caused by an air pollutant, adequate analytical techniques and lnatrueaentatlon are necessary to aatabllah the pollutant source, this nay or nay not be the operations Involved In tha allegation. Also when a pollutant la Involved, it la often necessary to have data relative to the effect Of the pollutant on crop production aa tell aa leaf syaptaas. 2. Monitoring or surveillance program would be strengthened be cause azanlnatloo of vegetation (especially species that are sensitive to the pollutant Involved) la often the beat naans of scattering enta iled froa a source, herIodic examination of vegetation la being used ore and sore by Industry to determine the presence and relative level of pollutants in areas of interest. These surreys are not only of value In evaluating ealsslaos fraa an operation hut they art often used In future planning for plant expansion or new aits selection la areas of ultlple sources of pollution. 3. As air quality standards coos up for consideration In varloua localities tha data obtained In these studies could be of value la trying to see that standards are based on sound plant data and analytical ethode. Knowledge of the concentrations required to adversely effect any plant special cay Vend to discourage the basing of standards on the frv extremely sensitive species. b. Methods, techniques, facilities and experienced personnel de veloped In this prograa would be Invaluable aa apeclflc problem arise for Individual ccopanlea. Pollutants or plant species not Included In this prograa could be studied and evaluated readily and with cooperatively little coet only If aoch a program vere under vay. \ December 196b r- "" >?na.ai^MSjiijiai .nnwmji 3