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School of Medicine Department of Medicine Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition '79 University of Louisville Health Sciences Center April 6, 1979 VC 5.3-5P/PKEV- iXu. Louisville. Ky. 40232 P.O. Box 35260 Walnut & Preston Screecs Mr. Joseph T. Seawell Program Manager Manufacturing Chemists Association 1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20009 ------- --- RE: Annual Report for the Manufacturing Chemists Association's Agreement with the University of Louisville for the 1978-79 Fiscal Year. Dear Mr. Seawell: The following describes what has been completed during the second year of the Manufacturing Chemists Association's agreement with the University of Louisville entitled, "Research Techniques and Methods for Detection and Pre vention of Carcinogenesis in Industrial Workers". Progress for each technical proposal will be reported separately. Technical Proposal A -- Immunological Systems for the Detection of Vinyl Chloride and Other Chemical Injury. H. P. Fortwengler During the second year, Fortwengler's laboratory has continued evaluating three independent aspects of the immune system of industrial workers to determine whether cancer can be detected earlier or to identify those at high risk. Part I. Evaluation of Immunocompetence of Humans Chronically Exposed to Vinyl Chloride. It has been demonstrated that lymphoid cells (T cells) can be cytotoxic to human tumor cells and are often found decreased or poorly functioning in cancer patients resulting in various degrees of immunodepression. The purpose of this study was to determine the Immunocompetence of individuals that have undergone prolonged exposure to VC monomer and have developed liver lesions which, in some instances, are thought to presage the development of the cancer angiosarcoma. The scientific literature is replete with demonstrations of immunodepression in cancer patients at various stages of disease. There Is very little information,however, concerning CMA 002229 Mr. Joseph T. Seawell April 6, 1979 Page 2 CONFIDENTIAL Subject to Protective Order in Boss v. Conoco, Ir-c.. 1'c. 30-4-357 14th Judicial district Court ..Calcasieu Parish,, Louisiana immunoevaluation prior to diagnosis of frank malignancy. We used immunological assays that have demonstrated usefulness in indicating immunodepression in cancer patients. These tests include the enumeration of lymphocytes and lymphocyte function assays. (For details, see report for fiscal year 1976-77). These tests have been used to evaluate the immunocompetence of individuals with possible pre-malignant lesions or other liver disease as demonstrated by biopsy. A comparison of the employees with demonstrated disease versus those employees with no clinical or laboratory evidence of disease showed no immunological difference between the two groups. A comparison of VC workers having high VC exposure (those with lifetime exposure above the plant median VC exposure) with individuals having low exposure (below the plant median) demonstrated a slight pattern of immunodepression when lymphocytes were stimu lated by PHA and Con-A. However, further evaluation of this data, even after additional immunological parameters were examined, indicated there is no statistical significance between the high and low exposure groups (1). At this time, our preliminary interpretation of these results is that there is no residual immunological depression as a result of chronic exposure to increased levels of VC as determined by the standard battery of immunological tests. Part II. HLA Frequencies in V.C. Workers. An increased incidence of certain HLA types has been shown by several reports to be associated with susceptibility to various diseases. The first occupational disease-HLA correlation may have already been found: HLA-B27 antigen has been found more often in workers suspected of having the occupational disease asbestosis than among a control population. The microdroplet lymphocyte cytotoxicity test has been used in our laboratory to HLA type approximately 429 individuals from the Louisville vinyl chloride polymerization plant. As individ uals do not change their genetic complement of HLA antigens, these determinations need to be done only once and do not need to be repeated periodically as in various other biochemical assays. Tissue typing for 11 separate HLA-A antigens and 16 HLA-B antigens and their possible increased association with angio sarcoma or other chemically-related diseases is about two-thirds completed. CMA 002230 Mr. Joseph T. Seawell April 6, 1979 Page 3 ............. COff? IDEKTIAL" Subject to Protective Ordr in T.03S v. Conoco, Zii;., Jo. 90=4037 14th JizioitTzi^zrir.z Court ... Calcasieu Parish* Louisian* Our compiled data is being compared with the frequencies obtained by two other large HLA studies. Frequencies of the healthy individuals studied by Scott et al., 1977, and the World Health Organization compare favorably to the frequencies found in the study here at the University of Louisville. A pattern of potential differences from normal frequencies has been seen in VC workers found to have liver disease. Although definitive statistical analysis will not be done until the study is completed, differences are being seen in the frequen cies of antigens A9, A13, A15, and B17. Whether these particular antigens may be used to identify individuals susceptible to chemical injury will have to await completion of the study. Part III. A Search for Evidence of a VC-Induced Tumor Antigen. New antigens arise on tumors formed as a response to carcinogens. Their presence on methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas was discovered by Foley in 1953. This discovery in mice was verified and extended by Prehn and Main in 1957 to conclude that there were antigens peculiar to and specific for tumor tissue. Sub sequently, evidence for tumor antigens was found in humans by the Hellstroms, Vankey, Halliday and Maluish, Thompson and others. The majority of the evidence suggested that the tumor antigens found were distinctive for each histological type of tumor. Since the body mounts an immune reaction to cancer, a cellmediated test system (lymphocyte transformation) was used to search for evidence of specific immune reactions. Lymphocytes (the cells responsible for immunity) from the individual tested were isolated by centrifugation over Ficoll-Hypaque. These cells were then grown in the presence of a liver reagent prepared from either a normal individual or an individual who^had angio sarcoma. A three-times increased incorporation of H -thymidine into stimulated cultures as compared to unstimulated cultures is a positive reaction. A comparison of the responses between vinyl chloride plant workers and normal non-chemical plant workers indicated that there were many people in the general population having reactivity to tissue antigens irrespective of whether these antigens were from liver angiosarcoma or normal liver. Non-tumor specific reactions of this type may be due to sensitization by "natural" means, in jections of human or animal substances, transfusions, etc. CMA 002231 Mr. Joseph T. Seawell April 6, 1979 Page 4 nOffylDSffTIAL Coder in j. ;0-4837 Vinyl chloride workers were classified according to known VC exposure and tested for reactivity to reagents prepared from normal liver or angiosarcoma liver. Lymphocyte responses from all individuals tested having low VC exposure (below plant median exposure) were compared to responses from all individuals having high exposure. No quantitative statistical differences were noted between the reactivities of the two groups. When viewed qualitatively, concomitant reactions by an individ ual's lymphocytes to both normal liver and angiosarcoma liver cannot be interpreted. Angiosarcoma reagent contains both normal and tumor antigen. Therefore, only those remaining individuals with reactions to either normal liver or angiosarcoma liver alone were compared further. The composition of that group of Individuals reacting to the angiosarcoma liver reagent was striking -- the only reactions obtained against this tumor preparation were from individuals with high VC exposure. That is, the individuals reacting to the tumor antigen reagent were all from the high risk group. These results must be interpreted with caution because of the small number of individuals having reactions to only tumor antigen. We are now in the process of testing control subjects in replicate to determine if test and operator variations can be further minimized. Repeat determinations of selected exposed individuals will, as a consequence of reduced variation, take on greater statistical meaning. In addition to testing for evidence of reactions to an "angio sarcoma antigen", we have found that the tumor cells contain antigenic coagulation Factor VIII. Factor VIII has been found in tumor tissue from three individuals having had angiosarcoma. Hoyer's finding in 1973 that only endothelial cells contain Factor VIII, when combined with our findings, indicate that the specific lining cell which becomes aberrant during the course of angiosarcoma is the endothelial cell (2). Technical Proposal B -- Biochemical Enzymatic Systems for the Detection of Vinyl Chloride and Other Chemical Injury and Cancer Development in Industrial Workers. J. T. Du Animal Studies Animal studies are continuing to be conducted to determine which biochemical changes occur early in the course of vinyl chloride exposure and how the determination of these biochemical changes can be used to a) detect early injury, b) to demonstrate a level of exposure with no biological effect. CMA 002232 Mr. Joseph T. Seawell April 6, 1979 Page 5 The previous long-term experiment in Du's laboratory identi fied those metabolic pathways which best reflected vinyl chloride handling. The second phase of this study, extending exposure to over 250 hours, has verified the original findings and illustrated adaptation of the detoxifying mechanisms of rat liver with prolonged exposure at high levels (3) . Our second vinyl chloride exposure study exposed rats to 28,000 ppm VC for 70, 140 and 210 hours in durations of 2, 4 and 6 weeks. We examined the rat liver's ability to oxidize vinyl chloride by study of the microsomal P-450 enzyme system (miked function oxidase) and detoxification mainly by conjugation via glutathione (GSH) and glutathione transferase. The results showed an elevation of glutathione reductase in the liver (the enzyme which regenerates reduced glutathione from its oxidized form), followed by an elevation of the concentration of reduced glutathione. This was later followed by an elevation of the detoxifying enzymes, glutathione epoxide-S-transferase (GEST) and glutathione aralkyl-S^-transferase (GAST) . These results suggest that the rats had the capacity to induce detoxifying enzymes as well as to maintain high glutathione concentrations to strengthen detoxification capability. These biochemical changes were evident while the conventional clinical liver tests showed no abnormalities (4). Also, our finding a higher level of glutathione, and glutathione reductase after vinyl chloride exposure, may be an early adaptive biochemical mechanism which precedes the precancerous alteration. This is similar to Fiala's finding that administration of hepatocarcinogens to rats led to an increase in the concentration of glutathione in the liver and that the concentration remained high until the development of hyperplastic nodules (J. Natl. Cancer Institute, 57:591-598, 1976). Further, there was a decrease of P-450 concentration in the livers of rats exposed to vinyl chloride. The decreasing P-450 would help the animal to produce less toxic metabolites, and may reflect another means of biological adaptation and help understand why the liver cell does not become malignant. The present working hypothesis to explain why the primary liver cell does not develop tumors in the adult animal is that it has the ability to adequately detoxify the carcinogenic metabolites of vinyl chloride. The adjacent sinusoidal lining cells most likely develop the tumor (angiosarcoma) because of their decreased ability to detoxify the metabolites. Further studies with isolated hepatocytes and endothelial lining cells and animal exposure studies will be performed to elucidate the mechanisms. CMA 002233 Mr. Joseph T. Seawell April 6, 1979 Page 6 '........ rmnriDEflTIAL Isolation Studies Some preliminary studies of liver cell isolation have been started. Hepatocytes were isolated by collagenase perfusion and endothelial and Kupffer cells by Pronase digestion. We have successfully obtained cells of good viability. Newer techniques using ultracentrifugation have become available which will help further improve our yield and start the next phase of our studies. Hopefully, the use of isolated various liver cells to determine their ability to oxidize and detoxify chemicals may be used to determine biological threshold limits in more realistic fashion. Technical Proposal C -- Clycosaminoglycan Changes in Earlier Detection of Fibrotic Injury and Hepatic Cancer. C. E. Kupchella Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are involved in wound healing and scar formation (fibrosis). Certain GAGs are elevated in malignant tumors including hepatic tumors, and it has been postulated that GAGs may be important determinants of tumor cell properties. A number of laboratories, including Kupchella's, have established that urinary GAGs may serve as markers in the pathogenesis of chemical injury, fibrosis, and cancer. Although urinary GAG analyses have long been used clinically to detect and diagnose genetically-determined metabolic dis orders of GAG metabolism, a systematic evaluation of urinary GAG patterns in the detection and diagnosis of acute and/or chronic necrotic and/or fibrotic liver Injury -- or cancer -- has never been made. The objective of this proposal is to determine the usefulness of urinary and tissue glycosaminoglycan measurements in the detection of chemically-induced liver injury. Kupchella has reported a number of findings, (references 5-11), some of which are described in previously submitted MCA reports. A summary of the pertinent results follows. Abstracts previously not submitted are provided in the attached appendix. 1. Human hepatic angiosarcoma and fibrotic liver diseases are accompanied by elevated tissue GAGs. (5) 2. The GAGs in the angiosarcoma tumor tissue are different from those in fibrotic tissue adjacent to the tumor. (5) CMA 002234 Mr. Joseph T. Seawell April 6, 1979 Page 7 CONFIDENTIAL Subject to Protective Order in B$.53- 7- SS.r-.c':o< Inc,,_ Vo. 30-4837 14th Judicial District Court Calcasieu Parish^ Louisiana 3. Angiosarcoma and hepatoma patients have characteristic urinary GAG patterns -- patterns not found in normal controls. (6) 4. Heparin sulfate (a type of GAG) is elevated in hepatic tissue undergoing experimentally-induced fibrosis and heparin sulfate is elevated in the urine of experimental animals. (7) 5. Heparin sulfate and hyaluronic acid levels -- but not heparin -- are 3-4 times higher in experimentally trans planted hepatomas than in normal liver and, urinary excretion reflects both the tumor GAG composition and the size of tumors. (8) 6. Livers of animals bearing metastasizing hepatoma (5123tc) have 10-fold greater concentrations of a non-sulfated, neutral, uronic, acid-positive material than is found in the livers of animals bearing two other, non-metastasizing hepatomas. (8) 7. Hepatic necrosis is accompanied by significant tissue GAG elevations, but hepatic regeneration is not. (9) 8. Gross (non-fractioned) urinary GAG determinations give a better indication of liver disease than ultrasound analysis. However, modifications in GAG analysis must be evaluated further as to specificity and sensitivity. (10) 9. Exacting urinary GAG analysis (fractionated) is potentially able to differentiate active from inactive liver disease. (11) PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE: These studies address the needs for: ! a. Useful screening tests for liver injury and for active versus inactive disease -- urine tests of the type to be evaluated obviously fit the ideal of being non-invasive and having zero morbidity/mortality and not requiring "time off". b. Methods of therapeutic intervention, i.e., the elucidation of the role of the GAGs in the pathogenesis of fibrotic liver disease may well lead to the identification of strategies by which fibrogenesis can be blocked and/or reversed. CMA 002235 Mr. Joseph T. Seawell April 6, 1979 Page 8 vv.. yConoco 4^t ? v 1C4athlcaJsuieduici1Parish,. Louisiana c. Tests to identify individuals at risk of chemical injury -- if we are able to find characteristic GAG changes reflective of chronic alcohol injury or other similar injury,we would have a way of identifying individuals with liver impairment in the screening of job applicants. Technical Proposal D -- Histological Systems of Detection. C.H. Tamburro, R. Schrodt Scar tissue (fibrosis) is a common early finding associated with chemical injury to the liver as well as other organs. Vinyl chloride and other chemicals have been shown to produce mild injury undetectable by standard biochemical means but reflected by increase in fibrosis associated with prolonged exposure. Drs. Schrodt and Tamburro have been developing a means of analyzing light microscopic sections of liver tissue obtained from vinyl chloride workers to determine the feasibility of quantitating the amount of scar tissue in these individuals related to their exposure. Sinusoidal cell size and collagen deposits within the sinusoidal Space of Disse have been deter mined by utilizing a relatively newly developed Hewlett-Packard 9864-A digitizer and a 9815-A micro computer. With this equip ment, Schrodt and Tamburro have been able to quantitate the areas of trichrome stainable collagen (fibrosis) within biopsy samples. These morphometric analyses have been done on randomly selected fields from biopsies obtained during medical evaluation in vinyl chloride workers. There are now some 110 biopsies approximately 50 of which have been reviewed. Morphometric analysis, however, has had to be delayed since there was no known standards of normal human collagen content known for human adults. A study has been begun to determine the normal distribution and content of collagen at varying ages in normal individuals with out history of chemical, viral or medical disease or injury of the liver. This study is one-third complete. Preliminary re view of the data suggests that there may be an increase .in the collagen deposition (fibrosis) in the normal human liver associated with age. If this holds true upon analysis after completion of the study, age corrected standards will have been established so that the data obtained from the vinyl chloride exposed human biopsies may be accurately interpreted (12). Resumption of the morphometric analysis of the vinyl chloride exposed liver biopsies will be resumed upon completion of the normal control study. CMA 002236 Mr. Joseph X. Seawell April 6, 1979 Page 9 C0TT?ID5?TTIAL Sub.1 set to Protective Order in Fes5 v. _Co-/jvo ,_Inc. V.o . 00 -1337 14th Judicial district Court Calcasieu Parish,, Louisiana Technical Proposal E -- Chemical Systems of Detection of Toxicity of Vinyl Chloride. J. L. Wong Wong's current study of vinyl chloride toxicity/carcino genicity has been concerned with (1) the chemistry of vinyl chloride metabolism, i.e., the structure of the intermediates and their reaction with cytoplasmic chemicals, and (2) the putative actions of the primary metabolites on nuclear materials. Two putative metabolites, chlorooxirane (COR) and chloroacetaldehyde (CAA), have been shown to react in different ways with sulfhydryls (detoxification study) as well as with nucleic acid constituents (mutagenesis and carcinogenesis study). Radiolabeled derivatives are being prepared to observe disposition and conversions in animals and isolated liver cells. Results and Discussion The detoxification studies are summarized in Table I.- The central question is how are the primary metabolites 1 and 2 TABLE I. Detoxification of Vinyl Chloride PRIMARY METABOLITES INTERMEDIARY METABOLITES COR1 S-ACETALDEHYDE3 TH1AZENES5. -- CAA2 'l' HEMITHIOACETAL4 THIAZENES5 URINARY METABOLITES S--ACETIC ACID6 S-ETHYL ALCOHOL7 CHLOROACETIC ACID: 1 2 H-^-CH2Cl 3 RS--CHZCHQ * RS-<jH-CH2CL 5 6 rs-ch2co2h 7 RS-CH2CH20H 8 Cl-CH2C02H (RS FROM 3/A--DICHLOROBENZENETHIOL, N-ACETYLCYSTEINE R'= ACETYL, H) detoxified. Do they yield the same products or different ones? We have studied their reaction with sulfhydryl compounds 3,4dichlorobenzenethiol and N-acetylcysteine. The benzenethiol was used by the Stockholm group in a preliminary study to detect the formation of CAA and COR from VC. The cysteine derivative is a cellular sulfhydryl component as well as a close analog of CMA 002237 Mr. Joseph T. Seawell April 6, 1979 Page 10 CONFIDENTIAL Subject to Protectiv P.oss v. Cono T- 14th Judicial restrict Court Calcasieu Parish,, Louisiana glutathione. In the case of COR and benzenethiol, the sulfurconjugation product S-acetaldehyde, compound 3, is formed. However, CAA and benzenethiol forms the hemithioacetal, compound 4. These two reactions are distinctly different. The formation of hemithioacetal is reversible but that of the S-acetaldehyde is not. With N-acetylcysteine, both COR and CAA yield the same cyclic condensation product, a dihydrothiazenecarboxylic acid, compound 5, in aqueous solution. This thiazene is a multi-step reaction product, formed much faster with COR than with CAA. It is plausible that 5 is the origin of the identified urinary metabolites: S-acetic acid, compound 6, and S~ethyl-alcohol`, compound 7, and may itself be present in the urine, furthermore, the COR reaction when titrated with hydroxide to maintain pH 7 yields a new product, the structure of which is yet undetermined. These results and continuation study will enable, us to undertake a more comprehensive detection study of all the vinyl chloride detoxification products in biological specimens. The detection study of the putative action of vinyl chloride is summarized in Table II. Our hypothesis is that such action comes from the modification of the nucleic acid materials by the TAbLt II. Putative Action of Vinyl Chloride. Reaction with Nucleic Acid Bases CAA ETHENO--C1, ETHENO--Az L-ETHENO-G3, a-ETHENO-G4, HEKIACtTAL^G5 COR G--7--ACETALDEHYDE6 + ... primary metabolites COR and CAA. Although CAA is long known to react with nucleic acid bases such as cytosine and adenine to form the etheno derivatives, compounds 1 and 2, very little is known about the reaction of CAA on the most reactive base guanine. CMA 002238 Mr. Joseph T. Seawell April 6, 1979 Page 11 C OiTn^ZiTil AL Crier in 90-4837 14th Judicial District Court Calcasieu Parish^. Louisiana; By using a battery of modern analytical tools such as HPLC, GC-MS and FT-NMR, we have found that the guanine base in various forms, as the nucleoside, nucleotide and polyguanylic acid, gives rise to two tricyclic ethenoguanines, the linear etheno compound 3 and the angular etheno compound 4, and a third pro duct which is possibly an intermediate, compound 5. Their ratios change with time and pH. It is worthy of note that some of them exhibit fluorescence properties which would allow direct detection in a cell nucleus. The reaction of COR with the guanine base is more tricky due to the instability of COR in aqueous medium. A multitude of products are formed which we have found to be different from those of the CAA reaction. One major product is tentatively identified as compound 6. It is important to note that this is the first indication that COR and CAA show different molecular events in their putative action. Significance Broadly speaking, this study will lead to early detection and prevention of industrial cancers. Our chemical methodologies (synthesis, structure, and analysis), applied as an integral part of the multidisciplinary approach, will elucidate specific molecular events in the effects of vinyl monomers on industrial workers. This information will form a rational basis for safe use of chemicals and design of preventive measures. Our molecular studies also provide the opportunity to develop useful marker(s) in the form of metabolites in the pathogenesis of chemical injury. Technical Proposal F -- Assays for the Carcinogenic Potential of Industrial Chemicals Utilizing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Systems. U.N. Streips In the second year of funding, Streip's laboratory has primarily developed and expanded testing capabilities relative to industrial chemicals. Thus, two new screening tests have been implemented: the Comptest and the III test which are indicators for SOS repair function. SOS repair is induced in bacteria following massive insult to DNA. This repair disregards normal DNA sequences and actually results in mutations. SOS repair is postulated to participate in the evolution of a neoplastic cell following chemical damage. The Comptest examines SOS induction in the bacterium Bacillus subtilis and the III test determines the inhibition of interferon induction in mammalian cell lines (also a suggested SOS function). Since SOS repair is extremely error prone, we postulate that these tests will be specific for carcinogens, not just act as mutagen 2339 Mr. Joseph T. Seawell April 6, 1979 Page 12 ,:i Court 8 eu ^arisil --Louisian* screens. These tests are described in an upcoming publication (14) and are summarized in Table III. Ct>t_inlcal3 Table II! COMPOSITE MUTAGENICITT SPECTRUM OP CHEMICAL MONOMERS0 SiluioncXla Comptesc "repair Aadoy1* Forward Mutation III case hlorojeetaldcbydo St/fciie oxide MetUyL ncthancsulfondte bithyl nothanuiulfouato + NO + NO ++ +- + + NO + + +- JRw*,suIc are expressed as (+) positive in the assay performed: (-) negative in the assay purrorned; and (MO) not determined. Styrene oxide was weakly reactive in the forward mutation test and must bi? cc-naLdcrcd to liuvc borderline activity in this* assay (+). As can be seen in Table III, the Comptest and the III test discriminate between ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) and methylmethanesulfonate (MMS), both potent mutagens but only MMS is carcinogenic. We are currently testing chloroacetaldehyde and styrene oxide in both of these tests. We will, in the third year, be able to expand these new tests to be a part of our complete battery of rapid screens for the assay of a wide spectrum of industrial chemicals. In addition, our recent re sults should be applicable to industrial screening laboratories and result in better overall monitoring of environmental hazards. At this time chloroacetaldehyde has been highly positive (15) in all assays tried and must be considered to be the active metabo lite of vinyl chloride. Styrene oxide shows variable activity indicating it may have a different route of attack to cells than most other active chemicals. Since it is strongly positive in the III test, we will have to postulate that styrene oxide may be carcinogenic. This finding is being tested by the Comptest, and styrene oxide will be examined in whole animal systems for carcinogenesis. CMA 002240 Mr. Joseph T. Seawell April 6, 1979 Page 13 .rFIDi^TlAL Technical Proposal G -- Tissue Antigens and Antibodies in the Detection of Vinyl Chloride Injury. E. Espinosa Espinosa's finding of an antigen missing in VC-related liver angiosarcoma (detailed in the previous annual report) stimulated further studies of antigenic deletion in chemically-induced hepatomas and in cultured human liver carcinoma cells. Some of the work in the past year has centered on the characteri zation of these liver tissue antigens in normal and chemicallyinduced diseased states. Two liver antigens found to be absent in the fast growing and undifferentiated chemically-induced Morris hepatoma 7777 were characterized and partially isolated. In studies of their occurrence in other tissues, one of these anti gens (Antigen I) was shown to be present in kidney and spleen in addition to liver. The second antigen (Antigen II) was detected only in liver. Antigen II was found unrelated to liver-specific F-antigen, differing in a number of properties and in immunologic reactivity. In studies of their subcellular distribution in normal liver, Antigen I appeared localized in cytosol (54%) and mitochondrial (38%) fractions. Antigen II was about equally distributed in cytosol, mitochondria and nuclei fractions with little amounts in microsomes. Antigen I has a electrophoretic mobility in Immuno electrophoresis close to that of serum gamma-globulins and Antigen II to that of serum alpha-globulins. The two antigens were completely inactivated with Pronase indicating that both antigens are proteins or protein associated. Both antigens were relatively thermolabile; they were partially inactivated following incubation at 56 C and completely inactivated at higher temperatures. Both antigens were completely inactivated when incubated in pH buffer lower than 3.5. In Sephadex-G20Q gel filtration, Antigen I behaved like a protein of approximately 51,000 Daltons, using as standards serum albumin, ovalbumin, chymotrypsinogen and rlbonuclease. The molecular size of Antigen II (determined on a Bio-gel A5m column) was approximately 240,000 Daltons, using aldolase, catalase and ferritin as markers. The two antigens were found in the more differentiated and slowlier growing hepatomas 5123tc and 9618A at about the same concentration as normal liver. The fact that hepatoma 7777 is the fastest growing and least differentiated of the tumors studied suggests a possible functional relationship between the absent antigens and these properties (16). These antigenic deletions may be used as indicators in the early detection of liver tumors and in the evaluation of the rate of growth, histologic differentiation and metastatic properties of such hepatomas. CMA 002241 Mr. Joseph T. Seawell April 6, 1979 Page 14 Subject to Protective Order in 14th Judicial District Court ... Calcasieu Parish,Louisiana Another liver constituent which may serve as a sensitive indi cator of chemically-induced liver tumors, liver-specific F-antigen, was studied. In studies on the behaviour of this antigen in Morris hepatomas, it was found that different types of these chemically-induced tumors have quite different levels of F-antigen. F-antigen appeared to be absent in the fast growing hepatoma 7777. In the slow growing hepatoma 9618A, the concentration was very low ranging from less than 2% to 10% of the normal liver concentration. The medium growing hepatoma, 5123tc, highly metastatic, had about twice the concentration as normal liver. F-antigen of hepatoma 5123tc and of normal liver were found localized in the cytosol subcellular fraction and were determined to be immunologically identical and to have equivalent electro phoretic mobility and molecular weight. Since the antigen was undetectable in the fast growing hepatoma and undetectable or very low in the slow hepatoma, the level of F-antigen does not appear to correlate with the rate of growth of these tumors. A possible relationship between metastatic properties and F-antigen is now being considered because the hepatoma with the increased concentration of F-antigen was by far the most highly metastatic. This may prove useful in treatment of tumors (17). In studies on cultured human liver carcinoma cells (after estab lishing optimal conditions required for the maintenance in serum free media of PLC/PRF/5 human liver carcinoma cells) it was deter mined that these hepatoma cells, similar to the experimental Morris hepatoma 7777, are deficient in liver-specific F-antigen. Never theless, these cells, like normal liver cells, produce serum albumin, fibrinogen, transferrin, alpha-1 antitrypsin and alpha-2, macroglobulin (18). These data add further support to the clinical observation that tissue antigens are more useful for treatment and follow-up care than screening and early detection, and that anti genic deletions may prove useful in early screening. This completes the second annual report from the University of Louisville Chemical Monomer Research Group. If there is need for any further information or clarification, please contact me. Sincerely yours CHT:vb Professor of Medicine Chief, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition CMA 002242 CITED REFERENCES CON?IDSNTIAL Subject to Protective Order in Boss v. Conoco, Ire., *0 . 90-4337 14th Judicial District Court Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana* , 1. Fortwengler, H.P., Dever, M.E., Tamburro, C.H., and Espinosa, E. Lymphocyte Transformation Tests in Vinyl Chloride (VC) Workers. Federation Proceedings, ^7:362, 1978. 2. Fortwengler, H.P., Jones, D., Tamburro, C.H., Espinosa, E. Factor VIII Content as Evidence for Endothelial Origin of Vinyl Chloride Associated Liver Angiosarcoma (VCA). Federation Proceedings, 38:999, 1979 3. Du, J.T. and Tamburro, C.H. Decreased Glucose-6-phosphatase Activity in Liver in Vinyl Chloride Exposed Rats. Proc. Amer. Fed. of Biological Chemists, _J5:1422, 1976. 4. Du, J.T., and Tamburro, C.H. Elevated Glutathione Content, Glutathione-S~Transferase and Glutathione Reductase in Liver of Rats Exposed to Vinyl Chloride. Federation Proceedings, 37:1545, 1978. 5. Kupchella, C.E. and Tamburro, C.H., 1978. Urinary and Tissue Glycosaminoglycan Patterns in Angiosarcoma and Other Vinyl Chloride Exposure Associated Liver Injury. In: Detection and Prevention of Cancer, H.E. Neiburgs, Ed., Part 1, Vol. 1, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. 6. Curran, K.L., Kupchella, C.E. and Tamburro, C.H., 1977. Urinary Glycosaminoglycan Patterns in Angiosarcoma of the Liver. Cancer 40:3050-3053. 7. Kupchella, C.E., Jarvis, J.O., Curran, K.L. and Tamburro, C.H., 1977. Tissue and Urinary Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) changes in Hepatic Fibrosis. Presented at the meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Disease. Chicago, XL., November 1, 1977. Gastroenterology T3(5):1229. 8. Kupchella, C.E., Drake, E., Curran, K.L., Kennedy, J. and Tamburro, C^H., 1979. Tissue and Urinary Glycosaminoglycans in Trans plantable Hepatomas. Gastroenterology (Abstract in Press). 9. Kupchella, C.E., Secskas, E. , Kennedy, J. and Espinosa, E.;, 1979. Glycosaminoglycan Changes Associated with Hepatic Tumors: The Contributions of Regeneration and Necrosis. To be presented at the Annual (National) Meeting of the American Federation for Clinical Research, Washington, D.C., May 7, 1979. Clinical Research (Abstract in Press). 10. Greenberg, R.A. and Tamburro, C.H. (with C.E. Kupchella, et al.) 1978. Early Detection of Disease in Individuals Exposed to Vinyl Chloride. Presented at the 1978 Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association, San Diego, CA. CMA 002243 11. Curran, K.L., Kupchella, C.E., Sandoz, J. and Tamburro, C.H., 1979. Urinary Glycosaminoglycan Patterns in Human Hepatic Angiosarcoma, Hepatoma and in Workers at Risk for Angiosarcoma. Gastroenterology (Abstract in Press). 12. Barrows, G.H., Joyce, M.J., Schrodt, G.R., Greenberg, R.A., Tamburro, C.H., 1979. Computer-Assisted Morphological Quantitation of Collagen in Human Liver Biopsies. Laboratory Investigations 40:3. 13. Elmore, J.D., Wong, J.L., Laumbach, A.D. and Streips, U. , 1976. Vinyl Chloride Mutagenesis by the Metabolites Chlorooxirane and Chloroacetaldehyde Monomer Hydrate. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 442:405. 14. Streips, U.N., Laumbach, A.D. and Yasbin, A.B. In Microbial Testers for Chemical Carcinogenesis, I.C. Felkner, (Ed.) Marcel Dekker, N.Y., N.Y. in press. 15. Laumbach, A.D., Streips, U.N. and Wong, J.L., 1978. Chloroacetaldehyde Induced Damage to Bacillus subtilis. Abs. Ann. Mtg. Amer. Soc. Microbiol, p. 125, H 128. 16. Espinosa, E., Caple, S., Kupchella, C. and Chia, S., 1979. Two Liver Antigens Undetectable in a Fast Growing Line of Transplanted Hepatomas. Federation Proceedings 38:1069. 17. Espinosa, E., Chia, S., Caple, S. and Kupchella, C., 1979. Liverspecific F-antigen in Transplantable Hepatomas Having Different Growth Rates. Federation Proceedings 38:1069. 18. Johnston, P.B., Espinosa, E., Chia, S. and Caple, S. Properties of 14 Week Maintenance Cultures of PLC/PRF/5 Cells. Abst. of 30th Mtg. Tissue Culture Association, In Vitro in press. ='' COflFISSflTIAL Subject to Protective Order in Roga v. Conoco, Inc., Ho. 90-4337 14th Judicial District Court ^ Calcasieu Parish,, Louisian 002244 C 0117 INITIAL Subject to Protective Order in Boss v. Conoco. Inc.. Pc. 90-483? 14th Judicial District Court Calcasieu Parish,, Louisiana APPENDIX CMA 0224S MARCH 1, 1979 VOLUME 38, NUMBER 3 PART jfi[ of I lirfc I'artf. r3 .V > ..A Afesfesisfe 63rd Annual Meeting Dallas, Texas April 1-10, 1979 Society Grouping II--APS, AAP, and AAI (April 6-10) FEDERATION OF AMERICAN 5QC32TJE5 FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY ENDOTHELIUM AND SMOOTH MUSCLE <4061 -4066> HY# 4062 fATHOLOCY FACTOR VIII CONTEXT AS EVIDENCE FOR ENDOTHELIAL ORIGIN OF , VINYL CHLORIDE ASSOCIATED UVEA ANGIOSARCOMA <VCA). II. - ! Philip Fortwengler*, Douglas Jones*, Carlo II, Ta&burro* and Enrique Espinosa (SPON; C. Randolph SchrodC). Cnlv, of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY. 40232 To ascertain the endoeheiiai cell origin of VCA we have looked for Factor VIII la the tumor since this factor ap pears to he specific for such cells (Hoyor ei al., 1973). Frozen sections of three VCA and one Idiopathic case were examined for presence of Factor Yttt by indirect immuno fluorescence Sections of angiosarcoma demonstrated a strikingly increased specific fLuorescence which lined enlarged sinusoid**. This Intense fluorescence was easily seen on low power(lOOx) as an irregular or splotchy pat tern. Occasional striatlons of linear f!uorvsconce which did not follow hepatic cords were also present. A similar pattern of staining was also given by the idiop.ithic angio sarcoma but vas never seen In sinusoids of norcul liver. These observations ware further supported by the finding V that absorption of Factor VIII antiserum with experiment cal angiosarcoma tissue resulted in complete inhibition of Immunofluorescence. These findings demonstrate that VCA and Idiopathic angiosarcoma Include proliferating cells containing Factor VIII and therefore strongly support an endothelial cell origin of this timor. (Supported In part by the Manufacturing Cheoists Association.) CMA 002247 v-*.* `-<v *-*Vi- /'. - M * 'V:'ri *.V...4V* ? r- i i,"r" COIiriD^TIAS Subject to Protective Order in Poss v Concco, It.o., I'O 90"^837 ~i4th Judicial District Court Calcasieu Parish,, Louisiana ABSTRACT LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSE TO ANTIGENS OF LIVER ANGIOSARCOMA IN VINYL CHLORIDE WORKERS. H. Philip Fortwengler, Michael E. Dever, Carlo H. Taraburro, and Enrique Espinosa, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40232. Angiosarcomatous liver tissue of vinyl chloride workers was shown by immunodiffusion and immunofluorescent procedures ` to include a tumor-associated antigen, antigens shared with normal liver and other tissues and tumor-bound immunoglobulin G. In addition, evidence has been presented for the existence of a tissue or plasma antigen induced by, or conjugated with vinyl chloride or a vinyl chloride metabolite. Possible lympho cyte sensitization to such antigens in 79 vinyl chloride workers Including 26 with liver abnormalities was assayed by the lympho cyte transformation test. Antigen extracts used were prepared from the angiosarcomatous tumor and normal liver tissues, IVenty normal individuals having no exposure to vinyl chloride served as controls. Stimulation indices were calculated from cellular Incorporation of tritiated thymidine. Mean stimulation indices in the normal individuals for antigens of angiosarcoma and normal liver tissues were 4.7 (SE*1,7) and 3.8 (*0.9) and In vinyl chloride workers, 1.8 (*0.2) and 2.5 (*0.3) respec tively. Mean stimulation indices for PHA and concanavalin A in the.normal individuals were 235 (*35) and 209 (*30) and in vinyl chloride workers 201 (*23) and 180 (*19) respectively. Thus, these results suggest that vinyl chloride workers.have a decreased lymphocyte response to antigens of liver angiosar coma and normal liver tissues rather than the hypothesized in creased reactivity. This appears to be due to a lower over all lymphocyte responsiveness in these chemical workers in view of their decreased reactivity to PHA and concanavalin A, (Supported in part by the Manufacturing Chemists Association) i'-rtS \ CMA 002246 Subject to . uotcet-v-' Cr-ier in Eo35 v. Cor.o . I :.c . , I;o . 00-4337 14th Judicial District Court -Calcasieu Parish,, Louisiana ABSTRACT INCREASED CAPABILITY OF DETOXIFICATION BY ELEVATION OF GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE AND GLUTATHIONE IN RAT LIVER EXPOSED TO VINYL CHLORIDE. Du, J.T.; and Tamburro, C.H. Digestive Diseases and Nutrition Section, Department of Medicine, Cancer Center, University of Louisville Medical School, Louisville, Kentucky 40201. Vinyl Chloride (VC) is believed to be metabolized in the liver to mutagenic compounds chloroethylene oxide and chloroacetaldehyde and detoxified by gluta thione transferase leading to the formation of mercapturic acid. Adult male rats were exposed to 28,000 ppm VC, 7 hrs/day, 5 days/week for 2, 4, and 6 weeks. During the 6 weeks, there was no eivdence of abnormality by clinicalliver func tion tests in blood. However, the activity of glutathione epoxide-B-transferase (GEST, l,2-epoxy-3-(j>-nitrophenoxy) propane as substrate) and glutathione aralkylS-transferase (GAST, j^-nitrobenzyl chloride as substrate) in liver were elevated significantly over controls after 4 and 6 weeks respectively. GEST increased 17%, 28% and 42% and GAST increased 24%, 28% and 35% over controls at 2, 4 and 6 weeks suggesting enzyme induction by VC exposure. The content of reduced glutathione (GSH) was also elevated in the VC treated group (21%, 45% and 49% over controls at 2, 4 and 6 weeks of exposure), and the activity of glutathione reductase, the enzyme to regenerate GSH from its oxidized form was also increased (50% to 86% after 2-6 weeks of exposure). The content Of P-450, in the meantime was reduced in the exposed group. These results suggest that VC exposed rats had increased capacity of detoxification by induction of glutathione-^-transferase and elevation of glutathione. / CMA 02249 uuxlt: i. Du, ru.D. AL-' J<. 14th JuiicU: !curt Calcasieu Par sh,, Louisiana DECREASED GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN LIVER IN VINYL CHLORIDE EXPOSED RATS. J.T. Du* and C.H. Tamburro* (SPQN: M. Fonda) Dig. Dis. & Nutr. Sect., Dept. Med., Cancer Center, Univ. of Louisville Med. Sch., Lou., Ky. 40201. Increases In key glycolytic enzymes paralleling hepatoma tumor growth (Heinrich, at al., FEBS Letters, 42:145, 1974) and decreases in key gluconeogenic enzymes prior to and with the development of hepatomas (Isok, et al., Voprosy. Med. Khim 19:568, 1973) have been shown. We exposed adult SpragueDawley rats to 10,000-20,000 ppm of vinyl chloride (VC), 4-8 hrs./day, 5 days/wk. for 3-4 wks. (40-140 hrs. exposure) to induce liver injury and angiosarcoma formation. Glucose-6phosphatase, a key gluconeogenic enzyme in the liver micro somal fraction, decreased 25% over control (P<0.05 from com bined data). Other microsomal proteins and enzymes related to VC metabolism, i.e., P450, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and mixed function oxidase were unchanged in the same microsomal fraction with no differences in either mitochondrial cyto chrome oxidase or blood transaminases. The decrease in glucose-6-phosphatase is similar to the lower gluconeogenic enzyme findings in hepatomas. This may reflect an increase in glycolysis and ribose-5-phosphate production associated with de novo purine biosynthesis prior to tumor development, inhi bition in enzyme synthesis, or increased breakdown due to VC exposure. Work is under way to determine the mechanism. The decrease in glucose-6-phosphatase may be an early biochemical lesion usable as an indicator of liver injury associated with the subsequent development of angiosarcoma. ' Fed. Proc., 35, 1422 (1976). 002248 C0If?ID3ffTIAL Subject to rcctoctivs Order in Hoss_v. C-r.c:c, Ir.c.. ifQ. 99-4337 14th Judicial District Court .Calcasieu ParishLouisiana GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATIC TUMORS: THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF REGENERATION AND NECROSIS. C. E. Kupchella, E. M. Secskas,* J. S, Kennedy,* and E. Espinosa*. Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky. Although glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have been shown to be elevated in many types of animal and human tumors including hepatic tumors, the cause and significance of these changes in neoplasia are still open questions. Regeneration and necrosis are operative in hepatic cancer and the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the GAG changes associated with hepatic regeneration and hepatic necrosis. Regeneration was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats by partial hepatectomy and hepatic GAGs were evaluated at 4, 8 and 12 days post operatively. Necrosis was induced by: a) ligating the medium lobe, b) by resecting and placing median lobes in the peritoneal cavity and c) by resecting median lobes and incubating them in vitro in sterile saline. Analyses were carried out after 5 days of treatment. While regenerating livers exhibited GAG levels that were not statistically different from sham operated controls or non-operated controls, in vivo necrosis was accompanied by 3-4 fold Increases in tissue GAGs. These data suggest that necrosis may make a substantial contribution to the elevated GAG levels found in some tumors. Humca' Re CMA 002251 CONFIDENTIAL Subject"to Protective Order in ^=255- Sl:^_'22- Ip-" , l.T0. 90-483 -iAzn *-Hr ill list riot Court Calcasieu -Parisi!.,, Louigj any Type Abstract in Space Below TISSUE AKD UKIKAMY GLYCOSAMIXCLYCAN'S IN TPAKSPLA-NTASLE HEPATOMAS. C. E. Kupchelia, K. L. Curran. E. Drake, J. Kennedy, and C. H. Tamburro, Cancer Center, and Division .of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate: a) the glycosamir.oglycans (GAGs) in different behavioral/, histological types of intermuscularly transplanted hepa tomas, b) GAG patterns in tumor tissue in relationship to degrees of fibrosis and necrosis, c)- the GAG changes in th livers of tumor-bearing animals, and d) urinary GAG ex cretion as a function of tumor growth. Three types of Morris hepatomas, 7777, 5123tc, and 961SA, which differ in rates of growth, metastatic potential, fibrosis, and necrosis, were studied. Urinary and tissue GA.Gs were ex tracted as cetylpyricinium complexes and measured as urcni': acid. Tissue GA.Gs ware also evaluated histochemically using alcian blue staining with and without enzyme pre treatment. Tumor tissue exhibited four- to site-fold greater GAG levels in the hyaluronic acid (90 P 10, 91 + 12, and 111 '+ 9 v. 25 P 3 mg uronic acid/g cry liver, re spectively) and chcndroitin sulfate (261 v 29, 217 51, and 208 _ 22 vs. 47 7 mg uronic acid/g, respectively) fractions than normal liver; the heparin fractions did. net differ significantly (31 A 7, 17 i 4 and 67 + 11 vs. 39 3 ;10). The livers of tumor-bearing animals exhibited ^slightly greater hyaluronic acid levels than normal livers. Moreover, increased urinary GAG excretion was evident atter 1 two weexs m anamals tearing issl-g-- of*ing tumou.^. -..e G.--G .tissue levels in fast vs. slow-growing tumors were not sig nificantly different. This further supports cur previously reported studies'of urinary GAG excretion in human hepatic 'angiosarcoma (Curran, K. L., et al., Cancer 40 (6): 305u- ,3053) nn suggestmg tnat umnary u.-ivj o--^-lyses ^ay oe -- rn tne nateemon, sere--n--ng att d--^gnes--o o-- --.c c--..cs, . (San. An./V .ftc ic ' > y } rr, Type Abstract in Space Below .URINARY GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN PATTERNS IN HUMAN HEPATIC ANGIO SARCOMA, HEPATOMA, A:D IN WORKERS AT RISK FOR ANGIOSARCOMA. K. L. Curran, C. E. Kupchella, J. Sandoz, and C. H. .Tamburro. Cancer Canter and Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Louisville, School of Medicine 'iouisville, Kentucky. A previous study reported an abberation in glycossmino- !glycans (GAGs) eluted from anion-exchange columns with 1.25 ;and 1.5 M NaCl in the urine of patients with hepatic angio sarcoma. A controlled pilot study examined urinary GAG ^patterns in workers at risk for angiosarcoma. Six indi viduals with a history of high vinyl-chloride exposure and 'documented liver disease were paired with individuals with [a high exposure index to vinyl-chloride but no clinical fiver disease. Similarly six persons with low exposure but abnormal liver function were paired with low exposure/ jnormal liver function individuals. A 24-hour urine was , :collected from each individual and the GAGs analyzed by 1 ; anion-exchange chromatography. Individuals with clinically active liver disease at the time of this study were found to have urinary GAG excretion patterns which were similar !to those described in angiosarcoma. No significant dif ferences were found between high vs. low vinyl-chloride exposure or between those with inactive liver disease and those with normal liver function. GAG excretion was also studied ir. an additional hepatic angiosarcoma and human hepatoma and confirm the reported urinary changes. These findings support the concept that urinary GAGs are in creased only in active hepatic disease and may be useful in evaluating the'degree of activity at the various stages of liver disease in humans. to"-.' ,CO wi-- 002*53 AmiCAi\} pwguc Ha^t>4 Oecerree*. I'Hd S<in Oieso 3097 co'ririrzJZi'rTTAii V* ^ ^ " - o ^ -? 3 v". ", ' \ 70 Gr^-T' lyy .90-4337 l^Stih Judicial isiriot Court .Calcasieu rarish,, Louisiana Early Detection of Disease in Individuals Ex posed to Vinyl Chloride, Richard Greenberg, MD. and Carlo Tomburro, MD, University of Louisville, Louis ville. Kentucky This is a collaborative comparison study of the effectiveness of ultrasound, naii bed capillary stuJy and urinary giycosammoglycan excretions in vinyl chloride workers with biochemical dysfunction or histopathotogically documented injury. It represents an effort to detect early mor bidity in vinyl chloride workers. Included is Dr. Maricq's method of investigating capil laries of the middle and distal phalanges of the fingers, including the nailfold, as a screening lest for early changes from vinyl chloride exposure. Another new method is Dr. Taylor's "grey scale" ultrasonographic method which has not yet been widely adopted for diagnosis of liver disease. The University of Louisville group reported that the first indicator of liver changes occurred in the vascular sinusoids and was reflected by the appearance of mucopolysaccharides in the urine. The results of the massive clinical study in Louisville should soon be able to indicate whether more sensitive criteria of early dis ease may be forthcoming, especially from the liver function testing. The special value of the capillary and ultrasound method re main doubtful at this time for early detection of the effects of exposure to vinyl chloride. 1 193 CH4 22S2 SOUTHEASTERN CANCER RESEARCH ASSOCIATION SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING NOVEMBER 15-17,1978 nr GLYCOSAMINCGLYCAN CHANGES ASSOCIATED ^ WITH HEPATIC TUMORS; THE CONTRIBUTIONS 0? REGENERATION* AND NECROSIS. Kupchella, Charles E., Secskas, Elaine, Remedy, Jeffary, and Espinosa, Enrique, Caacar Can car and Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, HY. 40232. Although glycosaninaglycans (GAGs) have been shovn to be elevated in many types of animals and human tumors including hepatic turners, the cause and significance of these changes in neoplasia are still open questions. Regen eration and necrosis are operative in hepatic cancer and the purpose of this investigation vas to evaluate the GAG changes associated with hepatic regeneration and hepatic necrosis. Regeneration was induced in male Sprague Davley rats by partial hepatectomy and hepatic GAGs were evaluated at 4, 3 and 12 cays post operatively. Necrosis was induced by: a) ligating the median lobe, b) by resecting anc placing median lobes in the peritoneal cavity and c) by resecting median lobes and incubating then in vitro in sterile saline. Analyses ware carried out after 5 days of treatment. While regenerating livers exhibited GAG levels chat were not statistically different , from sham operated controls or non-operatad controls, in vivo necrosis was accompanied by 3-4 fold increases in tissue GAGs. These data suggest that necrosis is a substantial contri butor to the elevated GAG levels found in some tumors. i i KIAWAH ISLAND SOUTH CAROLINA CMA 002255 rj SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING SOUTHEASTERN KIAM'AH ISLAND SOUTH CAROLINA NOVEMBER 15-17,1978 CANCER RESEARCH TISSUE AND URINARY GLYCOSAMINCGLYCANS IN ^ TSANSPLANTA3LS-HEPATOMAS CF DIFFERING GROWTH RATES. Kupchella, C.E., Curran, X.L., Drake, E., Kennedy, J., and Tamburro, C.H. Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, XY. 40232. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the glycosamincglycans (GA.Gs) in dif ferent behavioral/histological types of intermuscularly transplanted hepatomas and in the livers and urine of animals bearing these tumors. Fast (7777), medium (5123tc), and slow (961SA) growing Morris Hepatomas were studied. Urinary and tissue G.AGs were extracted as cetylpryidiniun complexes and measured as uronic acid. Tissue GA.Gs were also evaluated histochenically. Tissue from fast,`medium, and slow growing tumors exhibited 4 to 6 fold greater C-A.G levels than normal liver in the hyaluronic acid (90 + 10, 91 + 12, and 111 + 9 vs. 25 + 3 jig urcnic acid/g dry liver, respectively) and chcndroitin sulfate/ heparan sulfate (251 + 29, 217 3 51, and 203 + 22 vs. 47 + 7 /ig uronic acid/g, respectively) frac tions; the heparin fractions did not differ significantly. The livers cf tumor-bearing animals exhibited slightly greater hyaluronic acid levels than normal livers. Increased urinary GA.G excretion was evident after two weeks in animals bearing fast-growing tumors. These data together with those cf our previously reported studies of GAJ3 excretion in human hepatic angiosarcoma (Curran, K.L., et al., Cancer 40(6): 3C50-3053) suggest that urinary GAG analyses may be useful in the detection and diagnosis of hepatic cancer. '"'"CONFIDENTIAL Subject to Protective Order in R033 v, Conoco. Inc,, No. 90 - *~ ' ? 14th Judicial District Cov"t Calcasieu Parish*.Louisiana 002254 CMA I ABSTRACTS OF TUB AN.MAL Altt. UM.i- 1978 1^3 COIT^IDSHTIAIt Subject to Protectiva Order in Jtogg 7, Conoco. Inc. . -'o 20-4357 *l4th Judicial District Court . Calcasieu Parish,, Louis!ah* Abstracts of the Annual Meeting of the j&Erznio^asjQira fcDP* I?i3ii?*Ibi<D3fcj7 1978 i -1 H 128 Chloroacetaldehyda-lndueed Damage to Bacillus \ subtilis. A.D. LAUMBACH, U.N. STREIPS* and J.L. i WONC. Bureau Foods, FDA and U Louisville, Louisville, KY. Chloroacetaldehyde (CAA), a proposed metabolite of vln/1 chloride metabolism, has been shown to be mutagenic In the Saltr-onella assay aystem, and feo specifically Inhibit the growth of a recombination-deficient mutant of Bacillus subtills (Ellmore, et *1 BBA, 442: 405, 1976). V have examined further the biological activity of this compound. First, CAA caused a significant Increase In In duced mutations to streptomycin resistance. Using B. sub- tills 168, the relative .mutation frequency (treated 5tnM CAA/eontrol) was 13.6, while using an her mutant of .B. sub til 1s the frequency was*14*2. Secondly, a survey of the available repair-deficient mutants of subtills revealed, that the only strains sensitive to CAA were of the ree~ genotype. Furthermore, the several rec~ mutants, show three types of response to CAA. Strong killing by CAA (in hibition of growth of 10 cnx or more) was exhibited on the recA, recB, rec-4(C$Yl6l6), and recD27(C5Yl627) strains. Intermediate killing (3m-8&rt) was shown with strains i bearing the rccE, rccF. and rec-13(BD246) loci. All other strains examined (recC. TecU, ntct-41, uvr, her, polA, as well as several ropatr-profIclenc cultures) grew In the presence of O.lti CA\. Th*-c*i studioii are part of an -.ngolng program sponsored by the MCA to determine the mlecular basis for vinyl- chloride Induced carcinogenesis. t H 131 Influence of Mutagens on the Nucleoid Structure of the Chromosome in Escherichia coll. K.KLEPPE*and I* LOSSIUS,Department of Biochemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. The chromosome in a bacterium exists in a tightly supercoiled structure terr.ed the nucle oid. We have investigated the effect of two mutagenic compounds, methyl methane sulfonate and mitomycin C, on the nucleoid structure of the chromosome in Escherichia coll K-l2* Treat ment of cell envelope-free nucleoids with the mutagens caused no changes in the structure as measured by their sedimentation coefficients. The nucleoids from mutagen treated cells,hoveveg were found to be partially unfolded, having sedimentation coefficients of approximately S00S In some mutants, defective In repair or recombi nation, even greater changes in the nucleoid structure were seen. The altered sedimentation behaviour was shown to be'due to relaxation of supcrcoils in the chromosome caused by nicks in the ON'A strands. During the repair period the intact nucleoid structure was partially restored. The mutug^ns also caused considerable changes in the structure of the cell envelope-associated nucleoid. CMA 002257 T.iiliorntory TnvoHtlgftUon Vul. HO, Nil. " I*i7*> co!T?irz:r:iAL ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS Subbed Hi>tl(i!ii|;iriilly tluvio Imimm < moisted primarily of fusif'jim iif/irt (IIm vvil.lt prominent. cnsionpliilic ryl.opl.iMu embedded in a dense connective tisane .stroma. Junc tional activity, theque formation, and pigment were un common features. As a result desmoplastic nevi may be confused with reticulohistiocytoma, atypical fibroxan thoma, dermatofibroma, and even necrobiotic granu lomas. Well defined intranuclear invaginations of cyto plasm occurred in 12 cases, and this was an important feature differentiating desmoplastic nevi from these fibrohistiocytic lesions. Desmoplastic malignant mela noma must also be considered in the microscopic differ ential diagnosis, but distinguishing features of desmo plastic melanoma include ^identification of preexisting ' malignant lentigo or acral lentiginous melanoma, atypical mitotic figures, and foci of necrosis. Clinically most des moplastic nevi were dome-shaped nodules. The age range was from 7 to 53 years (mean 28); duration from 2 months to 15 years; male to female ratio, 6/S; and four patients gave a positive history of preceding trauma. Five lesions were located on the thigh or leg; and the rest, with the exception of sparing the palms and soles, were widely distributed. Desmoplastic nevi were compared to the ordinary variants of mixed spindle cell and epithelioid cell nevi in an attempt to define etiologic factors explain ing a desmoplastic reaction. Initially, it was thought that patient age or preceding trauma might be important. No satisfactory explanation could be found since, with the "exception of a predilection for occurrence on the lower extremities, the other clinical variables were not statis1. tically different. 'tf/ Computer-Assisted Morphologic Quantitation of Collagen in Human Liver Biopsies G. H. Barrows, M. J. Joyce, G. R. Schrodt, R. Greenberg, and C. H. Tamburro. Departments of Pathology, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Medi cine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202. Because unfixed liver is rarely available for analytical studies, appraisal of the extent of tollagen must be made from appropriately stained sections of liver biopsy ma terial leading to judgemental as well as sampling error. We have developed a computer-assisted morphologic technique to evaluate the distribution of collagen in liver biopsy material. We examined multiple biopsy samples from patients dying suddenly with no history of liver disease to establish normal values. A Hewlett-Packard 9864-A digitizer and 9815-A microcomputer were used to quantitate areas of trichrome stainable collagen within the biopsy samples. Random area selection and statistical analysis proved to be important considerations in deter mining the experimental model and these factors were readily incorporated into the calculator program. Stainable collagen estimates in normal liver varied from 0 to 6.1 per cent (mean *= 1.25 per cent) in patients with no evidence of liver disease and showed considerable varia tion even in different biopsies from the same patient. As anticipated, subcapsular biopsies had more collagen than deep biopsy; however, the specimens from several deep biopsies often had significant variation in collagen con tent. Differences in central, mid-zonal, and portal colla gen could be obtained using this method. The computer- ies. This study of fe?mftPii$br fiftpfifiUhdtOiakhirahle care must be taken before the clinical diagnosis of sig nificant fibrosis can be made. Uptake and Nuclear Transfer of 17-Fluorescein-Labeled Estradiol in. Normal and Abnormal Human Endometrium G. H. Barrows, J. D. Riehm, and M. Riley. Depart ment of Pathology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, P.O. Box 35260, Louisville, Kentucky 40232. We have developed a 17-fiuorescein-labeled estradiol which is specifically transferred to nucleii of target tissue (breast, endometrium) and inhibited by synthetic and natural estrogens. By in vitro incubation, patterns of temperature-dependent nuclear uptake may be observed. Marked cyclic variation is observed in normal human endometrium. With proliferative and early secretory en dometrium, temperature-dependent nuclear labeling is present and appears to peak at late proliferative stages. Mid and late secretory endometrium, while having spe cific cytoplasmic labeling, do not exhibit temperature dependent nuclear labeling. This suggests that estradiol transport during mid and late secretory phases is in hibited or minimal. Abnormal endometrial samples ex hibit a variety of patterns with the fluorescein-labeled estradiol. Endometrium with cystic hyperplasia reveals very little nuclear glandular staining, whereas in adeno matous hyperplasia strong nuclear uptake of the fluores cein-labeled compound is observed. Some cases of well differentiated endometrial carcinoma have strong nu clear uptake of the fluorescein-labeled estradiol whereas poorly differentiated endometrial carcinoma has little or no nuclear uptake. The method provides a good means of determining the endpcrinologic behavior of glandular versus stomal elements of endometrium and suggests that in abnormal endometrium either variation in steroid uptake mechanisms or hormonal milieu may be impor tant in the development of the lesion. Aortic Infarction following Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm Sanford H. Barsky. Departments of Pathology, Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215. Aortic infarction was observed in 21 of 34 cases of dissecting aortic aneurysm. This lesion occurred as a central zone of necrosis, sparing media adjacent to the true and false lumina. This infarct followed rather than preceded dissection, took approximately 48 hours after dissection to develop, and did not organize with time. Lesions months to years in duration were similar histo logically to those only several days old, and although there was some tendency to calcify in the older lesions, inflammation was consistently absent. The lesion oc curred exclusively in the thoracic aorta. Histologically, aortic infarction was' completely distinct from medial cystic necrosis (MCN). Aortic infarction was character ized by preserved elastic laminae with no increase in mucopolysaccharides, in contrast to MCN which was characterized by elastica disruption and increased mu copolysaccharides. When both MCN and aortic iufarc- to m (N <N f r-r'''~jiT MARCH 1. 1979 VOLUME 38, NUMBER 3 cy n o S; if X'kl'- ofThrvu I'aris IT r- : 3 i? /l-tfAijiiptyii'i^yr* r 4a ' COITFIBBHTIAL' Subject to Protective Order in ft983 v, Conoco, Ir.c. , Do. 50-4837 14th Judicial District Court vi,,k Calcasieu Parish,) Louisiana 63rd Annual Meeting Dallas, Texas April 1-10, 1979 Society Grouping II--APS, AAP, and AAI (April 6-10) 1. ^ '1 i - :i ! `V. SATURDAY. PM TUMOR BIOLOGY IV: ROLE OK ANTIGENS (4449- 445J) 1069 4449 PATHOLOGY TVO LIVER ANTIGENS UNDETECTABLE IN A FAST GROWING LINE OF TRASSFUSTED hepaTOMA (MORRIS HEPATOMA 7777) * fatigue t*piBOM, Sam Caple*. Charles Kupchaila* end Sue Chia*. D*pt. Pathology and Cancer Center, tfalv. of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, CY 40232 During Investigations of entlgenlc changes In liver tumors ve examined fast (7777)* medium (5l23tc) end slow (9618a) growing Morris hepatomas for presence of liver antigens. Analyses of normal liver and hepatoma tissue saline extracts were performed by immunodiffusion methods using rabbit antlerun to rat liver extract absorbed with pooled normal rat plasma. Hepatoma 5l23te end 9616A gave loonunoelcctrophoretic patterns similar to normal liver. In contrast, hepatoma 7777 showed 2 arcs of precipitation missing. This was confirmed by the finding that after absorption of antiserum with hepatona 7777 two lines of precipitation given by normal liver extract persisted whereas absorption with extract of normal liver, hepatomas 5l23cc or 9618A abolished all lines of pre cipitation. The liver antigens found to be absent in hepa toma 7777 were characterized as proteins relatively unstable co heating and acid pH and unrelated to liver-specific F antigen* In Sephedex G-2QQ and Mo-Cel A-5r columns these antigens eluted as proceins of approximately 51,000 and 240,000 dal cons respectively. The fact that 7777 Is the fastest growing and least differentiated of the tumors studied suggests a possible functional relationship between the absent antigen and these properties, (Supported in part by the Manufacturing Chcnlsts Association) 44S0 IMMUXOIOGV LIVER-SPECIFIC F ANTIGEN IN TRANSPLANTABLE HEPATOMAS HAVING DIFFERENT GROWTH RATES, F-nrUue Espinosa, Sue Chia, Sam Caple* and Charles Kupchclla*. Dept, Pathology and Cancer Center, Univ, of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40232 In the course of studies of antigenic changes associated with liver neoplasia we measured the relative concentration of liver-specific F antigen In fast (7777), slow (9&16A) and medium (5l23tc) growing Morris hepatomas in comparison with Its concentration in normal adult rat liver. F antigen was solubilised from each tissue by aqueous homogenization. The supernatant containing the antigen Was then tested by a double diffusion dilution assay capable of detecting a mini mum of J-2Z the concentration of antigen present In normal rat liver. The F antigen antiserum used was prepared ac cording to Fravi and Lindenmann by immunizing CSA mice with BALb/c mouse liver extract. 7 antigen was undetectable in the fast Rowing hepatoma and ranged from less than 27. to 10Z of the normal liver concentration in the slow growing one. The medium growing hepatoma showed similar or higher concentration than normal rat liver. Thus, the level of F antigen in these tumors does not appear to correlate with their rates of growth* (Supported in pare by the Manu facturing Chemists Association) CMA 002259 --' - K.6 !" *. f i-.*it PuMdliin in ** lfK7tj*:7v;': J^fr ;; / ST-jn'. c.*- c>f CVS.*': I r.*ftc Structure. .fi'r.}'.S rirn'.O. rMmkmjrv-isrh*;* institvh. Lniv-rtit*t `.Tin, (J-50P0 Kdlr. 41. I'rJeral S'jpub'lc of 'Terrvir.y I a gra.-i-ncnAtWe bacteria the cnrvme-ir.iorvni-.'mfc tvpe of nenictl- lift rt!^istnc' is to be t-T.rci nr. a t+nw.iMlUy harrier 1-i the outer rqr.hrani". In fjr*.m-jw*3i 11 ve s , ho*ev&c, a similar f^r.otJO'. of thn coll ''.ill could rot hr vtxabl Ishcc! until rjv. From rj:`.ir otcdtcs vc rrc**iwJ cr'c cvidrnc* foe * possible r?.c of the cvftOt'taynic rr'ir-j;.*.' in t!ji* rcr.lsbanre ntchATis^. ;.c therefore studied the Ursine of ^C-benty! r.^nirlll in (l4C-rp) to the -rrLrore* of resistant and sensitive s*a:.hvloecicci. Jirst whole cells wqru incubated in buffer ^ith increasing con-* contritions of l4C-CP at 37C for 30 rin and then cytoplaonlc :te*t>ranoa vere prepared /oliowtpy the rethod o K.R,FA,bACK (''eth.tr.iyT-ol.XXII F 99-l2o (197i)). In nerbraiies of sensitive staphylococci the binding increases sharply even at low penicil lin-concentration* and levels out above 0.3 omlci l4c*BP/ml. In contrast, the binding to the resistant cells is reduced to a high decree. It reaches only 1-23 at o.J nrvoles/nl. If the bln-* ding constants are calculated it can be seen that the number of binding sites Is the sar.e both in the reslstamt and in the sens!* tlve r.erbranes (2o nmoles tP/g ner-brane protein) . however with the resistant membranes the affinity to penicillin Is decreased by a factor of 24 to 7oo. to exclude a pemeebillty barrier In thm cell vail the birdin? of penicillin to isolated nenbranes was examined. The Incubation of the refirane* with 14C-IP was carried out under the same condi tions as already mentioned. In this case. too. the binding to the resistant membranes was greatly reduced. This is also due to a high loss of affinity by approx* the same factor as above, fron these results a permeability barrier In the cell wall can be excluded. The cause for this type of resistance rust thus ba located in the membrane itself. Therefore the membrane lipids were analysed. Differences were observed in the phospholipid fraction. The resistant membranes contain do-5ol more cardlolipin end lo-l4t more phesohatldylglyccrol than the sensitive ones. Additionally a cardlolipin derivative is found with the hydroxvl group of tho central gly cerol molecule acylatcd. The other lipids are unchanged in Quan tity and In fatty acid composition. Prom this it can be concluded that th* Intrinsic resistance of staphylococci Is besod on an altered neahranc structure caused by increased HpophJUty. !,: Vt,- - .^0 l`4fe i* "r* r" ! .-nS; * i ;i 1 .i , L7\ CMoroacctaldchyde-lnducod Oni^g* to liciUm A. 0. Mi^lSAC.'. L\ X. SlRltFS*, and J. L. tAJW. bf**u foods. FDA.SnJ University of LoulsvUla, School of Medicine. Knaltti ScUneal Center* Louisville, Kentucky 40212 (USA). Chloroas#Cstd*hyd (CAA), a proposed wtnboHtt of vinyl chlorlds Mtabollso* has been shown to bo Owcafosic in tho ialr^lU assay svscea, and to specifically Inhibit th* growth of a ttcHblution-deficient eutast f tsclllm srbctlis (FllnOrO. ct *K, UA, 442t 4QS* 1976), We have *x**l*d furthar tho biological activity of this coapovntl, First, CM causod a Significant Increase In induced owtation* to *tr?tolycln eh 13.6, oftoSlvtanCa. 0*1nr .B. subtil 1* J63, tits f#l*tlv* eutatloa frequency (created 3 CAA/control) was vhllo using an her soitaoC B. aubctli* th* frequency was 14.2. Secondly, i urv*7 of ch* available repair-deficient attMts of B. subtil is revested. that tho Only strains Mosttiv* to CAA vro of th rC~^tanoty. Furthermore. tho several rye* wUnti, ahow three types of response to CM. Strong killing by CAA (Inhibition of gewth of 10 O or ear*) was exhibited oa tho pci. rtB. yec-4 (CSY1616), and *c027 (CSY162?) strain*, intarcadiat* killing (3sa-fsm) vwa shows with strain* baarln; the re, rrcF. atU rce-13 (B0246) loci. All ether strain* axaalnsd (faeC. reH. grt-M* uvr, her* pajA. a* vail a* sevarsl rayaif-proficlant cultura*) grew In the yrcsenra of Q-lh CM, Tho effects of CAA o* tho bielafic.il activity of bhA aolocules Is yicro are being; studisd. Tha** studies are part of an ongoing program sponsored by the hanwfacturing Ch;=Is:s Ass^iatien to deterolM the ol-eulir basis for vln>t-chlofiJf loJucad cerctAagaoasl*. . cc/>j*'.>;; COITPIpg^TJAT, Subject to Protective Order Jn I^ss_v. _Conoco, Inc, . Ho. 50-4' 14th Judicial District Court Calcasieu Parish,, Louisiana - SL >/. -2-J5 - CMA 002258 !y Subject to ?rct;cctivo Ord'sr in Boss v. 'c-o-o, 14th Judicial Ti:i3trict Court Calcasieu Parisshh, Louisiana. 30TH ANNUAL MEETING OFTHETI5SUE CULTURE ASSOCIA'i ION, INC. Properties of 14 Week Maintenance Cultures of PLC/PRF/5 Cells. P.B. JOHNSTON*, E. Espinosa, S. Chia and S. Caple. Univ, of Louisville, Louisville, Ky. 40232;___________________ ______________________________ , This established cell line was originally described as being short lived with in a given passage, with considerable cell loss by day 6 to 8. However,after 80 passages, we found that culturing in glass roller bottles at 0.25 RPM allowed maintenance for at least 14. weeks with cells exhibiting excellent morphology without sloughing. After treating monolayers with Hoechst 33258 ' DNA stain, intense cytoplasmic fluorescence was seen in a proportion of the cells, possibly a function -of the subviral hepatitis B genome. HBsAg of culture supernates was monitored and solid phase RIA assay revealed-31 to'47 ratio~units/0.2 ml after 2 to 14 weeks in medium with 10% fetal calf serum. ' The 14 week old cultures were extremely well adapted to maintenance in serum free medium for 14 additional days when supplementing with 100 ng/ml of insulin, in contrast to 1 week cultures which survived well for only 5 days without serum.. The HBsAgrtiters of supernates from these 1 week or 14 week cultures, were very similar to the previous harvests in 10% scrum. In addition, both young and 14 week cultures were similar in their rate of acid production; and in that both elaborated serum albumin, fibrinogen, transferrii and alpha-2 macroglobulin, the proteins tested to date. CMA 002260