Document da5zG2ORYK3aYrMJdwaMBL2wQ

FILE NAME: Koppers/Beazer East (KBE) DATE: 1937 DOC#: KBE022 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: 26th National Safety Congress Transactions m * 26th N ational Safety Congress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI OCTOBER 11 to OCTOBER 15, 1937 Municlpti Auditorium .PLAINTIFF'S , t EXHIBIT ' L. KSC-6a  Industrial Dusts W E D N E SD A Y M O R N IN G SESSIO N O c to b e r 13. 1537 T he meeting vu* called to order hv C hair man A. S. Rgula. K xrcmive Secretary. In dustrial firiathMiv f'nm i^inr, In c , New York- City, and V ice-President fo r Engineermg. N ational Safety Council, who intro duced the speakers. W h at Industrial X>ust3 Are H arm ful? W hy' By SEN IO R SURGEON R. R. SAYERS C hief, Divirion. o f In d u strial H ygiene, U. S, Public H ealth Service 'While duct* exist everywhere in the atoospherc, it has been recognized for centaries that w orkers in certain dusty occupation are le** healthy than those not io exposed. T h e num ber o f persons ex posed in dusty occupation* com prises one ef the largest industrial group. T he occu pational diseases of w orkers in dusty a t mosphere have been found to fee doe to entrance of dust into the system fey Inhalatoo, by ingestson, by direct absorption thnoaglj the skin, by irritation o f the skin, cr fey a combination of the foregoing. The suspensions of paniculate m atter in vr have been broadly term ed dusts, fume*, tad smoke*. Such a classification is necesnfiJy arbitrary, since the bne o f dem arca tion between hem vt not very sharp, amt tie chief differenila*Ioti i* based on the sire ri the particles Investigations by the Pub* 5c Health Service in dusty industries* re*oled tlint about 70 per cent o f the dust particles examined were Ictw cen 1 and 3 rieron* ir> size, only about 20 per cent were kts thatt 1 micron, and the median ize was 13 micro*, industrial dust* are mainly !e fian 18 micron* in size However, fibrous fists in tiic air, :cr. 3 ashestoc, have been feend to ro n irir particle* as large a* 200Vj snreoti* tr. the greatest diam eter. While, generally speaking, according to Eblhs, do! are m ore injurious a* their dsemicai composition differs from that of fie human body, o r from the element* of *5kh th e liody is norm ally composed,* it i*t difficult to establish a com prehensive definition for toxic dusts. S oiltnana/ a fte r analysts o f various definitions fo r poison, frit th at it Is very difficult to give a definition which wilt nnt be ambiguous in some cases, but believed that the following covers most o f tire point* which m ast be considered in classing a substance as s-tch - "A jx>ion i* any substance which, act ing directly through its inherent chenuc properties, and by its ordinary action, is capable of destroying life, or of seriously endangering health, when it Is applied to the body, externally, o r tit m oderate doses (to 50 Ctrn.y Internally '* ^om e dusts a re knoun to be poisonous, while other, hi the coucentrat ions usually encountered, are comparatively harmless. H ow ever, It may be stated th a t breathing du*t in high, concentration is not desirable. According to FairhaH. the dam age arising from th e inhalation of toxic dust may be either local or remote, and depends upon wlietlier the materia! t% a protoplasm ic poi son, w hether tt is caustic In reaction, or whether it is absorbed Into th e blood stream and carried to other centers which a rc in turn affected.4 It is now v-ell e*tabiished that exposure to certain kinds of dusts, such as those con taining considerable quantities or free silica, ha* increased the m orbidity and m ortality rate from respiratory diseases; while me tallic <mc** a* lead and compounds. 86 v-riw /r S o fu n ia t S a fe ty C #tfrt's\ have been associated with g<ncral *y*tcrui<- pulmonary tuberculosis. T he second type poisonmg* I>u*t* ma> he swa?!<>v.eU with o{ ru c tio n is caused by toxic dusts Uke lead, aliva. w ater, o r food, and direct jwnsoning cadmium, and radium. A third type of mal ha* ix e n traced to absorption by this ady follows the inhalation of finely divided m ethod; other duMs may a r t a* irritants Mid metallic fume particles sue* a.< m ? oxjrfc, produce a^eefon ? o f the s'<tn. irritate mo- and >* known a s tnctal fume fever. The cons membrane* oC nose. eye* and throat fo u rth reaction, allergic In ohacarirr, is often earning inflammatory diseases of caused by breathing organic dusts such as these organ** pollen and certain types of pulverised wood Some ioorirmc dusts are able to penetratc the deep lung tissue* and arc sufficiently insoluble to be retained there, `some of tbc*e may be active iu the human and flour. In all four cases the sole cause <f the disability may be dust inhalation, hut the reactions from toxic dnsK result from swallowing a s well as front inhalation,** tissues, rausmg definite and permanent tn- Kor various reason* it is difficult to set ;ury, w in'e others arc inert and may t>c up an absolute classification iw dusts retained for year*, apparently without se ri Opinion is rapidly changing regarding so- ous damage: are gradually absorbed called inert or harmless dusts and fu rth c withorn causing pathological change* ' investigation m ay prove some o f them to lx All inhaled particles a re soluble, at least to a small extent If harmless, cell activity is stim ulated *e> th a t phagocyte* remove the dust, It th e solute * toxic, th e viability o f the phagocyte is affected and an ineffective accumulation result*. At the same time, further solute may diffuse into neighboring tissues. setting up an irritation and subse quent fibrosis T h e nature a* well a* the mjwrious. Some dusts may have !>oth a toxic and an irritant action; while on the other band, the poisoning resulting fro m ex posure to a dust may be the combined effect o f m ore than one mode of entrance into the body. H ow ever, the following classification o f dusts, according to physical characteristics and physiological effect, is used for convenience. solubility of the solute is an important fac tor, but of two substance* o f approximately I . Organic Dusts equal lo x W ), the more soluble form O rganic dusts arc those which eontair cause* the greater damage. However, sub carbon, and w ere originally supposed to stance of .rich low solubility as silica may come from organs reel suhstances derived ultimately produce extensive injury.* from animal o r plant life, f-iving dusts Kettle has stated that harm ful dust. if inhaled tnto the long, may activate a latent tuberculous 'n leetio n ; they may exaggerate an activ r tuberculous lesion o r a coincident infection. H MfficicM quantities o f a harm less duf are inhaled, tie o i it remains in the lungs and causes a mild degree of fibro sis merely through mechanical irritation, but such fibres,s t* never sufficient to in ter fere with the 'unction o f the lung.* Some writers state that while the influ ence of roRpoi*onons <lu*t* on health is a debatable subject, abnormally high death rates from bronchitis and pneumonia arc sometimes attributed to chronic exposure to nontaxtc dusts. l.arge amount of dust arc occasionally found in supposedly normal come under this classification, and arc thought to be o f the same order of size a* nidustrial dusts, with winch they are fre quently associated Bacteria are usually be tween C 5 and 3 micron*, except in a (c* case*, such as the anthrax bacillus, whirl ranges from 1 to 125 micron in breadth and 4 $ to 10 microns in length and 10 o r i2 micron in diameter. However it is possi ble that the larger and heavier varieties, hke the larger a rd heavier dust particles, settle due to gravity, and do not rerra.n suspended m the air. M any thousands of organic substances, csrhon-contam m g, arc m ade vmhettcalfr hy chem ical p r o c e s s * s u c h a dyestufiv explosive*, cic. lungs, at autopsy* I N O K U W K C O ftG J N tC W / S T S A* /`Vceordme :o Orinlec'*, tl.c r c a r r four d if the name implies, tlvcsc arc comprised nf ferent s/pe of reaction produced in man hj mmviablr particles, winch may or may rxft the inhaUltOr d>j< The first and most tc inherently toxic o r irritant, hut which im portant arc the pneurn<xu.oscs. such as nevertheless prodMrc untoward effects in the vrlicoris ard ashestosss. v\Uch cause spertfic hum an organism "Anergic" dusts, o r iho* lu n g pat! ologv and o ften are followed by to which only certain persons are or may Income a*ihma, hypersensitive. rhientts, or other t h u fu s tr ia t D u st* 87 with resulting disturbance*. arc dust, or powder form of the preparation, ex erting a direct irritating effect on the skin.- included in this classification Dermatitis due to other vegetable dusts a. T oxic a w ifo r Im tftn l T oxic o r irritant such a* vanilla, powdered arnica, pyre- dust* arc all organic dusts which produce thrum, etc., have been reported.*4 untoward symptoms, either *\ tentte nr local.. Those producing local .jmpiomv arc usually described as irritan t; those produc Dental lesion*, of occupational origin, havp Item r e t r i e d among w orkers in sugar. 'Die gingivitis caused by sugar du st is clas ing general o r ysletnic *ymp*m* a re sified as purely mechanical, with later- t*rmed toxic. A dust may be both toxic and developing caries. Digestive disorders, rritanl. respiratory conditions, and cutaneous con In reported cases of Injur) o r death fol ditions (especially o( the face) w ere also lowing inhalation of dust from organic com found." pound*. among the chief offender* arc IVick workers, transporters o f grain, pararutraniline, the dimtrobenrenrs. ehlorodmfirohcnzcnr, Jfinjiropbenol, and nilropaphthaJene Eye dam age due to mftamma- worker* in grain and flour mills, etc are exposed to <f*t during their work. D usts from cereals may contain many impurities, hon o f the cornea has occurred am ong vuhsch may cause an irritating action on the orkers exposed to methyl violet dust. T he respiratory passages, as well as inflamma *r front paraphcnyJene dJaminc derivative.* tion of site skin. Digestive disturbances, s particularly Irritating and dangerous, dental defects, diminution in hearing, and soring not ertfy a severe fo rm o f derm a co n ju n ctiv itis have been observed am ong titis where the dust comes in contact with millers, and have been attributed to the dusts the skin, but also producing acute nffamma- (o wnich such workers are exposed.** tkm of the mucous merrshrsne o f the '`expiratory passages * T o xic dusts may he generated during the h a n d ily of powdered djes and in preliminary dyeing operations. SXrticulariy the hydro-extractor proce**, here particles are disseminated in all difictions." Coal ta r and indigo dye* are ubstances most frequently used. b. A llergic Many apparently innocuous substance* may produce reaction* in per sons of peculiar personal susceptibility. The term "allergy" H used to describe this con dition of t.ypersensitivenes* or susceptibility, aud allergic plienomena most frequently manifest themselves m akin reactions. How ever, they may cause acute reactions else Cases o f amblyopia have been reported where in the body. W hen the respiratory hom exposure to inhalation o f tobacco tract >s involved we have such w ell know n cut." It Itas been found that inhaled to- diseases ax hay fever or asthm a. T hese tacco du*t exerts a nicotine action on the diseases may develop a* a re*ult o f hyper- ganiSRi fifteen times g rea ter than that crtritiveness to such substance* a* pollens produced by the same quantity of smoked from plant*. horsehair. rabbit'* fur, furs, isfacoo with an equal tiicotine content." feather, etc. Vvere dermatitis is experienced by many orkers handling powder containing T.N .T., *hich is used in making high explosives. ?irric acid, which is also uxec fe r this pur| pwe. requires drying, and in this latter slate has been found to produce a dermatitis : JScric acid is also the oldest .synthetic or> nn< dycstr.ff* Dermatitis occurs among | bxdler* of silk with varying frequency. [ Sail* determ ined that a ra sh o ccu rrin g ; among w orkers in a silk facto ry w as d u e to I*or instance, furrier*, worker*, in clothing mduslric* *Uo arc cxpo*ed (o woof tlust, etc., may suffer f rom hay fever or asthma.1* It i* unnecessary for the offending dtKt to reach the depth* of the lungs--giant pollen* fo r example arc reported to produce their effect after being caught in the upper res piratory passage*. Should such an offending *ubfence be finely ground it could read? the alveoli and a* a result probably all physiologic reaction* would be accelerated.* i*t from silk cocoons im po rted from In a survey o: a plant where re*? is Africa* mixed. ground, and molded. it was found Persons engaged in the m anufacture of that SO per cent o f the occupational derm a ferine and quinine preparations suffer from titis there %xa* due to hyper*en*jjivit) to i* phenomena, which occur for the most hexamethylenetetramine and formaldehyde j*rt c . exposed pa'*t of the bndx. and xootatned m tin- dtist to which the w orkers suv he caused hy ingestion o r fix quinine uere exp o sed .1* 1>rmjj liic firM proce**e* 7*T c c n 'y - s x th N a t i o n a l S a f e t y C o u t/rt'S * u i cotton spinning, cm ton-sirippers arc exvo*-ed to du^t aristae fro m co tto n h u sk s an d tihrs. which produces a typical form of a*thma * O rdinary wood dust ha* been o f interest due to s purely mechanical action, but etili greater c a rt required in handlmR certain kind*. especially hood* com ing from abroad, because of the tese miai oils im preg nating <hem. which when freed in the duet may aHect the health of the w orkers con cerned. Som e o f the w oods capably oE causing skin lesions a rc Hrazi) wood. Satinwood, teakwood, cantaro nr tonka wood, black ctxmy wood, W est indiati m ahogany, JapaiDcse tagayxsan. coecoloba, chest nutw ood, oh v e to e d , C alifornia sequoia, etc. AU p e r son who han d le ihese H<><xls a re not in jured, only thoe particularly sm ceptthle to the substances thev contain hem m ing affected * 2. U V IS C OROJ S IC D U STS, th e s e contain particles capable of exhibiting the phenomena o f life* (especially th e p ro p erty of reproduction or m ultiplication), such as bacteria and fungi They are usually found m low concen traltn u s and a re associated with nonliving dusts m the air, a. Bac(<r:.c. One o f the m ost im p o rta n t am ong these is th e a n th ra x bacillus, w hich is contained in the dust fro m skin*, fu rs, wool, and anima) hair, b o ro s Hoofs, b o n e s etc. This disease mav occur in two fo rm s' euUsntcu t (In which the organism affect* the skin), and puhitottarv (when it is inhaled, as rn the forni o f a n th ra x know n as w oolso rters' discave)-*1 C asts o f tetanus reported in connection n i t 's jute m anufaclure. w ere tra c e d to the raw material, the hacihus having been found m the factory dust." Diphtheria, tubercu lous, sm allpox, tvptio'ii. or o th e r bacillus* produerd diseases, m aj result fro m exposure to infected dtisis Bacterial sensitization can be the cause o f any of th e allergic disease*, namely, asthm a, perennial, hay fever, urticaria, angioneurotic Vdema, eczema, o r migraine Headaches** h. F ungi, D usts containing th e mycelis* and t pores of parasitic fungi give rise to annoyance and discomfort "M altsiefV* itch from th e elusi a lour has been rep o rted , In Provence, reeds used for ceilings are stacked w hile su it wet and un-iergn f'`HUentsrir>n they become covered with a w hite powder (a dry fungus o f the Mitcor fanuK . Sporo* trichum derm alodes), which is scattered w hen the b a rk n stripped off. T his pow der is irritating to the skin and mucous m em branes. Mycelsa and spores of moulds are comm only found to cause rashes: for in stance. th e H ack povrd er co nring iro m m acerated sugarcane stalks. Among basketm ak ers, th e mycelium and spores, in the form of a white mould (hyphomycete) from the rhatrau canes used, get shaken out when th e canes a re spHt, hatmncrcd, and cut. causing painful fissures to develop on the skin where they alight.* A form o f asthm a or spasmodic cough, suffered by cotton weavers and known as aspergill*, has bent considered due to in halation of spores o f a mildew which som e times occurs on the threads* In a study o f silicosis am ong miners, m ade by the Public H ealth Service, a number o f cases of typical miliary calcification w ere en countered. Unstained smears of those cases exam ined were positive for fungus, two types o f A spergillus fungi being identified. AS o f the subjects but one were farmers, te a m ste rs, feed mi11 w orkers, o r residents o f sm all a g ricu ltu ral tow ns w here g rain is m ark eted . F a rm e rs aTe exposed to fungi in threshing wheat, baling hay, or handling v a rio u s sm all grains.** S om e o th er fungus diseases rod* as actino m y co sis and blastomycosis are associated with occupational exposure to dust. The form er occurs among workers handling straw , hay, grass, vegetable dihri* contami n ated w ith mould, etc. A ctm orojcock is likely to affect people engaged in commercial handling, storing, and clean sing o{ g ra b (g ra m distilleries, flour mill, gram cru sh ing, brew eries and malting houses, e tc )." I). Inorganic Dust* Inorganic com pounds are oi mineral orig in , n o t requiring a living organism to produce theroT A number of dusts act u su ally classed a s toxic may. under some conditions, produce untow ard e fleets on the hum an organism Classified under inorganic a re toxic an d /o r irritant, fihroetx-produc ing, and ncnfihrosVt-pioducing dust*. a T o e ir and/or Irritant Toxic dusts aie th o se winch a rc inherenti> toxic when itthaled, ingested. or otherwise absorbed. A m ong those which produce system ic poi soning. som e o f which a re also irritan t, are th e d u sts from heavy ic c U k and il.eir -sabs, such as lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, tnc, etc. Jacintina/ I htfs Irritant dusts arc tnjurimt* by err ate reported to have been caused by reason o f h-eir strong irritative o r corro- exposure to dust of arsenic compounds. 5ve properties Certain aluminum salts arc skin irritants A a rule, inhaled irritant xnkstaocc* im mediately calice a react ion ;n the upper respiratory rae o f such severity that they and aluminum dust* may contribute to tlie infection of skin and mucous membranes, through mechanical action," ar prevented from reaching the ln$;<, al t FV>rost*-C*ractt<inp D * x U . T h e moct though they may cause lny damage by im portant of tUe*c are the m orgam c. sdightly extension of inflammation if the mucous soluble dost* which cau*c fibrous changes membrane is corroded/ Lime, calcium oxide, in the hing U*sue*t some o f which are teri- and the di-chromates are exam ples of irr- i'tty, an d w m t o f which C*u*e little or no tant dusts. An inorganic dust may possess d isab ility / So fa r a< is known, n o in organic both toxic and irritant properties, and the substance* o th e r than silicon derivatives poisoning: productif may he the combined cause m ore titan a very* m oderate d eg ree o f effect o f m ore than one mode o f entrance fibrosis o f tlie Umg. M oreover, th e re seem s into the body. to be no evidence that any other constituent O f the directly poisonous dusts, the most "widely prevalent are those oE certain lead o f ordinary duct* can influence so on favora bly a pulmonary infection/ compound?, particularly the oxide, car boatte and the chromate. T he dust is readily absorbed by the mucous membrane ; some Although other dust*, when inflated in sufficient concentration* over a long period o f tme, have been shown capable o f pro dost passe? into the stomach and is dissolved by the gastric juke* ducing a pulmonary fibrosis, nevertheless, the pneumoconiosis characterized by nodu According to Fatrhall, perforated nasal jeptum is a common occurrence among workers -with bi-chromate d ust*/ In a study m ade by the U. S. Public Health lar fibrosis has to date been shown clini cally and experimentally to be associated only with the inhalation o f dusts containing free silica. ; Service it was found tliat continuous daily Since this dust, to exert its harm fui action, exposure to concentrations of chromic acid mast enter the finer divisions o f the long, mist greater than ) milligram in 10 cubic the particle size of 3he atm ospheric dust mete is Ukely to cause defin-to injury to may liear ft definite relationship to the in the nasal tissues." It i* lielteved th at a jurio as effect produced. T h t silica must be : similar concentration of the dust would be present in the air in particles small enough : eqoaily toxic. to enter the finer air paces and o f such In the case of poisoning from some heavy racial?, exposure may be to both dust and wtpor. F o r instance* investigations have i own the sate limit of total exposure to had oxide dust and fumes to he less than l i mg, per 10 cubic m e te of air, except dimension* that the phagocytic cells may engulf (Item. T he greater m ajority of partide* fon nil upon microscopic exam ination o f the lung fall within the limit* n f from I to 5 micro?/* Kxaropfes o f siliceous ciusts are granite, quartz, sand, pumice, slate, etc. Eor prolonged exposure." In exposure to In a recent *tndy am ong anthracite miners, mercury dust and vapor, it was *hown that the correlation* lietween exposure to du*t die incidence o f chronic mere m i ism *n- (which contained silica) and the evidence treaves rapidly with increasing mercury of constitutional changes left little doubt concentration, a fte r such concentration ex- a* to th t etiological significance of the dii*t I reds Z.0 mg per 10 cubic meters " in the air breathed. Like correlation* -we-e Alkalis and metallic oxides are common found between (he silica exposure anti the causes o f dermatoses. Lye. potash and extent of pulmonary changes." VVhm the Effie are known to cause irritation to plas inhaled du*t consists of silica combined terers, cement-makers, bricklayers, masons, stonecutters, modeller*, and metal platers.** Ulceration and per forai ion o f the fiaai sep tum occur among worker* exposed to the dust of soda a*b : vystcruc poisoning also with ba*e*, silicate*, *onc degree o f change in tre fnilmmiftry ma> rc q d i, In ibis rr*;*cci a<t*evt#K dust een o he unique ammig *1lira te* ut the prevalence ami se verity o f the disease h fs c s e c * occurs from inhalation o f calcium eyanirrdde dost.'1 T he chief distinction between *:Ju*5 and condition* due tu *imple reaction* caused Cat o f dermatitis, *ccroderm and can- ii> o th e r d<{* i* th e a c m e p ro life ra tiv e *K> / \.s*/V**f'M*/iV SfrJV reaction m the tissues w Inch rcMitt * m Dust may be entrapped at its source by progressive nodufitm n Silicosis, w hen c<tce .suction devices and thus removed and col Utbi d-ed, trntigly predisposes th e lung* lected. Familiar example* are exhaust hood* to infection, especially with the tU>ercle in grinding operations, and the devices used fcac'li*. Qironic interstitial pneum onia, in rock drilling chron<c bronchitis. and emphysema. a re Crcqocni compiiCzfiotrt o f ad v an e I d e c re e s o f Generally speaking, the exhaust ventila tion method, where applicable, * to he pre stlicosti. ferred in controlling a dust hazard. W ater The relation o f the acute resp irato ry in m ay be ued to entrap dust and prevent Us fections to the reaction foe to d u sts o th e r dispersal, and under certain circumstances than free silica has never been established, H may be of advantage to combine the use though a heightened incidence h as o fte n o f w ater and the use of Miction Sometimes been shown statistically in w o rk ers in d u sty a dusty process can be completely enclosed trades. It is fairly certain that a d u st d a m ir. a sealed room or compartment. It must aged lung, whatever the cause. fares m uch be remembered, however, that any mechani ro r s e if an acute infection docs supervene cal device of this kind oilers adequate, pro VJ'Of* i t T tection only if it v* properly designed, in a study conducted by the U S. Public installed, and maintamed. Health Service am ong marble finishers in A great deal of attention has been given Vermont, it was found that m arble d u st when inhaled in the concentration found in the subject o f individual protection from du*t, and there are many types of respira ilte examined plants produced a m ild, b i tory protective devices now available Tlmst lateral. linear fibrosis in so rre cases, h u t no a re generally ot two ty p es* those which trious long change* w ere noted and th ere provide fresh air from an uncontaminated was no disability due to the dnst, even after yean of exposure/1 source and those which r d y upon a filtering medium for removing dust from the air c, 0rif'brosis-ProdufiKQ D us is. T h ese are inert, that i*. they d o not cause fibrous tissue to be produced, but m av becom e encapsulated o r lie free in the l i l a c s ; o r they are absorbed w ithout production o f fibrous tissue. Included am ong them a re alundum, coal, corundum , emery, lim estone, magnesite, m arble, p laster o f p a n s Eicyp*um). and polisher's rouge. breathed. W here the use of such a device tx indicated, only one rtf the types approved by the U. S nreau of Mures should I* used- As a role, if may be said that masks, respirators, or other such protective drstce sh o u ld be u<ed only where exposure to the dust ts intermittent and Une, or where some unusual cord.{ton makes a more ade quate dust rontrol impracticable.* W here bacteria or odier living dusts ia D ost C ontrol the air are associated with a process, steri Knjcmecnng and m edical eoiiiixd * r r (lie two most im portant factors hi comliattnp: the industrial dusi*ha?ard, and a rc to a large extent com piemen ia r\ lization methods such as increased tempera ture, ultraviolet radiation, and eitcrmcsds like chlorine or other bactericidal substances, may be of use. Pasteurization temperature (about 140* P } will kill most orgamstrn F n q in fe r in g C o r i r t d A s I a i u a *1 h a * "laterl in a recent paper, " i t is n ha-hr principle m dealing with a dust h azard lliaf the should l>e attacked at it* tut o f origin anti thus prevented fro m N u rft *h- seininatcd into the atmosphere** A fter the dust has liecn spread iltrottKh'wu the a ir '* is difficult to deal w ith it. and reliance *nti*i tre placed on individual protection, w hich 1 never wholly satisfactory. T-an>a fu rth er cites various m ethod used m controlling dut T hese will lie reviewed hi briefiy, since a paper dealing w ith the subject o f dust control in detail, wilt follow on this program. except those bearing spore*. Steam disin fection is u*cd for horsehair, and proves to lie practicable if the temperature dors m l exceed 2.VJ* F Woo! fibres, however, lose their elasticity hy steam disjfccli<i. and the *Tbickering" process now u*rd in vugland include* soaking of the wool in a form aldehyde solution, ai*d drying in a current of air at a tem perature of 160* F T There are few occupations in which there would he a sufficient concentration o dead bac teria to cause untoward ciTects in man In the case of dost* producing external irritation, auxiliary protective measures mas include the e o f protective clothing. h i r i u j t r i a i l ) tfs/.v eiovct, goggles aiiO a p r o tjc : as w ell a s j.ru - o f disease." Since som e f 9 occupational dis* icciive salv es, a im roerrt <. o r o th e r c o m pmmfe to tfeiay o r titVnniisfi th e ir r ita n t eases tend to clear up and recur, records o f previous occupations should be included in arti<m G e n e ra l r o le s f o r h y g ie n e anH g o o d th e physical ex a m in a tio n s. T h e freq u en cy h m tsrk erp v n g sh o u ld a ls o te o b s e rv e d of examinations should be determined hy Mrdical Central. Equally tm poriani, and r'osrly interrelated with th e engine m u g pliAM*, is medical c o n tro l o f occupational Iccards. In addition to directing the proper the metJieai director, unless otherw ise speci fied by law T iin sc ex p o sed *o know n o c c u pational disease haxanU may have weekly nr m onthly exam inations* placemem o f new w o rk e rs , am i K uarrl.ng th e 1`eaHh o f a ll em ployees, m e d ica l c o n tro l tv a. cheek o n the efficacy o f th e engineering roitfrol m ethods alread y instituted, o r a measure o f the need for new projective de vice. **It should alw ays b e kept in m ;od tlia t th e baste principle of physical exam m ations in industry is to keep men on the job and not allow ilte physical exam ination to be m erely a w eeding out process.*** U lias been stated th at "In d u stry hav R eference* found ifa t the best w ay to treat industrial injuries an d illness is to prevent thens."* sod m edical control, th ro u g h preemploy* cwi an d periodic physical ex am m at ions, i*. ene o f the m ost im p o rta n t fac to rs in such prevention. The preem ploym ent exam ination is m ade to d eterm ine th e em p lo y ee's physical aixJ mortal fitness fo r w o rk . I t serves to d is close the p resence o f a n y co n tag io u s dK <ae, reveals an y m in o r physical d efe cts which m ig h t later becom e serio u s, o r w h eth er the exam inee's co n d itio n p recludes Ids entfioymerd in c e rta in o r in a lt ty p es o f w o rh . It should be rem e m b ere d th a t su c h proem * payment exam inations are not to be m ade lor th e p u rp o se o f e lim in a tin g a n em ployee, tet ra th e r fo r a llo c a tin g him to th e type o f rork for which he is physically suited. A worker sh o uld be g iv e n em ploym ent unless i&Uliy unfit, o r u n less bis c!isMhty, ever iSough slig h t, w o u ld ca*cs him to 1 a h ac rd to him self or bis associates F u rth e r(iwe, th e p rac tice o f preem ploym eot aam inaiions should be ex ten d ed to include nrewlives and officials o f in d u s im ! organ!* rations "The purpose o f pertexhe physical rum inations i* lo se c u re an d m aintain * Bloomfield. J . J and D*!UV*tle. J . W " The and ControJ o f Industrial Oust.** V & PubNc Health Byt.clin No. 217, April, 1935. * Cellis, Edgar L. *'in d u in g ) FiWumocomaws. vrifh a n to a f reference te D u K tlrcy J^ecturet, IS. H- H .S .O . b on d . * Sol1fnft. Torald **A Manual o f Pharma* ewlnsy/' W . S .C a u se r & C o . Philadelphia. 1932 * rairhaJt. re n te T . "`T e x fe Dttar.* and Furoea.** o f fodttitrt*! J(yrr <*r*d Toni* cofojrr. Normb<r. IS36 * Bloom field J. J **TW PmtnpTlng And Artalym* o f industrial bint*," Am eritm t Public Health A w oc*atJon, Y earbook, 1935-36 * GthVt. \ v K H azard In Indu-*t-y *' rt***i Bonn. l.*d. London, :93i. * A it Uy*tct-te Foundation o f A m erica. Xrc. eo**s afld AW if f>/*ordr*/* JfeWfeai Ftrtes* Be/tie- lir No I Ptliabnrifh. F a Anrit * Kettle, JL H. ` the Action o HatTtiful D im a*' loit, of Jlim aj and Mctaliurey, Condon. June **, J9lt. * *'Dtiatt, Fone*. arid Smokes.** Occupation and Health Series. International I.*bot Office, Genera. IWP ^D rinker, Philip. "Caawrtkri ef PnetimsKremi* oita To-.jr.nal o f I n d u a lf tt H ygien e a n d Toxt- coloey, 19S6. *--n----O---y*einft..*** .O ocuJmV--tion and ffcaU h S e r ie s. M aladies.*' ^ ^ ---------------------------- In h aed Tohacco l> i t J-anrnul o ( n d tisto a H ygine, I)e- u m k f , 1927. H W n ile, IL ProM er. **Th r J i t w a t f t o i . or O ccupaiiona A flcc cn a c r th< S k io *' iL K 1^-ws * O U d . London, ^ S c h v a m Ju*. " S kir fatard* m A mer?car n d iia try '' . S P ohiie Kcmkh B uileiin N o, 2IS, O cm ber, 1W<< ** mem and / . < -<Tndu*triai f>eem*to*eo Trea<* Apecia: K erlrv c f Kecent T .tera puvMca) fitness a n d th e re b y Icn g tlim ivorJc ipans"* R eexam ination o f em plovccs some* results in the discovery o f defects and &ohHities w hich w ere not observed at th e Htc o f e m p lo y m e n t 1 su c h cases, on ocmfaticjnal a d ju stm e n t should I>c m ade to rovide continued em p lo y m e n t !mt rem ove she risk o f p erm anent in ju ry . S x am (n ation o f em ployees >< req u ired tj law in c e rta in o c c u p a tio n s m w hich th e Sand'mg o f poise nOy* o r o th e rw ise d e lrte ri!es s tW x n re s m ay re su lt in the co n tractio n Toa.eoiotry, Ji.|y . * Oceen'artonal f^am n* m W otker o fim rar" Bet^K'm .e ie r, Journal { A m erican Vfetltcal Aao- u im n , S jy f tO 1^2? Abat Journal f n d u a tn a l >lrte*te re>niarr 92R . W "Floi-' r Mon Oceopaton * M Heallfi S c iie z intrrnatioral ^ liou r Office, fV c e r a , J930 M a y e r M a y R **Su'cefittbihlv in Dcrm atilia." TTht ftwhiMrial fi tille;in. A in an y. A* V f e h JC.t/, vol. lfi. on 2. ** Rinker rHalim* and fa lch , Tleodore ''o-itta* *r* * Mcrraaa-titt Bnok Company. n c.. N e v y a , IV n ^ t h * t rt . motx. '*Sk n Hasarda in Amercan Jndyttry Part 11*' V . S PubNe Hallh B ulletin So. 7201Sepi. 0.1(S 'Tt*on(>Hi "Wivid. * Or.*, ^(vaton and H ealth Sere<< nt<rnitonal I^ h o n r Office, O rn er*. 190 n T w e n ty -six th N o tio n a l S a fe ly C o.iqress * H w . E, W . Manna, W ,, rd StiU ybreat. C O. "If\dorr*J Meditine nl H ytiene.*' BtUhevc, Tlo4fcH lui C o i. Condea. }92i G, T **TK< D u in o! * 1 K tctrr tl Aliercr " Southern M td ittI Jo o riu l, Voi. 2?, No. SO. Od. W4*. R. R. *nd Mre**J*r. F. V . " Mlti*ry Lant Du< t U n k n to ti C*um, LI. S Public !f Irb Reperti. De. 5, 1^10 * `'Actnoo'^yeoofc.'* Occupano) and He*!t Serie*. International ijkbour Offe, Co*'**., 1930. ** HofUrd. J . W. "Textbek o f Medica! 0>c*ni*try ad Toideolory.** W . B. SkUftdc" Com parir. Pbila- dettala. 1920. * Blootnfield. J J . and Biom , Wt. "H ealth Hc* aedi m Ciromiuas Platinf."" U S, Public Health Serviee Reprint No. 12<S W u fcln fto n , 1930 * Rua*<M, Tenet, Bloom&eld, B nxten and Thomo- on. "L eia Potenln in k S to rile * S ije r* . R R. and |w > ec R. R "S t!* and Similar Out tic%e" National SJlicoou Con* Terence. W uhlngton. D, C.. April H , 1936. k S*yer*> BlonwfieM, O illiV atlr, J e n n , |J 7 f n , Bronrlaee and R n tirn **An<hraco>Sin<ola amen H ard Co*! M iner*/' 1* S Public Health Butiettn No 221. I>eecmbr. 193V * Middleton, E_ U- "Inriurirtil Pu1tonry I). eae due to the Inhalation ol The 1^nej. July < and J|. |9 1 \ ** Dr**en. Waldetrtar C , " W r t t o f Inhaled Marble J>u*t a* Observed in Vermont Marble Finisher*." U S. Public Health Service Rcj*r>*>: N o 1630 " U n n . A. J `'Control and Prevention of Sil>* cod." $yn>^otum on Silleoiii, Cnhfornt Taber. eulo*s Association, S<a Franeiaeo. \927 " Newculat, M. N. "Medleal Service m Induitry and V/orkmen' Cornpentatron Law /' American ColloC of Surgeon*. Cfete**o, 1934. Hitter' Fur Cu*nr Indoatry" U 9. Public Health Butctift No 2t<. M r. * '? ** " Medical Car< of in dutrht W o r lr e r * N a * tio ra l !ndu*rral Conference Board. Inc. He* York. 1926. The Engineer's Part in Eliminating Dust Hazards B y A R T H U R S. JO H N S O N A czittant to M anager, E ng in eerin g D epartm ent, A m erican M utual Liability In su ran ce Co., B ozton, M a tt. When owe realizes- th at co n tro l o f the d u st pensive methods for making the air clean arc hazard depends u;*on the combined contribu still to the realm of dream. Much work must tions o f the physician an d th e en g in eer, he a p he done to know more about silicosis and preciates that the solution requires scientific m ore how to make atmosphere* safe m er/w - treatment. By scientific treatm ent l mean the sxvdy. As an accident prevention job, dust technical analysis of the Hazard to discover control lies alm ost entirely within the admin Ihc causes which co n trib u te to in ju ry o r fll istrative responsibility. T he control measures health, and the development of control m eth are capital expenditures of considerable site ods which obey physical law and physiology, and which will I* directed a t cause* that admit of most im m ediate amt economical treatment. T hat goes fo r handling th e d u st h azard in a given plant. It goes double fo r acquiring knowledge to the era! that the whole problem may reach ultimate solution Right now oitr knowledge of the problem U in tg ch u n k s loosely put together am i larg ely em pirical. A plant with a dust hazard is sick, it needs an expert diagnosis and scientific treatment which may include expensive m ajor opera tio n s Home remedies are seldom much good, and supervision and employee safety con sciousness alone cannot accomplish anything. T here may be observed in countless shop* installations for exhausting du*t which arc derisively called "tin knocker** job* m which th e horsepow er dissipated is out of all prt> There are estimates only to judge the mag* nitude of the dm : health problem, anti it 1 *o closely associated with o th er health pruhletns portion to the air-bom e dost moved Toimagt efficiency o f material moved may be the proper yardstick for pneumatic conveyors but if die that a clean-csR estimate of it alone is im- ^isothle. Vfe do know th at it is great to the aggregate, and for the individual plant it may m aterial to be moved is atr. contaminated wok nearly weightless particle* of dint, the entire Iwralth hazard cart lie in the half of one pci he very bothersome and expensive cent of material not moved. W hat actually make* quartz du*t cause sihcozil is not Jcm'wn. If doc*. > the air breathed by workmen tm m not contain harm ful quantities of reM^rxWe q ia n x dust, inex I do not mean th a t unless a dust suprc*stoo jo b wa* engineered it can be no good. Tbett a re many good installations that were never figured at all h u t grew like T opsy T he re ftuftr sfritti liu ti 9 93 sulting freedom fnm dustmens w*, Sl, factory th a t efficiency held HtiU mu-rc-M u* the ow ner T liK i* excrrxinn*}. wom><r. *<1 I iffcr the opinion th at du*t suppression job* 'mnW Ixt engineered A dii-t'*upprrJon insljH zivw v<f<.u device d esig n ed xd o p e ra te d in p ro \.,h pro lection a g atu st p o ssib le divca^c an d provide a sense of se c u rity w hich m ust be absolute Its safety is n o t ru s h in g a ir and ra ttlin g ehipx but a m in im a l r e s i d u a l d u x tm e s s . T iic rc is it m ore p a th e tic d e f e a t f o r a d u s t c<Ritrut <>1 than to find fa ith in its effectiveness so low that w o rk ers m u st w e a r re sp ira to rs to find the re a s o n a b le sa fe ty th a t w ax e x p e c te d fr>u the hood*, d u c ts and. fa n s. 1 want t<` gi no far m my opinion as to mmc that the engineer should not attempt to define (lie quality o f health hazard in a given plant or industry, nor should he establish threshold lim its of safe o r permissible dusti ness. T ins may />e chatab'e, b u t I shalt con tend that the engineer who w rites the speci fications of hazard ami dust tolerance is really an m<istrja$ hygienist, and is using a very much broader knowledge than engineering alone. fi* the first case (lie quality o f th e health Jiazard is an opinion arrived at after studying all the environmental conditions including the xefieral santaiton, occupational analysis and a scientific analysis of the dust exposures D iagnosis and Control In the exploration of dust exposures, the nature tu d u s ty operations must be viewed I.et u* e x a m in e so m e o f th e ie a tu re x 3y from physical, them ical and mechamcaJ winch w e re c o g n iz e th is d u st h a z a rd problem aspects, the determinations of dustiness must leaving o u t th e socJo-fega! aspect*. !*c not only counted a r d classified by particu In o rd e r to d evelop m ore fully the emitseer's place in th is d u st control program , it late sizes, hut chemically and mineralogically analyzed T h e plant layout must be studied <wnx desirab le to sep arate as sharply as wc an the diagnostic considerations from thu^c vliidi deaf w ith control. In the 6rst com- with respect to dust production and distribu tion. and the housekeeping and existing dust control equipment evaluated. T he presence of jofimcnt wc can place all flic anal>iica! v>iu- apecific hazards, such as toxic gases, abnor poucnis which describe the hazard and its mal tem perature and humidity conditions, etc., itposure, the pnbalTity o f its prnditeiitg ill mm be explored for their complicating effect nith atvi all tbc rest of the medical and upon the whole picture. T h u is distinctly an mfustrial hygiene facts which make out a industrial hygiene job, and some of the moat a x against the ex istin g dust. 1 the second critical data requires only medical viewpoint. compartment place th e lotowfedgc of physics T ills is ahsolute in th e case of tuberculosis H engineering necessary to plan die dust study atl the qualifying of men for employ control program and design it that wlien ment. astaQed its perform ance follows prediction Cut the prolw bility of industrial disease i< zritsced to R*ig>M6cance. So far, m ;t one atom of engineering to suppress dust is involved. It is entirely anal ysis o f hazard. T he diagnosis must be that T he In d u strial H ygienist tl*e dustiness i.s hazardous to health o r chat it \s safe If it I* hazardous, it m utt be brought Our first feature o f interest would naturally down to a specified residue. U It isn't, leave [ k the specific and relative toxicity of silira. it alone. On the .second point. If the hygienists zlica-beariog an d o th e r dusts which n u k e np can not specify threshold lim its graduated {dc dust health h azard . M uch might be sil tipward for relatively le** hazardous dusts, [ id advantage ab o u t th e quality and quantity let the engineer toi w orry about it. T he I d hazard in many dusts. T he acquiring of diagnosis is dust which is harm ful and too ! ta knowledge has been, znrf must remain a f zriical problem. I t involves gross and micro- much of it. T he remedy is control of the dust. The engineer designs control* which will | epic pathology a n d x -ray s, and experimental produce the low est practical residual d u sti f anal*. K ngineers do not talk rhar fangiuge. ness. H e should not attem pt to w rite his own Irdustria! hygienist* d o ; they are a happy At*csficatkwi* of threshold limits o r permis | animation, half doctor and half engineer. sible dustiness. T his may be an important ; Kwy of them a re q u ite capable o f handling 1tc dust health hazard in all its phases of i resticatiou and control, l-or the jmrjsisc of goal m the study of dust health Hazards. Safe Limit i < discussion I throw th eir interest in with At the present tim e the medical men and I e doctors. hygienists believe that q u a n r dust is safe * 94 N a tio n a l S a fe ly C otu/rt'ss telow live nullum particles ritey seem will ing t> graduate upw ard to 20 million (or mdJiufn (lira atvl 50 tnilliofl for low silica |xjrccnfac< Five particles virtually trical phenomena which bear upon hud teUavinr. Hto'C a r c all principles of physics winch explain the beliavior of dust and upon winch system l <.. the lu*k. loss at the tends, and Ws- in the ducts must not be guessed at. rip e design must take into account t c gage f lie m etal and reinforcing to withstand pressures and erexion. .lust free. and i* very difficult awl expensive jet achieve ail iiiamlam T iie declaration of safety of tiie uisM lfanom must rem ain in the hands <{ the m edual ami hygiene group* in wIwnc hands im.iv lie* the responsibility for rietermui.ng the hazard. W e now enter the chapter of our discussion intended to dem om trate that dust control Is an engineering Job, that it must be g-ven temtfic treatm ent. ot guess work, applying engineering methods which are based upon a knowledge of physical law, the behavior of dust, the performance of air-moving machin ery, etc P rereq u isite K now ledge J.ct n x recilc briefly, a few of the things which, in my opinion, the engineer should know lo do this job correctly, H e must know how to make a survey. Surveys depend upon sampling, and sam pling is m>t a catch-assarch-car proposition. It involves the place, the tmic. the frequency, tl'.c am ount in a sam ple. and the number o f samples so that m axi mum, minimum and average data mean some engineering practice must be tesed. They must t e imdcr*iood and be taken into account. l>u.st control is not a matter only of general ventilation; the engineer must study the pro duction a s well as the dispersion. Tlie problem should Irc analyzed to determine the applUa bdity o f segregation, enclosure, w etting local exhaust and general ventilation. In *oic instances, substitution of non-haz ardous material, or non-dvist-producing oper ations may Jiave specific application, and they should be explored first. This implies plant engineering l am convinced th at many bad installations are bad because plant engineering was not used. In the designing o f exhaust systems installed to capture the dust at tlx points of generation, the physical beliavior o* a ir moving tow ard h**1s and * ducts mast lie know n, and that knowledge used, fvacb system nutst consist of coUectHut hood* pip ing. air-cleaning plant and a source tif suction. Before selecting a hood for a Job the engineer must know dust dispersion by dynamic pro T he selection of a fan and its motive power a m atter of calculation, not guess work iNmcr consumption in the system is calcula ble, fans follow certain laws, so the engineer must know the behavior of a x al flow, pm pcller type, radial flow, paddle wheel amf other fan performance More physics and engineering calculation goes into the air-cleanm g apparatus. The selection of gravitation, inertial or filtration method depends upon what the dust is. the calculation for any methods requires knowl edge of discharge through stacks, the deter mination of sites of settJmg cham bers, the behavior of cyclones. T he use or non-u*t of * filter, and if so. what type, how it should perform, how big it should he. what kind of resistance and how much each kind offers, to My nothing o f their proper location with (elation to cleaning, accessibility, etc., are all terns for accurate engineering determination. A pparatus to check the behavior o f intalla- jection as well a s dust dispersion by atr cur rent*, and design the Itood accordingly. t / hi i/.\ 95 nms iniKt tc known and used }*crtrniatuc caii>H*t he left to guess w ork. Supplying suffi cient ar to be exhausted is part of th e prob lem 'flic same may be said of heating Ho I gixe (He problem too severe a build up v 1 think tvt U cmcmter these two th in g s: 1. You a rc te a l cog w 'th hazardous m ate ria! so small in sire and so little o f it by w eight that it is as invisible as the a ir that te a rs it- Z. Physical laws involved in the behavior uf dust and air do not permit inexpensive methods of control. 1 am acquainted with budgets set tip for th is purpose which anvuint t<> more than a qu arter of a million dollars and I know <f many w here 60 to 80 thonsaixl dollars is Involved. T he need for this much engineering is rec ognized by men who know. Already much tins been done tow ard getting die knowledge m t" liandlxxjk shape. Perhaps the best job of this sort to date U "Fundamentals Relating t<* the Design and Operation o f R xham t System s" developed under American Stand ards Association procedure. thing, *o that credibility can be given them. Knowledge Needed For the type of sample involved he m ust know how to weigh or count respirahle dust, as distinguished from large masses of no' respirable dust which complicate the picture. He must know how to observe the sources of dust floods as <lo.tiRitsfiesi from conditions T he aero-dynamic characteristics of suction hoods appear to be little known because little tiiought was given to them in designing thousands of hoods which can be found every w here m industry. All the possibility for The Doctor's Part in Controlling Dust Hazards By A. D. L A Z E N B Y , M .D ., F.A.C.S. C hief Surgeon. M aryland C asualty Co., B altim ore, M aryland *f normal dustiness. H e m ust know the Miurces of d<t and the principles involved in the dispersion of dust. H e m ust determine how much dust enters the problem liecanse it is, .art of the m aterial, and w hat dust is ereaicd m the pr<*c e*1 In tlx fractu rin g o f th r material. \n y Jew survey ;<m**t trlJ the engineer what his task of <lnst control is *1 visualize that task intelligently he .should know the entrapping dust and much of the efficiency of Considerable confusion has existed in the the systetn lies in this factor. Atr velocity ^ to ju s t w hat is th e physician's func- static suction, and rate of air flflw are ^ ^ in the prevention o f d u st diseases, and related, an d they must be known. It is e s s o ^ vvhat ts the engineer** It is very ob- lud tn use high velocity of air itj certain type ouc upon even casual thought that the <f exhaust systems (o entrap dust projects: pg sciences m ust w ork hand in hand in at high velocities as in tiie rase of a grariW <)f ff0r(S to solve the problem. surf.aci.ng. machine, an. d lo, w velociti,es m, ust b<The physician th ro u g h Ins special training ,,.cd m others, in ,Kc rae of rlean.nl bc M c tQ lleeT wl]a( dlI3,, 1 ^ r.brc of duR to prevent w a,rj td a n g c r o m ln d wU,, a r, U c mIlst recognize the disease when U ,s fully de veloped. ft is not iicf<sarify the physician's func tion to analyze dust Tliat is a task for the chem ist and th e p cirographer l l is n o t the physician's function to count the p trtid e s of dtit in a given u.dnstrial atm osphere. T h at, ut reality, is the function of the engineer It is not the physician's function to devise ventilating equipment for the removal of physic o f H niuiitan m otion, l a w o f resist- m a te ria . nvf <|sts enter the h<v:> and dust, n o r even to be m ore than an adviser ance to the motion of particles maxing in air. Quantify of air and its velocity must b e manner in winch they do th eir harm . H e as to th e means th a t must be adopted to hotli when the air is m turbulence anti for determ ined, then the piping should be di ^ ^ train ed *n the cxam inat.on o f per- render tiie atm osphere safe. stream-line mutton. He dmiiW know terminal velocities, movements due to centrifugal mo signod ( " take into account the behavior c w w'bo a r e to bc employed lo wo"k in air-flow through pipes at low and high vekx and to discover those who a re already The physician nevertheless must correlate with his medical know ledge and wit! his tion; flix-culation and the effects ftf air motion ides. W h ere the problem i complicated b stased, o r are peculiarly succpteb'e to studies o f th e industrial w orker the findings ami lb effects of humidification ot it. H e the la rg e sized particles which go along wit pj dj*aSC, H e m ust bc able tu dciect the o f the engineer. A diagnosis o f sthcosis, for " ** know all alwiui the difficulties of w etting the fine dust, how these behave must be take ^ signs o f disease *o w orkers v.Io are exam ple, requires not m erely ch aracteristic ami what is known abitif overcoming these jnto acniunt. P icss^re S s j f a^e ve**v impa y-eri d*ist, ac d rr*t';t be prepared t~ occitf au o n al h istc-y a~d characteristic pby difficulties. H r should know the several elec taut elements hi the design of an exhatnf *i / C tttfy-< i.rfh 'S a tifftia l S a f e t y C cal findings. bat the knowledge av n ett that patient has been exposed to hazardous *Ium s it* dangerous concentra', it><yi. All dusts when tniia'od * excessive quautm es may be c<>f<i<2crei a< harm ful. but otj a few car? fic regarded as da'igerou* l*Yotn the standpoint o ; their danger, properties, the} n*a> Ik It*. H ed iuU> three general groups. 1. Tltose which are tUngcrows because o their poisonous act;on, <uch as lead, arsenic, mercury, and similar sub-lanccs. 2. Those which cause only irritation irt the respiratory tract, reenltmg to such condi tion^ as bronchitis or local inflammation; such substances as .gelaUe fibre, cork efusi, flour. starch, and other ''dativ ely innocuous organic o r inorganic materials 3 T h o se which tend lo prwdo<c hbrusts of the lungs thereby predisposing *o ^ctpjrat 2rv mfcci*o*is4 especially tuberculosis, Usb evicts a asbestos, -i?rca. dioxide o r m ag nesium srcate. I shall confine tny rem arks chiefly to dusts occurring in the latter category. t has been generally beheved that the harmful effects o f dusts inhaled into the lungs depended m ore upon their physical structure than upon (heir chemical It was believed, for example, that silica dioxide, or quartz, was particularly h arm fu l because f its crystalline structure, ar.d the hardness and sharpness of its particles. This concep tion is now known to be faulty. T h e dusts which cause their damage hy mechanical in terference with function are the dusts which are relat'Vely innocuous, whose symptoms are transitory, and which subside upon re moval from exposure to the dust. Chemical Effect I k H arm ful T he disease of particular interest to u< today, silicosis, owes its harm ful effects very largely to a harm ful chemical reaction oc curring between silica dioxide and the body tissues I t so itappen* that stftca dioxide is decidedly a tissue irritant to the body, re gardless of the part of the body U invades, it causes local irritation, local destruction of tissue, and the replacement o f that tissue by sc a rs Thus, given a dust containing sthca diox ide in sufficient concentration, in sizes small enough to permit *1* entrance to the ultimate air spaces in the lungs, we have a utuation which offer danger to the worker W e iiawc no real knowledge as to true figures, hut as a simple rule, we can adopt for practical purposes the thought that the human body can withstand succcs'ifttlty a concentration of dust containing 100 per cent Silica dioxide in a particulate size less than 10 microns, in a concentration not in excess of 5,000,000 particles per cubic C<>1. Ji we decrease the percentage oi silica dioxide present in the dust, we ran correspondingly increase the concentration with comparative safety. W e must, of course, take into ac count the portion o f the worker's time spent in the dusty atmosphere. T o a rriv e at a rough conception o f a safe atmosphere, we multiply the percentage of free Silica in a given dust by the total num ber o f particles per cubic foot if the result is under 5.000,000 the condition may lie con sidered relatively safe If the result is over 5.000,000 the condition must be regarded as unsafe. Bear m rmnd too that silicosis is essentially a disease of great chronioty. Except in a few exceptional instances it will require from seven to thirty years for a w orker to develop advanced silicosis It is evident too that coinCJdeni dusts may cither retard the development of silicosis or hasten it. Recent research seems to indicate that the admix ture o f aluminum dust to a slficious dcs* will greatly inhibit (be reaction of the latter; w hereas a silicious dtist combined with some alkaline coincident dusts may hasten the de velopment o f silicosis. Much research is now under way * prob lems such a* this. W e have never learned ho to cu re silicosis, but we arc learning rapidly how to prevent it. Onr knowledge m this respect seems to be limited to the removal of du st fro m the breathing zone of the worker. L ater discoveries ma> show os how to m odify existing tfust< with contamwuaf dusts th at will render silica dioxide innocu ous. Ow ing to its very great chroutcUy, it a only the rare case who actually develop disabling stfkosis during His Industrial life tim e. It ii realized, of course, that excep ttonal instances take place, but the coincides* ravages o f age usually keep pace with dr1 effects o f dust, so that much ~r the dis ability usually attributed to silicosis is offt* in fact, actually attributable to other 4zs-, eases o r incapacities which advancing yesft bring m their wake To me iJ,e gr*af perilif silicosis, the peri! not only to the intral huuU rutl fhfSts 9? w orker htm scif, hut his family. co-<>i kerv ar.d th e public generally, is the accompany htg susceptibility to tuberculosis. Com plicated by Tuberculosis silra <lixi<!c ** very likely to excite mto activity a turbcrru.mi teocm winch may be tfiitc<crnt or arreacd. and mice such a lesion is reactivstc<t. the chances of recovery are remote. 5>tl*c<is per sc does not kill. Tuberki-c as a complicating factor of mIiccms rarclv recovers despite treatment, and the indi vidual 50 afflicted is not only totally dis abled himself, but a definite menace to all ftith whom he comes in contact, parfirularjy the fellow worker who may have sthcosis. So perhaps the most im portant places ; whicn the services o f the physician in a dusty trade a re necessary are--first, alo -^ hncs of discovering and barring from exposure to a siftciVms dust those persons who may a l ready have arrested tuberculosis; and sec ondly. discovering those persons already e x posed to dust, po.svfcly already silicotic, m whom tuberculous infection* ir.xv have tieve`oped ft is well recognized that no individual should be exposed to dust containing silica dioxide until he has undergone a thorough physical examination, including carefully made and interpreted x-ray films o f His chest. Tt is likewise obvious to anyone fa miliar with silicosis that no person w ho \% exposed to silicious dust should be denied The privilege of frequent physical exam ina tions and x-rays of the chest, not entirely to discover th e existence o f possible silicosis, but to discover a coinadent tuberculosis if such exists. T he second problem which co n fro n ts the physiriau at tl<c pre-employment physical e x amination is whether a given individual is. hy reason o i secondary physical defects, more <nsc<*ptjh!c t* the development of sili cosis than a normal. Is he suffering from diseases o f the nose o r upper respiratory tract, such as chronic sinusitis, disease of the lungs or air passages, of obstructions which produce mouth breathing? W e must rctnetnlicr th at silica dioxide r not dangerous until i( re a d ie s the lungs, and that the norma! dividual reia.n m the noc and the upper air pa sages a large quantity o f the dost inhaled from the atm os phere. In instances where this nasal reten tion ts disturbed, exposure to silica dioxide dust may be dangerous to that individual, where it would not be to another. It is believed that certain diseases o i the heart and circulation, o f the kidneys, possi bly syphdK chrome coincident diseases of the lungs, all may render a man m ore sus ceptible to silicosis than normal T he physi cian at his pre-employment examination must follow certain established criteria m this respect, and bar from exposure to dangerous dusts those persons who through existing disease may be more ready prey to silicosis or tuberculosis. A man so diseased should, in protection to Himself and to a!! with whom he comes si contact, be removed from industry. Let toe emphasize the uselessness o f a physical examination, unless it be accompanied by properly taken x-ray film, except in case of gross tuberculosis. It is the function f the physician, there fere, to conduct in a thorough and an intelli gent manner the pre-employment examina tion of all persons who a r t to be engaged ia a dusty trade. T he purpose o f this ex amination should be threefold. F irst, to discover and bar from employment in dust, any person who is suffering from tuber culosis in an active, a quiescent o r an a r rested state A powbJe exception might be m ade in individual suffering from a to called heated pnmary rompTex, o r a Healed childhood in fection, U is well known that exposure to Re-Examination Needed After the applicant for employment has successfully passed his physical examination and is engaged in a dusty trade, th e duty of the physician is not yet ended. T his w ork man must he periodically re-exam ined, first to discover the early appearances o f pul monary fibrosk, but what is even more im portant. to detect the early evidences of complicating tuberculous infection A man liotild not be dismissed from em ployment m a dusty trade merely because be ha evidences o f non-disabling silicosis. W orkers tn dusty trades, especially stone ctifier. moulder*, pottery workers, xjxf similar craftsiren. are usually highly skilled, and it seem* unfortunate front a social and economic point o f view to deny them em ployment o long as they are physically able to carry on, especially since the actual dis abling qualifies o f sthcori are in doubt. 4 f w r n t \ - ' ix th A <1/ \o n a l S a } 4't V ( *>)Ujrr \ th ey >1uiuhl Ik: domed employment in a interval., conferring w ith the physician in au dusty trad e if that condition is found a t pre-employment exam ination, but they >hould not be ta rre d from continuing an employment m which they a rc already en effo rt to discover w hether, tit the light of their joint knowledge, working conditions are dangerous. H e must develop and install carefully designed ventilating equipment. He gaged O f course, m uoh instances yon, a* m u st arrange for modification o f chemical engineer*, m ud realise that jo n have faded, tacause if you had kepi the breathing zone of the worker free from dangerous dusts, siiteo*iv would m<t be present on physical exam ination and other industrial processes, where such modification is possible, and ntul bend tus efforts toward removing from the danger zone of the worker the offending substance. '\h a tc v e r it may be. In this w ork tf preventing d u st diseases in indnnry, it should he evident that the closest and mo-d intelligent cooperation lictween the physician and the cmruieer is necessary. T h e physician miM . through Ins knowledge and reear< h. tell the eng neer w h at dust, or. for that m atter, what other substances used Too many engineers construe this function loosely. They pass on to the physician as his responsibility certain functions winch es* sciitially arc theirs; such functions as dust analyses, dust counts, and similar technical d u ties AH too o ften tt is considered ade quate merely to install a tan. in industry are harm fid. H e must tell th e engineer hots urli duet* or o th e r m aterial enter the l>dy, how they leave ttic lx>dy and what they do m their passages through or ihctr residence iu the body M u it M ake A nalyses V entilating devices in dusty w ork rooms m ust i>e constructed only afte r carefu l en gineering *tudy has given a knowledge of j he physical properlie.s of the air and of I substances polluting it It is possible to calculate to a very fine point the volum e of ! air th at m ust be removed Horn a given spot The engineer must in tu rn tell the physi cian of the harm ful dtiis am i other sub* stances surrounding his w orkers. H e m ust make chemical and petrographic analyses of to rem ove the dust originating a t th a t place, an d the engineer m ust approach Im task fro m just as scientific an angle a the physi cian approaches his the dtj'.ts, and other indicated anal>es o f the T here is no room in industry for hap atmosphere in the w orkshop. H e must m ake dust touui and check Ins counts at regular h azard m ethods on the p art of either the physician or the engineer. in jo u x \M t-:\ r industrial Fumes, Gases and Yapors THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 14. 1937 The meeting w as called to o rd er hy Vo> ta o W isconsin, M adison, who presided and W rabetr. Chairm an, Industrial Commission tu trod need the speakers Injurious Effects of Metal Fumes and How to Prevent Them By R O Y R. JO N E S , M.D. D ivision of L abor S tandards, U. S. D epartm ent of L abor, W ash in g to n , D. C. The inhalation o f m etal fume* i* a common cause of illness am ong certain occupa tional groups. T w o very different systemic m et ions may result from breathing atr ronwtmng paniculate metal or metal com'oumls: (a) meta! fume fever, an acute, transitory, n o u -iatal disease causing slight or ^mporary disability; (b) systemic metal poiennmg, mild, severe, o r even fatal m its (Sect T he same occupational exposure may produce boil reactions, m eial fum e fc \c r ievdoprng following the -worker's early ex posure, chronic system ic poisoning develop* n* later as a result o f prolonged exposure We may consider m etal fum es as sudd articles generated by condensation from wtal in a gaseous state. Condensation U a<ua1Jy accompanied by oxidation. Tlicrc are two chief physical character* sties o f metal fn m rs w hich bear a direct idaiuuislup to the case w ith w hich they may h absorbed: (a) T h e solid partislc* arc eucii finer than atm ospheric dust, probably ncragmg less than 5 m icron in diam eter: A) they tend to flocculate am! settle o u t of the air as dust. T h e finer th e sobs! particles mspended in the air, th e longer th e tim e itqmrcd fo r them to settle o u t M any nf a coarser dust particles in the a ir are tapped in the upper respiratory trac t and by ifcr ciliated cells lining the tra rh e a and konehi, while the finer particles m ay lie nrrio! to the term inal air spaces o f the *nne* H ere they a rc taken lip by th e phag<>. cytic cells and arc elim inated chiefly by way of the blood and lymph la y e rs and his associates1 found that only about !^ per cent of inhaled particulate matter, such as lead dust from automobile exhaust gas. was retained in the lungs, the rcniarmlcr passing out with the exhaled air. Hrinkcr and his associates* and B row n' made quantitative measurements of fumes retained n the lungs They found a direct relatio n ship 1 tween t i e percentage of fum es re tained and the size of tl*c particle and the density of the fumes breathed. They also showed that *Jow deep breathing increased the read m it resulting from inhaling iu .c ftimes. Such breath tog should increase the percentage of part ten late m atter retained. H azardous Processes For convenience we may place the more ctmtmon (Kcnpatioual environm ents which are likely t afford a harm ful exposure to m etal fumes m :Im <* larg e group* 1. Smelling *.f ore* and refining of metal* Z Kmplovturn! at processes handling m ol ten metal such as molding, cutting, and welding operations. I Salvage and cleaning operation-., includ ing the burning o l metal* o r metal co\rrect object*, especially by mean* of acctvlene lorch or electric arc. In the fir*t class, the ore* or m etals p ro c essed prm idr tfie source fur the generation 99 t American Society of Safety Engineers-- Engineering Section Officers 1936-37 Chntrtn L . tm *w, >*.t*tj A o n d iit rond <-Rf.m ttc a tp , N ew Y ork, N . Y. -C. H- Pudir ^ - r v u t ( rji.. M wntiierr. W* /*(*f-CYnVfriiK-- K. E* *)n x v ,v \s , M anda rt` OU C<*t*3rj t f t -.M o /rin , S a t F ra n c is t, C a lf. V rrrifO '-- W . Dfan K kff*. N atio n al > a k i y G m m S, ( icn^: , 71 Mrf>t'tr r r t f .t i r j f e -- ^> ki A N sytw Tt. A n ieriez K Si:u.tartK A ^ G alio n . N eu. Y o G , N* Y. C H A uki, W estin g h o u se K e c tn c and M a t< u 'a rn .rm g t~ u . H ast lA tu b u rg h , t}a. j . I. Haa^h, Conqut g Kngi'icc-, C n cag o , W . i l fx. K, U td e d State R u h b er lY o c u ls . nr., N ew Y o rk . N* Y IU K Uxi f, f itin t . C arB 'dc D*'<1 C arnm G >r^,, N ew YcrV. N* Y { M etro p c ia n ( `tta f te r) K W K *> B illard G-. San F i^uc.. OaH {San 'ran ci sc<% C h a p ie -) H. ". {tti.KfcT, A n o n ea C > irrtr -, d G * . I G hc. N J . {New je rs e y G .aj> tcr) M {>'wi\, Mu;a<i< it'tn a KUcirtc C, l*h*laifl(tUiat P a (P h U atclp h ia Q ia p 'c r ) W. M G kafk, N atirm a B u reau o f CasuaH j Suret;* t * m e rw -tie rs N ew Y o rk . N . Y. ii j . ( iK ifn r.i, ]t>ncs ik ^ an g iitn N`E1-t Curj*.. Ptt<t*ex*1* **a ( W e s te rn PennsyV an*a S s fe y C<*cd (.T aplcr} H M cA . K ftw \ rtfh^trtal C o n irn w im i o f jseutndn, M ati-^nt, Wi>-. i M. K rkitif-AS'. l 'm ct St a :e- k s'me* K c r ^ im u ^ ( ( i . h * c, Bu S a So. N . Y. (N ia g a ra f rn n u cr O 'ftpff) hv-titrrr B fCRH -ev er Brothers G , i.an .irid g e. M a . (!osu**i O idjt) " u ^ *.* K V> 7 Coa* G* < 7 P * 1 w *W R (k LutY, N ational T u re n t tif S tandards. W n'du'ti'ion, * C H U M m e*. B. . du Po m de N rn'.im rs A: t o . \V dro'ij.M \ D el, V*. S P akk. A etna ( actrcOy K B*su rance O , H a t Jr<!, t'o*:. tirft t*. P ko.vsi^ u, Os C onj'ariv o f { ah form a, G* A tiic'cs, k a iif C H M 5TO.N. P ittsb u rg h Matc (ass G . l*itKK^- A -s. R e c r u t , I 'd itr ia U claK tn s G m o v c o r s h>cTM H cw Y o rk . N Y. h SAMrfmo, G eneral leclri C o , Sa> otertaB y, N , Y. G W . S wjt", S ta n d a r d OU C e (U tL), Q i C3O, 'L H S. SvfiTH, Urtiim C a rb id e a n d CaG>an ( o r p Neva `S o rc. N_ Y S C, ^"aATTfs*. T h e T ra v e c -s Ins.Tance C o , H?nGf>r ^. C . S TtiAi.-', i?i:ick M o to r C atnpsny, i'im. M dt. ^ Ev VVn.TKt. U>criy M nttal im m an e e O . UoU). Nia-^s. V, Y aNT. Me S a fe t) Aji;d:ai\ccs (* , *ttstm rgh, f'a . O fficers E le c te d fo r 1 9 3 7 -3 8 **rci C h r ir m a x -- C B U ,.*t r W isrontU* ' Nddie < c n n c c ('<*rp t M d w n u k ce , W i* iv oNtiVAW. Stan<U'-<i Chi (.NliftW iiia, S an T ran ctico . C a.f ^ C k m r r ta r --C. K. Ka.sttiv, f'UNh^rgh P ta tc C*U<< Nitsiuirgi. P a. TVr-tx^ mo 7V H t\'< h lh S u h o n ttl S n /rfV l v O n the ha**i* *f iltf hum .iti Icitu n t l*>g the m ajor yrn h lctn in ilu elim in atio n *f :* fwlfiiK an d tlcr attu ic ln id in ju rie s, the sa fe ty p ro g ra m n n M ?* drsiM<*rl to e m p h a size to th e s.ujfr\ Mini a n ti w o rk e r the >(n-ssjiy i*f tC'tiK safety - u n cled a! all turn-. T he mt etTcrtivc m fh irn rc ui selling av Iro|jnitti a a p p e a l to th e >elf-nU*rcsi o f th e in d iv id u al I t lie b eco m es <r>\ u e d llu t it respond in tin <i!tr<ds, an d lit tie o r m> respmiihiiit> fo r keepin th e u nit 7 o p e ra in o m dilion --Im tec the n ecessary , fnl Iv org;mi/e<t inam tcuancc crew to ta k t c a re o f such equipm ent. T h e <mly exception to lhs i th e rrancm ai) w h o m ay l i a i e h in t ted TvsiwuisiUtlitie* a* to th e inspection, lubrica tio n amt adjustm ent o f hi* m achine. and certain other wartim e oi*erators. that he can |ter<maHv benefit bv th e elim ina tion of accident. h e is apt to accept the s a fr ty p ro g ra m aw l Ix ro ro c a a?c(j Ix>tvicr. Overliead traveling c ra n e s gantry cranes, rejiair trolley* and v ario u s t\pox of lu*tc com prise a cU xsof equipment which require T h e h azard s in d e n t to niabrtenarifc w o rk special attention from the standpoint o f in- ran l>e m m im trcd by m ethod* u Ii k I) aUici* sjicefion a n d preventive maittCcunocr I Htc to pate anfl re d u c e th e n u m b e r o f b re a k d o w n th e h a z a rd s o f faUrojc m a te ria l, w h e th e r cas jobs Thi* reduce* the am ount o f w ork am t e n rrrsp n v d tn g h i m h o u r ^* 5*i*vcc. an d at ual m aterial, lirokcn |*arts f th e cipupm ent, o r load* dropped d u e to failure o f mecha- low* m ost o f th e w o rk to h e d o n e on % n x tn . ev ery frccauim m tM h e ta k e n (o planned l>as.i*. T h e tn*( essen tial p ractice m such a p ro g ra m 1* sy ste m a tic . llio ro u g h keep tins d a s * of equipm ent m jc<>c>d rejiair. h lias lieeu found desirable to supplement and fre q u en t im p ei tio o o f a ll equipm ent, th e w ork of the fo rem an nod r<qarmen w ith a fidlm v-up s^ v tn n w inch will in ju re c h a rg e d w ith (he p ro p er im i(a>;uieo o f eh tM u n sa tisfa c to ry rn n ih im its a r c e o r r e r tid equipm ent by the use o f C*raie In sp ce tu rs ' a prom jitiy as jiroihietiuii allow or eco nomic considerations dictate If the m aintenance foreman** territo ry is sm all th is iixpcctw m r a n Ik* m ailc yicr**maHy H o w ev er. th e a u af d ttis io n o f a steel mill m aintenance fo re m a n 1 tot e x te n siv e and to many other dem ands arc made upon T he crane m spertor goes over all equip m en t itt detail, ra*orduig all item o f a mechanical or electrical nature which need ad ju stm en t o r r<iiWcieU. T h is survey pro vide* a double clicek aw l d t< s not lessen m an y d eg re e the responsibility <f th e aliovcnKniiincd forem en an d rep n irm en (*ojmcs hi* tim e to allow pcr>nal a tte n tio n to all item* of equipm ent It is then accessary to delegate this im portant function to op era tor, oilers, engineers and rhx-'rirrim s who are >fl a position f* nb< r r th e ronditicin of o f tlic*c ccj*orts a rc fo rw ard ed to the su p erin ten d en t ami fo rem an involved, as well a* to th e r ia n t S a fe ty M cpartntcm head A h iccom ificndcd rep airs o r d lv a tw n * wtist be tbspoccd of, eith er fy W ing ca rrie d (o each fx eeco f ;u>pnrn>s. cnm pk'tim i, t l>s lemg n j e e u d fur eae In pow er honxc*. lc>j1c r iiftinr, p u m ping station and sim ilar station jo b s the en g i neer*. o iler* , juinij* ten d er* am i ilr e tn c a f o p erato r* a r e p rim a rily <k <upl w ith o p era turn if |]e cipnpi.icnt a m i clo se an d co n tin u al ol*set\at*nn is autom atically ohtam eil Such *loc t>ler\allot 1is a< rr|iir< ) a m-ot w a n d n e to th e m tp n rta m o ( p ro d u ct * an d th e fa c t that h itle p tre ra iv ie ity 1 p ro v id e d . L ik e wise. the standard o f m atn len am c is high, fieintf kept a* fa r a* p o ssib le on a p r e v e n tn e bast, 1 he jobs a rc ustiaby w ell planned, the crew* expcri<-nccd an clheienl, and all tool* and special eq u ip m en t at h an d , re s u lt`fc in efficient and s a fe p e rfo rm a n c e The m ajority o f mill auxiliary equipm ent doe* not get the came decree of attention and maintenance H ere (he operator, in gen eral. has no interest m the apparatus, except T h e juspcitiuit co v e rs etean lin ess and or d erlin ess o f tlir equipm ent hi th e ntCTct id m im m iaed fire h azard an<l in creased safety <r iq ie rato fs and rep airm en S a fe ly equip tent, such a am irr. fire i xtmgmshcrs. h am l h u es, sn fcti ix-Vt, y;\xs. ssurm ng light', lig h t exU nsm ti co rd s, g e a r g iia rd s etc. i* e b rik c d Lmwc o r sc ra p tn<iU-ra1 0 t)rf <rac. approaches o r r n n w a \s is <j toic ra te d . T-0c, w o rn o r b ro k en p arts art ttetnized and recommended for correcuon. Inspection!: at intervals o i onr to Wo m onths have been found sufficient fo r aier* age roitclihons, w ith m ure atten tio n given w particularly hard-w orked cranes. Unmual o p cra lin g condition*, o r failu res o f iiarts my m a k e it de^iraldc fo r (lie in sp ecto r 1 maist special c l ic k s ansi re t`o r ts w hen requested A njOU KXM KN T Mining Section Officers 1936*37 {rnrruf C7r</trwi</-- C W . CmS I farw ick (\al a m i < o k c C o.. l `i(t v)Uirgh, P a. V icC .O uurm nti hi C httrMr o f /:'</uirrr,v--( l j lU u w .rr. R S $ tc c f C o rp o ra tio n Sfcsidiaric**, JhiZuth. Mm V k r .U u n r m iw in C h a n /r o f ItcnH h-- l.r t Low .. O in c h rirM C oal Corj.. l>ante. V a P lrr.C /K iinuan ui CVwn,c o f M i nilu'rship-- A to.t;s l f C am m i (> Mi hnv-rc I V t u w i M ines L td , Scfium acher, Out., ( anacla. S W rs/v ry <M*f A 'rte t U t l r r i'.iiUor - D s n ih UARXiNotov. |Tn ;tC(| S ,MCk n ,, rc*u 0 f M ines. WashhiRtoii. it < Vaster *nd Mule C onontilre O m in iu m --) . } Jornu-s, (bored S tates ihtreau o f Mines. Pftr*. burgh, C roffm m C V w w iftcc ( hutruian-- I. C ( `/u in i H t . T h e K o p p ers (k>nl C o , P iltslm ra b , P. ruM W iiy C o m u iU trc O u n ru n ta -M It It-.-i., T h e K x p h .^ v ^ K nainecr. W ih m itg to n , Del. SloU xltft C o m w tttr,' C luum ttin--W \ \ . AiM us, Ibnterl Slnti.s flurcaii o f Mine* W ashingunt, JJ (1 M emhcrt a/ fjtirtjr-- TrtoMA-i A l i m . C h ief C oal M ine Inspector, S ln lc o f Coh.rml*, D enver, Colo J W . Af.r, C alum et A Jfccfa C'onvdidatcd C o p jy r C o . C aliuncL Mich P . M . A ktouv. A m crii'aii Ze <. f Teiuicssei-. M asco t, T em i. l?KKt> F. Hh ia i.f. C o n*ohdatm C`al C*o^ J 'a irn io n t. W' V a. )*>*# L- JkMfcniMti, A narofida Cijicr M uim g (V ^ h n ttc . M o n t Ma u k io O mjitfk. C icarfieM b itu m in o u s C oal 0 > r p . }m t,aila . P a . H . T . H ak/'Fr, T ennessee C opper C, Coj>jiprJt.H, T rim H . C HfWKO, P h elp s D o d g e C'o r p , fhb<e. A riz K u *it >3 H o m i . k C<>nl M u ir S i r i n ,* JVm \-lv*iinn lf '. ,',t,iffiwis>V,iiiH P a tm g 8,,e .fnspeeim iM irra u . H a r r t h u r g , t 'a . C I". Kr<X. Ja m iso n ( ' a t CVirj. (rcim hurj*. I'n. T tto U A K Ji:nTb<H>->. T h e K o ji ja t s (*ca| fbit<hnrg/,f p-, W ti. ( i M tr /'.t x . Hud- C"rtt (*<1. S cran to n . ja IU ) lh-h C opix-r C'<^ Sail f ^ j . ( jtv*. I '(ah V. O MnwtiAl, T h e Ci-m P arifie c , ^ S ,irmt;v u K IL P a i u , N e w Je r s e y / m e O , K' e Y o r k , N . Y Jm ix T . It v a n , M m c S a fe ly A |j,Jia ix es C o . P itts b u r g h , L, *1*. Sn-KA. Si Jo ep h f-ea<( C*n.. Humic T e rre . M o . JflitAi T V fw ffK , U o tnevtakc M m m i; O , L ead. & D Officers Elected for 1937-38 ZeerolC hitirnnut--C, ) . ItA X krrT , O liv e r ir o n M u tin y C o , D n fu,p T*t Chairman--L . U>kv;. C hnchfichl C orp. Dante. Va M /r iitrn ia - A M r.u l> < ` " W - t , M to ily rc I 'o rc u ju w M uk* iVt2d. 401 flfinn. L td., S^l,u m a c (w r O n t. *02 / fy- 'U !i' S a ^ u n m l ,S/* O ' f,'b r T* M it iU i .S','t'h ttr, 403 . **-* / . .. <-. n -^ w ,A ;it ,, , < ! , , - r.K l , , , rt! N , . , ^ n . Ir, ail , f w , ^ I <m ni*.'. 'vrchtc(m th e tru e {?m < o i ?t(x jenry T h e m ajor item <>u ay re s! heel Jatxv. A jiro p e 'ty th at aetevc^ a low to mi ct rctp.Ircme ts l i e k?t<w< th a t th e p recosinx .*.} m rc ' liic sam e re* itjrcm cn's a n d th v ro ft.rr ho ah h t<* zkc ,u, ` -- ' -. ... t'H m i s u , . n ! W lt ,.f M, , r wif co>f <hic *v a cfcapcs< ac<K:red > h >n. i '|, hiv n n r k sa fe ly , oxacfly i\f c 'c it w s< le ft ' wace< w-ith he con^ceuen! Icjw ty|>e j>er- tv .tv predcco'.voA l i e can lin ts tlcvnfc ! t> . . I t*-* Ktumrl si.iH i,`*( kMK c s w 5 T h e reaw* -c s till Js.v.c 'i w n ik w i f f c a r o f sljtsh<: * < W r ,,,.,,, -S . Ji }} .. , >hvh>iN--ahhowsen the tlaiy 'r*ir <in{ >v tncihirds appltevl prcv,:s in l;s arrtv ai , v r WM ......- w * ^ X ;" * ^ ' "W v r f fi / `ST<iC Tifsvd.* Atr.**>. * b ie f O x at VTsjyp ln?yw,- c,., < * } U . A T. C a lu m e t & H H , C c m ^ M a te il C o p j r T r . , * J * * ''" - tow ii-c uftsm stc ju b co M F lugfj. Tiic<c ik>norker; are the men that cfijeren orairalit refuse to toferate-- the "cream o i the rrnj** a re hired *n tlc*r place. W hen a mine gels a reputation fo r unsafe workmjj conditions you Will n o tic e a n in P c x ! Irchcvc \ Un\ z U sk w ell dotte, rctfardicss of the ss m ore easily njaintetrtrd than a h aphazard piece o f ecnstruciloo. W hen a ^oh n safe, all cDmpooenis o f that oh arc n f irs t c la ss eosditif>\ W c can, then, urely count on b v c * lairtcnaitcc cosi* on 5rl p W ' " T,,,' K- 7 : r ^ f !n c < -n - ' ' ! T r TM n i ..V S ,Sc o i. T ,, ^ ' ,, ^ (l C w i Cn. ! w . H !lW 0il; w . A TOr< ,,, b C ,, r m M m * c v . i io . H ,, ,; V a v u *tms O c a r f ie tt fti'mt.r,oHt Oo! rw ? * nf {Kir w o rk e r* T h e good m en leave--the n.xr rc< ^ a y . T h e rcaerar. i* th a t tlie p o o r worker realise* he cannot get w rrk hi an M ganJson that dem ands efficiency anC jffsty. Rach o f a* l< (r.kcd to v ario u s em* class jrJjs ;rtd when the opcraU** w k s over h is r<*st '-Jir<'.% rt*|*tir costs a r e tin aji.r tletn A ll o f 5 have *ern Ufnx.'fmen te arin g cot o ld tin'!er a J rep faew g w ith new H a d th is t'in b e r Ixvn prt<c*l> ]ilacc<i and pro;>crl> c , T* i .* .TM . i TM s < r o m f (, r ( t w r | . ;l T n ', i; ( f r l t . n . r h r ; ^ U j w < -,, .p . )!:,w w K"! . . , N. ns*>K. <; ! f.iu.c Spc'i ,. ivrw 'viiiv- Oo, m pensatson Rati-# $ B u rea u . s a r r is h u r g . f*% *, w ^ C F , K u K j m .H .r , C oa! t\w ;> , i,rcn ,v i fKi m. E U,.tf<,ct. Th Ko,i r . Cost Co..' Pi:*!TM !, P3 tnspcc* *ovcc* co m in g o th er p r o p e r ic s . Yo*; oear th a t **<ucfc and <uch'* z com pany kills acr. daily, c r that som eone t< alw ays g ettin g h id . T lte se report m ay o r Tray not b e ag g e rate d --h u t v. h e re th e re is sm o k e th e re * fre! j f yoor property gets scch a reputa- among the labo-trg men LOOK OUT. The h av e p r:ricipl^ o f accident preven ccr.ist'jercd a t first, tl'C I'CW ;lh VrO!'*| n o t have heen necessary UnQJiestionayy u c have all hxd expericace with faulty ventilation. I recall ccrtan cndc-g-oum i ro< that could have hcc controllest and los o f e averted li3l venti lation !m concfdcrcd a m ajor problem m th e o ' igtnai layout. The o .ajo r port.es. c.i w ' C' `m ' Cas Co, Srra^fon, Pa. ' )> ; > M o rn t. I F,h o;vpcr Co_ SSJ; j k c f.-, ^rf. | V O M. M .y. T l , I W , t< al 0 l . ,s ' Vjs a r c : F u p erv i* lo r, education, anrf disc;* It * not tKce*Rry to dicus thcc ffasnpcs. H ow ever, It is tru e th a t oe mr'cl) ai a c t clay's w o rk is lo st by th e w o rk in g Our maJf m etal nsrjc are notoriouslv pm^ly vcnljlaxed Many men are "'gassed/' causing f i r m i r :a<l iron? 5tgl: rai.ee^ to death tr certain injury ; o 4her* c/?liact puhnonary K ,-i. M S c w ..rr<t-, /,m r C o , Ne*- YorV N Y * net, due to u n sa fe condition, i f the w o rk - diseases m o re readily a:' a re disabled 5 omc j . 1 . v .y y . M * .W c l, A|>pInetS Co., r.itshorR-0 p f f. T S * \ Si J -v p fi Lctui Co.. IWw T m r. y ,, T *f W Ik - *b.HM*ke \ i o . Lend, S f 3! m ust spend h alf his day rem edying felly conditions replacing stagh* left jy a h ift, *b*owiti( o u t" hi* w o rk in g e, o r a n y tjnc o f a th o u san d su m 1st c ir- a re in ju red because of ihetr ihwbHlty to sec th e ir w ork rlcariv These lUntz< arc s ll d ie to n fau lty vcnfdaftMjj co !iUs`, and \n y m**> senses rerfaiit hisses < frodiicnti rc* nxstances you know p ro d u ctio n co s ts a re g*,filies of u s seriousness, n ^r can U lx: <icnic<* that n o lo s breathable a 'r is avad- T U E S D A Y A FT E K N O O N SESSIO N T 'c efilcscnt mtt.ii'jc o rg a n isa tio n 1 to d ay sfKirdizing r v c ry task. T!cc sfandarc! aU c tir norm al eihrscury o r employees ss decreased. O c to b e r 12, 1937 t fcsii a p fre rr tl.c stu d y o f the ta sk and in one p a rtic u b r projcry I recall certain **;drpic<f `f cihcici'E sn e s a fe S e e l ja b s a d d itio n a l w ork M am ed m erely by c-iaf- T* v,a t IK ! 1 o rd e r > <cu- aV T h a * f' a;' C- <ii**l*S U n rv o ck ( oa? an d C o k e C o P s'N'ni'-ffh. W e i Cc <prakc-^ \\lt it 2*-*V ^ rpcrviHptl anil i; * c*y o c ih 'r a tc it finpo>*ee m th e m m i r r o f w orking, in s employee knows how to do a jni' hshirtK {'per vc'lat,<. A (`tal o f ruaeh<ne sm ft w as hem g ii in each day >e s s to p .o : a rc a an d p r io r `n c o r '-eet v en tilatio n The Relationship of Safety to Efficiency in M ining By JAMES K. SXCHARBSON Sley D irector, Climax Molybdeaum Company, CUmax, Colorado Ko ptr'on ^n (!cy that there ran he but tv o waj oc cle.^ mo-k--~a njsht v ^ y s ^ 'ons ^*y. Tlie v-liole <chrr.ie of n'*:v*n methCKfi h r. qu^/iou o r ty ami efcency . r ^{e <re c>nnci e fS i'? " * "'! erorjom icatly !* v v t w \ Icuxhmr! *` l^ r o r e e a r n . * .>r e v tr.-^ r,* tvlthottf erdnK*r 'J'K tihiir hv - o f :Kc rmpfnycr; th e <y.<Uro* i] abandoned tlnc.ncv.-auahly the latter thoo^i: ha< o fte n been overlookc^l W e canned; however,overlook ;'te fact tk zt an>tWni?J<*" k'^U o r maim m en ss nw>raly vrrnug. F i^ - th c r^ io rc , f o o r process o r k Umw! iei**' taacU tre^ it u; *rcv n o t rfTtce!`i. Mom 1 iiju rc i! ' ?;cm m\, p e rs o -a i tand>c;rtt I be-'vc ila t sianda-dszfng o f jo b s is th e biggest organization **an m ake to w a rd ,m uncergroun*! or su rface efBciency. I bi-r-cve th a t on th e `an d a rd ta sk s th e :( risk has i>ccn lessened 50 pc-' cent, task X9 d o n e th e sam e w ay y e t th '-rc ^ v ariatio n o f c o n h tio n s ?* m im tig so llta t it does m>i to le ra te a m att mechanical, W hen a workm an ne m ust keep a UCirttitr statsd an re e f the work being done. He attem p ts il*c a v e ra g e a n m i'i o f hole d rille d j*cr m jc h ne w as 86 fe e t A f te r the venida*.>n v.*v nprerted th e average as increased la I . ? cet. L oaders who had or girally pulled ap p ro x im ately 76 c a rs consistently passed the 00 m ark- Fc-oiagrs in developm ent w ork rose fro m 2.6 per machine to 5 8 fret Loss ctl J**ne fro m p u lm o n a ry d iso rd e rs d ro p p ed to a negligiide figure, and the criden; fre quency fell 2# per cent Are*thcr iu'pi'rta t factor i r acrhlent ^ rcv e r t n n ;s c o rrect ithum natton. 'H iosc m ines 'vo d o n e aw ay ill*. ! c Id ca rb id e