Document dYke5Dpg9L2ryqGD11mZQ2QmB

REPORT SURGEON GENERAL'S AO HOC CCMHITTEE ON TETRAETBtL LEAD January 8-9, 1959 Washington, D. C. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Weifata Public Health Service Division of Special Health Services Occupational Health Program . Washington, D. C. KE 0008343 CONTENTS 1 Cccraittea'a latter of recommendation to Surgeon General, USPH3 5 Report of Committee 5 Introduction. Presented by Public Health Service S Purpose of Committee. Presented by Public Health Service 12 Consumption of tetraethyl lead. Presented by Public Health Service 19 Health and environmental data. Presented by Public Health Service 22 Technical aspects of Increasing the limit on tetraethyl lead concentration. Presented by tetraethyl lead industry 42 Additional technical data. Furnished by Ethyl Corporation 47 Hygienic aspects of proposed increase of tetraethyl lead. Prepared by tetraethyl load industry. Abstract by Public Health Service 61 Abstracts of special reports. Furnished by Ethyl Corporation 65 Bibliography 66 Appendix A - Agenda followed by Committee 68 Appendix B - List of materials furnished Committee prior to meeting 70 .Appendix C - Proposed regulations from Public Health Bulletin 163 <1926) 77 Appendix D - Abstracts cf three reprints furnished by Ethyl Corporation Supplement - Hygienic aspects of proposed increase of tetraethyl lead. A memorandum prepared by tetraethyl lead industry ii KE 0009344 March 30, 1559 Surgeon General Leroy g. Burney United State Public Health Service Washington, 0. C. Sir: The Committee appointed at your request to consider the public health haeerd resulting from the proposed ineraese of tetraethyl lead from e maximum of three to e maximum of four cc per gallon of ator fuel set in Washington on January 8 and 9, 1959. Dr. 3. J. Kegnuson, Chief, Occupational Health Program, Public Health Service, served as chairman. Ur. Henry N. Doyle, Assistant Chief, Occupational Health Program, acted as rsporter. Prior to the nesting, the Committee embers reviewed Public Sselth Bulletin 158 "Proceedings of a Conference to Daterrains Whether or Not There Is a Public Health Question in the Manufacture, Distribu tion or Use of Tetraethyl Lead Gasoline" (1925), and Bulletin 163 "The Use of Tetraethyl Lead Gasoline in Its Relation to Public Health" (1926) and other related scientific publications made available by the Occupational Health Program. Additional background information was provided by one of the Committee Bashers, Dr. William P. Tant, who hod participated in the 1925 ahd 1926 conferences called by Che Public Health Service to consider the health problem related to tetraethyl lead. These two previous conferences had also been attended by Dr. Robert A. Kaboe who participated in the first day of the present meeting as medical consultant to the Ethyl Corporation. On January 8, the Public Health Service representatives defined the scope of the Committee's responsibilities and reviewed the history KE 0003345  2- of the tetraethyl l*d problem ad the relationship of the Public Health Service to the manufacturers and distributors i! tetraethyl lead. Representatives of the Ethyl Corporation and the E. I, duPont da NsiEourr & Company presented technical and medical data relating to the proposed Increase. The Ethyl Corporation estimate* that should the recoeasended increase be effected, the concentration of tetraethyl lead in gasoline by 1963 old be 0.4 cc per'gallon greater than would ha the conesntratioR if the 3 cc H a l t ware continued, without the increase, it was estimated that the tetraethyl l*d in the U. S. poeii gasoline would rise fro 2.09 cc to 2.70 cc, and with the increase, to 3.07 cc per gallon. Estimates by the duPont Coosany were slightly lower then those offered by the Ethyl Corporation. On January 9, the Ccassittae met in executive session with tacknicsil representative* of the Public Health Service. The proceedings of the meeting nd a summary of the data presented to the Coscaslfctee are contained in the attached report. Xhe Cotasaittea wishes to point out that a conclusive answer is impossible at the present time because of the lack of medical (kata* While the data available to the present Coraaittae are far nre complete than those on which the 1926 Committee had to make its decision, the present group is concerned about the inadequacy of medical data on which to boo conclusive answer to the problaa. It is regrettable that the investigations recommended by the Surgeon General's Committee in 1926 were not carried out. If data were now va.ilbio on body lead K 000S346 -3- burdena, with 1926 e.a a baseline, a more objective decision would have been possible. Such studies should be undertaken without further delay to assure the validity of the present decision and to guide future committees, particularly since sob authorities believe that we are now close to the tolerable limits of lead absorption. The Committee recognises that the permissive amount of lead in drinking water may be lowered in the near future. Such action can be taken in view of the improvement in treatment methods for the removal of lead from water. The Committee would welcome similar efforts to reduce the amounts of lead in the atmosphere and was particularly interested in the reported research on the filtration of lead compounds from automobile exhaust in connection with studies of catalytic oxidizers. The Committee condluded fehat (1) a change In the maximum con* centration of tetraethyl lead in motor fuel from 3.0 to 4.00 cc would not increase the hazards involved in tha manufacture and distribution of leaded gaooling and (2) available data do not indicate that such change would ^significantly increase the hazard to public health from air pollution. Should the industry Increase the concentration of TEL in gasoline, it is the recommendation of your Committee that: 1. The industry proceed cautiously with the increase so that the increase in any one year in the tetraethyl lead content of U. S. pool gasoline not exceed 0.25 cc, and the concentration of tetraethyl lead in U. S. pool ^ 0009347 -4 gasoline not be more then 3.2 cc per gallon at the end of five years. 2. The industry supply annually to the Public Bealth Service the domestic consumption figures for tetraethyl lead. 3. The.Public Health Service, in collaboration with the manufacturers of tetraethyl lead, the petroleum Industry and other appropriate organisations conduct studies to provide more definitive data on levels and trends of atmospheric lead contamination in selected urban areas and of the body burden of leed of selected population groups. If these studies should bring to light new data of significance, you may wish to reconsider the recommendation of this Committee. Respectfully, Enclosure Leonard Greenburg, M.D. H. H. Schrenk, Fh.D T s> H. Sterner, M.D. w . P. Yant, D.Sc. s. H. Osborn, M.D, Henry N. Doyle, Recorder Harold J. Magnuson, M.D., Chairman KE 0093348 -5- REPOHT Of SURGEON GENERAL'S AD HOC COMMITTEE OH TETRAETHYL LEAD JANUARY 8 & 9, 1959 INTPvODUCnOW Early In 1923 tetraethyl lead (TEL) began to be used commercially as a gasoline additive to Increase the efficiency of internal combustion motors. The possible dangers of such wide distribution of a very toxic lead compound aroused fear on the part of public health officials which was intensified when a number of fatal poisonings occurred in the menu facture and mixing of TEL. At the suggestion of the Surgeon General the distribution of TEL and the sale of leaded gasoline was temporarily discontinued on May 5, 1925. On May 20, 1925, the Surgeon General called a conference of public health and interested authorities for "the determination of such facts and to the reporting of such investigations and experiences as may lead to a definite determination as to the hazards, if any, which follow the manufacture, distribution, and use of TEL and similar substances, not only to those who are engaged in the manufacture and distribution of the compound, but more particularly to the public at large." (1) From reports given at the conference on research conducted by the U. S. Bureau of Mines, Department of Interior, Department of Industrial Medicine, Columbia University, and the Medical College, University of Cincinnati as well as clinical observa tion it was concluded that TEL was a highly toxic industrial compound KE 0009343 6 but that little or nothing was known of the public health hazard which would result fro its use as a gasoline additive. In view of these findings the Conference adopted the following resolution: "It is the sense of this conference that the Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service appoint a committee of seven recognised authorities in-clinical medicine, physiology, and Industrial hygiene, to present to him, if possible, by January next, a statement as to the health hasards involved in the retail distribu tion and general use of TEL gasoline motor fluid; and that this con ference indorse as wise the decision of the Ethyl Corporation to discontinue temporarily the sale of ethyl gas; that this investlgatien shall be paid for exclusively out of public funds; and the results of this investigation shall be reported back to a public conference called for the purpose by the United States Public Health Service, at which labor shall be represented." (2) To carry out the mandate of the conference the Surgeon General appointed a working committee consisting of the following persons: Dr. A. J, Chealey, Health Officer, Minnesota State Board of Health; Dr. William H. Howell, Professor of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University; Dr. Reid Hunt, Professor of Pharmacology, Harvard University; Dr. Walter S. Leathers, Professor of Preventive Medicine, Vanderbilt University; Dr. Julius Stieglits, Professor of Chemistry, University of Chicago; and Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, Professor of Public Health, Yale University. This committee met on June IS and organized, with Dr. Howell as Chairman. Dr. L. P.. Thompson, Chief of the Office of Industrial Hygiene and KE 0003350 7- Sanitatlon acted as secretary to the committee. The general scope of the investigation was agreed upon, and at the second meeting of the committee of June 29, 1925, Dr. J. P. Leake was entrusted vith direct charge of the investigation. On December 22, 1925, the committee met to consider the full report on the investigation which had been con ducted by the Office of Industrial Hygiene and Sanitation. (2) The last meeting of the committee was on January 17, 1926, when the final report was drafted and signed, and subsequently Issued sis Bulletin 163, "The Use of Tetraethyl Lead and Its Relation to Public Health." This bulletin gives the results of a clinical study of persons exposed to TEL, a study of laboratory methods, findings of atmospheric and dust studies, and suggested recoisaandations and regu lations. The clinical study did not give any decisive indication of lead poisoning among the chauffeurs or workers in garages where ethyl gasoline was used as a motor fuel. The proposed regulations included: I. Proposed regulations for the manufacture of TEL and the blending of the latter to make ethyl fluid. II. Proposed regulations for mixing. III. Proposed regulations for distribution of ethyl gasoline. IV. Proposed recommendations for automobile garages, repair shops, service stations, and filling stations. The coaplete regulations are contained in Appendix C of this report. These were presented to and approved by the Conference of State and Territorial Health Officers on Hay 25, 1926. It was K 0009351 8- proposod that thea regulations be adopted by the several states in order to secure uniformity of control. The restriction on the sale end distribution of ethyl gasoline vas removed shortly thereafter. Following the 1926 Conference of State and Territorial Health Officers, the President, Ethyl Corporation agreed voluntarily to manufacture, blend,end market TEL and leaded gasoline in accordance with the intent of the recoes&ended regulations. Apparently, this 4 statement of intent removed the pressure for state regulations and established standardised nation-wide safety procedures. Ho state adopted these or modified regulations. In fact at the present there are no state or federal laws pertaining to the hygienic aspects of TEL. However, these recommended regulations were adopted as under standings by any national governments. Only one country, Venasuela, has adopted legislation regarding the safe handling of TEL. The recom mended regulations have, however, bean the basis for world-wide health and safety procedures on the part of TEL manufacturers and petroleum refiner8. When the E. I. duPont de Nemours Company began marketing TEL in 1946 the company indicated, by letter to the Surgeon General, its intention to abide by the intent of the recommended regulations. Since 1926 it has been necessary to make several minor recom mended revisions to the recommended regulations. These have been published in Public Health Reports. Vol. 43 CNov. 1929, page 3147 and Vol. 61, Cct. 1946, page 1487). More recently a color system for avia tion gasoline of various octane ranges vas recommended for the U. S. M r Force. This system was adopted later as a standard by the H 0009352 9- A*#rica Petrol Institute. In July end August. 1958, e representative of the Public Health Service (K. N. Doyle) visited the Baton Rouge plant of the 3 thyI Corporation, the mixing pleat of the Esso Standard Oil Company of Louisiana, and the Deepwater, Delaware plant of the DuPcot Company. Fro these visits and interviews with technical and medical officials of thesa companies it was apparent that very high hygienic standards were being used in the manufacture, transportation, mixing and marketing of TSL and leaded gasoline. In 1954 information furnished by the Bureau of Standards indicated that no saesple of ccssaercial gasoline analysed by the Bureau during the 1953 calendar yaar contained TEL in excess of 3.0 uc per gallon. p u r p o s e o f 1959 ad h o c t o u t t s s The 1925 coasBittae concluded "that there are at present no good grounds for prohibiting the use of ethyl gasoline of the composition specified as a motor fuel provided that its distribution end uses are controlled by proper regulations." This conclusion was qualified by stating that although the study was a most careful end conscientious investigation it was subject to criticism because cf the relatively small number of individuals exposed to the effects of ethyl giaolj.no for a comparatively brief period of time. The committee also noted "It remains possible that, if the use of leaded gasoline becomes wide* , spread, conditions ssay arise very different froa those studied by us which would render its use nor of e hasord then would appear to be K 0009353 the case fro r.ki3 investigation," (2) 'In view oi this thi? ce-ardtita trftCOSKer.dcd .hat the -stu;iy be continued to determine blither oo or. tr* us of teerjvsihyl lead In rontc.f fuel r&<%y const!to.ti 4* t-.fcc* to rhs health of m e c m seal public sft.er prolonged use or under condt ticne iOt r.cv; ioci?sn, _ The rocesraemUinion of ha cosaoittae that the. aiaovmt of TSL b. Iiad ted to I part in 1260 parts of gr,3oiina (approximately 3 cc per gallon of gasoline) as not baoeii on hygienic considerations but on ih* .s is o i cci.r cvftrci-tl pv a ct lce a t t h e t ir o* o f t h e s t u d y . Tivts co t ice n t r a on r a a Vt cn a d h e r e d t o b y t h e in d u s t r y . How e ver , in 1934, a f t e r 3.3'.'.L. c 11 m w r th the Su r ge o n Ca n e r a l , in * TEX. cots t e n t o f 6 s a lin e u e4 .yaiely for aviation purposes w s lucreaosd to 4.5 cc par gallon, On Kvve\abfflr 36, 1958, Hr. 3, S, Turner* President, Eibyl onzocration, j.u * conference vi th site Surgeon General, sought tnc soviet! and guidance -e Public ileal.l.b Servian relative to lr.uras.e- l;-i' the mxtsum concentration or tetraethyl I&ad in avf.ceoiin-'S g-a^ol?'aa i;. 3.0 to 4.0 cc per gallon. Although the Public Hi&lth Service . bus no lagal nuthority to control abe aasount of TEL In gasoline th* L'rrgeon General stated that he vo-uld Ivevc an ad hoc eccwaittee. .`. pointed to advise if the proposed increase ax^ht rnn-cnent a public hn iiltli Uanard. At the request of the Surgeon General the following specialists <n occupational health and tendcology v?#re appointed by the Chi *3, iv.cupationai Health Program as 'ref>i-ro of the hv. Hoc Coismitiee m Te.traafchyl Lead: Leonard Greenburg, K.D. . Gersaisa Loner: >er.-srtaient K 0009354 -1 1 - of M r Pollution Control, City of Hew York; H. H. Schrenk, Fh.D., Managing Director, Industrial Hygiene Foundation, Mellon Institute; J. H. Sterner, M.D., Medical Director, Eastman Kodak Coopany; W. P. Yant, D.Sc., Director of Research, Mine Safety Appliances Co.; end Stanley K, Osborn, M.D., Commissioner of Health, Connecticut State Department of Health, representing the State and Territorial Health Officers* Associa tion. The Committee met on January 8 and 9, 1959, in Washington. The seating was chaired by Dr. H. J. Magnuson, Chief of the Occupational Health Program, PH3, and Mr. H. H. Doyle, Assistant Chief of the Occupa tional Health Program, PRS, acted as reporter. In a liaison or technical capacity, the following individuals attended the meeting, in whole or in part: Ethyl Corporation: Dr. George Kirby, Vice President for Research; Dr. Robert A. Kahoe, Medical Consultant; and Mr. Richard Scales, Director of Research, Detroit Laboratory. R. I. dupont de Nemours and Company: Mr, J. R. Sabina, Assistant Planning Manager, Division of Petroleum Chemicals and Dr. John A. Zapp, Director of Haskell Laboratory. Public Health Service: D. J. Birmingham, M.D., Chief, Clinical Services, Occupational Health Field Headquarters; H. E. Stokinger, Ph.D., Chief, Toxicologic Services, Occupational Health Field Headquarters; W. M. Gafafer, D.Sc., Technical Adviser, Occupational Health Program; V. G. MacKenzie, Assistant Chief, Division of Sanitary Engineering Services; H. E. Heimann, M.D., Assistant Chief, Air Pollu tion Medical Program. Department of Health, Education and Welfare; S. Edelman, Assistant Chief, Public Health Division, Office of the General Counsel. HE 0009355 Jcjssaict s* us* i a s* sf o n f r o 10:00 a . su t o 4:30 p.a* on Jsntary 3, -lu t in g w hich t ie* t he h ist o r y o f t he r a l f it ic n a h i? cht ?3S ,saa th.a smnut 'act uTors o f TEL was p resent ed by t he HIS (cea* tained t ha jf o er cd u ct io n ) ;' d at a on t he t e ch n ical reaso ns f o r t he inert * * , ::h* results o f ear tain reseerch studies, the constants i on o f Tilt by year, aad a r w , / of tbs wsdieal prob 1a wore presented by rtaprsffscntAtive# cf r.ha Ethyl Corporation. Representatives o f the SviPcrat Ccnaeny ado no foral presentation but did supply the coa- raittee vitli production figures .sad inforaatien co actual and estltneted ?IX dsfiannd on U, 3. producers and sid ed in the elsrification of tscbcical point Tha Cowed,t t ee et in ax acu t iv e sessio n t ilt h t e ch n ical vep vessat a- tiv* "f i:he ITiS from 10: 0*5 a.sa* t o 12:30 p .a , on Jan uary 9, 1953. 'ffett duros o f t he Co sed t t aa w ere in accordance w it h s Depart ment of: Jufit s.ee J i rect i* /'* dat ed Oct ober 19, 1350 of w hich t he p ar t ic ip an t * r s ?- ixivis-ftd by t he ch air aan . The nganda c f t he Coasaaittac i s p p aad ix h. O ^ S T & m S S at T5L TUe domestic consumption of TSL h*n shown a dresaatic ir.crsitae ffiace It vas first introduced in 1923 fro.700,000 pounds to n high of 510,000,000 pound* in 1956 with a slight decrease in 1357 a-J 19>S. The eetissated deaestic TSL consumption ie shown iu labia 1. Table 2 er.cM* the average XXL content of dees*Stic gasoline by yanr roa 192.4" 155d. Table 3 gives the estiatated projected consumption of TRL tlxraugh 1363 based on both a 3 and 4 cc limit and Table 4 `ptojucte the estimated TEL content of gasoline fer the period 1959-1963 on the *.** K 0009350 -13b * i s . The projection* offerad b y the DuFont Coaany arc siightly l e v e r th*n thos eubwitca by the Ethyl Corporation both in total dM*md for TEL and ita concentration of gasolina. Se Tabla 5 and Figure 1, Based on Ata suppiiad by the DuPont Cosnpariy lead used in the production of TSL representa 15 pareen? of the over-all U. S. lad coneuaption. Kf 0003357 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY -14- * Table 1. --Estimated domestic TEL consumption (M lb 3. ) pHr0t Year 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1532 1933 1934 1935 1936 3.937 IS 38 1939 1540 1941 1542 1543 1944 1945 1946 1547 1948 1945 1950 1931 1952 1953 1954 1955 1556 1957 1958 Automotive 0.7 0.3 1.0 1.9 3.1 8.5 14.5 15.8 10.2 19.1 34.0 38.2 45.2 56.6 59.4 79.8 113.6 138.0 77.3 90.5 92.7 126.6 134.8 154.7 191 210 285 261 305 365 388 432 451 440 396 Aviation - - -. . . 0.2 0.3 G.4 0.6 0.3 : l 0.7 1.2 1.5 1.5 3.1 7.4 25.2 62.5 129.6 91.6 . 6.4 13.9 24 24 27 43 52 58 51 55 59 58 59 0.7 0.3 1.0 1.9 3.1 8.5 14.5 16.0 10.5 19.5 34.6 39.0 45.9 57.8 60.9 31.3 116.7 145.4 102.5 153.0 222.3 213.2 141.2 168.6 215 234 312 304 357 423 439 487 510 49S 455 * Data supplied by Ethyl Corporacion. Figures prior tc 1945 include both domestic consunsption and export , aviation figures includa all U. 3. military use regardlecs ot site of operation. K E ooos: 15 it Table 2.--Average TEL content of domestic automotive gasoline based on 3 cc limits Year 1924 1925 1926 1927 1923 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 . ml/gal. 0.03 0.01 . 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.15 0.25 0.26 0.18 0.33 0.55 0.58 0.62 0.72 0.76 0.96 1.30 1.40 0.92 1.25 1.25 1.48 1.25 1.34 1.53 1.59 2.00 1.69 1.39 2.15 2.22 2.2 o 2.32 2.22 1.93 ' Data furnished by the Ethyl Corporation. KE 0003359  3t Tabic 2, -1 6 - Pro lacead *vv*S 527. iontant a s o iiis o fcaead o a 3 and doceatatlc ;c\*. A ;c .!.j.i*i:s 'bar J90 }r.Js 2942 1563 - V. . '' 3 al, 2,09 2.22 2.46 2.60 2.70 4 ra.l. 2.19 2.40 2.62 2.84 3.07 O-rCa ihirrds he by Sfcbyi Co rp o ra tio n . . - - il t t3 TEL con*urooton 1559-63 in V lbs. for 3 liaita Tn s -r ; \.y KC I9 6 0 3 .i 6 \ 1362 0 -J> _iV-itogsocive __ 3 fa i. 4 mi. 423 443 477 500 330 563 376 ?-0 613 700 Avi ffition 59 59 55 56 54 Totni Tnd. 4 ~ iT 482 502 536 539 582 623 532 686 669 *v '* y.'*-'.''Uf^i */.r.urnis'hnd by Ethyl Corporation, tfE" 0009360 17 * Table 5.--Tetraethyl lead demand on United States producers Year 1958 1959 i960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Domestic Motor Gasoline 3 cc Limit 4 ce Limit TEL Cone, TEL TEL Cone, TEL cc/gal. Demand cc/gal. Demand Pool MM ibs. Pool MM lbs. 2.00 2.10 2.10 2.20 2.20 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 376 413 436 473 492 524 543 560 530 601 2.00 2. 10 2.13 2.23 2.26 2.30 2.39 2.42 2.52 2.55 3S3 418 Ul 480 505 532 577 605 650 680 Note: 307. Premium, 70% Regular ratio aseumed. 1958 Premium TEL Content Regular " l! 2.5 cc/gal. 1.8 " 3 cc 1967 Premium Limit Regular " " 2.75 " 2.05 " 4 cc 1967 Premium Liait Regular :i r " 3.6 *' 2.2 " * Data by S. I du Pont-de Nemours & Co. (Inc.) ' . K 0008361 ACTUAL AND ESTIMATED TEL DEMAND ON US PROD Pt m 7 OC T-- I O O O CO LJ O tj 0 V sr' -i - j ii 04 O .*> sJ. O \y/ AS 40 O -J T O T A L T Cl. i\ \ *>: / /' - :/ 4I "O r\ I OG&tSTiC MOTO*. ! "S1ce LiA i. ; *vU* y /A # y -'O * \ yy SS i* y :D O M ESiC : M O T O M 1 3 ce i.l^l'i f i 300 1,0* 'ZiUt'*N iI i 1 .-A.. tKr^-} \-5NL' HCl'*' MLJ'VV Vv^y; i .1i'.M< e2 "04 -19- DSA3LTB A^T)SiT7IRCi1MEKTAL DATA. C M a K M H r t a i * 1 .i ^nri i.n -- -- Tha Public Health Service has no knowledge of any cases of clinical I* poisoning having occurred in tho manufacture, blanding, ssixing, or use Cif TEL end leaded gasoline since the adoption o the recommended regulations of the 1925 Cotaalttea. There have been, however ,, oo&e dt>&ths and clinical cases reported due to tho cleaning of tank which contained leaded gasoline. Tank cleaning was outside the scop* of recceslanded regulations but safety procedure which heve bean taken by the s&anufacturars of TSl. and the petroleum companies should prevent further disability. There have beim no studies on large population group to follow .*? the 1925 inveatig&tion which would indicate the effect that the addi tion of TEL to gasoline has had ca the total body burden of lead. This ia information which is vitally needed by the present consulttea. It in knownr however, that in addition to lead discharged by troter vahiclss the population is exposed to other sources of lead in the att>#pherft and that the body accusajlntc lead through food, water, and tobacco. Research has shown tha t for individuals with no Industrie! lead exposure blood lead concentrations range from 0.01 to C.CVS tog. per 100 gram* of whole blood fd urine lead ranges from 0.01 to 0.08 mg. per liter. It would be fallacious to compere these values with similar values obtained before the widespread use of TEL because of the vastly irjproved Tslcroanalytlc&l method8 for determining lead. Kehoa reports hxviag found toeasurable amounts of lead in clinical specimen of a rcTeots Central American tribe whose only source of lead was that Inherent 0009363 CO- n tho focd and vator upply and tknt which aay kav* ben prisant in the traospfcera, <3> On tba othar hsnd a consideradla body of inforaation is avallabia en tue concentration o lead 1 the atmosphre fi of Metropolitan ars&t-, A 5- yaar stcjospkeric pollution study ai Cincinnati. Ohio found stoecophcric leed valuns ran.gng fresa 0.1 to 11.5 sicrograeut per cvbic w.efcer of air vith en average of 1.2.microgfatas in rural area, 2.0 in reridentia area, 2.2 in industrial < m ad an average of 2,1 ndezo- ' . grasas for ail areas. (4) The laoat cosxprshensive data ca&c fresa the Maticviai Air Ssasing Network of the Public Health Servie. (5) Froa 'ifeiuis obvreined in 15 IT. fi. citss fhe s'aac'iphsric lead values rangod s b*.'<h oi $,? sicrograns in Philadelphia to a low of 0,5 oicxograais ;or r.ublc reetar in Minneapolis, (Table 5) Thse do not nsce3&tily T '--araf-ent raurensi concentrations or coraparubie values as tha o-ganling ri'.e .' ..-c fr-'j?. city o ci*.y anci vca se.UIca in ta-a 'ries?. traific cr ;s..rJ.?v. ' KE 0009364 Table ,- ?srticuiat e atmospheric lead concentrations x-.\ ,:d ct^d r.i ties Average values, microgrtfirs ;dv per cubic raster Over 7 ,000,000 population 1.03 Angeles Detroit ?h11addphia Chicago New York d e n 500,000 to 2,000,000 Cincinnati Kansas City drrland A t 'enta var Francisco Mi.ar.eapcIis !-ma than 500.000 Fort Oorta ..f.'-r_X- iO-i:l d devil To 5.2 2.9 9,5 2.3 2.3 1-6 1.0 i-2 !..C 2.4 0. 5 0,3 1,1 0,6 ('lues obc-ulncd in nenurtan areas in the vicinity of certain citins vrsrge *!ccn 0 ,1 - 0,3 nicsrogrwrf per cubic tr>ste.r, A tors recent ceport cO the Public AenltA Service rives TOaximuji. rr.irixun, vevage lend conceotrnticns and menchiy averages ir 10 cit jer parc iripr ttoa in *ns nctictui3. air sampling -.etwork. Average values 'vanned iYow l - 57 irsicrograras of lead per ruble .aster aid -roi.cur.ccc seasenei variations are apparent, (G) The generally accepted Maximus: Allowable Concentration for industrial exposure cased on an C hour workday is 200 raicrogrnas per tunic t tec. KE 0009365 - Pages 22 to 47 and Pages 61 to 64 - T h e following reports and technical data w e r e supplied b y the Ethyl Corporation to the- A d H o c C o m m i t t e e . Since there are copies in the Ethyl Corporation's files, they are m e r e l y listed b y n a m e below and not reproduced in full. (1) "Technical Aspects of Increasing the Limit on Tetraethyl L e a d Concentration", presented by Dr. George F. Kirby, Vice President, Research a n d Development, Ethyl Corporation, J anuary 8, 1959. (2) Ethyl Corporation R e s e a r c h Laboratories m e m o r a n d u m , January 14, 1959, Subject: " L e a d Concentration in Undiluted Exhaust Gas", by D. A. Hirschlcr. (3) Ethyl Corporation R e s e a r c h Laboratories m e m o r a n d u m , January 14, 1959, Subject: " L e a d Retained b y Automobiles", by D. A. Hirschler. (4) Ethyl Corporation R e s e a r c h Laboratories m e m o r a n d u m , January 14, 1959, Subject: " T h e Influence of C o m p r e s s i o n Ratio and F uel Tetraethyllead Content o n Oxides of Nitrogen Concentration in Automotive Exhaust", b y H. E. Hesselberg. (5) Ethyl Corporation R e s e a r c h Laboratories m e m o r a n d u m , January 14, 1959, Subject: " T h e Influence of Tetraethyllead Concentration on Catalytic Converters", b y H. E. Hesselberg. (6) Abstracts of Special Reports F u r n i s h e d by Ethyl Corporation (a) "Oxides of Nitrogen In Engine Exhaust Gas", by Gilbert, Hirschler a n d Getoor. P r e s e n t e d at 132nd meeting, A. C. S. , S e p t e m b e r 9, 1957. (b) "Particulate L e a d C o m p o u n d s in A u t o mobile Exhaust Gas", b y Hirschler, Gilbert, L a m b a n d Niebylski. Reprinted f r o m IJtEC, July 1957. k 000836B -2(c) "Filtration of Particulate Lead Compounds from Automobile Exhaust Gas", by Gilbert. Project No. 8U5-M, Research. M e m o r a n d u m No. 209. January 13, 1959. Restricted Release. (d) "Catalytic Oxidation of Automobile Exhaust Gases--An Evaluation of the Houdry Catalyst", by Nebel and Bishop. Preprint of paper for presentation at S A E Annual Meeting, Detroit, Michigan, January 12-16, 19 59. K6 0009367 - 47 - The Hygienic Aspects of a Proposed Increase in the Kaxlrg.ro Limit of Concentration of Tetraethyl Lead in Motor Gasoline to Four Milliliters per American Gallon. A memorandum prepared by Robert A. Kefroft, M.D., Medical Consultant, Ethyl Corporation. (Abstracted by H. H. Doyla. Full memorandum issued as a supplement to this report). Dr. I'shoe's report, an expansion of his remarks to the ccssscsitta*, is divided into two sections: -- (1) the consideration of health hazards involved, under present conditions and under those projected on the basis of an elevated limit; end (2) consideration of the public health h&sard involved under present conditions end under those projected on the basis of an elevated concentration of TEL gesolina. In Section 1, Dr,, Kehoe treats, in considerable detail, the hazard to workers involved in the manufacture, blending, transports tion, storage and use of TEL end leaded gasoline. Ee points cut rather clearly that increasing the concentration of TEL from 3 to 4 tillilltors per Assertcan gallon would not increase the hazard to the vorkdr under any conditions of use or transportation of TEL or leaded gaeolins. The hoiszrd due to manufacture and storage may be magnified clue to the larger amounts of TEX involved, but there is no reason to suspect that this could not be adequately controlled. Since adequate hygienic precautions were instituted in the manufacture,' transportation and use of TEL, there have bean no significant cates of load intoxication in exposed personnel. The first warning of the existence of a special problem in connection with the storage of leaded gnnoline came in 1928 when c small group of men registered certain unusual complaints of illness in connacrion with the cleaning of tanks that had Lean out of service for several months following a period of extended use for storage of leaded gasoline. 0008368 43 3y 1940, Caste had been 80 well docr-man.ted iHa of pciseeing the canti nantsi. U, S, in connection with tha tank cleaning and repair 'perationo, vifch about 15 fatalities. Zi w*a appur*nt by this tiae that eresile measures had to be taken to secure complete compliance with the precautions. Accordingly, the Ethyl Corporation (at that tisi* the only distributer of TEL) decided to use the members of its technical sid sales field staff for the supervision of 11 tank cleaning operations in the TJ. S. '.Inc the institution of these ^er'fcty precautions (also adopted by the hupout Company) the incidence of poisoning in the U. 5. resulting fro tank cleaning operations, ha* been essentially nonexistent.. Potential pubi :'&iih problems result from the use of tank o-itrs in which loaded gssolin-* ha* bs-zn shipped for cargo*a of eb;1.bitoils and other foodstuffs, the use of leaded gasoline in gasoline lantern, and th practice, eopaciaily in foreign countries, of :i8ing smell leaded gasoline containers for household purposes. Thera has been no evidence at this time to indicate that these procedures have represented any hazard to the general public. Should ihesa in fact be prob!*ma, the increase of 1 cc per gallon of T2L would !iardly intensify the public health problem due to th mi ruse of leaded gasoline or the trensportation of foodstuffs in tank care which have contained leaded gasoline. This latter practice is dis couraged but cannot be entirely prevented-, especially in emergency periods vhea there is a shortage of tank earn, Section 2 of Dr. Xohca's repot't dals vith tea n o t u n ti a l hesard -o the general public .raselring frou th u p of' 1-i.iid in 000936?) 49 - internal combustion engines and has a comprehensive diacnesior. of the metabolism of lead by the human body. (1) lead in the, atmosphere of American cities with special reference go that derived from the exhaust of motor vehicles.-- TEL is decomposed to inorganic lead compounds in the combustion chambera of internal combustion engines. Under present conditions, & large proportion of the exhausted lead ia the double salt Lskad chlor-brcmide. it is possible that minute quantity of TEL escapes combustion, but under ordinary circumstances, little opportunity is afforded for TEL to escape from the exhaust system. The metabolism of load in an internal combustion engine has been thoroughly studied. It has been determined that a large percentage of the lead accumulates in the motor and exhaust system. Under conditions of high speed driving and 'mid rccelration, the internal combustion engine discharges r s 3sad into the aionosphere that it accustulates. The lead discharged under these conditions is in the form of scale .and shreds, . although seme of it is volitslised. Under usual conditions of city driving, tha discharge of lead into the air is ltw because of the raiativaly lew consumption of fuel, and the condensing effect of the exhaust syetarn. The same is true to a greater or lesser degree when driving in congested areas of a city. Because of the prominence of small size \-jitd particles in the exhaust during slow speed driving, the lead so discharged is readily dissipated by air currents. In whatever diluticn it occurs in the breathing, aone of sian, the le&d is respired und absorbed readily. (2) The source of lead in urban c.tracspheres.--It appasrs to KE 0009370 KH* * 50 - have been assumed by -may persons -fed even hy acme investigators i!?st the Isad found in tha atmosphere of cities and in the open countryide is derived from the combustion of leaded gasoline. There were few recorded detarrainationa of atmospheric lead concentrations prior to 1924 when 'CEL was introduced as a gasoline additive. A few early -observers, . however, found lead and many other elements In the atmosphere but these -ifiiM found in traces by the available methods. These values ware or scientific interest, but of little hygienic importance, accord ing to tha usual view. These studies are complicated by the further fa c t that precise measurements of lead in the atmosphere have been . possible only by the tachnicological developments of fairly ccsant 7ears and only since TEL came into use s a motor fuel. There are ssany sources of atmospheric lead contamination in addition to TEL. Tha*-* Include the combustion of wood and other vegetation, the finely divided noil in the atmosphere as well as dust and fua from a tnultipiioity of sources, including the stacks of industry. The axtent of the contribution trade to the lead content of the .treosphere by the combustion of TEL in automotive fuels has been difficult to determine or even to approximate. Keasutenant of the lead in the air along the course of certain streets and highways has shown significant quantitative variation in correlation with wide variations in the density of motor traffic, but the actual proportion or quantities derived from tha oxhsuRt of the motors cannot be estimated from the data se gathered. These statements are made not to minimise the importance of the problem but only to emphasise its compiaxity and to direct the discussion to its essential point, namely, that ;*?o are concerned n w and In tha future vith the total quantity of lead in the atmosphere. and not solely with the ataw spheric leed derivad from sutoecobile oxhauec. (3) ?he ^uenti /lag of lead in the urban atgogphegg3.,---7'ha mosc couprehensix*a information on the quantity of lead in urban .toospheres has been obtained in Cincinnati and its environ Data obtained in Los Angeles end Pasadena in 1954 && wall as data gathered ifrota other cities, are especially su2 in revealing maximum and aiainrjm values. In Cincinnati, the concentration of lead in the atmosphere varies widely according to the sampling spot from somewhat leas than one to ore than :*i3i micrograias per cubic .`ter of air. These values increase >\a onu ?,oeg from rural zones outside the city to suburban, business /me. industrial areas. There were also variations according to the iwuiev3? the lover values being obtained in war ;u*th*r, and the higher /glues in cold. Thu average concentration in Cincinnati wan sovewhat lass than 2 tsderogratas per cubic meter. Surveys node in other Eastern and Kiddle Western cities are -in harrsony with observations -cns.de in Cincinnati. Relatively low but not remarkably divergent results have been obtained in Minneapolis and Louisville while higher but again not grossly divergent values have been observed in such areas as Los Angelas and Philadelphia. Considering the variability of lead in the atmosphere of our cities, as well as other variable circumstances, it is impossible to arrive at any precise estimate of the quantity of lead which is inhaled by the "average" person in the course of an "vexege" day. It is even more difficult to estimate tha largest quantity ro which any person - 52 -- siay be exposed in this ismr.nar over a period of months without sustain ing a significant increase in the lead content of the body. Op. the basis of certain assumptions, it is possible that the average nan may absorb & quantity t> lenid in the order of 0.033 milligrams per day. Inasmuch 's the assumptions made in this calculation are believed to err on the high side, this figure-should not be taken too literally. The quantity any be nearer to half this value and other observations to bo discusa&d later indicated that it may not be far from 0.02 milligram* per day on the average over a period of years. (d) lha general sources of human exposure to lead and the ata contribution made by each source to the total oaposure.**': M O. ?1Vf aya adult Korth American takes in approximately 0.33 ail 11grams of lead per day in food and beverages. Xha quantities of lead in the daily food intake vary from semwhat less `chon 0,1 .llligrams to 4.0 milligrams, but the mean daily intake is quite stable -met tha pAttern repeated itself regularly over a considerable period of time. Of this quantity, 0.01 to 0.03 milligrams per day are derived from water used for cocking and as a beverage. The reminder is distributed in fairly small quantities over a wide variety of foods .->d beverages which contain lead from both natural and artificial souro.es. Tha quantities of lead evacuated in the faces of tha average tforth American adult are approximately equivalent to these ingested with his food and beverage. This information, gained in a variety of experimental approaches to the question, indicates that uotnewaat less than 10% of the lead ingested in these small quantities (.3 isbsorbac. That coma alimentary absorption of lead occurs can be 0009373 - 33 - demonstrated iso? rdily sod or certainly through obearvations ssade sn fcba excretion of lead, in th urine fro day to day. It is evident Urafc the daily urinary output of lead varies with th aliaanfcary Intake of. land end thus it aay be ascertained that Iced is absorbed regularly from the allnpantary tract; Such absorption under norssal conditions is nearor to 5% of th daily allsaentory intake than it is to 13%., but the? are variations in this respect which would be &xtr#ly difficult to describe or explain in detail The excretion of land in the urine of the average tsormtl iiorth Anttrlcm adult amounts to about 0.03 ndlligzma pr dy when the'urinary output averages about 1 liter par day. The lead content of blood of noreel healthy African adults is trach Its a variable then that of the nriaa, ranging frosa 0.02 jailligrsms to 0.C6 railligrans per ICO grass os *hole blood rtd averaging scwswhafc less than 0,03 ailiigrnas. The m a n lead content of other body tissues varies widely from 0,01 ailligrane par 100 grans of fresh sousels tissua to 1,50 ailligraaaa pnr 100 grasas of rib and long bona. The variation roa individual to individual is appreciable but is not remrfeabla in view of the variations in height .and weight, occupation, length of life and ia dietary habits. In balanced to risenta ia which norraal healthy North Anarlcaa subjects were followed for 13 and 13 months raepectively during which the daily intake of lead in food and boveragea was detaresdned by th* analysis of duplicate samples of everything eaten m d drunk .end the doll output In the feeas and urine, it was .!ste.rmind th... . put of lead was found to exceed th intake syates&tically by about 8 lai'lli.greats par year or by calculation, about 0009374 34 0.02 rail11,3read par day. This catabolic discrepancy whereby the output of lead xceedsd tha intake can only be an expression of & source of lead absorption which was not accounted for in the design of the ba.lc.nca experiments, 3uch a source existed without doubt in the air inhaled by the experimental subject. The capacity of the tissues for accumulating lead 13 considerable, and if progressiva accumulation does not occur under normal conditions, it must be because the human body once in equillibrima with its environ* sent at & low level of lead intake and absorption is sola to maintain itself in an essentially steady state with reference to its lead content through cxcrationary loss. The excretionary processes tra highly responsive to variations in the absorption of lead and they appear to h& entirely capable of eliminating the. r^nular etree of absorbed lead " y to cay so long as this stream varies reasonably within normal Hid. tJi, (3 ) The met a b o l i sm o f le ad unde r abnormal c o n d i t i o n s .- - Xn v e s t l g a * tie r,s o f o ccu p a tio n a l co n d itio n s end pe rs o n n e l as w a ll as e xpe rim e ntal s u b je cts have pro vide d e vid e n ce -as to the lim it s o f s a fe le v e ls o f xxposure on the b a s i s o f p h y s i o l o g i c c r i t e r i a . Th g e n e ra l r a t e o f u r in a r y e x c r e t i o n o f le a d by workmen w ith o u t r e n a l im pairm e nt who have been exposed to le ad under re as o n ably unifo rm o ccu p a tio n a l co n d itio n s fo r lo n g p e rio d s o f t l a * g iv e s a v a li d clu e to the s e v e r it y and c-vgie nic si gniiricance o f the e xposure . . '.hen the mean 1evel of -concentration of. lead in tha urine does nor: exceed 0.1 milligrams per liter, the cor.di tiene of exposure are mts or have been v/ithin the 1icoita of safe exposure during tha period . preceding the tine cf sampling, Uheri this value exceeds 0.13 mi 11grams sa a OijCiisicJiH ouiag '<*3y .i*:e*4r ia ta v.rouf, s cite excretion excueds 0,15 oeilligvixas per Ltnt, ca&es of poisoning ssong the group increase both in number m i verity. The blood ay also be used as an index of exposure, but the blood level legs somewhat behind the retlonery level.' Experiments bave shewn that when blood levels do not exceed 0.07 sdlligraas per 100 grasas of blood, the occupational conditions are sa( fe or have bn within the limits of safety preceding the time of sampling. Blood lead concentrations in xcaos of 0.08 milligrams per 100 grace XJX?. <2$ that the individual lies sustained a dangerous level of lead Absorption and retention and nay develop symptoms of lead intoxication. ?hs urteut that the level exceeds 0.08 milligrams per 100 grass or blood svid*rccs an incraasin incidence end severity of lead intoxication. Ite rate of urinary excretion of lead increases tnpwlse over r. period of several months until it reaches a posit which then stabilises at a level characteristic of the level of lead exposure iscocistod with the occupation. After this stabilisation, any ?i nilleant trend either upward or downward may be regarded so sxi expression of the deterioration or improvement in the occupational conditions. Load levels in the range 0.01 to 0.06 milligrams per 100 grata* of blood .ire indicative of safe occupational exposures. Levele between 0.06 and 0.08 per 100 grams are abnormal and indicate definite luad absorption but within safe limits > Values Above 0.03 milligrams per. 100 grams.point to the necessity of terminating the occupational exposure to lead either temporarily or permanently as the circumstances 'cay dictate. K E O00S3.7 . -ossible t > 'ft.a* ton iis's. . oii'cuo.-ftcior.-.i ;:o lead Bs^ouGeis la Car* oi auv.. r30Bseui.ai. e*sureits> with ^ycning lika the precision represented Try the physiologic .Tosasu^festsnts ^^rred to above, The daily addition of a soluble salt of lead in a /A-antity in 'he order of 0.03 mi.:'' r.s {thusrebv doubtIhg the daily aiisoafttar? Intake of lead) over a ` ' a y*.*v ! -d in a slight but significeat and progressive.increase in chu retention of load In tha ody, .% ->;rrty slight prograssiv increase in the urinary output ot lead i-<5-r v<i weafcura&ie increase in the concentration of load in blood, Ha* ijo^ition oi .larger quantities of soluble lead in tha diets of thrcs otha r-xpaviSseat;*l subjects in order to provide * total seen intake of load la tho oedar cf 1,3, 3.3 cad 3.3 illigraat par day rasulted in a prc;sp.-: ;snd progresniv increase in tbs output of urinary lead, sfcick vhrird directly with the taagniCwde of tha increased lsad Input. Has ratoa of ftccuaaul&tion of lead in tha bodies of the subjects as wall as tha rat of increase in tha concentration of lead la their urine aad , blood did not diainish p.a tic* passed, "fhe increare persisted appnrently at an undltainishea annual rate for as long as two years in one esweo.ssnt and four years in another. Ewiovor, nona of the tasaan subjects sustained any injurious affects or any dnviatlon from good health or well being during any part of tha <nqt>eriiaaaal raglaMa. It vould /ippeax that the absorption of load frees th* alistantary tract is within the llraits of safety -when tha average -aaouat available Tor absorption is en tha order of 0.$ illigr^aMi par day. It sewas likeiy tuet an alinontary int*ko of about fcsri.0* this sosxmt, while - 57 - devoid of dangar over a period of 4 or 3 years, would not ba tolerated / witfcout significant probability of an injurious efface o w r * period of 10 or more years. It appears that about 60 icrogr&es of lead ea be absorbed daily from the alioentary tract with safety while the absorption of 120 edcrograms per day. is potentially dangerous. If this fee a reasonably valid conclusion, it follows that an incrfisaental increase in any type of human exposure to lead that would result in the additional absorption of about 30 saicrograass of lead per day would bo -within the lisdts of safety, while an increase in absorption op the order of 90 or cr* icrograas per day tsay be har&fui, To determine the response of human eaparimental subjects to the inhalation of abnormal quantities of lead, a series of balance v:iperi-iaent8 have been under way. Healthy human subjects have bacn folio* before, during and after prolonged periods (2 years or sore) nr. exposure in a chafer for 7.5 hours per day, 5 days par week, to sir containing dispersed lead sesquioxide in concentrations equivalent to 0.075 ed-Uigraas (one experiment) and 0.15 milligrams {5 crperimants) of lead per cubic meter, Kean diafitors of tho particle sice were 0,0.3, 0.75 and 1.2 raierons. VTnen the conccntration of. land seccniioxide in the chaster wag equivalent to C.C75 rniliigrsm of lead per cubic aatar of air, the blood stabilised in about six monthe at 0.04 tallligr&s per 100 gtssrn of whole blood. At the exposure level, Equivalent of 0.15 milligreas of lead per cubic mater, the stabilised level o f -0.045 ediligrras per 100 {gssms of whole bicod.was reached aftar about eight oaths, *he menai urinary excretion level paralleled that in the blood levelling off at about 0,06 milligrams per liter in K 000S37S - 58 - the first experi&ent and at ebcvt 0.08 ai'illgrsns per liter in the ' second ssperi&ant. Thus, it ts e- ideat that ',, l*.5 hours per day of freadoa torn rtpariseatal es sura v-..: ** 5 day: c m week together with the cc>aplte lack s "riieant&i on 2 days was suf ficient after case lead had accumulated ia the body to counterbalances tan effects of the experiaantal 'exposure 'An espproxiwete equillibriu >;.s established in the body between the weekly absorption and weekly nxcreticn of lead. The breathing of air containing lead in the concentration of 0,15 alliigrma par cubic tester with a aaaaa particle Mxt-ester of 0.05 oicroas did not induce a dangerous level of lead absorption in the body of the asperiamtal subject after sore than " fvfo yerxs cf exposure. In v i m c the ttean coocentzation of lead found ia the urine and blood of the subject at the terainaticn of ,,he exaerien t, the aargia of safety of the exparisaental conditio ves large. The dateminacion of the extent of the alveolar retention of 1aad u-uav the exparistentai conditions d^aecnstratod that this wee in . -- i 35 -o 5<"$. These levels would not ssimlate the closure of wn uroaa population to load derived froo the exhaust of sato* obilos or ether sources of atmospheric pollution. The results, therefore, do not define the margin of safety of the general popula tion ia tarns of any presently known or celenlabio staximia allowable concentration of lead in the general urban atmosphere. There cam be little question, ssoreovar., as to the adequacy of a ,,-esently accepted standard of safety for respiratory occupational exposure in which the lead compounds ere dispersed in & eoseparable state of subdivision in the atasosphure. KE 000 s*oJk^J*iy ; - 59 - \6) The significance of l&ad in the ..tiroapfaftya at citing &i -ha present tia and tha outlook for tha futur from fcba csnect of an increase in rhe discharge of load ccopotmdB frogs, the oxhauat of ;ootor vehicles.--The evidence cassonstraces conclusively that tha contribution is&ds by the TSL contsss&n&tlon of tha atmosphere to tha total absorption of lend by tbs Asericsn population has been remarkably small in either relative or absolute terms and that it has bean minute physiologically -.n lasignificisst hvgienically, despite the gross increase in the use of *SL frca a few hundred thousand pounds in 1926 to four hundred million pounds in 1958. During tha past eleven years, during which t'r.fi greatest expansion c L has occurred, there has been no sign t'vi.c the average individual in the 0. S. has sustained any measurable increase in the concentration of lead in his blood or in the daily output ci lead in him urine. Xn detailed mid prolonged study of vq>eiieafol subjects within tha Mattering laboratory, no ovidstnca has be*n seen of ey quantitative alteration in tha normal swstMholis-u of .lead nor has there bean any suggestion of an increase in tha level of load concentration in tha urine and blood of normal individuals frees sssmy walks of life And many cress of the country. On Che other hand, tin is the iaportant factor in the davalcpwent of a physiologic response to the absorption of minute quantities of lead. It cay b* that tha influence of this factor is yt to b rccogniza* fully in relation Co this problem. Should this ha true, further investigations will rveal Its influence .long before any harmful offsets will have been induced unless Chars is deleterious effect aa yat unsuspected of prolonged exposure to slightly larger HE 0003380 ^vantiti* vi Je*-i zhssi Ciioaa yzasttwz in -,,ha u.Atr. -vi resident oi ttSK. Car co n ce rn a ve r e h h y g i e n i c 'Siaci c i n in c r e a s e in t a p e n s i 3al.vr ossy-mt le &d l a g a s o li n e h a* be e n re p la c e d by th e aas u r.j ce eh-nt fc'ia a f f a c i .he pro po s e d chisngas co u ld be e s t a b l i s h e d i n ,=vdvoee o f ny h - r a fu l co ns e que n ce s by a p p ly in g th e s ch e d e o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n t h a t o .".vi p ro vid e d th e p r e s e n t backgro und o f in fo r m a t i o n . KE 0009381 PIBLIOGRAPirSf i. Proceeding of a conference to determine whether or not there in a public health question in the manufacture, distribution, or use of tetraethyllead gasoline. Public Health Bulletin No. 153, United State Public Health Service. Gcrvartasaenfc Printing Office, Uashiogtco 1925. 2. The u k o of tetraethyllead gasoline in its relation to public health. Public Health Bulletin No. 163, United States Public Health Service. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1926 Xehoe, E. A., F. Thcmann, and J. Cholak: Normal abnerptioa ana skcration of lead. J.A.M.A. 104: 90-92 (January 12} 1935. Cholak, J. s L. J. Schafer and R. F. Koffer: Result of'a five-year investigafcten of air pollution in Cincinnati. A.M.A. Arch. Induec. J'yg. end Gccup. Med. 6: 314-325 (October) 1952. Chsa&bers, L. A,, K..J. Fofcer and J. Cholak: A comparison of particu late loadings in tho atmospheres of certain Aaricsn cities. Free. hire Hat Air Poll. P Pasadena. lallf., April 12-20, 1955. Air poliuticn sreasweflments of the national nir sampling network, labile Wealth Service Publication Ho. 637, United States Public Heelth Service. Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering C--*nter, Cincinnati, ' 1A o ( P r o ce a o e d ) K 0009382 * 1.yV|U e. ..- .->,.- ,|.., 3*partia<mt of Bsaltb, Sdua4*, and Walfas: Public Haaith ' BuriaBi of 3t*trr Division oi- Spc.tsi& Servie Occuptionak Si&ttr rcsran " P.d Hoc Coaraifct to the Surgacn ssferai en Tof.raip.tbvS L-sad , JOnu.-xy 3 and 9, 1559 So-ss 3552 $env&j. Servie-b idsainlBtrstioa ?vtgicc&l Office Building s'Zk,nd "S11 'jerfeat S.W. DsOog.vcri, D, C. durjset for 'uL&cvniion: Soe* ths incraaoa frorn 3 tai *:o < al ef ttrs<*i:hyl laad par gallon oi g-tcoil-ua represent a public hcfil&h asacre;? i^ I . Znfrc&xetiea i. ,Vaccgx.:**.uvi J, Ch-rga io ton Coaaitto l'cchaiofti and ScoaoeBic DeweiopGMRito rngarateg Tatraethyi Zrsa.il 5. I-tsauBrks for tba JjuZtant Ccrapaay 5, Xla l-cdical Prool rsgrlag Tatraethyl Laffid 1. Ccascsits Di-saaica o. Suraacxy of Action Or, Hsvgriuson ?ir. i-eyia D r . Hagm;icn lcr. Siroy >.thyi C&r p . Me, fiaLlua ena Dr . Lapp Dr*. Hahoe Dr . agrd isca P a r t ic ipan ts and Obser ver a Cessaitts- Dr. .lasses H. ftamer, Htedicai Director, tiaststtan Kodak Co. Dr. L^aoard Greanburg, Cotais<tlouer Dapartoeat of Air Pollution Control, City o aw osrk Dr. Utilisa P. Y.at Directes of Reearch, iinn Sxfcfcy Appilcnce-a Cesseany Dr,, il^lasuth 2. Schrenk, Hsaaging Director, Industrial Hygiene rcoedaticn Ir. tnnlsy R. Oebo-n, Cocoeiaaioner o Health, Ccnnecticut Depcurtnent of HesUfc . k r 0008383 Ctbyl Corporation - 67 " . Dr. Robert A. Kc-.hce, Medical Consultant Dr. Georgs Kirby, Vies President for Research fir. Richard Scales, General Manager, Detroit Research Laboratori-us S. X. duPent -le H-smcurs & Co. (Inc.) Mr. J. R. Sabina, Assistant Planning Manager, Division of P-stroiaua Chemicals . .... Dr. John A. Kepp, Director, Haskell Laboratory Department of Health, Education, and Welfare : Kr. Sidney Edeiwan, Assistant Chief, Public Health Division, Office of the General Counsel Rub lie Health Service Dr. L, Chapman, Chief, Division of Special Health Service# Sx, g, J. Magnuson, Chief, Occupational Health Program . fir. U. Doyle, Assistant Chief, Occupational Health Program Or. !>. .7 8x.rreiaga.ma, Chief, Clinical Service, Occupational health Pro-gza Dr. fu ?.. Ktoktngcr. Chief, Toxicologic Service, Occuptxs ba I Jc-iitu Program Dr, ? . h',. Ga r a t e r , Te c h n ic a l Ad v i s e r , Oc c u p a t io n a l He a lth Program h r . 7 , G. l i c c Ke m i a , A s s i s t a n t Ch i e f , D i v i s i o n o f Sa n i t a r y .'ips ina-aring Ce r v ic e s Dr. h. A, Grireann, .Asslatsuit. Chiai', Air Pollution ndical ?rogra Mr* i. A. curtvamp, Chief, Special Services Branch, bureau ox Otace Kerv:u'cs KE" 0009384 kist of Materials Furnished Cogmltf:s-a r Codaittec Meetins Proceeding# of a conference to dsternice whether or not there is a public health question in the taaauf&cture, distribution, or use of tetraethyl.lead gcsolin*. Public Health Bulletin Ko. 150, United States Public Health Servie. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1525. The use of tstraethyl lead gasoline in its relation to public health. Public Health Bulletin 3o. 163, United States Public Health Servie. Goverooeent Printing Office, Washington, 1926. Kehoa, R. A., F, TUasMna, and J. Choleic: An appraisal of the lead hasards associated with the distribution and ue< of gasoline containing tetraethyl lead. Vurt I. J. Indust. Hyg. 16: 100-128 (March) 1934. Khoe, H, A... f , Tk&aana, and J. Chciak: An appraisal of the lead hasarde associated with the dlafcributlon and uae of gasolina containing tetraethyl lead. II. The occupational lead exposure of filling station attendants red garage aachenics. J. Indust. Eyg. & Toxicol. 1C: 42-68 (Jan.) 1936. F.ah.oe, 5.. 4., J. Cholek, D. H. Hubbard, K. Baabach, X. R. Hctfary, end R. V. Ftcry: Fxpcritaantal studies on the ingestion of lead compounds. J. Indust, Hyg. & Toxicol, 22: 3CI-A00 (SOv .) 1S4C. ischou, F. A ., .1. Cholsk, D. M. Hubbard, K. batnbach, sad S. R. Ackaryr .(menta1 riudias on lead absorption sad excretion and their relation to the di&geosis and treaejsent of lead poisoning. . ladust. Hyg. A Toxicol. 23: 71-7? (Fsb.) 1543. '. shoe, R. A,; SxpMN&fc to laod. <6e*opo3fcioftl Msdlcdna 3; lKs?t ^Veb.) .&?. ' Choak, J.: The nature of atmospheric pollution in a gusher of industrial casasunitiea. Proc. Second Hat. Ad* pail. Syep.V Saaada, Calif., Hay 5-6, 155?.. vhoiitii, J., L. J. Schafer, and R. ?. Hoffer: Results of a five-year investigation of ait pollution in Cincinnati. Ad-1.A. Arch, Xaxiust. Hyg. (Mad Occup. Med. 6 : 314-325 (Oct.) 1952. Abstracts fretn the Bulletin of Hygiene, 1954-1953, on the health aspects of tetraethyl, lead. Abstracts of the following papers ware Included: Savicavic, M. (Our first cases of poisoning with load-tetraethyi} Bull. Inst. Hyg. Belgrade. 2: 46-63, 1953. (Iu Serbian) Hessaer, 5. Zur klinischen Qegutachruag gaverbllcher Eleivergiftungen. (Clinical Assessment of industrial lead poisoning) Had. Xlin. 49: 218 223 (Feb. 5) 1954. Kl= 0008385 - te'/ - Jecklia, L. dleistaub in der tuft. (Lead dust in the aascsphere) Schwsir. d. Koch. 20: 685-686 (July 3) 1955. .Battling, J. tux- hygisnisch-toxikologlschsn Bsdeutung von Blsistsub sxiii dim Auspuff von ait blsltatrasthyihaltigsa Bsasia bstrisbsaen Kotoren. iUygianic and toxicologics! importance of lead dust in exhausts of rrotors rivets by tetraethyl lead patrol) Arch. f. Getaerbspath, u, Gacaarbehyg. 13: 624-636, 1955. Jacklts, L. Uatsrsuchungsn ubr dsn Sleigehalt dear Auspuffgase b*io jftaatiaiaotcr. (lovebeigaticraa of the lead contant of osjaeuat gases fre patrol anginas) Arch, f. Ge^rbapath. u. Geuerbsbyg. 14: 626-620, 1956. Giacsssrco, R. Importaasa dsll 'awieendaaento maeile nei reparti di :produsioae el piojEbotatraetile attrsverso I'espsriansa di citiiju eitai di cssarvsalots* clinic*. (Importance of aootfcly shifts in land tetra ethyl prediction departments m seats after five years of clinical rsisainacioa) Had, d. Lavoro. 47: 539-.547 iOct.) 1956. Chambers, L. A., 11. Fotef, and J. Cholak: A ectsparisoa of particulate loadings in the atmospheres of certain Asusrican cities. Sroc. Third fiat. Air Poll. yaq>., Pasadena, Calif., April 18-20, -1955. : KE 0009386 7o- - 3.gu3acinus frcs? Publ 1c ' He a lt h B u lle t in 163 (1 9 2 6 )' These regalecions have bean. formulated in accordance with She recom mendations ot the Surgeon General1a cotamittea, under whose direction the investigation into the hazards from tetraethyl lead gasoline was conducted. They are proposed for adoption by the sever?I n~.taS in order to sacure uniformity of control and were the subjet.. ' - ideraticn at the meeting of the State and Territorial health author:j .' -ith the Surgeon General on Hay 23, l'>26. These regulations are based upon present conditions and knowledge 'v.d it is appreciated that changes may be advisable from time to tiiaa. siy the tar "tetraethyl lead" is meant the chemical substance ?b(,0285)4 of a eraserc?a 1 grada of purity or higher. Ethyl fluid 1 the concentrated censerclai flr.il containing tetraethyl land and other ingredients, which is to oa mixed -with gasoline to make ethyl gasoline. The aauufactur* of ethyl fluid -.onsists in adding these ether ingredients to tetraethyl lead and is called "blending." The process of adding the ethyl fluid r.o gaooline to fora ethyl gasoline is called "mixing." Xn the term "ethyl gaso line" *r, herein used are included ail other motor fluids containing tetra ethyl Inad. I. Proposed Regulations for the Manufacture of Tetraethyl Lead cad the Blaoding of the Latter to Make Ethyl Fluid i. flo person .shall be emploved TJitheut adequate Instructions a to the ature of the hazard- ana the precautions to be taken. OO093S? ~nt2. Sach worker shall h*v a periodical physical examination, which shall consist of such physical and other tests as are indicative of the absorption of tetraethyl lead .and shall include, aa a aiateua, th follow^ ing Itesta: (a) Ex&aicat ion of blood for stippling by carafully trained workers, using positive and negative controls, without knowledge of the source of the slid*; this examination shall be once a week for the first three weeks and bimonthly.thereafter. (b) Soantasonthly contact with plant physician for informal ctatassent aa to general health. (c) Bimonthly weight, stripped. (d) Biootithly systolic and diastolic blood pressure sstimtion bile sitting. (s> cimonthly hemoglobin estimation by Dare's hstmoglcbincoatar. 3. Exact rneor<e *a examinations shall bo kept, and persons showing gradually incroasing amounts of stippling, sudden development of tippling, or other aarksd deviation from normal shall be promptly excluded Jcrca tetraethyl lead work, irrespective of whether or not such finding ay ba indicative of lead poisoning. All parts of the plants there lead in any form is used chall b subject to sanitary measures to prevent collection and dissemination cf lead dust. 4. Separata ventilation system* shall be provided for the manufacturing apparatus and for the air of the rooms, the outlet* of the latter being loeatad near the floor of each room and all external inlets and outlets boing o situated as to avoid dustiness and appreciable contamination of tha air round the plant. KE 0009388 5. Daily inspection shall cover efficiency of ventilating system*, all joints, valve, and gaskets of manufacturing apparatus, end adequacy of pressure-hose respirators. 6. All containers of ethyl fluid or tetraethyl lead shall be labeled as to exact content end danger and shall conform to the regulations of the Interstate Comwetce Commission. These containers shall be carefully tested for leaks and shall bear a plainly legible label stating that they ora to be closed tight immediately hen emptied, without cleansing, and sent back to the plant. 7. Kerosene or ocher material used for cleansing the used containers of ethyl fluid or tetraethyl land shall be placed in the containers by means of a closed system with air vents to outside air and with adequate' ventilation. The filling shall be performed by means of a closed system with eir from the container to the outside air, *nd with adsffu&te vatvc 11At ion. '1. A dye shall be added to ethyl fluid in sufficient amount to give staining qualities to toe ethyl gasoline to deter individuals from using it for cleansing or other similar purposes, 10 . ilsports shall bo :aade monthly to the appropriate officer of run State concerned covering the following points: Number of workers employed at beginning of month. Number of workers employed at close of month. cumber of nv workers. Number of workers separated from tetraethyl lead work on account of results of examinations. Humber of definite cases of poisoning, Condition of cases of poisoning previously reported so far as known. - 'J3-* II. Proposed asgulssuion for Mixing ' 1. The axinwa- content of tctrnathyl lead in connscrelal ethyl gasoline shall b in the proportion o 1: 1,260 by volots* for cocsMercisi tetraethyl lead, or l: 1,200 for Pb (^2^5)4 C.P. 2. Hixicg ethyl fluid with gasoline except for certain specific re quirements such as research, nil.itsr7 and. naval use, and air-fiil service shall be done only at the main distribution canters and in not less than tsnk-car lots. Adequate provision shall be made at each such canter for thorough antciidnicsl distribution of Che ethyl fluid throughout the gasoline, .lad the efficiency of such distribution shall be controllsd t>y the analysis of snnpless. 3. The .Locations of these canters and the n*as of persons engaged in nixing shall be reported to the State dep*rtent of health of the State of aplcvcieat. A::- few persons at each ce.atitr * practicable shall be employed for thin 'iork. 5, -!o person shall be engaged for mixing until adequately instructed m to the mechanics of mixing, tha dangers, and tha precautions to be taken. 6, The distributor of ethyl fluid shall provide a special corps of adequately trained instructors and service men. /. All mixing shall ba done with t.he cwsxlPKja ventilation practicable under 'feather conditions existing at the time. S. Operation of th pumps shall be instantly propped at the appearance of a leak or other defect, and no airtaispt shall be made to repair or dis- eonaact the system until a qualified man takes personal charge of it. Rl 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 t 5. Floors o.C *11 places vhar tiy possibility of spilling is present ' fire to be prcvidod /altfa 'drains and proper facilitia* for iB&king possible & coepleta fluahiug cut t-f ail spillad fluid, cr in thair abaanac precision shall b* made r chenically neutralizing any spillage a s it occurs. 10. No bulk mixing station shell be dismantled or discona*ctd for repairs except by a ^w&lifisd oan, 11. ilaxoseos or other afficicat rocms of prevent in akin sbsusrptica of tetraethyl lead and washlog facilities shall always' b conveniently available. , 12 . Xha rule* And inatructioca affecting the ojsaploy* shall be posted io a cjanspienous place where the ethyl fluid is being hendlad. 13. The distributor of ethyl fluid shall, with ?b.a advice of the United 'isag Public Health t-arvic, select * representative group of at least >0 exposed to the hazard of mixing, representing the antire area of /iirtbutioa. This group shall serve as &n indict of the hazard of siixiag. 'anthly for eh* first three taonths and every four s'oaths thereafter this jrcup of sssnploycee shall have a n axaminatica, iifcica shall consist ot: (i) E.r.K3siinafcion of blood for stippling, by carefully trained vorJusts, using positive and negative controls, without knowledge of the source of tha slides. 0-0 Examination of facal namplaa of lead. (c) Pveport as to general state of health. (d) 1'uight, stripped. () /lood-pressura oatimation, diastolic and systolic, when sitting. (f) Hemoglobin estimation by Dare instrument, tvwjt records of these exarainations shall he kept, la. The results of the examination shall be reported promptly to the Surgson Conor&l of the Public Health Service. III. Proposed Regulations far Distribution of Ethyl S&seli?. 1. Sseh filllog station shall have pccsainently display*--.! at the puasp, or in other conspicuous place, the following warning or one of sisadlsr effectivenesst "Kthyl gasoline containing tetraethyl lead, to be used as actor fuel only, 'and not for cleaning or any other purpose." 2. Suitfeblo leaflets hall be available, st all filling stations vSwr# ethyl g&solice i s sold, for distribution on request. Those leaflets hall desarib the possible dangers and precautions to be taken In the use of ethyl gasoline. 3. Containers of ethyl gasoline sold to the general public shall be labeled: "Ethyl gasoline containing tetraethyl Iced. To ba used for sotor fuel only, sue rot for classing or any other purpose." ?'V, T';rapns3a Hegulafcioa* set Automobile Garages, Repair Shop s p Service "tafcicns cad hilling Stations 1. -iutcotcoUr. garages or repair hop* holding more the five cars and all ir,clo8rsu public-service stfttio-ns and inclosed filling rtotions cr sutcccbilos rhould be rgistsced with the local health departseent. 1. In audition to doors myi to window ventilation in. scansr, Autceeoblls gsrages, repair chops, inclosed service stations, and inclosed filling . stations should have permanently operative ventilation at least equivalent to that given by an opening or openings at ceiling level free to the outside is, but protected fro down drafts, with cross-section of 0.2 percent of the fleer space available for cars, together with an opening or openInge for iiilat near floor level or corresponding affectIvaness, both arranged to give .positive dilution of erhaust gases aa generated. This is to be taken m ft ainisMsa, special condition* requiring greater permanent vftneilction. K 0009392 Tfe3. Autachila gsr&f,es, rapalr sSaeps, iacioaad servc* Rasicna,, m Inclvm flliiig st.Atioaa sliculd bs kapt r&scnably cl<Ma firc fre duat by eaas of fluahisg out aad oi#t 8*epog or vstcua els-soiag. Autortsobl?. garages, rap*lr shops, servs stations,, aa illiug stati* saouXi ke*p conapicooaaly postad a copy of Chase veguletiaas vrth tfca ollowiag statswent* ia larga typu: AtTOaSSIUS SZMUST GAS 13 DA562ROOS. MOTORS SHOOLD' LiOT ?d?J ItmSk TSa 30 SECG5SDS \mSS THB C& IS 221 1S0T3XS C& TSB EXHAUST 13 OSSCIL? COffigZCTZD TO H2S OUTSIEE AIR, LIQ22JS SOLO AS MOTOR ?0SL, 5XSEPS OSOUSARY GASOLXHB 5 SlrOU BE m ONLY AS MOTOR FUEL, AND HOT SOR CLEASISO CR OTEES. ?!SLP0S5S. tas yacasfuhss TSE SVAPatATTON Of 39BR C&DIKRY OASOLIK8 ISAY BS TilJSR IDUS. f -r )- Three Reprints Furnished by Ethyl Corporation IiH^W mi`lfc-1 -- r u llifrn^tm lie w m <1 ji* Gilbert, L. F,t D, A. Hirsehlssx, and B. C. Gstocr: Guides oc nitrogen ia angina cxhsusr gca. Presented at ths 132nd meeting of the American Cl\5ffiiical Society, 3nptessfcr 9, 1957. (Sthyl Corporation) Hir&chXar, D. A., L. F. Gilbert, ?. W. Lash, and L. ii. Kiebylski: r&rt isulate load cosapounds in eutcsobiia exhaust gee. Indust . and Engineering Chseaistry (July) 195?. (Ethyl Corporation) Harris, F. V., C. golan, and J. T. Goodwin, Jr.: S m g chaaber studies . o isnlaadttd vs. landed fuels. Xndust. and Ecgiaeerlttg Cfc.sod.stry 50: 673 (April) 1953, (The American Charade! Society) U i 0009394 >,a;'i - r . ... a. Xurar . ... h* i'irb , . arrsn oarth --/iUUi u-.r w cr.: .v.$OA V-,(/ .-,,aroU to-.- . -. I ai-. ";nvar.*;:i:'; .-.ir litter va^aacisa o is ourth aiHi ior. Jnxrooa.;:, an.'.-i.si&ry, ana :i^ a c ana 2, c&u s<srv ai a .aio ;4...,~, .:,.c>'.?` 3 .-dtiag with c4-? a;aoa Otusra. :ho ,15:.o^oa .-, rabias i\av arc th cocuir=c-t&U>;i ta o r nao approach. ' v,-.l -..' oianuoir;.,; iU o.;;r:ci v/st ...ir* v.:wc: ; hac u n m U ;*;or ..:, :h visit to afilia*: o k . a* '-:-a hr. a. :.hot- 1 .... i. '. ...ale.i . .. O