Document dYg4z8v6NQNQV0rYkO0r04GD0

PLAINTIFFS exhibit I ^ 'K 9 [MF'^IL E3 am >sra t3 Ea ' EB L3 y-rr-r-vi hr ^ ..-- w sisa sm- a _-:E3 sssa ra a gfaga ra ca ca fla SQ C* CEI irAtfilTW Ol JTS3 KM A__B___B_ ______ hae 0 eyei n csaa O CA 13 EH C13 ca ca tat CM ATLANTIC CITY OCTOBER 16-20, 1939 -NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, INC. Copyright, tttf, Ntfloiul Softly Cowell, Inc. Prfntnd In II. S. A. V II." Foreword Contents TillC Transactions of the 28tli National Safety Congress mid Exposition of the National Safety Council, October 16-20, 1939, are published in two volumes. Volume 1 con Council Officers and Directors...................................... 4 ' tains the general anil subject sessions and the sessions of the Council Purposes and Program.................................... 9 various Industrial Sections. Volume II contains the Slice: Annual Meeting of Members......................................... H ami Highway Traffic, tlui Commercial Vehicle, the Transit. . the Child Education, and the Home Safely sessions. ' Volume l is distributed automatically to all industrial mem bers of the Council. Volume II is sent to members who are believed to be interested chiclly in the sessions it contains. However, other Council members may obtain Volume II upon rei|uest. Many members have found it of benefit to distribute copies of the Transactions volumes to both executives, foremen and supervisors, wlio have used the practical information they contain in safely programs and for general reference pmposes. Extra copies of the Transactions may be obtained as follmys: One to 10 copies of Vol. I, at $2 each; 11 or more copies, $I.7S each. Extra copies of Vol. II cost 75 cents . Annual Banquet................................... 27 Special Subject Sessions-- _ Eliminating Mechanical Causes of Accidents... 29 Fire Control and Prevention.................................. 43 Fumes,'Gases and Vapors....................................... 55 Govci^mcntal Safety Service in Industry.......... 69 Health Service in Industry...................................... 93 Indusfqjal Nursing.............................................. .... 109 Maintaining Interest in Safety........................... ..123 Occupational Disease Control................................. 133 Off-thc-Job Accidents .............................................149 Safety Inspectors .....................................................163 The Human Side of Safety..................................... 181 Welding and Cutting........ .-...................................... 203 Aeronautical Section ..................... 225 . , each. A. S. S. E.--Engineering Section...................................239 Til 1\ Transactions are a condensed record of the pro ceedings of the Congress. The papers and addresses hate been edited to delete extraneous matter, abbreviate tbe less important portions, ami emphasise what may be of paniruh.r usefulness in promoting effective safety organization and . oilier accident prevention measures. These volumes, tbeivfore, are a somewhat abridged version, compact, piaiiic.il ami of particular value to the student and executive inter ested in achieving more thorough accident prevention'suc cess. Tbe original manuscripts are available for additional reference, if desired, in tbe.files of the National Safety Council. Automotive and Machine'Shop Section.......... ............ 245 Cement and Quarry Section............................................ 259 Chemical Section ............................................................273 Construction Section ...................................................... 209 Food Section......................................................................319 Marine Section..................................................................339 Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section ................................................. 391 Metals Section ................ f... .407 Mining Section ...'.................. .449 Paper and Pulp'Section.......... .477 Petroleum Section.................. .531 Power Press Section................ .567 THE National .Safely Council, at its Congresses, seeks to eliminate from discussion matters which are not pertinent Public Utilities Section.......... Refrigeration Section............ " io the aims of the Congress or which may be contrary to Rtinu-bber Section........................ Council's policies. It cannot accept res|ou.sibility, however, Steam Railroad Section.......... for all views expressed either in the papers which have been Textile Section ....................... delivered or in the discussions based upon these papers. Wood Products Section.......... Safety Exposition Exhibitors .581 .607 .623 .645 .677 .693 .715 NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. Index ...................................... V .719 20 North Wacker Drive . Chicago , National Safety Council Inc. HONORARY MEMBERS ` . Association of Iron anti Si eel Engineers Robert W. Camiiieu. Lew R. Pai.mkk OFFICERS (1939-1940) Col. John Stiiavei.e. President `. H. J. Aldrich, Vice-President lor Safely Councils L. C. Campbell, Vice-President for Industrial Safety \V.u. C. Knoli k, Vice-President for Education Du. Miller McClintdck, Vice-President for Public Safety [. \V. Millard, Vice-President for Finance and Treasurer Walter S. Paine, Vice-President for Engineering Lew R. Palmer, Vice-President for Public Relations A. V. koiiwEDER, Vice-President for Home Safely R. T. Solensten. Vice-President for Membership i W. H. Cameron, Managing Director and Secretary EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1939-1940) - II. J. Aldrich, Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Inc. ' J. I. Ijanahi, Past President . C. W. IJcKcnuisT. Past President , H. W. rtncoLSS, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co. II. E. Hoi.t, South l'eiid Civic Safety Council - F. W. Braun, ASSE-Enginecring Section W. II. Cameron, National Safely Council L. C. Campbell, The Koppcrs Coal Company '' R. W. Camitxi.l, Past President Roiiekt I. Catkin, Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. D. B. Chant. Paper and Pulp Section ' Lewis A. Dcliinis, Pa>t President C. W. Demi fav. The Liquid Carbonic Corp. ' C. It. Dinii.lv. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co. Inc. M vrcl'S A. I Miv, Pa-t President Hanoi n K. Enlows, American National Red Cross I). D. Fenxei.i . Past President H. J. finil FlTII, Metals Section E. E. Grover, Cidiiiiihii- & Southern Ohio Elcrtric Co. IIarkv f.L'u nEKf.Thc Pullman Co. G. T. Hmi.mutii, Chicago Rapid Transit Co. . . !l\KQin`G. Uni t man, Unemployment Compensation Comm, of N. S. 11. IIiikkei t. The Carey Salt Co. W. Ft.i-vo Jackson. Delaw ite Safety Council 4 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Walter G. Kinc, Past President Wm. C. Knoki.k, Milwaohcc Safety Commission John E. Long, Past President Titos. H. MacDonald. Federal Public Roads Administration It. A. McArthur, Public Service Coordinated Transport Dr. Mii.i.ek McClintdck, Yale University I. W. Millard, Industrial Gloves Co. Harold L. Miner, E. I. du Pool dc Nemours & Co. Mop. Ei.iot Ness, Director of Public Safely, Cleveland C.'J. Noiimann, Petroleum Section ElJ. O'Brien, Jr., Louisville Safety Council Wa'lter S. Paine, Aetna Life & Affiliated Cos. Lew R. Palmer, Past President . C!E. Pettiuose, Past President B. O. Pickaro, Marine Section .t Albert S. Recula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc R. J. Reiuei.uth, Construction Section Lr. Col. Henry A. Reninckk, Past President E. A. Roberts, Textile Section A. V. Roiiweder, Duluth, Missabc & Iron Range Ry. Co. Charles B. Scott, Past President ' . Frank T. Sheets, Portland Cement Association Gen. John H. Sherburne, Massachusetts Safety Council Carl L. Smith, Cleveland Safety Council ' C. R. Smith, American Air Lines, Inc. R. T. Soi.ensten, Elliott Service Co. Leslie J. Sorenson, City Tralfic Engineer, Chicago Col. John Stihvell, Consolidated Edison Company of New York-. Inc. John M. Sylvester, Lehigh Valley Safety Council ' C. P. Toi.man, Past President George G. Thaver, Greater Chicago Safely Council Dr. C. H. Watson, Past President - . A. W. Whitnev, Na'ional Conservation Bureau I R. V. Wrigiit, Railway Age Arthur H. Young, Past President DIRECTORS (1939-1940) - H. J. Aldrich, Spencer Kellogg Jfc Sons, Inc. A. L. Armstrong, Eastman Kodak Company Verm W. Audel, Safety Div., Syracuse Chamber of Commerce J. I. Banash, Past President D. A. Barrett, Carnegic-lllinois Steel Corp. Leo II. Beaulac, Blackstone Valley Safety Council Ernest W. Beck, United States Rubber Co. 'A C. W. Bercijuist, Past President E. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. ' : II. W. Boccess, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co. II. E. Holt, South IJciul Civic Safety Council 5 L uojp#g J|iind l 'sis.iuoy *y 3 .' 110111103 Xpjcg IH.WJ3ICJ 'Many srwmvft UlOpjP.IJ 1SCJ 'HS'JKIKHy 'V ASK3H "m3 '13 uojpog iio!13iiji<iio3 'iixniauny ( }[ 3II| 'fJO|3smio3 suojivpy icjnsupuj 'iinoxy g xiijuiv ' uojpog iiomcjjSuj3\j 'nvy -y -y ` utnpog soji!|!i3 Djiqiij '.ircpuxj y || Onlioag Jtpcjj. 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Roiiwkokr, Duluth, Missnbc & Iron Range Ry. Co. G. E.'Sanford, General Electric Company Hf.nry G. Schaffner, Meat Packing. Tanning & Leather Industrie* Section Harry E. Sciikaick, Kansas City Safety Council Ciiaki.es B. Scott, Past President Earl S. Shartzf.r, Utica Safety Council .. Frank T. Sheets, Portland Cement Association " Gen. John H. Sherburne, Massachusetts Safety Council * . Dr. L. A. Shoudy, Bethlehem Steel Company -f Ernest L. Simonds, New Haven Safety Council ' Adolph Skinner. Safely Dept., Nashville Chamber of Commerce Carl L. Smith, Cleveland Safety Council C R. Smith, American Air Lines, Inc. . R. T. Solknsten, Elliott Service Company .Leslie J. Sorf.nson, City Traffic Engineer, Chicago E. C SrRtNC, Philadelphia, Pa. Cot- John Sthaveli, Consolidated Edison Company of N. Y. Inc. Edmund C. Stone, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council . ^ John M. Sylvester, Lehigh Valiev Safety Council ' ' Arthur M. Tode, Consulting Marine Engineer C. P. TotAtan, Past President --- Georcf. G. Traver, Greater Chicago Safety Council Dr. B. L. VosiiuRr.it, General Electric Company Dr. C. H. Watson, Past President Fred A. WEnn. Food Section G. Wise Wescott, Safety Dept.. Automobile Club of Rhode Island T. Anglin White, Safety Div,, Birmingham Chamber of Commerce S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. A. W. Whitney, National Conservation Rttrcau . J. C. Wilson, Wood Products Section A. N. WoomtEAD, AlbanySafcty Council- ` W. E. Worth, International Harvester Co. R. V. Wright, Railway Ago Arthur H. Young. Past President E. J. Zauft, Safety Bureau, Duluth Chamber of Commerce M. R. Zf.i.der, Power Press Section Occupations! Disease Control THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 19, 1939 The session planned for the discussion of problems in industrial occupational disease control was cailed to order by A. S. Johnson. Assistant to the Manager, Engineering Department, American Mu tual Lialtility Insurance Company, Bos ton. Mass., who presided. The problems were presented as a panel discussion, and Chairman' Johnson introduced the mem bers of the panel, as follows: Roy S. Bonsib, Chief Safety Inspector, Standard Oil Company of New Jersey. New York City. . Warren A. Cook. Division of Industrial Hygiene and Engineering Research. Zurich General Accident & Liability In surance Coinpawy, Chicago. Dr." A. o. Cranch. Industrial Toxicology . Department. Union Carbide Company. New York City. Dr. Leonard Grecnburg, Executive Di rector. Division of Industrial Hygiene. New York State Department of Labor. New York City. Willis G. Hazard, Personnel Division. Owens-Illinois Glass Company, Toledo, O. Dr. E. G. Mcitcr, Director, Industrial Hygiene Laboratory, Employers Mutual Liabilitv Insurance Company, Wausau. Wis. ' Dr. O. A. Sander. Milwaukee, Wis. The' Discussion Plan CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: We have agreed to have a working base from which we will talk. This working base from which we will try to develop our opinions is what l choose to call a triangle of re sponsibly. visualizing what may be called the three A. B. C.'s of an equilateral tri- anedc. ' At the top of this triangle is manage ment of an industrial enterprise, the man who has to pay the bills, the man who hires the labor, the man who worries about their health. On the left base is the medi cal side. They are the group employed to carry out the medical part of industrial management's responsibility. And on the lower right is the third base of this tri angle where we find the engineers or in dustrial hygienists, who have to develop and prepare for the operating group the controls of occupational disease, as far as engineering is concerned with controlling them. Now. there is a strong tie between the medical and the engineering phases through that base line of the triangle. What we hope to do in discussing each topic is to develop that tie. which we will call the balance of opinion between the medical phases developed by the uoctors on my left, and the engineering phases de veloped by the engineers on my right. I would like to ask this panel a ques tion. For a great many years occupational hazards have been studied in one indus try or another. Would this panel feel. let us say. sanguine that any industrial enter prise i now ready, by employing proper personnel, by searching out the answers wherever they may be found, to solve an occupational disease problem if they have one. and by the proper solution maintain the safety and health of the employees.1 Put another way, arc we still groping in the dark on some of these hazards by reason of conflict of opinion, rontliet of experimental data and theoretical expres sion by folks who.f.ml the theoretical haz ard in exposure because it is suggested in the book? Will'Dr. E. G. Cranrli talk briefly along tills line of suggestion? DR. CRANCH: This question is :. broad one: Is any industry satisfied that it is iu a position to solve an occupational disease on the basis of present informa tion? I would say, absolutely yes, tor tiimaioritv of occupational disease problems are sufficiently understood to adopt. effi cient measures for control. s, I.M 2Slh National Safely Congress CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: Frequently I hear it said, "Well, why should I ilo an; thing alimit this until you folks come t<> tinils on whether I ought to have two parts pef million or two thousand parts per million;" l.et us ilevrlop lhi> iartlier ami nek the opinion of Or. K. ti. Meilcr, on the ciigim-cting siile. OK. M LITER: 1 agree with Or. Ciamli that there is cnoneli known In solve llic.-e oeetioaiitnial disease hazards. li some employers are not williim to ilo anything at all until all possible informa tion is available, I would say that they are never going to start. In lulling these occupational disease piohlcins. we have a progressive solution. In the same way that the 19-11) automobile could not have heen built in 1920. just so arc we progressing in all the branches of engineering, ventilation, ventilation equip ment. and respiratory protective devices, and so 1 think adconatc information is available. . A Basis for Truth CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: I think we have a balance of opinion there. If you have an occupational disease hazard, there is enough knowledge stored somewhere in the books and brains to tackle it or solve it in progressive fashion. But we arc clut tered up, I think, by a lot of crack-brained u-'tiniis. I have read any quantity of liter ature in which somebody has ventured the opinion that because such and such ma terials are used, \vc must have a hazard that is just about ready to kiii olT the population of the plant. Do we know enough about the hazards and pontrol of bvitzol, silicosis, arsenic, pirns -horns, radium, x-ray, and so forth, to so. t out the truth and build upon solid fa-1 u effective safety program? Will Dr. I ;onard Grccnburg del clop that for a ri-u|.le of tniiitiics? L)K. GREENIiUKG: It seems to me that there is a definite body of evidence which is available on the more important occupational poisons and for the more important occupational diseases, that makes ii possible to prevent and control those poisonings and these hazards with a great deal of certainty. That holds for substances such as car bon monos Me and lead and chromium and arsenic and benzol. The chief reason, it seems to me. why we still amt in in: in have poisonings in industry is because the employer and the worker do not realize the gravity of these hazards and do not lake the nrnlilr.m seriously enough to in stitute the necessary and nroncr means of prevention. - CIIAIKMAK JOHNSON: Now I am going In switch to the engineering side and ask the same question, l.et ns visual ize an industrial enterprise that is fearful, that has a notion that some exposure is a serious one. and wants to know if there is anything from an industrial engineering standpoint that will make it impossible ->r difficult to devise the proper instrument.to measure the quantity of exposure, whether it lie dust, gas or fume. I am going to turn that over to Warren Cook. '. MR. COOK: Today \vc have more methods available for finding out howmuch of the injurious materials a man is being exposed to than we have ever had in the past. Formerly it was a very labori ous procedure in most cases to analyze the atmosphere inhaled by the worker. Today in connection with more and more of the injurious materials, we are having placed in our hands and arc having de veloped methods which will quickly tell ns how much of the injurious material Ts in thy atmosphere breathed hy the worker. We have devices which will determine the concentration of carbon monoxide merely by reading a gauge. Similar equip ment is being developed for other injuri ous materials. For vapors,.about the host device is tin Inncrperomrtcr, and ivc hope wc will lie able to get equipment of this kind manufactured ill this country one of these days, hut at the present lime it is rather difficult to obtain. {'radically all of the injurious material' in industrial atiun-phcrcs can In- deter mined. Some of the methods arc more simple than others, but methods arc being simplified all of the time so the safety en gineer in the plant can avail himself of these methods. . CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: Now I aui going to ask Rov flonsih a rather critical question. In eases of doubt, where fear has to he balanced with knowledge, would lie think inadvisable to ailemnt to deli. a hazard in a plant without technical Occupational Disease Control 135 measurement* That is. by visual ohservatioil. Or does lie feel that it is beyond all question desirable to have the survey made technically hy industrial hygienists or hy men trained to sample properly with proper instruments? MR. BON'SIII: I think the greatest trouble in industry today is that there has been loo much guess work. In deal ing with insidious problems such as the new substances and sonic of the old sub stances which have been introduced, it is pretty hard to hang your hat on every thing, and the ayv.tagc executive today wants to know exactly what is what, and you cannot kuouiit hat without concrete evidence. You havc'Vot to get definite in formation and data. When once you'littow the facts, which can only lie obtained through technical means and hy experienced people, you can give them something definite on which they can base definite conclusions and on which you can base your preventive measures. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: Now I feel assured that ive can discuss some detailed problems. We have our base. We are in agreement that there is no ordinary occu pational disease, hazard that cannot be coped with, that there is sufficient evi dence to sort fact from fancy, that there are instruments sufficient in quantity and kind for proper engineering analysis, and that there is no deed of guessing. l.et us start now an occupational dis ease control program. We have Plant X. The management at the top says, "Find mv hazard, if any. Control it, it need he. I util setting up a medical department: 1 am setting up engineering occupational hygienists. 1 want you fellows to work out a program so that my operating depart ment can install the necessary safeguards, whatever they may lie, and assure me that there will he no emergence of disability by reason of these exposures." . The Medical Program Let ns build first the medical half of that program. Of what docs it generally consist. Or. O. A. Sander? DR. SANDER: I am glad you empha sized the needyaf a medical program in an occupational disease control program, along with the engineering control Alt initial examination of all workers exposed to a particular occupational hazard is ay- ncccssary as is the exact delcr-nmatio!- of a hazard by engineering methods. . The appearance or the findings in "any group of workers exposed to a particular dust, or what have you, gives an accurate picture of the hazard which has existed over a period of years. That picture is one which the engineers cannot give you, because their dust counts or other deter minations may he only temporary --r may vary from day to day. It may have changed considerably in tho past few years: the hazard may have been for example, ten tipics as great two years before as it was on the day the dust counts were made. So no occupational disease control is ade quate without initial bxaminatiou of all employees. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: Dr. Sander has developed the need lor the medical examination as a survey question to deter mine whether conditions as they have ex isted have produced any pathology in the men. Let us assume that, and install our program of control. Dr. Grecnburg. what do you feel about the need for periodicity in the examination program? DR. GREENBURG: That would largely depend on what particular hazards were present in the plant itself. In certain cases it would be desirable to examine workers very frequently, perhaps even as often as once a month: and in other in stances it might be very satisfactory to examine them once a year, depending on just what particular substances the work ers were exposed to in their daily occupa tion and how satisfactory the technical means pf control were. For example, in the case of benzol, it might be satisfactory to examine workers every three months. I believe in the case of tetraethyl lead, the du Pont Company examines its employees about once a month, though 1 am not quite suic about that. In the case of sand blasters, it might he desirable to examine them and x-ray them every six.months; whereas in the ease of foundry-men it might he perfectly satisfactory if the men arc engaged in ordinary foundry work to examine them once a year and x-ray them once a year or once every year and a half. It would he largely a question of judg ment, depending on the particular occu- - I JO i \ 2Hth National Satciv Conyress I p.itiuii and llio particular substances einpl.ycd. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: I would like lo ask Dr. Creenhurg to amplify just urn- points If the survey about which Dr. SauJer spoke discloses no specific occu pational disease hazard as having caused any j athology--and that is the situation that o..tains in most plants--hut still there may b: sonic inotlerale exposures to this or to t.iat, and the management wants to be pcrf'ctly sure,* how often as a general thing s.toiihl those men come up for re examination? Understand, this survey has disclosed no pathology, no damage, nothing yon can pul your teeth in or hang your hat on as indicating a great need for engineering changes in current methods of control. Re-examination Periods l)U. GKEEXUL'RG: That would largely depend on whether there were any hazardous materials being used in the plant. If the condition of the men at the time of the initial examination was quite negative and uoihazardous material is be ing used in the plant, I should say the dcci'ion as to whether or not you are going lo have physical examinations is largely an open one, and a matter of wide judg ment. l or example, in the case of a depart ment store's employees, where young women art as saloladics. under ordinary conditions, it might not be necessary or desirable to give them physical examina tions more than once in five years, per haps not even then. If, on the other hand, the physical ex aminations were quite negative, and yet toxic materials arc being employed, the decision would depend on Itovv toxic tho-.e materials are and what the analysis of the plant atmosphere shows. It seems to me that the answer to the question is a matter of judgment which must be based on a comparison of the relative hazards of the exposure as com pared with the cost and desirability of roiilintiing intensive physical examination. Jin! only by knowing the detailed facts can one arrive a| a sound decision in a particular given instance. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: I think that it is very important for yon all m consider carefully the opinion expressed there. YcAt will observe that he ha.- placed the burden upon his own profes sion, by careful discussion, of course, with the management that is lo pay the bill: but the decision must rest with the doc tor upon the evidence as presented by the conditions of the plant and the employees themselves. . There is no cook book formula which says, you must put employees through the mill at standard intervals. But the making of medical examinations is another thing. It always presents problems, because men frequently are frightened when they know they are being examined to see if there is anything the matter with them, not just being examined to sec if they are all right. They are always fearful that sontq dire calamity may overtake them soon. It is a real personnel prob lem, one that has to be handled with judgment. I ant going to ask Dr. Cranch if, in his long experience of examining a great many employees for operating exposures that might not be hazardous, he has al ways been able to keep those employees calm and collected and quiet and quite content with what things were found. DR. CRANCH: Physical examination programs for occupational disease con trol can hardly be divorced Irom a physi cal examination program aimed at general health conservation. Where it is possible to have a medical service, where the physi cian is in daily contact with the man. physical examination presents far fewer difficulties than where it is done'only (or the sake of occupational disease control. If an outside physical! comes in to ex amine certain groups ol men at intervals of iron) otic month to two years, melt logically have a right to expert that then may he something going wrong with those who arc called in frequently, and that leads to considerable nervousness on their part as tf> what will he found. There is. a matter of psychology and practice in carrying out such a program oi examinations. It is much simpler, where it is possible to arrange it, to have reason ably frequent examinations for general health conservation, and these examina tions. then, will be included in the regular procedure and help to determine the efforts a! an occupational disease exposure. Occupational Disease Control 137 As Dr. Greeiiburg said, we do not at with surveying to locale and find the * tempt as a rule a routine examination at hazard that they want to control. a fixed interval of a year, wc will say. The periodicity of our re-examination is Will Willis Hazard discuss that one' determined largely by several factors: MR. HAZARD: It seems to me that first, the possible exposure to occupational the most important thing that the doctor disease hazards; second, what we notice in can tell the engineer is what his findings connection with that man's health as the arc from the physical examination. That days go by. more or less determines how serious the Our supervisory force is usually in structed to send in any man who seems a little under the weather, who does not scent to he doing ivcjl, who seems to he slipping a little. From their recommenda tions often wc pickjrp cases that certainly hazard is; it often isolates it to certain in dividuals in the plant, and that points the way to places that should come under en gineering control in that regard. .CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: l'crhaps you have already visualized what I am require examination' which otherwise" leading to. I want Mr. Bonsib to develop would easily have been overlooked. Anotlirr thing wl'ildli we have to remem ber is that many symptoms are common not only to occupational disease expo sures incident to life in general; and the medical program lor the control of occu that a little farther. Here we have the medical examination installed to disclose what is wrong, if anything. I want him to develop the engineering control method. What fact and what data does he need to go about his business? pational disease is therefore extremely Engineering Control ' important in that the contact must be es tablished with the men to determine what changes arc going on and what is their origin. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: The im portant point to .me is that you cannot drag in a physician from the outside who is a total stranger to your problem, merely became lie is an expert toxicologist or ex pert something else, and ask him to set up a medical examination or control program MR. BONSIB: Since the amount of damage to the human mechanism depends upon the exposure and the concentration the engineer should know the maximum allowable concentration to which he would have to maintain the working atmosphere or the working condition, and as an en gineer that is something that the medical profession must give so that the engineer will have something to which to work. for about a week, and then depart. Hire him lo consult with your own physician, but let your own physician so fold the occupational disease program in I think the answer to the question, then, is that it is very essential that the thresh old or maximum allowable concentration permissible he known. to the general health conservation pro CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: I do not gram, that the findings of the one serve to think wc will quarrel about that. I am augment and support the findings of the certain no engineering group will stick other. out its neck far enough to define for the Now I nut going to talk to the engineers, and assume that a survey has been made in which wc have discovered a hazard sufficiently dangerous so that, in the doc medical profession what constitutes the safe threshold limit. It is not quite the answer to the question I had in niiutl. however. tor's opinion, something ought to he done about it. I am not assuming that it has gone so far as to kill men, but it has itianiIcslcd itself cijhcr in moderate early symp toms or sonic actual demonstrable pa thology in a few. For a great many years, you know, the medical profession has been conducting its work successfully In industry, main taining the greatest degree ol confidence between the employees and the doctor through the (act that the doctor never t want to asti this group of engineers revealed what was the matter with the what they want the medical men to tell mail if there was anything wrong. Ife them which they may use to utmost ad grades the men in a general way--employ vantage in their own work in conneclioti able, or employable subject to medical I JO wUlM 4 U* 4U/IU* congress scr\ii'- .i employable in limited expo* much dust. It had hern shown that Mire*. gypsum dust itself does nut cause silicosis \ iti'"1 | have blown open a question here: 1 ' ,i the doctor inform the engineer ,i( ;i *"nt , i. nt tutuihvr of fact? about the , n hirlt these men have been cxli.nii weakening that professional or injury to the lungs. tyVIierc there is silica sand, we look for that injury to the lungs and the development of lihrosis and silicosis where the exposure?-is high and continued over a long period oi time. CpnVi<U *'* , which he has established in lhe *'** 'w. i. whom In- i examining? WUm 1 u.nit this group of engineers to t an they use adequately mass Consequently, where about half of the material used in this operation was silica sand, it was the guess of the engineer that here was a condition which had to lie con SIlioT*" 1,1,.,i or information about the crouo. " ',ih.mt having to know that Mike UamV'i.*", I;i is about one month from otncfju"1" wiih a disability: Will you tlc\clop !>' ' , \li. Hazard? , >tK * i \ ' MCI): It seem; to me it is `uro' ... -d-lc for the engineer to use .il.c \'M'U > c-nll; in a purely statistical ;n.i::s: * I. does not have to know who i* v<*' * whether it is Mike Datnbrowski r . .'i i he. It is extremely impor*.int * '1 , know the number of people who .u- .wing the same ailment and the I**.:' *' .. of people who arc working in the >'.< > , ut or the plant as a whole. MK , \>'|:: 1 do not sec how you ,\i:-. ' . icaiust something unless you know v : is going to do: and I do not -ee >" .. : can provide necessary pro !rc:: > , .. ::es without knowing to wlial :ste:.'. ' '.nt to go on them. You nui't know *' .'bold limit to which the snh- c material, whether it is gas. is causing the trouble. If . vw what :he toxic limit is. . . wm.: it takes to make people . much the human mechanism :.tki*'g due allowance for the trolled effectively to keep tin* ilu-t ruiicenIralion down to very low levels. To everyone's surprise, the x-ray exami nations of workers who had been exposed to these operations for a niinditr of years, showed that there was no development oi fibrosis. Further engineering data was collected. ' and it was found that two things hap pened. In the first place, the grain size of the sand was rather uniformly large and well washed. There was no abrasive action to produce a great ninuher of line particles. In the air itself, the concentra tion of free silica was not 50 per cent, or wlial it was in the main material, hut only one or two per cent. Finally, laboratory examination showed that where you get quartz dust falling, or where you would ' get gypsum dust settling out of the air fairly rapidly, the quartz dust settled out more rapidly, and the combination of quartz and gypsum settled out even more rapidly than either one alone, due to the fact that the gypsum dust caused agglom erations with the silica dust, ami you had large groups of particles which caused this more rapid settling. 'Vi .. > o: the susceptible. I do not Now. the data obtained through the engineer can provide the medical examination >giqd the x-ray was . a*nrc. wliat gave the hint that the cost and the ... i ? ::`.l maintain that the .::: is the essential thing for .. :o know. That gives him . . l oo: a:. Ir. other words. completeness of the ctliitrol at that opera tion was not as great as it would normally bc thought to lie by the engineer walking into the situation. . :ki: concentration to the CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: I think that . .*. '.licit i: wil: not make auy- illustration hinds together these various `.he length o: exposure ncccs- points. ` ct that pericr. must he cx- I have watched that particular study de veloped with a great deal of iutrrc-t. and. An instance might he for a fact, the engineers did nut know, or . ether factors than threshold did not have to know, anything about the . wen utilized. For example, men as individuals; the doctor kept that ,,..n industry, in certain plants in his files completely. .rt * . ts known as a sanded plaster Now let us summarize for ju.-t a mo tr.ir ' g operation where there is meut. to see where we have arrived. We Occupational Disease Control 13'.- have the doctors and the engineers as the two bases of our triangle. Our panel feels sanguine that hazards can be controlled. We know enough, there is enough knowl edge in the aggregate to control them. We say that the need for a medical pro gram is as vital as the need for an en gineering program; that the doctor ought, to lie the plant doctor, augmented by such specialists as lie nerds to employ to couii scl with him; that they have a certain amount of factual information that they must turn over to the hygienist or en gineer for his use as-a check for his per formances, and that the medical crowd should tell the engineering crowd how low the hazard must lie taken to consider it reasonably safe; that the engineers arc perfectly willing and able to tackle the hazard in some fashion if they know those things; and the periodicity of the exami nation to find out whether the engineers did a job or not depends upon the condi tions ns the doctor finds the record written in the men themselves. Of course, the engineers arc going to continue to use the instruments of survey to check their own results. Now I am going down to our printed program and explore some of the ques tions suggested there. The panel will dis cuss phases of exhaust systems. Arc there in the engineering catalogue;, data de scribing machinery of one kind or another to make it possible*for the engineer to design an exhaust system if lie wants it. or thinks he needs it? Arc there enough high grade, glorified vacuum cleaners on the market to pick one out of the catalogue and install it in the plant, and expect it to produce results ? Dr. Mcitcr, will you develop your thoughts on present market conditions of. tailor-made exhaust systems as against engineering design of exhaust systems to fit the individual plant circumstances? Exhaust Systems - DR. MEITER: In my opinion, there is not available ready-made exhaust ventila tion equipment. The assumption that you can select from a catalogue and ventilate your problem; lias been a great drawback in the progress of this work. Ity that I mean this: Oftentimes a con cern will have, say, a local tin worker. They call him in and he. without know ing what the requirements arc of thr State Code, without knowing the liu-<ts tc which the gas, dust or fume lias to be exhausted, immediately sets about and de signs a hood. Then, without even knowing lion much air can lie handled by that hood, he looks into the classified section of the telephone Imok and calls up the fan company. The tan company lias a salesman, Imt ic i< not in. so the office girl looks up the . :chnica! data, and the company ships the I in. When this ventilating system h, finallj installed, the sheet metal -vorkc- says, "Well, the sheet metal work porti. .1 of il is all right, and that is all I guarantee." Then the fan company, on the other hand, says that the fan delivers a certain volume of air at the speed shown in their catalogue, so they wash their hands of it. And finally, when the whole thing is in it doe; not work and a job ha; been poorly dour* So the point I wish to make is that ventilation, no matter how simple, requires technical knowledge and technical instru ments to determine when the system is really working. CHAIRMAN .IOlfNSON~: I think Dr Mcitijr has put his finger on a vers critical point. When I speak about engineering control. I mean engineering control, and J do not mean tinsmith control. I.rt me illustrate. Sander talked about the meta* fimn fever, zinc shakes. Visualize, if you will, the problem of a shipyard building de stroyers for the I'nitcd States Na\v f galvanized sheet plate, with a great deal of electrical welding work to he done in confined space5, in the little tanks and cells of whirl] the ship is constructed. There is a plant set up in the field, you might say. lying for nearly a year at its fitting-out basin, a little plant about .125 feet long and 10 feet wide. 25 t-> 10 feet molded depth and heaven only knows how many tanks in it (they get down to pretty smatl sizes) with welding to he done in most. In those confined spaces welding, steam-fitting and electrical work must lie done. Can you imagine a tailor-made ven tilating system being used there? Now let us go to the next question, protcetivc creams and lotions. I.rt us have clearly in mind that a cream or a lotion i; smeared on the skin for a purpose, and Nn Ji\tli National Hn/i-ty C oni/rass I'O.illy I lie purpose is lo prevent the moderate amounts of something or oilier trout coniine into contact with the shin. I liesc creams and lotions are of two kind'. those that arc water soluble for use in oily exposures, and those which arc oil soluble for use in aqueous exposures, I his me of cream, 1 declare arbitrarily, is Chairman of this party, is not in lien ,<f any other control. These creams are n>cd because controls cannot be made absolute, and because there are sensitive 'l.ins to he taken care of. I)r. Crnncb, would you like to discuss the effectiveness and the use of crc.nus. irom the viewpoint of the doctor who has a cock-eyed purchasing agent who buys an oil soluble when lie wants a water 'I'liiblc. and vice versa? Protective Creams and Lotions UK. CRAXCI1; f think you have -larted something. Protective creams cer tainly have a field in the protection of 'kin from various irritant substances. I would put far ahead of the use of prolcc:iie creams, however, pood personal hygiene and thorough cleanliness on the part of the worker. Where that is ob tained. the question of protective creams i' of lesser importance; sometimes negadi c importance. There are certain exposures, however, where no amount of personal hypiene or cleanliness is enough to protect from pos-ihlv harm. Therefore, we do have a place for protective creams of the two classes Mr Johnson lias just mentioned. Primary in the consideration and seleci*'ll of any cicam. of course, is the nature d the exposure. If it is on ail oily suh'tnnee. we must use a water soluble . ream which will form a coatinp over the 'kin and resist the penetration of the oily mats rial And. on the other hand, if it is a water -oliildc substance from which we must haw protection, we must have an oily ha-e in the protective cream. The first consideration, then, is that the civain itself shall not contain an irritant. That incidentally opens up the whole field of- allergy. There are many people sen sitive to certain of the common ingredients used in many of these protective coatinpc. They can probably only he discovered by means of a patch test or by actual experi ence in the use of the cream. In that case, some oilier means of protection must he adopted, or the man assigned lo other work. The great proportion of cream-, now- on the market appear to lie reasonably free from any irritants or substances that are particularly likely to brinp about an al lergic reaction. The main thing is to 'elect the one designed for the type of protec tion required. These creams, we have found, are often eoii'iih-raldy abused. Men seem lo think, in many places, that the cream lias to be applied in a coatinp that by its mechanical thickness to the naked eve will protect tile skin. I have seen a man put mi a quarter of a pound where half an inch squeezed out of a tube would probably have answered the purpose. . In that case, they often'run into olln-r tlilficiilties. Many of these creams which protect from oil substances, are creams which have a soap base: the men are simply iiitiniug around in a soap poultice, and they work up an irritation which is as great or in some cases preater than that which would have resulted from the ex posure they sought to prevent. In the oily cream preparations which protect from water soluble substances, they offer iis very queer mixtures. Lnnoliue as a base, t think, is the tliinp of choice for that type of protection, rather than a pvtrolatuni. ft works a little fur ther into the skin, I believe, and will pro tect in a more thorotigftqpaiiucr than the pvlridalmii base preparations which just smear over the surface and are more easily rubbed oil and fali'in their prntcrlion. Another thing to consider is, that the Iasi word has certainly not been said on proteeiiie creams: they arc in the process of rather rapid development, f hi-licvi there are commercially available manj suitable types of protective creams, and. on the ollu-r baud, they can lie made up for a specific purpose very satisfactorily nil the advice of ynm physician. Ynn ran get a \ cry satisfactory cream that can Inproduced ill hulk for your own use. Respiratory Protection CHAIRMAN' JOHNSON: w,- wV continue with the discussion of respira tory protection. In connection with the examination of thousands of foundryiiicti. Dr. Sander has explored the opera tions which they conduct so that lie knows wli.it they all mean, lie of course lias found that some of tiic men are pro tected by exhaust systems, and some of tile men arc protected by personal body protection, eillicr filters or the airline type of respiration. l interpret respiratory protection t" mean the- kind of respiratory protection that you stick onto the man. Of course, it is all"respiratory protection, but I wonder if Dr. Sander would like to discuss whether or not lie lias found by the actual examination of men tli.it the satisfactory type of respirator lias been found which will actually protect the men. DU. .SAXDI:.R: Resinning with sand blasters, undoubtedly the modern air hel met affords almost WO per cent protection for the prevention of silicosis, provided tinhelmet is kept in good working condition, and provided the air pressure coming into the helmet is satisfactory. In the observation of about .1110 sand blasters in a seven-year period I have yet to see the first one develop silicosis who tiad worked only with the modern hel met. . Also, I have seen no so-called first- stage cases develop a second stage sili cosis during that interval. A first-stage ease has been kept at work: he has not been shifted. ' We feel that a' sand blaster with a modern helmet is breathing less dust than anyone else in the foundry as a matter of fact, and there is certainly no point, in shifting him out onto the Boor, removing his piece of respiratory protection and giving him more diir-t than In* is getting at his sand blasting job. As far as the other foundry operations arc rourvrncd. of course it is always ad visable lo exhaust when possible. There arc a few occupations that cannot he ex hausted satisfactorily. One of these is sand chipping, and where sand chipping must he done, it is advisable for the chippers to wear the filter respirators. How ever, even there it is advisable to try some other method of cleaning tile casting if that is all that is feasible--for instance, washing with high pressure combined water and sand, and so forth. With nrdinarv stand grinding, there is I "' no need of respiratory protection, provided ail exhaust system is used and is in proper working condition. The exhaust ventilation for swing grinders is' a little more' difficult, but it lias been accomplished. There arc very few swing grinders in Wisconsin that arc exhausted, however. It lias hevn our ex perience tliat swing grinders have lint de veloped as much silicosis as was at first believed, and the reason probably is that hv the time they get the castings there ino more molding sand on them. It has all been removed first in the grinding wheels with all tiic artificial abrasive, so the only silica the swing grimier is breathing is generally plant dust. Moldcrs and core makers need no spe cial respiratory protection, in my opinion A moMcr just could not do the job very well if lie were required to wear a respira tor from morning until night. 1 do not think I would depend on a respirator for the protection of the man with -the tuberculous scar. I would rather move him to some other job. or move his job somewhere else, or localize his job in a -eparate room and ventilate it. I see no reason why We should worry about a sand blaster today, even with a tuberculous 'scar. \\ e feel they are not going to develop silicosis, and therefore we think that what little du-t there mas lie will have no olivet on mhIi a tuber. culous scar. We have lint permitted 'and blasters with tuberculous 'cars to continue working on tliat job, hut I think we should permit them to do so today, knowing that the hazard of sand blasting is controlled provided, of coiir'e. the equipment is kepi in working condition. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: That dis'i-rtation aii'wcrs beautifully the question of respiratory protection .1' far as it ap plies to the foundry, and f think direct analogy will carry that opinion over into nlnin.'l any other exposure that von cIiuomto carry it into. In order lo play absolutely fail with everyone in the audience, I am going to start on the questions that have conic In me. and there arc quite a number. Here is the first question: Assuming that the development of adequ. .c cngiii- rori|((; ami medical departments is csseuli.il to propel ly control dost hazards, low can the smaller plants, those has ins Ml* or _W t-inphnci'5, cope with this prqbi.-m ami ih tiiininc whether or not they I.-im' a hazardous dust condition or any itV.er is i np.itional disease condition? It would he impossible in many eases for then' small plants to set up elaborate and evpetisise control departments. T > le. -I the answer in a dcliuite direeI am going to suggest that perhaps t. > jn..i r lies in the recent development v almost cure industrial stale, divisions :' \ npational di-ease hygiene, either in the Department of Labor or the Departnwr! of 11e .illIt. I am sure Dr. Leonard t'.reeulmr.e would like to answer that i|-.:fs:ion. The Small Plant Problem . DK. CREKXIU/RG: There are two i` that the smaller plant may do: one Is :e make use of its insurance company to -.lie tidiest extent; and the second is to v-.ake use of such facilities as the state has at ::s disposal, cither the Department of Lalvr or the Department of Health. In approximately oO states in the Union, '.e:c are divisions of industrial hygiene in either the Department of Labor or the I Vpartment of Health, and in a few cases !:> hotlt. and they are always prepared and eager to help the smaller plant, particu larly with such problems as this. Many of the insurance companies have developed divisions of hygiene and have experts on their staff who arc also pre pared and able to render service along :':te;e lines. It seems to me that the big ees: problem is to get the small plant r-.v.Sitcmcnt to recognize that the stuini*a**\t block is management itself. Once thro. recognition has been achieved, it is .1 relatively simple thing to obtain prac::>v.!!y tree service from either of these organizations in an effort to really -u-tr-.i tiv v preventive work. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: Let me add one thought to that answer. I am familiar wr'i most of those divisions. In none of is thrrr anybody carrying a big -tie's to browhvat or to hammer into shape tV.e small plants that want help. They are already giving help in an' advisory tadroit. There has hern fear, at times, that you could not let a state man into the plant without expecting him to change a recom mendation into an order overnight. I have not seen that in this treatment of the occu pational disease problem. I Uhl not telling you that it does not exist: I sav I have not seen it. t. I have here a question for onr engineers. Yesterday they were talking about weld ing metal and fume fever, and so forth. Here is the qdcstion: Does an exhaust system from electrical welding .vh:ct I In ly pc of w eld ? As I view this question, it means this: \\ lien yon weld with an electric welding process using a coated electrode, the lltixing of the coating produces an umbrella or tent over the weld are itseli and thereby excludes the air from the arc and prevents oxidation of the steel which is being cast into the hole being filled up. and prevents oxidation of any of the material nr metal that is in the fused state. , Nmv the question is. if you stick a heavy exhaust there and pull away that vapor which provides the protection, do you ruin your weld? Is the control for health at the expense of the weld, or would it be better to forget that and limit the time of the welding? . Docs anybody here want to answer that? MR. BONSIB: I think that if you have general ventilation there would be very little danger of destroying that umbrella that Mr. -Johnson has mentioned. Of course, it is advisable to remove those fumes ns near the source,of origin as pos sible. You have to get vvUjtjn eight inches, and not more than that, to really get effi cient results, and being that close you do not 'require more than kJS or 200 lineal feet per million. ,, I do not think there is'enough cooling action to do damage. As a matter of tael, some tests we were interested in snaking seemed to imliratc that there was no dam age done. However, you conic where the damage would lie done' if you exceed that, lint I do not think you need to exceed 100 or 200 lineal feet per million. If you have general ample ventilation, then yon do not have any danger, in my opinion. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: That seems to be a logical conclusion. It is ccitainly an opinion based upon observation of that sort of problem. The next question is: run of fire clays; hut I am not giving-the "Is there enough silica in the average fire brick to affect workers seriously?" medical answer. It is my thought, that the hazard produced in the clay produ- ts is not an inherent one. hut one thrown in In other words, if we explore clay for by violent agitation due tA drv grin.ling its refractory property on the one hand, operation* ami it< plasticity on the other, is there a descending order of silicosis hazard irom the fire brick on the one side, down through plastic china clay,or paper clay on the other? Lit u ro on In another im< rnim - o *< lion 'To u list extent arc the in* **inM with whieli this panel are f.vmh- pro vi'ling washing facilities, and what .re the advantages of washing in showers. ; u-1 so Mr. Hazard, the questioner wants you forth, accruing to the employees on t> o one to talk about the amount of hazard in the hand, and the employer on the otlie and fire clay, and for want of a better defini how is the thing paid fur?" tion let us leave out'the Canister brick which is a brick the sand of which we know to lie pretty close to 100 per-'ccnt silica. Well, we know that in some states, washing facilities arc required hv iiw in certain types of industries, and in other? they arc put in. MR. HAZARD: I think this is really a medical question. Ilut there are certain fire bricks which arc very high in silica, and certain others which have practically none or a negligible amount in them. You (have a range there from what might he called a dangerous condition, down to one where you are practically sure no danger I can visualize the need to develop this question in two ways; one lor the con trol of a serious occupational disease ex posure such as lead: and the other, the general industrial hygiene, to get folks to wash on the developed fact that by care ful washing a great many of the dermatitis (exists. . problems solve themselves. It seems to nte that if you had a fire Will Dr. Cranch talk about the pro brick with very high silica content, with vision of washing facilities? the chipping and knocking of the brick- DR. CRANCH: Washing facilities are jlayer against the brick, it might stir lip most desirable things in any ;,lant. large 1 considerable dust and might be a silicosis f or small. As ihc Chairman has said, it is hazard, but I would like to hear the medi the most important factor in the preven cal side on that question. tion of occupational dermatitis, to say CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: Will either nothing of general hygiene to the work of the doctors discuss the inherent toxicity men. of the fire clays as they are normally The vicissitudes of trying to establish handled in the manufacture of brick? any adequate washing facilities in in DU. GREENBURG: It seems to me dustry are great. My first experience the Chairman ought to tell us what the occurred over forty years ago as a work percentage of free silica is in the fire clay. man. In that plant there was no water He lias talked around the question, lint .available, although it was a large plant, he has not told us the crux of the whole and unless you sneaked from the job and problem. went around to a lancet which was used CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: The prob lem seems to nte to be related to the tuition that maybe these mixtures are, so mixed that other things beside the silica produce an alleviating or an ameliorat ing elfect to prevent what silica there is for .sprinkling the front lawn, you had no water available. It was not expected that hands should lie washed. A tuan worked at his job, ate his lunch, worked all day and went home so black as a rule you could not tell his race. from causing silicosis. Later I became much interested in the Clays do not seem to produce silicosis. development of washing facilities f re It is the dry-pan grinding of all kinds of member in one very large plant we pul tilings that produces enormous quantities in excellent washing facilities, and it was of dust some of which contain silica, and surprising to see how they were abused I cannot remember at this moment just even to the point where in some cases we what the amount of silica is in the ordinary had to discontinue service. In other or- \ 1-14 ttst!i Motional Safely Congress gaiiisaiions. nn attempt on (lie |>arl til the management to furnish good washing facilities met with consistent refusal on the part of the workmen to cooperate with them in the use of these things: even where the workmen were given time oot at full pay on company, time to wash, they would not do it. I;nrtunalely. these conditions have changed, and the men themselves now ap preciate those facilities where they are put in. and they generally demand them where they arc not put in. . I think washing facilities are a most im portant feature in the control of occupa tional diseases, and a number of occupa tional conditions aside from dermatitis. There arc a number of occupations where complete showers arc furnished and those facilities arc very largely a measure of prevention of occupational disease: and at the beginning of the day's work the men change to working clothes where previously that was not done. Oil Dermatitis . CHAIRMAN' JOHNSON: Here is another question: . "Is it not an accepted fact that oil dermatitis is more of a mechanical break down of the skin than it is a toxic prob lem? Mow- would you overcome the dc- siic of the employees to use abrasive cleansers on the hands?" Cutting oils and ' other oil.- produce dermatitis, and represent three hazards. One produces a plucking of the hair follicles, which is largely a mechanical thing of riddling oil and dirt, or what have you.into the skin. Then we have what I think the doctors cull heterothema. which is probably a chemical burn, an irritation of the skin which is another type of dermatitis. Then there is a third one, which produces Idood poisoning or boils where the oil has been supporting an infective medium bacteria of some sort. Can we solve that oil contact problem bv handling the washing of men in a satis factory manner through washing facilities, and the discouragement of the tisi of ftnrsli abrasive soaps, or doesn't it make any difference? May we have a development of that question from Dr. Greenberg? DR. GREENDURG: lit dealing will, the whole problem of dermatitis due tn tlie use of cutting oil, you care dealing with several different factors which may produce different types of skin lesions. The cure for all-of these, it scents to me. lies in the use of proper protective oint ment before the men start work in the morning, and the washing up at the end of each shift with the proper type of non irritating soap. ' The easiest way to gel the men to use a non-irritating snap is to supply one so they will not purchase nn irritating soap themselves. If you leave it to them, they may purchase one which seems to work rapidly, hut which may have irritating properties. . On the other hand, if the management supplies it, they can purchase one of suit- title quality which in general may lie of a mure satisfactory type. The whole problem of oil folliculitis and oil dermatitis can be' handled ami is handled in many plants on a very satis factory basis, by these simple means, and so far as f can see docs not present any insurmountable difficulties whatsoever. The usual defect in the system scents to he that the plant docs not pay any attenlion to the problem until many of the men become infected and many of them have skins which arc more or less ruined by an accumulation of oil and foreign matter in the pores of the skin. At that time, preventive measures are no longer sufficient. It then becomes necessary really to cleanse the skin thor oughly and repeatedly so as to mice again bring it hack tn its normal clean condi tion. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: l.el u- .... over to the engineering side ami talk on (he industrialist who manufactures nils to provide himself a nteaf ticket and tries In prevent just this hazard from causing trouble. MR. I50NSIII: I agree with much that the doctor has said about getting good oil in the first place. I think that one of the big causes (and I have studied this problem a lot for the reason that you hear many stories of in juries due to cutting oils) is that the oil Occupational Disease Control 14! is not kept clean. `In the cases we have checked the trouble has been due to the use of dirty oil, or using oil over and over again that is filled with small particles of metal. These cause small injuries to the tell the man, than in any other way. II may imagine lie has something ami h worries and worries, and finally lnci.nn> . victim of cl'lut is known as autoliypnosiw halcvcr that is. skin, and that in turn brings about fur ther damage. So if you keep the oil clean. I do not think you will have much trouble. ( think the practice of men spitting in the oil and using the oil over and over again has caused much more damage than the so-called paralTin acne. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: The next question is this: "Should employees working in departments subject U3,occu pational disease hazard lie acquainted with and informed of these hazards, or kept in ignorance of.them?" I think by relieving his mind and tellim him exactly what is what, you lift tlia worry from him and you ease his uiimt all of which makes a better man of him CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: Now let tackle another question: "Processing o a certain cellulose product involves over night soaking in a solution of .5 per ccn formaldehyde, and subsequently con-itler able formaldehyde odor is given off durin: the drying of which those in the vicinit; often complain. How much 'nrnialdi hyde would represent toxic pro inrtinn- DR. SANDER: Undoubtedly, em And how could the quantity presrnt in th ployees should be informed of every hazard air best he determined?" to which they are exposed, and they should lie informed also of the findings on exami nation. Anyone going to his doctor, for any reason whatsoever, wants to know what was found, fit the same way, an em ployee going to a plant doctor wants to know what was found. He is not paving for the examination, but that makes no difference, he is still a human being who is interested in his own health and his future years of gainful employment. t The practice in Wisconsin with physical examinations has been to give employees a duplicate copy of the report which the employer receives. -The Wisconsin Indus trial Commission recently published a declaration of principles on filtysical ex aminations in industry which everyone in terested in this problem' should sec. In that it is specifically requested that em ployees he given a copy of the report which the employer receives. That is not a complete record or fcpqrt; it is merely a statement or listing of the important defects. I believe that it is as wrung tn give employees cotnplptc re ports as it is to give them nothing it all. A worker is not interested in what his blood pressure reading was yesterday or Dr. Mciter, would yon like I > tackl that problem: DR. M l-'ITKR: fn my own c\pt-rii tin formaldehyde is irritating enough ? Ilt.r you would not require refined terhnien' instruments to make determinations, lie cause it is very easily noticeable in low concentrations. I think proper engineer ing methods could be devised for cliini nating the fumes without using technical instruments, because it is ttcrc'sary to keep the fumes down to very low concentration, otherwise a dermatitis may develop and also sore eyes. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: Does th, medical side of our panel wish tn decrlnp that any farther? DR. CRANCH: I think that ipie-ltoi illustrates one of the phacs where it iunt necessary to have engineering help it order to determine whether nr not yot have reached a point of safely. Poriuahleliydc vapors are not Jihrly t. hv to\ir. since in a concentrated form i is so irritating that just for comfort soon relief would lie demanded, so that r nvvi' not he particularly concerned about uli.v concentration is obtained. is today*: lie is merely interested in know ing whether or not it is significantly high, and that is all he cares about. There are a number of chemicals of that sort, where the immediate effects an so irritating that toxic exposure woiit.1 CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: Is there usually he avoided in the fours, of ordi anybody else on the panel who would like nary good practice in handling the ma to discuss llic question? terial. i MR. DONSIB: T think you can cause CHAIRMANJOHNSON: `Warm. inure unrest through fear, by failure tn Conk says lie lias amitbrrjdea. MR. COOK: The literature does con tain some information concerning the de velopment of irritative actions, and we .lrc wondering in Connecticut whether the fmicviitr.itious which were listed in the literature and the irritative action was as sociated with a tolerable amount of irrita tion, or whether it was in the higher de cries of irritation. : \\ c ran sonic analyses on some formal dehyde gas in an operation where formal dehyde was being used in the manufacture of synthetic resin. The method we used was the bubbling of the air of the plant through water, with two bubbling* in a series, and tested with Shift's reagent, the regular method for the determination of formaldehyde: and we got rcsidts that were in the area of the breathing zone of Ics than 20 parts per million, which is usually suggested as a satisfactory con centration. ' At one point we ran it up to 90 or 100 parts per million, and at that point I found I could keep my nose there for thirty sec onds before I decided to back away from it. . Hut I do agree with Dr. Cranch and Dr. Mciter that where the irritation does get excessive, then the irritative gas can he taken as the determining factor even though with most of the materials the irritation is not the safe way to determine whether a gas condition is or is not safe. CHAIRMAN' JOHNSON: Here is another question: "Is sulphur dioxide gas in concentra tion* as low as 10 parts per million for pro longed exposure considered hazardous to the health?" doing to the medical side, will either Dr. tlreenhurg or Dr Cranch tell us if sulphur dioxide in such low concentration represents a hazard for continuous expo sure ? DR. C.REEXBURG: I cannot say off hand. It is just about on the borderline, I think. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: Now, if an employee upon examination shows a very slight increase of lead content above nor mal after sixteen years of exposure, would you change his occupation? I do not know what a "very slight" ' amount of lead is. I think presumably ^ this means a few stipple cells, or some thing like that. If an employee upon ex amination shows a very slight increase of lead content above normal after sixteen years' exposure, wouldtyou change his occupation? DR. GREENBURG: I.would want to know where he showed itjiand how. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: Ii I may answer the question, it seems logical that it there is lead showing up, it came from somewhere, and having explored that you can determine the engineering phase of the control, and perhaps lie can stay on the job after you have controlled the lead fumes. ' Mr. Cook, won't you answer the follow ing question? "What instruments are there oil the market which are reasonable in cost for small shops to purchase which can be used to check atmosphere's in metal spray work for zinc, iron and other harm ful fumes? Must sevqrat instruments lie used where many types of metals arc sprayed during a working day?" Metal Spraying Equipment MR. COOK: On metal spraying, there are several angles. No. 1, a booth, a ven tilated booth should be used where pos sible. Secondly, the man should in most eases be given a positive pressure air supply. Now, assuming that the particular operation is one in which the man may be spraying brass, there arc various methods using the ventilated booth. Let us assume ior the moment that he is provided with no respiratory protection. If a man is spraying zinc and the booth i< providing adequate exhaust so there is not much of a cloud of zinc and lie does not get metal fume fever, it is probable that it is not necessary to make any determination for zinc. If during the course of the day the man is spraying some lead and some cad mium. 1 would feel very definitely that it would he well to run ail electrical pre cipitator sample, analyze the sample, and obtain the electric precipitation for lead and also for cadmium which would be a routine chemical procedure, and the con centration of both of those should be kept below the suggested toxic limit in order to assure that you are on the safe side. I would feel that it would not lie neces sary to analyze for zinc under those con ditions. or for other of the metals unless there is some additional one that is par ticularly toxic. But particularly where you do have lead or cadmium, the deter mination should be made for those, and based upon those determinations you ran get an idea on the basis of the relative dotation of spraying of those particular metals what the exposure is. DR. ME1TER: I agree with Mr. Cook, and I believe the solution of this problem is first, the use of a properly ventilated booth so as to eliminate the exposure to the other workmen in the vicinity. The second item is the use of a positive pressure airline respirator to protect the operator. 1 think that conducting ntctalizjng operations all over the shop and without adequate equipment, especially where such metals as lead arc sprayed, are going tu produce occupational diseases. I believe the proper thing to do is to start right with the proper type of equipment, by providing the booth and protecting the man, and you will then not need the sampling devices. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: Then the specific answer to the question seems to be tbe lead precipitator as tbc one gj' that will lie most useful, and the ->at should -lie analyzed quantitatively in chemical laboratory. I watlt to ask the doctor a questioi connection with pre-employ incut uicl examinations. "I he exposure ir, soitn-tl that may cause dermatitis. I t.ke it tr the question that the problem of idle arises. Do you recommend pat h testcotijuuetioii with prc-eiiiployun.it exa nations to determine ^n emplo- ee's | siblc allergy to the exposure: DR. CRANCH: In general. I vvo say you would hardly be warranted in c ducting patch tests on all applicant' employment. Where we have a km material to which the employee is lw exposed that very commonly produce* allergy reaction, it might he advisable use such a filter. Patcli tests arc not per cent infallible, and they are not a' gether simple. They have to he very r;. fully given and very carefully intctpivt Tor that reason, they arc not an inlet; part of an average preliminary agreem upon examination. They might lie ip misleading. ADJOURNMENT t Steam Railroad Section Officers 1939-1940 Cencral Chairman--E. L. Hknkv. Chicago ft North Western Railway Ci>., Chicago, III. Vice-Chairman--I). G. I'lm.t.tfS, Wahasli Railway Co., St. Louis, Mo. Secretary and News Letter Editor--P. I". Buckle, Chicago, Burlington & Uuiucy Railroad Co.. Chicago. 111. Program Chairman, ]. R. Tknnkv, Western Maryland Railway Co.. Hagerstown. Md. Membership Chairman, UonF.KT Scott. Atlantic' Coast Line Railroad Co.. Wilmington, N. C. Statistics Chairman, T. H. Cakkow, Pennsy lvania Railroad, Philadelphia. Pa. Contest Chairman, C. L. LaFountainf, Great Northern Railway, St. Paid, Minn. Poster .Chairman, L. J. Benson, Chicago, Milwaukee. St. Paul & Pacific Railroad Co.. Chicago. ` Safe Practices. Pamphlet Chairman. W. J. Wkii, Delaware, Lackawanna & Hudson Rail road. Scranton. Pa." Eliminations & Elections Chairman, W. C. ShelVEK, L'nioti Pacilic Railroad Co., Omaha. Neb. Health Chairman, Dk. Ikvinc S. Cuttkk, Chicago & North Western Railway Co., Chicago. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 17,1939 The n|H.-ning session of Steam Railroad delegates was railed to order hv E. 1Henry, Assistant to the General Manager, Chicago & North Western Railway Com pany, Chieaeo. who pre-ided. Chairman Henry welcomed the delegates, sketched the program of sessions hrieily. anil then in troduced the first sjieakcr. Saety Today and Tomorrow on American Railroads By CARL R. GRAY, JR. ' Executive Vice President, Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis Sc Omaha Railway Company, St. Paul, Minn. There is one tiling in which I will not take a hack seat lor anyone, ami that is the interest I have in "Safety." Perhaps it is partly, from inheritance that I gather my in terest in this work--perhaps from the en vironment and association I have had with men who liclieve in safety, who preach it. and who practice it constantly. Perhaps it is frnm the siand|x>int of realization that it is one of the greatest factors in the so lution of the lrans|Hirtation problem. But whether it is one or the other, or a part of all, I know that I am definitely, completely and wholeheartedly devoting a considerable portion of tny life to the improvement--by safety--of the lives of all of our people. Naturally I should lie most interested in the safety performance of the Omaha Rail road; hut one cannot he safety-minded and fail to recognize and he interested in and a part of safety as it is understood in the business world today. One has hut to look at the program of this Congress to realize what a tremendous place safety has taken in the lives of the American people, for it permeates the very souls of so many of us. It is, anil has lecn, a complete success. 1 read all I can concerning early American railroading. Here is a clipping from an English newspaper of March 6. I860, rpiol- 645 .S'/cam Kudrtnul Section GGl THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 19, 1939 Some Practical Aspects o Safety By M. J. GORMLEY Executive Assistant, Association of American Railroads, Washington, D. C. Organized safety in this cuuntry has come of age. ami is now a mature force in in dustrial and ronuminily life. Last year the National Safety Council celebrated a (inartcr-ccutury of achievement in the greatest humanitarian cause of all times. The steam railroad industry has been a (tarty to the organized safety movement since- itsinception. The late Ralph C. Richards of the Chicago and Northwestern Railway was a mcmlier of the committee appointed in 1912 by the Association of Iron and Steel Engineers "to organize and to create a permanent body devoted to the promotion of safety to human life in the industries of the United States." Out of that committee grew the "National Council for Industrial Safety," which later liceame the National Safely Council. Ur. Charles 1'. Neill, at that time U. S. Commissioner of Labor, and sinec 1915 manager of the Bureau of Information of the Southeastern Railways, wa* also a member of that com mittee. . In 1915. a Steam Railroad Section of the National Safety Council was organized and ~ ` **v/*r tj*. .r,{ *r-r- in Yi2\. fh* rkfr.i} or i.V: A v*^irttion of Amur* ;*an vh* 'raarized ro act s* 3 |rarrff v.irvin t*:*f I ings to millions of individuals each year. The National Safety Council has esti mated the direct economic loss in 19.18 front accidental deaths and injuries of all kinds at. alxtut $.1,200,000,000. It is very probable that if It had not been for the organized safety movement the cost of accidents might easily have licen doubled in 1938. Even so. the direct economic loss from accidental deaths arid injuries in 1938 was 5 per cent of the total national income, and averaged something more than S100 per family. On the whole, 1938 was the safest year in railroad history. Excluding trespassers ami persons involved in highway grade crossing accidents, there were 83 per cent fewer fatalities ami 89 |wr cent fewer in- _ juries to persons in railroad accidents in 193X than in 1913, the birth-year of the National Safety Council. In appraising progress in railroad safety. I will use the year 1923 rather than 1913 as the base year for purposes of comparison, f do this first, bccau-v we cannot break low. :: 1913 ' .- vr's' -b 'a .' -eeoe.t. b" U '1 e ti.e Itt'A't:. ' fit Itl-f.O.."/ e.`.*> i<r. y. Ht:,y ar.d ,n operation, -tart- with the ;..ar 1923. Train Safety "......... a " .....'. .*.' . ... " --.i -.idea: a.-.rf preventive measures. The systematic way in wliicit the Safety Section has carried on its work and the record of its achievements is one of the brightest chapters in the history of American railroad*. Safe!) has lioth humanitarian and ccotiotnir as|igvt-, The saving of human fives and the preventinn-of disabling injuries not only lessen human suffering hut also result in more efficient and more eeonmnieal indnstrial operations, as well as in dollar sav ..... , . o. .. ... . ., ` f of (V. * * f.rr Mn.or. t.-a.i: miles, are rxpiirrd to perform the trail-- liortation services demanded of the rail roads. Speed, efficiency, ccuncnny, anil safety of such services are essential. Safely of train iiioeenienis i% not nu-n-fi an incidental part of modern railroad operations that can la- pur.tied or left alone aI the will of uiauagruiriils. Safely has a direct Ix-ariug on the detwiidahility of rail road service, on the cllicictiry of that serv ice, and on the rusts of o|icratiiiii. As such, it is a vital part of operating plans, and is