Document dQkO1NN10ke2vjVZMymGrznJB

j ANSI Z88.2-1992 - "Y_ ii I for Respiratory Protection ANSI Z88.2-I992 <4 SC-3M-6575 American National Standards Institute 11 West 42nd Street New York, New York 10036 ANSI Z88.2-1992 Revision of ANSI Z88.2-19S0 American National Standard for Respiratory Protection Secretariat Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Approved August 6.1992 American National Standards Institute, Inc. American Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for National approval have been met by the standards developer. Standard Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not. from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards. The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should be ad dressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard. CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. Published by American National Standards Institute 11 West 42nd Street, New York, New York 10036 Copyright 1992 by American National Standards Institute All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America APS1M293/60 i Contents Page Foreword........................................................................................................... ii 1 Scope and purpose....................................................................................1 2 Normative references.............. 1 3 Definitions..................................................................................................2 4 Respirator program requirements............................................................ 4 5 Program administration.............................................................................7 6 Written standard operating procedures................................................... 8 7 Selection, limitation, and use of respirators.............................................9 8 Training......... ...........................................................................................13 9 Respirator fitting tests..............................................................................14 10 Maintenance, inspection, and storage.................. 16 Tables 1 Assigned protection factors......................................................................6 2 Combined effect of altitude and reduced percent of oxygen................ 12 3 Periodic air sampling guidance for purchased breathing gas............... 17 4 Periodic air sampling guidance for compression................................... 18 Annexes A Supplemental information.......................................................................19 B Future research needs............................................................................ 33 C Bibliography...................................................... i.................................... 34 i Foreword (This foreword is not part of American National Standard Z88.2-1992.) The purpose of this standard is to help establish, implement, and administer an effective respiratory protection program. Changes have been made in this revision reflecting the current state of knowledge. The clause on the classification, description, and limitations of respirators has been combined with the clause on the selection of respirators to clarify the decision-making process by which a respirator is selected. A decision matrix for respirator selection has also been added to this clause to draw all the elements of res pirator selection together. Respirator protection factors have been revised in this standard to reflect the current state of knowledge. A new definition has been developed for 'oxygen deficiency - immediately dangerous to life or health." The clauses for fit testing, breathing air supplies, and written proce dures/records have been modified. A requirement for fit testing of atmo sphere-supplying positive-pressure respirators has been added to this stan dard. Owing to the importance of the values of the assigned protection fac tors and the proliferation of new respirator designs, a new subcommittee has been formed to consider an extension of this material and to provide the rationale for the choice of each APF value. The first version of ANSI Z88.2 was approved August 11, 1969 and was a revision of the respiratory protection portion of American National Standard safety code for head, eye, and respiratory protection, ANSI Z2.1-1959. The second revision of this American National Standard was approved May 22, 1980 and was entitled American National Standard practices for respi ratory protection, ANSI Z88.2-1980. Suggestions for the improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to Robert A. da Roza. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 5505, L-386, Livermore, CA 94550. This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by Accredited Standards Committee on Respiratory Protection, 88. Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply that all committee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, the Z88 Committee had the following members: Robert A. da Roza, Chair James S. Johnson, Vice-Chair Organizations Represented Name of Representative American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists ....Darrel Douglas Edward Hyatt (Alt.) American Gas Association............... .....................................(Representation Vacant) Phil S. Runge (Alt.) American Occupational Medicine Association.................... Philip Harber American Industrial Hygiene Association.............................Doane E. Lucio American Iron and Steel Institute......................................... Jack Masaitis Peter Hernandez (Alt.) American Petroleum Institute............................................... Christopher E. Williams Gerry M. Walker (Alt.) American Welding Society....................................................Carol Dupraz Marvin E. Kennebeck (Alt.) , Brotherhood Boilermakers....................................................Perry A. Day Edison Electric Institute........................................................ Joseph S. Peri Matthew C. Mingoia (Alt.) Electronics Industries........................................................... F. X. Worden Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company.................................. J. Holthouser GPU Nuclear......................................................................... Earl F. Gee, Jr. n 9 CC C< Organization Represented Name ot Representative Health Physics Society.......................................................... David Steffes Timothy P. Lynch (Alt.) Industrial Safety Equipment Association............................. Richard D. Gmnberg Frank E. Witcher, Jr. (All.) International Association of Fire Chiefs................................Garry Briese International Association of Fire Fighters............................ Richard M. Duffy International Union of Bricklayers.........................................Albert R. Couillard Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory............................ Robert A. da Roza James S. Johnson (Alt.) Los Alamos National Laboratory...........................................Bruce Reinert Alan Hack (Alt.) Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association.......................... Sarunas S. Mingela Robert J. Ajemian (Alt.) Libardo Latorre (Alt.) National Fire Protection Association.................................... Bruce W. Teele National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health.......... Nancy Bollinger Rhone-Poulenc, Inc............................................................... Gerald L Cooper U.S. Bureau of Mines............................................................ J. G. Kovac U.S. Coast Guard..................................................................K. Wahle U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission......................Colin B. Church U.S. Department of the Army...............................................^Stephan C. Graham Debra S. McGlothlin (Alt.) U.S. Department of Energy.................................................. Paul F. Wambach U.S. Department ol Labor.....................................................Ching-tsen Bien Chappell D. Pierce (Alt.) U.S. General Services Administration................................. Dennis Davis U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission..................................James E. Wigginton Individual Members Darrel A. Bevis Howard H. Fawcett Earle P. Shoub The Z88 Committee acknowledges the contributions of the following individ uals in the development of this standard: Donald Campbell (National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health) . Kenneth W. Crase (Health Physics Society) Stan Morrow - (U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission) Grant Snider (U.S. General Services Administration) . > . . Subcommittee Z88.2 on Practices for Respiratory Protection, which revised this standard, had the following members: Thomas Nelson, Co-Chair Don Wilmes, Co-Chair Darell Bevis Ching-tsen Bien Joe Bigler Nancy Bollinger * Donald Burd Howard Cohen Zenora Gordon Earl Gee, Jr. Stephen Graham John Hale Alan Hack Lynette Hendricks Robert Martin Warren Myers Jay Parker Jeff Prather Bruce Reinert Miriam Vaughn Jim-yVigginton `Participated as a nonvoting NIOSH advisor. iii AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD American National Standard for Respiratory Protection ANSI ZB8.2-1982 1 Scope and purpose 1.1 Scope This standard sets forth accepted practices for respirator users; provides information and guidance on the proper selection, use, and care of respirators; and contains requirements for establishing and regulating respirator pro grams. The standard covers the use of respi rators to protect persons against the inhala tion of harmful air contaminants and against oxygen-deficient atmospheres in the work place. The following subjects are not covered by this standard: - underwater breathing devices; - aircraft oxygen systems; - use of respirators under military combat conditions; and - medical inhalators and resuscitators. 1.2 Purpose The purpose of this standard is to provide information and guidance on the proper selec tion and use of respirators that will help safe guard the life and health of users. This stan dard is written for all persons concerned with respiratory protection, but especially for those primarily responsible for establishing and administrating an acceptable respirator pro gram. The standard contains requirements recommended for use by enforcement authori ties in establishing regulations or codes on respiratory protection. 1.3 "Shall" and "should" The provisions of this standard are mandatory in nature where the word "shall' is used and advisory in nature where the word "should" is used. 1.4 Exceptions Users of this standard should be aware that regulatory agencies may have requirements that are different from this standard. 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this American National Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revi sion, and parties to agreements based on this American National Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. ANSI Z88.6-1984, Respiratory protection Respirator use - Physical qualifications for . personnel ANSI Z88.10, Respirator fit test methods ANSI/CGA C-4-1990, Method of marking portable compressed gas containers to identi fy the material contained ANSI/CGA G-7.1-1989, Commodity specifica tion for air CGA G-7-1988, Compressed air for .human respiration 2> Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49, Part 173, General requirements for shipping and packaging, and Part 4 78, Shipping container specifications 3> United States Pharmacopoeia, 1990.4> 11 This standard is currently under development. Contact the secretariat for more recent information. 2> Available from the Compressed Gas Association, 1725 Jeff Davis Highway, Arlington, VA 22202-3269. 3> Available from the Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. "> Available from Mack Printing Company, Easton, PA. 1 3 Definitions 3.1 abrasive blasting respirator: A respira tor designed to protect the wearer from inhala tion ot, impact of, and abrasion by materials used or generated in abrasive blasting. 3.2 aerodynamic diameter: The diameter of a unit density sphere having the same terminal settling velocity as the particle in question. 3.3 aerosol: Particles, solid or liquid, sus pended in air. 3.4 airline respirator: An atmosphere-sup plying respirator in which the respirable gas is not designed to be carried by the wearer (for merly called supplied air respirators). 3.5 air-purifying respirator: A respirator in which ambient air is passed through an airpurifying element that removes the contami nants). Air is passed through the air-purifying element by means of the breathing action or by a blower. 3.6 approved: See certified. 3.7 assigned protection factor (APF): The expected workplace level of respiratory pro tection that would be provided by a properly functioning respirator or a class of respirators to properly fitted and trained users. 3.8 atmosphere-supplying respirator: A class of respirators that supply a respirable atmosphere, independent of the workplace atmosphere. 3.9 bloassay: A determination of the con centration of a substance in biological fluids and tissue by analysis of urine, feces, blood, bone, tissue, etc. 3.10 canister/cartridge: A container with a filter, sorbent, or catalyst, or combination of these items, which removes specific contami nants (rom the air passed through the container. 3.11 celling concentration: The concentra tion of an airborne substance that shall not be exceeded during any part of the working exposure. 3.12 certified: Evaluated and listed as per missible by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), or ihe Bureau of Mines (BM). 3.13 confined space: An enclosed that has the following characteristics: - Its primary function is something othar than human occupancy; ; }| - It has restricted entry and exit; - It may contain potential or known ha*ards. Examples of confined spaces Include, but era not limited to; '* - tanks; ; - silos; ,r - vessels; ' - pits; . - sewers; - pipelines; - tank cars; - boilers; - septic tanks; - utility vaults. Tanks and other structures under construction may not be considered confined spaces until completely closed. Restricted entry and exit means physical impediment ol the body, e.g., use of the hands or contortion of the body to enter into or exitlrom the confined space. 3.14 contaminant: A harmful, irritating, or nuisance airborne material. 3.15 continuous flow respirator: An atmo sphere-supplying respirator that provides'a continuous flow of respirable gas to the respi ratory inlet covering. 3.16 demand respirator: An atmospheresupplying respirator that admits respirable gas to the facepiece only when a negative pressure is created inside the facepiece by inhalation. ' 3.17 disposable respirator: A respirator tor which maintenance is not intended and that is designed to be discarded after excessive resistance, sorbent exhaustion, physical dam age, or end-of-service-life renders it unsuit able for use. Examples of this type of respira tor are a disposable half-mask respirator or a disposable escape-only self-contained breath ing apparatus (SCBA). 3.18 dust: An aerosol consisting ol mechanically produced solid particles derived from the breaking up of larger particles. Dusts generally have a larger particle size when compared to fumes. 3.19 end-of-servlce-llfe Indicator: A sys tem that warns the user of the approach of the end of adequate respiratory protection. 3.20 escape-only respirator: A respirator intended only for use during emergency egress from a hazardous atmosphere. 3.21 exposure limit: The maximum allow able concentration of a contaminant in the air to which an individual may be exposed. These may be time-weighted averages, short-term limits, or ceiling limits. 3.22 filter: A component used in respirators to remove solid or liquid aerosols from the inspired air. 3.23 fit check: A test conducted by the wearer to determine if the respirator is proper ly seated to the face. 3.24 fit factor: A quantitative measure of the fit of a particular respirator to a particular individual. * 3.25 fit test: The use of a challenge agent to evaluate the fit of a respirator on an individ ual. 3.26 fume: Solid aerosols formed by con densation of a gas or vapor. Fumes generally have a smaller particle size when compared to dusts. 3.27 gas: A fluid that has neither indepen dent shape nor volume and tends to expand indefinitely. 3.28 hazardous atmosphere: An atmo sphere that contains a contaminant(s) in excess of the exposure limit or that is oxygen deficient. 3.29 hazard ratio: A number obtained by dividing the concentration of a contaminant by its exposure limit. 3.30 helmet: A hood that offers head pro tection against impact and penetration. 3.31 high-efficiency filter: A filter that removes from the air 99.97% or more of the aerosols having a diameter of 0.3 pm. ANSI Z88.2-1992 3.32 hood: A respiratory inlet covering that completely covers the head and neck and may cover portions of the shoulders. 3.33 immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH): Any atmosphere that poses an immediate hazard to life or poses immedi ate irreversible debilitating effects on health. 3.34 loose-fitting facepiece: A respiratory inlet covering that is designed to form a par tial seal with the face, does not cover the neck and shoulders, and may or may not offer head protection against impact and penetra tion. 3.35 mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD): A point in an aerodynamic particle size distribution where half of the mass lies in particles with a diameter less than the MMAD and half in particles with diameters greater than the MMAD. 3.36 mist: An aerosol composed of liquid particles. 3.37 mouthpiece and nose-clamp assem bly: A respiratory inlet covering that is held in the wearer's mouth and must always be used in conjunction with a nose clamp. 3.38 negative-pressure respirator: A res pirator in which the air pressure inside the respiratory inlet covering is negative during inhalation with respect to the ambient air pressure. 3.39 occupational health professional: An individual whom, by experience and educa tion, is competent at recognizing, evaluating., and controlling health hazards in the work place. 3.40 poor warning properties: A sub stance whose odor, taste, or irritation effects are not detectable or not persistent at concen trations at or below the exposure limit. 3.41 positive-pressure respirator: A respi rator in which the pressure inside the respira tory inlet covering is qormally positive with respect to ambient air pressure. 3.42 powered alr-purlfylng respirator: An air-purifying respirator that uses a blower to force the ambient atmosphere through airpurifying elements to the inlet covering. ANSI Z88.2-1992 3.43 pressure-demand respirator: A posi tive pressure atmosphere-supplying respirator that admits respirable gas to the facepiece when the positive pressure is reduced inside the facepiece by inhalation. 3.44 qualitative fit test: A pass/fail fit test that relies on the subject's sensory response to detect the challenge agent. 3.45 quantitative fit test: A fit test that uses an instrument to measure the challenge agent inside and outside the respirator. 3.46 radionuclide: An atom that sponta neously emits particles, gamma, or x-radia tion. 3.47 respirator: A personal device designed to protect the wearer from the inhalation of hazardous atmospheres. 3.48 respiratory inlet covering: That por tion of a respirator that connects the wearer's respiratory tract to an air-purifying device or respirable gas source, or both. It may be a facepiece, helmet, hood, suit, or mouth piece/nose clamp. 3.49 sanitization: The removal of contami nants and the inhibiting of the action of the agents that cause infection or disease. 3.50 self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA): An atmosphere-supplying respirator in which the respirable gas source is designed to be carried by the wearer. 3.51 service life: The period of time that a respirator provides adequate protection to the wearer. 3.52 sorbent: A material that is contained in a cartridge or canister and removes specific gases and vapors from the inhaled air. 3.53 suit: A respiratory inlet covering designed to cover the entire body. This term does not include protective clothing that only provides skin protection. 3.54 tight-fitting facepiece: A respiratory inlet covering that is designed to form a com plete seal with the face. A half-facepiece (includes quarter masks, disposable masks, and masks with elastomeric facepieces) cov ers the nose and mouth; a full facepiece cov ers the nose, mouth, and eyes. 3.55 time-weighted average (TWA): The average concentration of a contaminant in air during a specific time period. 4 3.56 vapor: Ttie gaseous phase of matter that normally exists in a liquid or solid state at room temperature. 4 Respirator program requirements 4.1 Purpose This subclause establishes requirements for an occupational health program for the use of respirators. The following requirements are supplemented by recommended practices in subsequent clauses of this standard. 4.2 Permissible practice In the control of those occupational diseases caused by breathing air-contaminated with potentially harmful dusts, fumes, sprays, mists, fogs, smokes, vapors, or gases, the pri mary objective shall be to minimize workplace contamination. This shall be accomplished as tar as feasible by accepted engineering con trol measures (for example, enclosure or con finement of the operation, general and local ventilation, and substitution of less toxic materials). When effective engineering con trols are not feasible, or while they are being implemented or evaluated, appropriate respi rators shall be used pursuant to the following requirements. i 4.3 Employer responsibility 4.3.1 Respirators shall be provided by the employer when such equipment is necessary to protect the employee. 4.3.2 The employer shall provide the respi rators that are applicable and suitable for the purpose intended. 4.3.3 The employer shall be responsible for the establishment and maintenance of a respi ratory protection program that shall include the requirements outlined in 4.5. 4.3.4 A respirator wearer shall be permitted by the employer to leave the hazardous area for any respirator-related cause. Reasons may include, but are not limited to, the follow ing: - failure of the respirator to provide ade quate protection; - malfunction of the respirator; - detection of leakage of air contaminant into the respirator; < C( - increase in resistance of respirator dur ing breathing; - severe discomfort in wearing the respira tor; - illness of the respirator wearer, includ ing: sensation of dizziness, nausea, weak ness, breathing difficulty, coughing, sneez ing, vomiting, fever, and chills; - to wash his/her face and the respirator facepiece to minimize skin irritation; - to change the air-purifying elements or other components, whenever needed; - to take periodic breaks in an uncontami nated area. 4.3.5 Malfunctions of respiratory protective equipment shall be investigated by the employer to determine the cause and to assure corrective measures are taken. Suspected manufacturing defects should be reported to the manufacturer and the certify ing agency. 4.4 Employee responsibility 4.4.1 The employee shall use the provided respiratory protection in accordance with instructions and training received. 4.4.2 The employee shall guard against damage to the respirator. 4.4.3 If a respirator malfunction occurs, the employee shall immediately leave the contam inated area and report the malfunction to a responsible person designated by the employ er in the written standard operating proce dures. 4.4.4 ^ The employee shall report to the responsible person any change in his/her medical status that may impact the employ ee's ability to wear a respirator safely. 4.5 Minimal acceptable respirator program 4.5.1 Program administration The responsibility and authority for the respira tor program shall be assigned by the employer to a single person. The administrator shall have knowledge of respiratory protection suffi cient to supervise the respirator program prop erly. The program administrator's responsibili ties include the monitoring of the respiratory hazards, maintaining records, and conducting program evaluations (clause 5). ANSI Z08.2-1992 4.5.2 Standard operating procedures Written standard operating procedures cover ing the complete respirator program shall be established and implemented (clause 6). 4.5.3 Physiological and psychological limitations for respirator wearers A physician shall determine whether or not an employee has any medical conditions that would preclude the use of respirators. The physician shall follow the guidance in ANSI Z88.6 on the frequency and content of the examination. The program administrator shall advise the physician of the following conditions to aid in the determination of the medical evaluation required; a) types of respirators for normal and emer gency use; b) typical work activities, environmental conditions, frequency and duration of use; c) hazards for which the respiratory equip ment will be worn including the potential exposures to reduced oxygen environments. 4.5.4 Respirator selection The selection of the proper type(s) of respira tors) shall be based upon % a) the nature of the hazardous operation or process; ' b) the type of respiratory hazard (including physical properties, oxygen deficiency, physiological effects on the body, concentra tion of toxic material or airborne radioactivity'' level, established exposure limits for the toxic materials, established permissible airborne concentration for radioacfive material, and established immediately dan gerous to life or health concentration for toxic material); ' c) the location of the hazardous area in rela tion to the nearest area having respirable air; d) the period of tim&,for which respiratory protection must be worn; e) the activities of workers in the hazardous area; f) the physical characteristics and functional capabilities and limitations of the various types of respirators; . 5 ANSI Z88.2-1992 Table 1 - Assigned protection factors Type of respirator Air purifying Atmosphere supplying SCBA(demand)2> Airline(demand) Type of respirator Powered air purifying Atmosphere supplying airline pressure demand continuous flow Self-contained breathing apparatus Pressure demand open/closed circuit Respiratory Inlet covering Half mask1) Full facepiece 10 100 Half mask 50 10 100 10 100 Respiratory Inlet covering Full Helmet/ Loose-fitting face Hood facepiece 10003) 10003> 25 50 1000 - -- 50 1000 1000 25 - 4) - - *> Includes 1/4 mask, disposable half masks, and half masks with elastomeric facepieces. 2> Demand SCBA shall not be used for emergency situations such as fire fighting. 3> Protection factors listed are for high-efficiency filters and sorbents (cartridges and canis ters). With dust filters, an assigned protection factor of 100 is to be used due'to the limitations of the filter. ' Although positive-pressure respirators are currently regarded as providing the highest level of respiratory protection, a limited number of recent simulated workplace studies concluded that all users may not achieve protection factors of 10 000. Based on this limited data, a defini tive assigned protection factor could not be listed for positive-pressure SCBAs. For emergen cy planning purposes where hazardous concentrations can be estimated, an assigned protec tion factor of no higher than 10 000 should be used. * NOTE - Asigned protection factors are not applicable for escape respirators. For combina tion respirators, e.g., airline respirators equipped with an air-purifying filter, the mode of operation in use will dictate the assigned protection factor to be applied. g) respirator-assigned protection factors list ed in table i (clause 7). . 4.5.5 Training Each respirator wearer shall be given training (and retraining), which shall include explana tions and discussions of a) the respiratory hazard and the effect on the wearer if the respirator is not used prop erly; 6 b) the engineering and administrative con trols being used and the need for respirators to provide protection; ' c) the reason for selecting a particular type of respirator; d) the function, capabilities, and limitations of the selected respirator; e) the method of donning the respirator and checking its fit and operation; c< ci Ct ANSI zea.2-1992 <) the proper wearing ol the respirator; g) respirator maintenance, inspection, and storage; h) recognizing and handling emergency sit uations; i) applicable governmental regulations for specific substances (clause 8). 4.5.6 Respirator fit ty engineering department, the respirator pro gram shall be administered by a qualified per son responsible to the facility manager. 5.2 Qualifications Respirator program administrators, in order to exercise their responsibility, shall be knowl edgeable in respiratory protection. Adminis trators shall keep abreast of current issues/ advances and regulations. Each person shall be fit tested before being assigned a tight-fitting respirator (clause 9). Each person using a tight-fitting respirator shall conduct a fit check of the respirator by appropriate means each time the respirator is donned or adjusted (clause A.6) in annex A. 4.5.7 Maintenance, Inspection, and stor age Maintenance shall be carried out according to the manufacturer s instructions and on a schedule that ensures that each respirator wearer is provided with a respirator that is clean, sanitary, and in good operating condi tion. Each respirator shall be inspected by the wearer prior to its use to ensure that it is in proper working condition. Respirators shall be stored in a convenient, clean, and sanitary location (clause 10). 5.3 Responsibilities The administrator's responsibilities shall include - measuring, estimating, or reviewing information on the concentration of an air borne contaminant in the work area prior to respirator selection and periodically during respirator use to ensure that the proper type of respirator is being used; - selecting the appropriate type or class of respirator that will provide adequate protec tion for each contaminant, present or antici pated; - maintaining records and written proce dures in a manner that documents the respi rator program and allows lor the evaluation of the program's effectiveness; 4.5.8 Escape-only respirators - evaluating the respiratory protection pro Where escape-only respirators are provided gram's effectiveness. - because of the potential for an emergency, The most comprehensive respiratory protec personnel assigned to the area shall be . tion program is of little value if it is not main trained in their use. . tained and implemented as designed. There Personnel not assigned to the work area and visitors shall be briefed in the use of these respirators. Other requirements such as med ical approval for use and detailed training are not required for these people. fore, in addition to ongoing surveillance, the program shall be periodically auditedjo ensure that (a) the program procedures reflect the requirements of current applicable regula tions and industry accepted standards and (b) the program as implemented reflects the writ ten procedures. 5 Program administration 5.1 Description An individual shall be assigned responsibility and authority for administration of each respi rator program. It is preferable that the admin istrator be in the company's industrial hygiene, health physics, or safety engineering depart ment. In plants or companies having no for mal industrial hygiene, health physics, or safe To aid objectivity, the audit should 'be con ducted by a knowledgeable person not direct ly associated with the program, rather than the respiratory protection program administra tor. An audit checklist should be prepared and updated as necessary. The audit pro gram should focus, as a minimum, on the fol lowing areas: - program administration; - training; 7 ANSI Z88.2-1992 - medical evaluation; - fit testing; - air sampling/classification of hazard; 5) inspection; 6) monitoring use; 7) monitoring hazards; < - selection and issuance; 8) selection; - use; 9} company policies. - equipment cleaning, maintenance, and b) Operating procedures for emergency inspection; and rescue use: It is recognized that it is not - breathing air supplies; possible to foresee every emergency and rescue use of respirators for every kind of - storage; operation. Nevertheless, a wide variety of - emergency preparedness; possible conditions requiring the emergency or rescue use of respirators can be envi - special problems. sioned. An adequate emergency and rescue When applicable, medical surveillance, includ ing bioassay shall be carried out periodically to determine if respirator wearers are ade quately protected. An occupational health pro respirator response capability can be achieved through a serious effort to plan for the worst foreseeable consequences of par ticular malfunctions or mishaps. . fessional shall determine the requirements of The written procedures for the emergency the medical surveillance program. and rescue uses of respirators shall be Action shall be taken to correct any defects or . developed in the following manner; shortcomings found during the audit. Find 1) An analysis of the emergency and ings shall be documented, including plans to rescue uses of respirators that may correct problem areas and target dates for occur in each operation shall be made by completion. i careful consideration of materials, equip ment, work area, processes, and person < nel involved; ! 6 Written standard operating procedures 2) Based upon the analysis, a determi nation should be made whether the res Written standard operating procedures for the pirators available can provide adequate proper use of respirators in routine and emer protection to allow workers to enter the gency situations shall be established by the , potentially hazardous environments. employer. Copies of the procedures shall be There are situations where equipment available for employees to read. The proce dures shall be periodically reviewed and revised by the employer as necessary. The limitations may preclude workers enter ing an IDLH environment (for example, potentially flammable or explosive envi procedures shall include the following ele ronments); ments: 3) Appropriate types of respirators shall a) Operating procedures for routine use: be selected, and an adequate number Written standard operating procedures shall shall be provided where they may be cover a complete respirator program and needed for emergency or rescue use; shall include information necessary for the proper use of respirators, including, as a minimum: 4) These respirators shall be main tained, inspected, and stored so that they are readily accessible and opera 1) training of wearers; tional when needed. 2) tit tests; 3) issuance; 4) cleaning, storage, and maintenance: The procedure shall be reviewed by a person who is thoroughly familiar with the particular process or operation. Consideration shall be given to past occurrences requiring emergen C( 8 cy or rescue uses of respirators as well as conditions that resulted in such respirator applications. The possible consequences of equipment or power failures, uncontrolled chemical reactions, fire, explosion, or human error shall be given consideration. Potential hazards that may result in emergency or res cue use of respirators shall be Identified. 7 Selection, limitation, and use of res pirators 7.1 General considerations 7.1.1 Worker activity Worker activity and worker location in a haz ardous area shall be considered in selecting the proper respirator (for example, whether the worker is in the hazardous area continu ously or intermittently during the work shift and whether the work rate is light, medium, or heavy). 7.1.2 Respirator use conditions The period of time that a respirator must be worn is an important factor that shall be taken into account in selecting a respirator. Consideration shall be given to the type of respirator application, such as for routine, nonroutine, emergency, or rescue use. 7.1.3 Location of the potential hazardous area The location of the hazardous area with respect to a safe area having respirable air shall be considered in selecting a respirator. This will permit planning for the escape of workers if an emergency occurs, for the entry of workers to perform maintenance duties, and for rescue operations. 7.1.4 Respirator characteristics, capabili ties, and limitations The physical characteristics, the functional capabilities, and the performance limitations of the various types shall be considered in selecting a respirator. These are described in annex A. 7.1.5 Operational limitations Environmental conditions and level of effort required of the respirator wearer may affect respirator service life. For example, extreme ANSI ZB8.2-1992 physical exertion can cause the user to deplete the air supply in a SCBA such that service life is reduced by half or more. 7.2 Selection of respirators for routine use 7.2.1 Approved respirators Approved or authorized respirators shall be used. Any change or modification, however minor, may void the respirator approval and significantly affect the performance of the res pirator. In the event that there is no approved commercially available respirator that can do the required task, the user may seek autho rization from the appropriate regulatory agen cy to use an unapproved device. 7.2.2 Selection Respirator selection involves reviewing each operation to (a) determine what hazards may be present (hazard determination) and (b) select which type or class of respirators can offer adequate protection. 7.2.2.1 Hazard determination steps The nature of the hazard shall be dertermined as follows: a) Determine what contaminant(s) may be present in the workplace; b) Determine whether there is a published Threshold Limit Value, Permissible Expo sure Limit, or any other available exposure limit or estimate of toxicity for the contami- nant(s). Determine if the IDLH concentra tion for the contaminant is available; c) Determine if there is a comprehensive health standard (e.g., lead, asbestos) for the'' contaminant(s). If so, there may be specific respirators required that will influence the selection process; d) If the potential for an oxygen-deficient environment exists, measure the oxygen content; e) Measure or estimate the concentration of the contaminant(s); f) Determine the physical state of the con taminant. If an aerosol, determine or esti mate the particle size. Determine if vapor pressure of the aerosol is significant at the ' maximum expected temperature of the work environment; 9 ANSI Z88.2-1992 g) Determine whether the contaminant(s) present can be absorbed through the skin, produce skin sensitization, or be irritating or corrosive to the eyes or skin; h) Determine tor a gas or vapor contami nants) if a known odor, taste, or irritation concentration exists. 7.2.2.2 Selection steps The proper respirator shall be selected as fol lows: a) If unable to determine what potentially hazardous contaminant may be present, the atmosphere shall be considered IDLH; go to 7.3; b) If no exposure limit or guideline is avail able, and estimates of the toxicity cannot be made, the atmosphere shall be considered IDLH; go to 7.3; c) If a specific standard exists for the con taminant, follow those guidelines/require ments; d) If there is an oxygen-deficient atmo sphere, the type of respirator selected depends on the partial pressure and concen tration of oxygen and the concentration of the other contaminant(s) that may be pre sent; go to (e) and to 7.3.1 through 7.3.4; e) If the measured or estimated concentra tion of the contaminant(s) is considered IDLH; go to 7.3; f) Divide the measured or estimated con centration of each contaminant by the expo sure limit or guideline to obtain a hazard ratio. When two or more substances are pre sent, consideration needs to be given if there is a synergistic or combined effect of exposure rather than considering each sub stance individually. Select a respirator with an assigned protection factor greater than the value of the hazard ratio, as listed in table 1. If an air-purifying respirator is select ed. continue with (g); g) If the contaminant(s) is a gas or vapor only, select a device with an assigned pro tection factor that is greater than the hazard ratio. The concentration shall also be less than the maximum use concentration of the cartridge/canister; go to (m). If an aerosol contaminant is present, go to (h) below; 10 h) If the contaminant is a paint, lacquer, or enamel, select a respirator approved specifi cally for paint mists or an atmosphere-supply ing respirator. (Approval label or regulatory provision may preclude use for some paints.); i) If the contaminant is a pesticide, select a respirator and filtration system specifically approved for pesticides or an atmospheresupplying respirator. (Approval label may preclude use for some pesticides.); j) If the contaminant is an aerosol, with an unknown particle size or less than 2 pm (MMAD), a high-efficiency filter shall be used; k) If the contaminant is a fume, use a filter approved for fumes or a high-efficiency filter; l) If the contaminanUs an aerosol, with a particle size greater than 2 pm (MMAD), any filter type (dust, fumes, mist, or high efficien cy) may be used; m) If the contaminant is a gas or vapor and has poor warning properties, the use of an atmosphere-supplying respirator is general ly recommended. When atmosphere-sup plying respirators cannot be used because of the lack of a feasible air supply or because of the need for worker mobility, air-purifying devices should be used only if; 1) the air-purifying respirator has a reli able end-of-service-life indicator that will warn the user prior to contaminant break through or 2) a cartridge change schedule is imple' mented based on cartridge service data including desorption studies (unless car tridges are changed daily), expected con centration, pattern of use, and duration of exposure have been established, and the chemical does not have a ceiling limit. 7.3 Selection of respirators for atmo spheres Immediately dangerous to life of health, for use In confined spaces, or reduced-pressure atmospheres 7.3.1 Atmospheres Immediately danger ous to life or health 1 A location is considered IDLH when: a) it is an atmosphere known or suspected to have concentrations above the IDLH level, or -JT ANSI Z88.2-1992 b) it is a confined space that contains less than the normal 20.9% oxygen, unless the source of the oxygen reduction is under stood and controlled, or . c) oxygen content is below 12.5% (95 mmHg pp02) at sea-level atmospheric pressure, or; d) it contains total atmospheric pressure less than 450 mmHg (8.6 psi) equivalent to 14 000 ft (4270 m) attitude or any combina tion of reduced percentage of oxygen or reduced pressure that leads to an oxygen partial pressure less than 95 mmHg. 7.3.2 Respirators for use under IOLH con ditions at normal atmospheric pressure The required respiratory protection for IDLH conditions caused by the presence of toxic materials or a reduced percentage of oxygen as described in conditions (a), (b), (c) in 7.3.1 is a positive-pressure SCBA or a com bination of a supplied-air respirator with SCBA. When respirators are worn under IOLH con ditions, at least one standby person shall be present in a safe area. The standby person shall have the proper equipment available to assist the respirator wearer in case of diffi culty. Communications (visual, voice, signal line, telephone, radio, or other suitable means) shall be maintained between the standby person and the wearer. While work ing in the IOLH atmosphere, the wearer shall be equipped with safety harness and safety lines to permit removal to a safe area, if nec- essary. Provisions for rescue other than safety harness and lines may be used, if equivalent. 7.3.3 Special considerations for confined spaces Confined spaces continue to be the cause of numerous deaths and serious injuries. Therefore, any confined space containing less than 20.9% oxygen is to be considered IOLH, unless the source of the oxygen reduction is understood and controlled. This restriction is imposed because any reduction in the per centage of oxygen present is proof, at a mini mum, that the confined space is not ade quately ventilated. It may be possible to per mit entry into a confined space that contains between 16% and 20.9% oxygen (at sea level) without respiratory protection, but only if extraordinary precautions are taken. It will be necessary to fully understand the source of the reduction in oxygen and control the level such that assurance can be given that there are no poorly ventilated areas that the worker may encounter. Without complete understand ing and control of the atmosphere within the confined space, it shall be considered IDLH. 7.3.4 Reduced atmospheric pressure Reduced total atmospheric pressure can lead to very low oxygen pressure. Therefore, when operating under conditions of reduced total atmospheric pressure, it is necessary to fur ther define the oxygen concentration by means of partial pressure. 7.3.4.1 Definition of oxygen-deficiency IDLH Involving reduced pressure A oxygen partial pressure of 95 mmHg or less shall be considered IDLH. The oxygen defi ciency may be caused by either a reduction in the normal 20.9% oxygen content, by reduced total atmospheric pressure to 477 mmHg (8.6 psi) (equivalent to 14 000 feet elevation), or any combination of reduced percentage of oxygen and reduced pressure. Table 2 indi cates the conditions that require an SCBA or combination airline/SCBA. 7.3.4.2 Definition of oxygen-deficiency ' non-IDLH -An oxygen partial pressure of 95 to 122 mmHg shall be considered an oxygen-defi cient atmosphere that is not immediately dan gerous to life. Such an atmosphere may adversely affect a person with reduced toler ance to reduced oxygen levels or adversely affect the unacclimatized person performing work requiring a high degree of mental acuity or heavy stress. Under these conditions, a supplied air respirator is required. Table 2 indicates the conditions for which respiratory protection is recommended to reduce impair ment. Any medical condition that may adversely affect an individual's tolerance to reduced oxygen levels should be considered. For these individuals, an air-supplied respirator may be required at a higher pp02 value. This decision should be made by the examining physician prior to work assignment. 11 ANSI Z88.2-1992 Table 2 - Combined effect of altitude and reduced percentage of oxygen (Note 1) Altitude/pressure Sea level/ 760 mmHg(14.7 psi) 2 500 ftV 694 mmHg( 13.4 psi) 5 000 ft./ 632 mmHg(12.2 psi) 7 500 ft./ 575 mmHg( 11.1 psi) 10 000 ft./ 523 mmHg(10.1 psi) 12 500 ft./ 474 mmHg(9.16psi) 14 000 ft. 450 mmHg(8.63 psi) Reduced oxygei^ level requiring atmosphere sup plying respirator pp02 Ambient 02 mmHg 02% pp02 mmHg 20.9% 160 16% 122 Reduced oxygen level requiring SCBA or combination airline/SCBA PP02 Oa% mmHg 12.5% 95 20.9% 145 17.6% 122 13.7% 95 20.9% 133 19.3% 122 15% 95 20.9% 121 < 20.9% -- 16.5% 95 20.9% 20.9% 110 99 < 20.9% (Note 2) (Note 2) 18.2% <20.9% 95 20.9% 94 , (Note 2) " <20.9% > NOTES 1 The 95-mmHg ppO, level, which dictates the need for an SCBA or a combination airline/SCBA respirator, assumes a normal healthy worker. Any medical condition that may adversely affect an individual's tolerance to reduced oxygen levels should be considered. For these individuals, an SCBA may be required at a higher ppO, value. This decision should be made by the examining physician. Also, see clause A.5 in annex A for other consid erations in using respirators in reduced oxygen atmospheres. * '' ' 2 At 10 000 leet or higher, an ordinary supplied-air respirator or SCBA that provides 20.9% oxygen cannot gener ate 121-mmHg oxygen partial pressure. Therefore, in cases in which a respirator is required because of oxygen content of less than 20.9% oxygen,- use of a specially designed and approved respirator supplying enriched oxygen or a rebreather SCBA shall be used. At least 23% oxygen is required at 10 000 feet and 27% at 14 000 feet. . - . ' ** A & ' * ANSI Z88.2-1992 7.4 Abrasive blasting 7.5.4.2 The head harness straps of tight-fit r Respirators specifically approved for abrasive blasting shall be selected lor use in abrasive ting respirators shall not be positioned or worn over hard hats. blasting. Abrasive blasting in confined spaces 7.5.4.3 The wearing of a hard hat or other may generate contaminant levels that exceed protective equipment shall not interfere with the capabilities of any respirator, requiring the the seal of a respirator. use of engineering controls to reduce the haz ard ratio below the assigned protection factor of the respirator used. 7.5.5 Respirator use In low*temperature environments 7.5 Additional considerations affecting respirator selection Low temperatures may cause detrimental effects on the performance of respirators. The effects of low temperatures shall be consid 7.5.1 Facial hair ered in the selection and maintenance of res A respirator, either positive or negative pres sure, equipped with a facepiece (tight or loose pirators and respirable gas supplies. See clause A.11 of annex A for more information. fitting) shall not be worn it facial hair comes 7.5.6 Respirator use In hlgh-temperature between the sealing surface of the facepiece environments ,, - and the face or if facial hair interferes with valve function. High temperatures may affect the perfor mance of the respirator and may add undue 7.5.2 Communications physiological stress. The effects of high tem Ambient noise environment and communica tion needs shall be considered when specific respirators are selected. (See clause A. 13 in peratures shall be considered in respirator selection and for medical approvals. See clause A.f 2 of annex A for more information. annex A.) r 7.5.3 Vision V 7.5.3.1 When a respirator user must wear corrective lenses, a protective spectacle or 8 Training goggle, a face shield, a welding helmet, or other eye- and face-protective devices, the 8.1 Training for employees item shall be fitted to provide good vision and shall be worn in such a manner as not to interfere with the seal of the respirator. 7.5.3.2 Spectacles with straps or temple bars that pass through the sealing surface of The supervisor, person issuing respirators, respirator wearers, and emergency/rescue teams shall be given adequate training (and periodic retraining) by a qualified person(s) to ensure the proper use of respirators.. Written either negative- or positive-pressure, tight-fit ting, full-facepiece respirators shall not be records shall be kept of the names of persons trained and the dates when training occurred. used. 8.1.1 Supervisor 7.5.3.3 Contact lenses may be worn with respirators, provided the individual has previ ously demonstrated that he or she has had successful experience wearing contact lens es. The contact lens wearer shall practice wearing the respirator while wearing the con A supervisor - that is, a person who has the responsibility of overseeing the work activities of one or more persons who must wear respi rators - shall be given adequate training including the following subjects as a minimum: tact lenses. - basic respiratory protection practices; 7.5.4 Respirator sealing problems 7.5.4.1 A head covering that passes be tween the sealing surface of a tight-fitting res pirator facepiece and the wearer's face shall not be used. - nature and extent of respiratory hazards to which persons under his/her supervision may be exposed; - recognition and resolution of respirator use problems; 13 ANSI Z88.2-1992 - principles and criteria tor selecting respi rators used by persons under his/her super vision; - training of respirator wearers; - fitting and issuance of respirators; - inspection of respirators; - use of respirators, including monitoring of use; - maintenance and storage of respirators; - regulations concerning respirator use. 8.1.2 Person issuing respirators A person assigned the task of issuing respira tors shall be given adequate training to ensure that the correct respirator is issued for each application in accordance with written standard operating procedures. 8.1.3 Respirator wearer To ensure the proper and safe use of a respi rator. the minimum training of each respirator wearer shall include the following elements; - the need for respiratory protection; - the nature, extent, and effects of respira tory hazards in the workplace; - the need to inform their supervisor of any problems experienced by them or their co-workers; - an explanation of why engineering con trols are not being applied or are not ade quate and what effort is being made to reduce or eliminate the need for respirators; - an explanation of why a particular type of respirator has been selected for a specific respiratory hazard; - an explanation of the operation, capabili ties, and limitations of the respirator selected; - instruction for inspecting and donning the respirator. This includes a requirement that a fit check shall be done each time the respirator is donned or adjusted; - Successful completion of a fit test in accor dance with ANSI Z88.10. (Until ANSI Z8S.10 is published, the protocol given in the OSHA Asbestos Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1001, should be followed.); - An explanation of how to maintain and store the respirator; 14 - Instructions in emergency procedures and the use of emergency escape devices; - Regulations concerning respirator use. 8.1.4 Emergency and rescue teams Teams that are established by employers for the purpose ot responding to emergencies and/or rescues, such as industrial fire brigades, shall be property trained in the use of respirators. A suitable training program shall be established that includes emergency drills to ensure the proficiency and familiarity ot team members to use the respirators effec tively while performing such emergency and/or rescue operations. 8.2 Training frequency Each respirator wearer shall be trained upon initial assignment and be retrained once every 12 months. 8.3 Records For each employee, records shall be main tained that give the date and type of training received, performance results (as appropri ate), and the instructor's name. 9 Respirator fitting tests A qualitative or quantitative respirator lit test shall be used to determine the ability of each individual respirator wearer to obtain a satis factory fit with a tight-fitting respirator. The results of fitting tests among other criteria shall be used to select specific types, makes, and models of respirators for use by individual res pirator wearers. * Requirements for acceptable tests are given in ANSI Z88.10 (Until ANSI Z88.10 is pub lished, the protocol given in the OSHA Asbestos Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1001 should be followed). 9.1 Fit test requirements 9.1.1 Acceptance criteria If a quantitative fit test is used, a fit factor that is at least 10 times greater than the assigned protection factor (table 1) of a negative-pres sure respirator shall be obtained before that respirator is assigned to an individual. It a qualitative test is used, only validated proto cols are acceptable. The test shall be designed to assess fit factors 10 times greater than the assigned protection factor. 9.1.2 Positive-pressure respirators Those respirators that have a tight seat to the lace shall be qualitatively or quantitatively fit tested in a negative-pressure mode. The pur pose of the test is to ensure that an unaccept able fit of the respirator to the wearer that de grades protection through leakage and would reduce service life for self-contained breath ing apparatus does not occur. A fit factor of at least 100 shall be obtained. 9.1.3 Facepiece If the facepiece of a positive-pressure, tightfitting respirator is modified for fit testing, - the modification shall not affect the nor mal fit of the device; - the modification should not add signifi cant weight, or cause significant imbalance; - the air flow shall not be restricted; - the modified facepiece should be leak tested on a mannequin head or similar device; - such modified devices shall only be used for fit testing. 9.1.4 Respirator A respirator fit test shall be carried out for each wearer of a tight-fitting respirator at least once every 12 months. . 9.1.5 Repeated testing A fit test shall be repeated when a person has a condition that may interfere with facepiece sealing, such as a significant change in weight (10% or more), significant scarring in the area of the faceseal, dental changes, reconstructive or cosmetic surgery, or any other condition that may affect the fit of the facepiece seal. 9.1.6 Protective equipment Fit testing shall be done while wearing protec tive equipment, such as spectacles, goggles, face shield, or welding helmet, that will be worn during work activities and could interfere with the fit. The respirator should be config ured in the way that it will be used, i.e., with a chin canister or cartridge. ANSI Z88.2-1992 9.1.7 Cleaning Respirators used for fit testing shall be cleaned in accordance with the requirements in 10.2. 9.2 Fitting problems and alternatives If facial features such as scars, hollow tem ples. excessively protruding cheekbones, deep creases in facial skin, the absence of teeth or dentures, or unusual facial configura tions prevent a seal of a respirator facepiece to a wearer's face, the person shall not be permitted to wear the respirator. If a situation is encountered whereby a worker cannot obtain a satisfactory fit with a tight-fit ting respirator, recommended alternatives to provide adequate respiratory protection are; - providing'the worker with a loose-fitting facepiece, helmet, or hooded device of suffi cient assigned protection factor for the haz ard; - transferring the worker to a job or work site where respiratory protection is not required. 9.3 Test considerations 9.3.1 Number of respirators No one size or model of respirator will fit all types of faces. Different sizes and models will accommodate .more facial types. Therefore, .an appropriate number of sizes and models' shall be available from which a satisfactory respirator can be selected. The number of models and sizes necessary to fulfill the intent of this requirement will vary for workplaces. For example, in a workplace wtlh four workers, one model and size may fulfill the requirement; whereas a workplace with a hundred wearers may require different models in various sizes. 9.3.2 Employee acceptance . Respirator comfort is an important factor in wearer acceptance of the device. Other fac tors that influence wearer acceptance include breathing resistance, impairment of vision, impairment of communications, and respirator weight. Devices with greater wearer accep tance are likely to be worn more continually and thus provide more protection. Employee acceptance of a particular respirator model within a class shall be considered in selecting a respirator since this may determine whether 15 ANSI 288.2-1992 or not the respirator is worn properly. It the results ot the respirator fit test show that the person can obtain an acceptable fit with two or more models of the selected class of respi rator, then the person should be permitted to use the preferred respirator model. 9.4 Respirator fit test records Respirator fit test records shall include the fol lowing information: - written standard operating procedures for the respirator fit testing program includ ing pass/fail criteria; - type of respirator fit test(s) used, includ ing the specific fit test protocol; - type of respirator fit test instrumentation and equipment used; - instrument and equipment calibration, maintenance, and repair, where applicable; - name or identification of the test operator; - specific make, model, and size of the exact respiratory protective device tested; - name or identification of the person tested; - date of test; - results of respirator fitting tests, including: - fit factor based upon quantitative fit test(s); - success or failure to obtain a satis factory fit based on qualitative fit test(s); - any special considerations or difficul ties in wearing (contact lenses or glasses worn, dentures, forehead scars, etc.). 10 Maintenance, Inspection, and stor age A program for the maintenance of respirators shall include the following: a) cleaning and sanitizing (10.1); b) inspection for defects (10.2); c) maintenance and repair (10.3); d) storage (10.4); e) assurance of breathing air quality (10.5). 10.1 Cleaning and sanitizing Respirators issued to an individual shall be cleaned and sanitized regularly. Each respira tor shall be cleaned and sanitized before being worn by different individuals. Respirators intended for emergency use shall be cleaned and sanitized after being used. (Clause A.4 in annex A provides a suggested procedure for cleaning and sanitizing.) 10.2 Inspection The user shall inspect the respirator immedi ately prior to each use to ensure that it is in proper working condition. After cleaning and sanitizing, each respirator shall be inspected to determine if it is in proper working condi tion, if it needs replacement of parts or repairs, or if it should be discarded. Each respirator stored for emergency or rescue use shall be inspected at least monthly. Respirator inspection shall include a check for tightness of connections; for the condition of the respiratory inlet covering, head harness, valves, connecting tubes, harness assem blies, hoses, filters, cartridges, canisters, endof-service-life indicator, electrical compo nents, and shelf-life date(s); and for the prop er function of regulators, alarms, and other warning systems. Each rubber or other elas tomeric part shall be inspected for pliability and signs of deterioration. Each air and oxy gen cylinder shall'be inspected to ensure that it is fully charged according to the manufacturer's-inst ructions. A record of inspection dates shall be kept for each respirator maintained for emergency oc rescue use. Respirators that do not meet applicable inspection criteria shall be immedi ately removed from service and repaired or replaced. 10.3 Parts replacement and repair Replacement of parts or repairs shall be done only by persons trained in proper respirator maintenance and assembly. Replacement parts shall be only those designated for the specific respirator repaired? Reducing or admission valves, regulators, and alarms shall be adjusted or repaired by the respirator man ufacturer or a technician trained by the manu facturer. Instrumentation for valve, regulator, and alarm adjustments and tests should be calibrated to a standard traceable to the 16 C< C( c ANSI Z88.2-1992 Table 3 - Periodic air sampling guidance for purchased breathing respirable gas Method of preparation Compression - Supplier does not fill cylin ders with any other gases Compression - Supplier fills cylinders with gases other than air Reconstitution Analysis recommended Check 10% of cylinders from each lot for ppm CO and odor Analyze all cylinders for percent oxygen. Check 10% of cylinders from each lot for ppm CO and odor Analyze all cylinders for percent oxygen. Check 10% of cylinders from each lot for ppm CO and odor National Institute of Standards and Technolo gy (NIST), at a minimum of every 3 years. 10.4 Storage Respirators shall be stored in a manner that will protect them against physical and chemi cal agents such as vibration, shocks, sunlight, heat, extreme cold, excessive moisture, or damaging chemicals. Respirators shall be stored to prevent distortion of rubber or other elastomeric parts. Respirators shall not be stored in such places as lockers and tool boxes, unless they are protected from con tamination, distortion, and damage. Emer gency and rescue use respirators that are placed in work areas shall be quickly accessi ble at all times, and the storage cabinet or container in which they are stored shall be clearly marked. 10.5 Respirable air and oxygen for selfcontained breathing apparatus and sup plied air respirators 10.5.1 Air quality Compressed gaseous air, compressed gaseous oxygen, liquid air, and liquid oxygen used for respiration shall be of high purity. Compressed gaseous or liquid oxygen shall meet the requirements of the United States Pharmacopoeia for medical or breathing oxy gen. Compressed gaseous air shall meet at least the requirements of the specification for Type I - Grade D breathing air, and liquid air shall meet at least the requirements for Type II - Grade B breathing air as described in ANSI/CGA G-7.1-1989. 10.5.2 Special considerations for oxygen systems Compressed gaseous air may contain low concentrations of oil introduced from equip ment during processing or normal operation. If high-pressure oxygen passes through an oil- or grease-coated orifice, an explosion or fire may occur. Therefore, compressed gaseous oxygen shall not be used in supplied- air respirators or in open-circuit-type self-con tained breathing apparatus that have previ ously used compressed air. Oxygen concen trations greater than 23.5% shall be used only in equipment designed for oxygen service or distribution. 10.5.3 - Dew point ,, The dew point of air used to recharge self- contained breathing apparatus shall be -65F or lower (less than 25 ppm water vapor). The driest air obtainable (dew point of -100F or lower) should be used for recharg ing SCBA cylinders to be used in environments with ambient temperatures below -25F. 10.5.4 Breathing air from cylinders or air compressors Breathing air may be supplied to sdpplied-air respirators from cylinders or air compressors. 10.5.4.1 Cylinders shall be tested and main tained in accordance with applicable Depart ment of Transportation specifications tor ship ping containers (Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 173, and Part 178).5) Specific test recommendations lor purchased breathing air are given in table 3. 5> See Clause 2. Normative references. 17 ANSI Z88.2-1992 Table 4 - Periodic air sampling guidance Ior compression Type/sample Oil lubricated Non-oil lubricated Combustion engine powered Water vapor X X X CO X X Condensed hydrocarbon co2 X X X Odor XXX NOTES 1 When using air compressors, intake location shall be carefully selected and moni tored closely to ensure air supplied to the compressor is of adequate quality. 2 No frequency for periodic checks of air quality is specified, due to wide variation in equipment type, use and working environments, and operating experience. 3 Continuous monitoring of temperature and carbon monoxide are not required. 4 For non-oil lubricated compressors that operate at less than 35 psi, no sampling for water is required. 5 These requirements apply to systems designed for breathing air, other air-supply sys tems need to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis for the type and frequency of testing. 10.5.4.2 A compressor shall be constructed so as to avoid entry of contaminated air. For all air compressors, including portable types, the air intake location shall be carefully selected, and monitored closely to ensure continued quality of air supply to the compres sor. The system shall be equipped as neces sary with a suitable in-line air-purifying sor bent bed and filter to further assure breathing air quality. Maintenance and replacement/ refurbishment of compressor and associated air-purifying/filter media shall be performed periodically, by trained personnel following manufacturer's recommendations and instruc tions. 10.5.4.3 As part of acceptance testing, and prior to initial use. representative sampling of the compressor air output shall be performed to ensure that it complies with the require ments in 10.5.1 and 10.5.4. To ensure a con tinued high-quality air supply, and to account for any distribution system contaminant input, 18 a representative sample' should be taken at distribution supply points. Samples should be collected on a periodic basis, as directed by the program administrator. Specific test rec ommendations are given in table 4. 10.5.4.4 The dew point of breathing air used' with supplied air respirators should be lower than the lowest ambient temperature to which any regulator or control valve on the respira tor or air-supplied system will be exposed. 10.5.4.5 Breathing air couplings shall be incompatible with outlets for nonrespirable plant air or other gas systems to prevent inad vertent servicing of supplied-air respirators with nonrespirable gases. Breathing air out lets shall be labeled. 1. 10.5.4.6 Breathing gas containers shall be marked in accordance with ANSI/CGA C-4-1990. Further details on sources of compressed air and its safe use will be found in CGA G-7-1988. Annex A (informative) Supplemental Information ANSI Z88.2-1992 A.l Approval agencies A.2 Lists of approved respirators A.i.i National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Title 30, CFR, Part 11 gave jurisdiction for joint approval of respirators to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and to the Bureau of Mines (BM), U.S. Department of the Interior. A.1.2 Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA) In 1974, a reorganization of the U.S. Depart ment of the Interior resulted in the formation of the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA), which assumed the health and safety activities of the Bureau of Mines (BM), including the respirator testing and approving functions. Subsequent respira tor approvals were issued jointly by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA). A.1.3 Mine Safety and Health Administra tion (MSHA) The Federal Mine Safety and Health Amend- ments Act of 1977 transferred the authority for enforcement of mining safety and health from the U.S. Department of Interior to the U.S. Department of Labor. Taking effect in March 1978, the act created the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) in the U.S. Department of Labor, which replaced the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA) of the U.S. Department of Interior. The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) has assumed the respirator testing and approving functions of the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA). Respirator approvals are now issued jointly by the National Institute for Occupa tional Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). Respirators approved jointly by NIOSH and MSHA under provisions of Title 30 CFR Part 11 are listed in `NIOSH Certified Personal Protective Equipment." Supplements are is sued periodically. (See annex C.) A.3 Monitoring of respiratory hazards The level of exposures of respirator wearers to respiratory hazards is determined by using instruments to measure the concentrations of air contaminants or oxygen in the breathing zone of the respirator wearers. Adequate air sampling and analysis or appropriate calcula tions should be carried out to determine both the time-weighted average (TWA) concentra tion and, when appropriate, the short-term con centration of the respiratory hazard to which a respirator wearer may be potentially exposed or is actually exposed. The concentrations of a substance in air may be affected by changes in . process operation, changes in rate and direc tion of air movement, changes in temperature - from day to night operation, and changes in seasons; these factors should be taken into account in carrying out a program for monitor ing respiratory hazards. ' * *- It is essential that the volume of air sampled during a test contain a sufficient quantity of the hazardous substance for accurate deter mination of workplace concentration. The vol ume of air to be sampled or the duration of the air-sampling period depends upon the fol lowing factors: - estimated concentration of the sub stance in air; - sensitivity of the sampling instrument and sampling procedures; - established time-weighted average con centration and established short-term expo sure levels for the substance in air. 19 ANSI Z88.2-1992 Although it is recognized that the concentra tion of a hazardous substance, which occurs during an emergency, cannot always be mea sured or calculated, every reasonable effort should be made to estimate what this concen tration would be. Consideration should be given to the use of a continuously operating air monitor and alarm to alert respirator wearers when a high con centration of a hazardous substance suddenly occurs. A.4 Suggested procedures for cleaning and sanitizing respirators Procedures in addition to the manufacturer's instructions are as follows: a) Remove, when necessary, the following components of respiratory inlet covering assemblies before cleaning and sanitizing: 1) filters, cartridges, canisters; 2) speaking diaphragms; 3) valve assemblies; 4) any components recommended by the respirator manufacturers; b) Wash respiratory inlet covering assem blies in warm (43C or 110F maximum tem perature) cleaner sanitizer solution. A stiff bristle (not wire) brush may be used to facili tate removal of dirt or other foreign material; c) Rinse respiratory inlet covering assem blies in clean, warm (43C or 110F maxi mum temperature) water; d) Drain all water, and air dry the respirato ry inlet covering assemblies; e) Clean and sanitize all parts removed from respiratory inlet covering as recom mended by the manufacturers; f) Dry parts. If necessary to remove foreign material, hand wipe respiratory inlet cover ing assemblies, all parts, and all gasket- and valve-sealing surfaces with damp, lint-free cloth; g) Inspect parts and replace any that are defective; h) Reassemble parts on respiratory inlet covering assemblies; 20 i) Attach filters, cartridges, and canisters to respiratory inlet coverings; j) Visually inspect and, where possible, test parts and respirator assemblies for proper function; k) Place assembled respirators in appropri ate containers for storage. Machines may be used to expedite the clean ing, sanitizing, rinsing, and drying of large numbers of respirators. Extreme care shall be taken to ensure against tumbling, agitation, or exposure to temperatures above those rec ommended by the manufacturer (normally 43C or 110F, maximum), as these condi tions are likely to result in damage to the res pirators. Ultrasonic cleaners, clothes washing machines, dishwashers:, and clothes dryers have been specially adapted and successfully used for cleaning and drying respirators. Cleaner sanitizers that effectively clean the respirator and contain a bactericidal agent are commercially available. The bactericidal agent frequently used is a quaternary ammo nium compound. Strong cleaning and sanitizing agents and many solvents can damage rubber or elas tomeric respirator parts. These materials must be used with caution. Alternatively, respirators may be washed in a detergent solution and then sanitized by immersion in a sanitizing solution. Some san itizing-solutions that have proven effective are; (a) a hypochlorite (bleach) solution (50 parts per million chlorine), 2-minute immer sion; (b) an aqueous iodine solution'(50 parts per million of iodine). 2-minute immersion; or (c) a quaternary ammonium solution (200 parts per million of quaternary ammonium compounds in water with less than 500 parts per million total hardness), 2-minute immer sion. Different concentrations of quaternary ammo nium salts are required to achieve a sanitizing solution with waters of varying hardness. Inflammation of the skin of the respirator user (dermatitis) may occur if the quaternary ammonium compounds are not completely rinsed from the respirator. The hypochlorite and iodine solutions are unstable and break down with time; they may cause deterioration of rubber or other elastomeric parts and may be corrosive to metallic parts. Immersion times should not be extended beyond the mentioned time periods, and the sanitizers shall be thoroughly rinsed from the respirator parts. Respirators may become contaminated with toxic materials. If the contamination is light, normal cleaning procedures should provide satisfactory decontamination; otherwise, sep arate decontamination steps may be required before cleaning. A.5 Oxygen deficiency A.5.1 Introduction Oxygen is a normal component of our atmo spheric environment, which is necessary to sustain life. Earth's atmosphere is made up of the follow ing gases, excluding water vapor, in the pro portions noted: Partial pressure Gas Volume (%) mmHg at sea level Nitrogen Oxygen Argon 78.1 20.9 0.9 593 159 7.1 NOTE - Small amounts of other gases, such as carbon dioxide, neon, krypton, and helium, are also present, as is water vapor. Partial pressure equals the fractional concentration of the gas in question times the total atmospheric pressure. The percent by volume of these gases does not vary with altitude; however, the partial pressures decrease with increasing altitude because the total pressure decreases. A reduction in the partial pressure of oxygen (ppOz) may result from the following: - Reduction of the percent by volume of oxygen. This situation can result from the oxygen being displaced or otherwise re moved. It is the most common form of oxy gen-deficiency hazard, warranting extreme care when entering confined spaces; - Reduced atmospheric pressure. This situation occurs when the total atmospheric pressure is reduced. The oxygen percent by volume may remain at 20.9%, but the pp02 will be lower than normal. ANSI Z88.2-1992 The effect of oxygen deficiency on the body is the same in either case. It is the quantity or partial pressure of oxygen available that is of utmost importance, and not the percent by volume or atmospheric pressure. As shown in table A.1, the greater the alti tude. the lower the pp02. People live and work at high altitudes. They do so with little or no physiological effect because they are acclimatized. The human body can adapt to the reduced pp02 levels by making compen sating changes to its respiratory, cardiovascu lar, and hematopoietic systems. Complete acclimatization requires about 4 weeks' resi dence at the ambient pp02. When people who are not acclimatized work in areas of reduced pp02, they will experience a feeling of fatigue. The same work rate in an environment of reduced pp02 produces a higher breathing rate, a greater heart rate, and possibly other symptoms of fatigue that, under normal conditions, would not be cus tomary at this workload. This effect may be reflected in the worker's choice of work tac tics. A.5.2 Oxygen deficiency Immediately dan* gerous to life or health Oxygen deficiency immediately dangerous to life or health is defined as an oxygen content below 12.5% (95 mmHg pp02) at sea level or ' an atmospheric pressure less than 450 mmHg (8.6 psi) equivalent to 14 000 ft (4270 m) alti tude. The rationale for this classification is that an oxygen content less than 12.5%.(or atmo spheric pressure less than 450 mmHg), corre sponds to an oxygen partial pressure of 48 mmHg in the alveoli of the lungs with a carbon dioxide partial pressure of 40 mmHg in the alveoli of the lungs. At these conditions, the hemoglobin of the alveolar blood is 83% satu rated with oxygen. When the oxygen content of the hemoglobin drops below 83% satura tion, symptoms of oxygen deficiency become evident and adequate respiratory protection, specified in clause 7* of this standard, shall be provided. The relationship between oxygen partial pres sure in the lung's alveoli and the correspond ing percent saturation of hemoglobin is given in figure A.i. At higher alveolar oxygen par- 21 ANSI Z88.2-1992 ro Table A.l - Oxygen-deficient conditions, effects, and requirements Equlv. 0} at sea level (%) 20.9 Atmospheric Amblent presaura atmospheric (mmHg) ppo. 760 159 pp02 ol freshly Inspired air In the Upper lung Alveolar (mmHg) (mmHg) 149 110 19.0 669 145 135 95 Blood 02 Equivalent saturation altitude <*) () 96 Sea level 94 2500 Effects Normal Some adverse physiological effects occur, but they are urmoticeable. 16.0 581 121 114 70 92 7500 Increased pulse and breathing rates. Impaired thinking and attention. Re duced coordelation. 14.0 523 110 100 60 90 10 000 Abnormal fatigue upon exertion. Emotional upset Faulty coordination. Poor judgment 12.5 450 96 85 48 83 14 000 Very poorjudgment 1 and coordination. > Impaired respiration that may cause permanent heart damage. Nausea and vomiting Requirements None None See 7.3, table 2 See 7.3, table 2 See 7.3, table 2. This environment must be wel planned and the personnel involved should be briefed. Special training should be provided to inexperienced personnel to cover. <10 <387 <81 <7t <4 _<93 <70 >18 000 Inability to perform vigorous movement loss of conscious ness. Convulsions. Death. m f'?<' mmrnm ANSI Z88.2-1992 c c Partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli (mm Hg) Figure A.1 - Oxygen dissociation curve 23 ANSI Z88.2-1992 tial pressures (60-100 mmHg range), only slight changes are evident in the hemoglobin oxygen saturation. However, as the alveoli oxygen pressure continues to fall (from 60 down to 30 mmHg), a much larger change occurs in the blood oxygen level. This rapid rate of change then can present an unforgiv ing situation to an unprotected worker where debilitating physiological symptoms can appear suddenly, without warning, after only relatively small changes in ambient oxygen levels. A.5.3 Considerations for reduced oxygen levels With full facepiece respirators, either air puri fying or supplied air, the volume inside the facepiece can affect the oxygen content breathed by the wearer when these respira tors are used in reduced oxygen atmo spheres. When someone breathes in normal air at 21% oxygen, pari of the oxygen is absorbed to be used by the body. On exhalation, the breath will at first consist of this same air, since there is little oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange at the top of the lung. As a person continues to exhale, and more carbon dioxide is released, the last portion of the breath may contain 5% carbon dioxide and 16% oxygen. When a worker wears a respirator, a portion of the worker's exhaled breath remains in the respirator. Thus, on inhalation, the percent age of oxygen inhaled is reduced by the amount of carbon dioxide that is rebreathed. When respirators are used in oxygen-deficient environments, the effect of rebreathing the exhaled air in the facepiece can be significant since it will lead to further reductions in oxy gen content. For negative-pressure air-purifying respira tors, reducing the volume of the facepiece by using a respirator designed with a small mask volume or by using a nose cup will lessen this effect. For suppiied-air respirators, the effect is significant only with demand- and pressuredemand-type respirators (not continuous flow) and only when reduced atmospheric pressure is the cause of the reduced oxygen content. Reducing the volume of the facepiece through the use of a nose cup or using continuous flow respirators may lessen this effect. Al 24 high altitudes, increasing the oxygen content of the air supplied to the respirator, as shown in table A.l is necessary to provide sufficient oxygen. Consideration should also be given to breathing tubes, which may be included in the dead volume, unless the facepiece is equipped with an inhalation check valve. A.6 Recommended procedure for fit checking A check shall be conducted by the wearer each time the respirator is donned or adjusted to determine if the respirator is properly seated to the face by following the procedures recom mended by the manufacturer or by any of the checks described in A.6.1-A.6.3: A.6.1 Negative-pressure fit check A negative air-pressure respirator tit check can be used on air-purifying and atmospheresupplying respirators equipped with tight-fit ting facepieces. This test may be difficult or impossible to carry out on valveless respirators. The inlet opening of the respirator's facepiece canister(s), cartridge(s), or filter(s) is closed off by covering with the palm of the hand(s), by replacing the inlet seal-on a canister(s), or by squeezing a breathing tube or blocking its inlet so'that it wifi not allow the passage of air. Then, the wearer inhales gently and holds his/her breath. If a facepiece collapses slight ly and no inward leakage of air into the face piece is detected, it can be reasonably assured that the fit of the respirator to the wearer is satisfactory. A.6.2 Positive-pressure fit check A positive air-pressure fit check can be used on respirators equipped with tight-fitting respi ratory-inlet coverings that contain both inhala tion and exhalation valves. This test may be difficult or impossible to carry out on valveless respirators. The exhalation valve or breathing lube, or both, is closed off aqd then the wear er exhales gently. The fit of a respirator equipped with a facepiece is considered to be satisfactory if a slight positive pressure can be built up inside the facepiece without the detection of any outward leakage of air between the sealing surface of the facepiece ANSI 288.2-1992 and the respirator wearer's face. For some respirators, this test method requires that the respirator wearer first remove an exhalation cover from the respirator and then replace it after completion of the test. These tasks often are difficult to carry out without disturb ing the fit of the respirator to the wearer. A.6.3 Irritant or odorous test agent The person wearing the respirator is exposed to an irritant smoke, isoamyl acetate vapor, saccharin mist, or other suitable test agent easily detected by irritation, taste, or odor (an air-purifying respirator must be equipped with the appropriate air-purifying element). If the respirator wearer is unable to detect the pene tration of the test agent into the respirator, it can be reasonably assured that the seal of the respirator to the wearer is satisfactory. WARNING: Care must be taken in conducting negative- or positive-pressure fit checks. Thorough training in carrying out these tests should be given to respirator wearers. NOTE - Fit checks are not substitutes for qualita tive or quantitative fit tests. A.7 Classification of respiratory haz ards according to their biological effect A.7.1 Gas and vapor contaminants A.7.1.i simple asphyxiants: Physiolo gically inert substances that dilute oxygen in the air (for example, nitrogen, hydrogen, heli-. um, methane). A.7.1.2 chemical asphyxiants: Low con centrations that interfere with supply or utiliza tion of oxygen in the body (for example, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, cyanogen, and nitriles). A.7.1.3 Irritants: Corrosive in action. May cause irritation and inflammation of parts of the respiratory system (also skin and eyes) and pulmonary edema (for example, ammonia, hydrogen chloride, formaldehyde, sulfur diox ide, chlorine, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, phos gene, and arsenic trichloride). A.7.1.4 anesthetics: Substances that cause loss of feeling and sensation with uncon sciousness and death possible (for example, nitrous oxide, hydrocarbons, and ethers). A.7.1.5 sensitizers: Substances that cause a formation of antibodies that can lead to an increased probability of asthmatic-ilke reac tions (for example, isocyanates, epoxy resin systems). A.7.1.6 systemic poisons: Substances that damage organs and systems in the body (for example, mercury (nervous system and kid ney), phosphorus (bone), hydrogen sulfide (respiratory paralysis), and arsine (red blood cells and liver)). A.7.1.7 reproductive toxins: Chemicals that affect the reproductive capabilities includ ing chromosomal damage (mutation), and that affect fetuses (teratogens) (for example, Dichlorobutene). A.7.1.8 carcinogens: Substances that pro duce cancer in some individuals after a latent period (for example, vinyl chloride, benzene). A.7.2 Particulate contaminants (dust, fog, fume, mist, smoke, and spray) A.7.2.1 nuisance dusts: Contaminants that may cause discomfort and minor irritation, but generally without injury at reasonable concen trations (for example, marble, gypsum). A.7.2.2 pulmonary fibrous producing: Contaminants that produce modulation and fibrosis in the lung, possibly leading to compli cations (for example, crystalline silica, asbes- * tos). ' A.7.2.3 reproductive toxins: Chemicals that affect the reproductive capabilities includ ing chromosomal damage (mutation) and that affect fetuses (teratogens) (for example, lead): A.7.2.4 carcinogens: Contaminants that produce cancer in some individuals after latent period (for example, asbestos, chromates, radioactive particulates). A.7.2.5 chemical Irritants: Contaminants that produce irritation, inflammation, and ulcer ation in upper respiratory tract (for example, acidic mists, alkalies). A.7.2.6 systemic poisons: Contaminants that damage organs and systems in the body (for example, lead, manganese, cadmium). A.7.2.7 sensitizers: Contaminants that cause a formation of antibodies that can lead to an increased probability of asthmatic-like 25 ANSI Z88.2-1992 reactions (for example, pollens, spices, ani mal fur. epoxy resin systems). A.7.2.8 febrile reaction producing: Con taminants that produce chills followed by fever (for example, fumes of zinc and copper). A.7.3 Combinations of gas, vapor, and par ticulate contaminants Combinations of contaminants may occur simultaneously in the atmosphere. When they do, synergistic effects (joint action of two or more agents that results in an effect that is greater than the sum of their individual effects) may occur. Such effects may require extraordinary protective measures. A.8 Classification of respiratory haz ards according to their properties, which influence respirator selection A.8.1 Inert: Substances that do not react with other substances under most conditions, but create a respiratory hazard by displacing air and producing oxygen deficiency (for exam ple, helium, neon, argon). A.8.2 acidic: Substances that are acids or that react with water to produce an acid. In water, they produce positively charged hydro gen ions (H+) and a pH of less than 7. They taste sour, and many are corrosive to tissues (for example, hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide, fluorine, nitrogen dioxide, acetic acid, and car bon dioxide). A.8.3 alkaline: Substances that are bases or that react with water to produce a base. In water, they result in the production of negative ly charged hydroxyl ions (OH-) and a pH greater than 7. They taste bitter, and many are corrosive to tissues (for example, ammonia and amines). A.8.4 organic: The compounds of carbon. Examples are aliphatic hydrocarbons (octane), alcohols (propanol, methanol), ketones (methylethyl ketone), organic acids (acetic acid), halides (1,1,1-trichloroethane), nitriles (acrylonitrile), epoxies (propylene oxide), and aromatics (toluene, xylene). 26 A.8.5 organometalllc: Compounds in which metals are chemically bonded to organic groups (for example, tetraethyl lead.) A.8.6 radionuclides: These are materials that undergo a spontaneous transformation, called decay, during which radiation is emitted and a new nuclide, called a daughter (or decay product) is formed. The radiations are of spe cific type(s) and energy or energy distribution for each species of radionuclide. A.8.7 aerosol contaminants: Aerosols are produced by mechanical means by disintegra tion processes such as grinding, crushing, drilling, blasting, and spraying; by reactions such as combustion, or by condensation. Can be composed of the types of materials listed above. A.9 Classification and description of respirators by mode of operation A.9.1 Atmosphere-supplying respirators A class of respirators that supply a respirable atmosphere independent of the ambient air. A.9.1.1 Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) The breathing atmosphere, air, oxygen, or oxygen-generating chemical is carried by the wearer. A full facepiece is most commonly used, although halt-masks, mouthpieces, and hoods are available on some units.- _ a) Closed-circuit SCBA. In closed-circuit breathing apparatus, all or a percentage of the exhaled gas is cleaned and rebreathed. All closed-circuit units have the advantage of lower weight for the same use duration as open-circuit apparatus. Units are available in duration from 30 minutes to 4 hours. Dis advantages include increased complexity and cost. With the exception of the liquified gas systems, closed-circuit SCBA tend to run hotter than the open-circuit units. Units are available in which the facepiece is always driven negative during inhalation (negative pressure), or maintains a positive pressure during inhalation while the person is at rest or performing light work. ANSI Z88.2-1992 1) Stored oxygen systems supply oxy gen compressed in cylinders or carried as a liquid (cryogenic). Oxygen is admit ted to a breathing bag either as a contin uous flow or controlled by a regulator governed by the pressure or degree of inflation of the bag. The wearer inhales from the bag and exhales into it. Exhaled breath is scrubbed of carbon dioxide by a chemical bed, usually a caustic such as sodium hydroxide. 2) Oxygen-generating systems utilize suitable solid chemicals to supply need ed oxygen. Water vapor in the exhaled breath reacts with a chemical in the can ister that releases oxygen. Carbon diox ide is scrubbed from the exhaled breath by a chemical in the canister. b) Open-circuit SCBA. In this type, breath ing gas is exhaled to the surrounding envi ronment after use rather than recirculated. The equipment is simpler and cheaper than the closed-circuit apparatus. Typical dura tion of use is 30 minutes to 1 hour. Breathing gas is usually compressed air, but systems that use compressed oxygen or cryogenic air have been developed. It is available in both negative-pressure and positive-pressure (pressure-demand) configurations. Be cause of the increased protection provided by positive-pressure open-circuit SCBA, these are recommended over negative-pres sure systems. c) Escape SCBA. SCBA designed tor escape are similar to the types described above, except the use duration tends to be shorter, typically 5, 7, or 10 minutes. When certified for escape only, the respirators may not be used to enter a hazardous atmo sphere. Since these SCBA are certified for escape only, assigned protection factors were not established for this category of res pirator. A.9.1.2 Airline respirators Respirable air is supplied through a hose from a compressor or compressed air cylinder(s). The hose is attached to the wearer by a belt or other suitable means and can be detached rapidly in an emergency. A flow-control valve or orifice is provided to govern the rate of air flow to the wearer. Exhaled air passes to the ambient atmosphere through a valve(s) or opening(s) in the enclosure (facepiece, hel met, hood, or suit). Up to 300 feet (91 meters) of hose length is permissible, de pending upon the certification. Hose supplied by the manufacturer and recommended oper ating pressures and hose lengths shall be used. a) Continuous-flow class (positive pres sure). Equipped with a loose-fitting face piece. tight-fitting facepiece, hood, or helmet. At least 115 liters (4 cubic feet) of air per minute for tight fitting face pieces and 170 liters (6 cubic feet) of air per minute for loose-fitting facepieces, helmets, and hoods is required; b) Demand type (negative pressure). Equipped with a tight-fitting facepiece only. The demand valve permits flow of air only during inhalation; c) Pressure-demand type (positive pressure). Equipped with a tight-fitting facepiece only. A positive pressure is normally maintained in the facepiece. Air flows when pressure inside the facepiece is reduced because of leakage or inhala tion. 4*9.1.3 Combination-type airline respira tors with self-contained air supply ' These types of respiratory devices combine the capabilities of a supplied-air respirator and self-contained breathing; apparatus into a single device. ' ' Such combination devices are certified by NIOSH in accordance with the requirements for self-contained breathing apparatus and may be used for; - situations requiring extended work peri ods where the sell-contained air supply alone does not provide sufficient time. In this situation, the wearer may connect to an airline to afford additional service time; - situations requiring the use of a self-con tained breathing apparatus only. These combination devices are generally divided into the following two groups; 27 ANSI Z88.2-1992 - Combination-type supplied-air respira tors equipped with a self-contained air supply having a rated service life of 15 minutes or more. These may be used to enter an IDLH atmosphere breathing from the self-contained air supply, provid ed that not more than 20 percent of the rated self-contained air supply is used dur ing entry; - Combination-type supplied-air respira tors equipped with a self-contained air supply having a rated service life of less than 15 minutes. These may be used to enter an IDLH atmosphere only if connect ed to the supplied air source. The selfcontained air supply in this case is only to be used for egress purposes. Users shall always carefully read and under stand the requirements and limitations detailed on the device's NIOSH certification label. A.9.1.4 Suits Suits are a class of respirator that includes both skin and inhalation protection in the same unit. Respirable air is supplied through airlines and is self-contained or powered-air purifiers. This class does not include chemical protective clothing that is used with respirato ry protection such as fully encapsulating gar ments commonly used with SCBA's in haz ardous material sites. At this time, there is no NIOSH approval schedule for supplied air suits. The Department of Energy (DOE) has a testing and acceptance schedule described in `Acceptance-Testing Procedures for Air-Line Supplied-Air Suits,' LD-10156-MS, June 1984. The approval system functions only for the DOE, who grants permission for use of the suit to a contractor after certain conditions have been satisfied. A series of tests are per formed on the suit, but in addition, the proce dures for use of the suit in the workplace are reviewed, as well as actual observations of these procedures. The permission that is granted is for use of the suit by the contractor at specified locations under the approved pro cedures. This differs from the NIOSH certifi cation, which in effect, can only state that the device meets defined test criteria. 28 This standard does not address the respirato ry protection program necessary to ensure safety with the use of suits. A.9.2 Alr-purifylng respirators Ambient air is passed through an air-purify ing element, which removes aerosols, vapors, gases, or a combination of these contaminants. In negative-pressure type, breathing draws air through the air-purifying element. The negative-pressure type is equipped with a tight-fitting facepiece. The powered type contains a blower, stationary or carried by the wearer, which passes ambi ent air through an air-purifying element and then supplies purified air to the respiratory inlet covering. The powered type is equipped with a tight-'or loose-fitting face piece, helmet, hood, or suit. A.9.2.1 Vapor- and gas-removing respira tors These respirators are equipped with car tridge^) or canister(s) to remove a single vapor or gas (for example, chlorine gas), a single class of vapors or gases (for example, organic vapors), or a combination of two or more classes of vapors or gases (for example, organic vapors and acid gases) from air. A.9.2.2 Aerosol-removing respirators These respirators are equipped with filter(s) to remove a single type of aerosol (for example, dust') or a combination of two or more types (for example, dust and fume) from air. The fil ter may be a replaceable part or a permanent part of the respirator. A.9.2.3 Combination aerosol- and vaporand gas-removing respirators These respirators are equipped with car tridge^) or canister(s) to remove aerosoj, vapors, and gases from air. The litter may be a permanent or a replaceable part of the car tridge. A.9.2.4 Combination atmosphere-supply ing and air-purifying respirators These respirators can be used in either an atmosphere-supplying or air-purifying mode. The air-purifying element provides protection while the air supply is not used. ANSI Z88.2-1992 A.10 Considerations for use of respira tors A.10.1 Atmosphere-supplying respirators Atmosphere-supplying respirators provide protection against toxic and oxygen-deficient atmospheres. The breathing atmosphere is supplied from an uncontaminated source. Except for some suits, no protection is provid ed against skin irritation by materials such as ammonia and hydrogen chloride, or against absorption through the skin by materials such as hydrogen cyanide, tritium, or organic phos phate pesticides. Use of atmosphere-supply ing respirators in atmospheres immediately dangerous to life or health is limited to specif ic devices under specified conditions (see clause 7). A. 10.1.1 Self-Contained Breathing Appara tus (SCBA) The period during which the device will pro vide protection is limited by the amount of air or oxygen in the apparatus, the ambient atmo spheric pressure (service life of open-circuit devices is cut in half by a doubling of the atmospheric pressure), and the type of work being performed. Some SCBA devices have a short service life (less than 15 minutes) and are suitable only for escape (self rescue) from a hazardous atmosphere. Important considerations in using SCBA are their weight, bulk, service life, and the training required for their maintenance and safe use. For example, closed-circuit SCBA are gener ally designed to provide an extended rated service life of greater than 1 hour compared to open-circuit SCBA, which are primarily designed to provide a rated service life of 1 hour or less. Closed-circuit and open-circuit SCBA are available in either the negative- or positivepressure mode. Negative-pressure or demand-type SCBA are not designed to main tain positive pressure in the respiratory inlet covering during inhalation. Positive-pressure or pressure-demand type SCBA are designed to maintain positive pressure during inhalation and exhalation. This is usually accomplished by spring loading such components as breath ing bags, regulators, and exhalation valves. A.i 0.1.2 Airline respirators Since the air supply can be interrupted, their use is limited to situations from which the wearer can escape unharmed without the aid of the respirator. The wearer is restricted in movement by the hose and must return to a respirable atmosphere by retracing his or her route of entry. The hose is subject to being severed, pinched off, or disconnected. A.10.1.3 Combination airline respirators with auxiliary self-contained air supply The auxiliary self-contained air supply on this type of device allows the wearer to enter or escape from a hazardous atmosphere. A.I0.2 Air-purifying respirators Air-purifying respirators do not protect against oxygen-deficient atmospheres, skin irritation, or absorption of contaminants through the skin. The maximum contaminant concentration against which an air-purifying respirator will protect is determined by the design efficiency and capacity of the cartridge, canister, or filter and the facepiece to face seal on the user. For gases and vapors, the maximum concen tration for which the air-purifying element is designed may be specified by the manufactur er or regulatory agency. The time period over which protection is pro vided is dependent on the canister, cartridge, or filter type; the concentration of contami- - nant; the temperature and humidity levels in the ambient atmosphere; the wearer's respira tory rate, etc. . The proper type of canister, cartridge, or filter shall be selected for the particular contami nants and operational conditions. Nonpowered air-purifying respirators may cause discomfort due to a noticeable resis tance to inhalation. These devices po have the advantage of being small, light, and sim ple in operation. . - A.10.2.1 Vapor- and gas-removing respira tors , No protection is provided against aerosol con taminants. Use in atmospheres where the contaminant(s) lacks sufficient warning properties (that is, 29 ANSI Z88.2-1992 odor, taste, or irritation at a concentration in air at no greater than the exposure limit(s)), requires an end-of-service-iite indicator or a determination ol sorbent life, it is recommend ed that a cartridge replacement schedule be used instead of relying on warning properties for the determination of the end-of-service life. A. 10.2.2 Aerosol-removfng respirators Protection against aerosols only.. No protec tion against gases and vapors. A.l0.2.3 .Combination particulate* and va por- and gas-removing respirators The advantages and disadvantages of the component sections of the combination respi rator as described above apply. A.10.2.4 Combination atmosphere-supply ing and alr-purlfylng respirators The advantages and disadvantages, ex pressed in A.10.1 and A.10.2 of the mode of operation being used will govern. t A.11 Low-temperature environments A low-temperature environment may cause fog ging of the fens in a respiratory iniet covering and freezing or improper sealing of the valves. Coating the inside surface of the lens may inhibit fogging at low atmospheric temperatures approaching 0C (32F). Full facepieces are available with nose cups that direct the warm and moist exhaled air through the exhalation valve without contacting the lens. Facepieces with nose cups may provide satisfactory vision at temperatures as low as -32C (~25F). It is important to note that self-contained breathing apparatus equipped with a full face piece and certified for use below 32F shall be equipped with a nose cup or other suitable accessory or coating to maintain the device's NIOSH certification when used in environ ments below 32F. Additionally, there are several other important considerations that users shall be aware of when using SCBA in a low-temperature envi ronment. Users should thoroughly review the manufacturer's instructions and, if necessary, consult with the manufacturer to become thor oughly familiar with the precautions and rec ommendations of using a specific SCBA in cold-weather conditions. Such general considerations include (in addi tion to moisture content requirements for air in the standard): - the checking of all connections that may be affected when exposed to low tempera tures; - the proper storage of elastomeric com ponents such as facepieces and breathing tubes that may be prone to distortion if improperly stored in cold weather (such dis torted components as facepieces could pre vent the user from attaining an adequate fit); - the availability of accessories and other components that are specially designed to withstand cold temperatures. This includes special elastomeric gaskets and diaphragms that are designed to retain their elasticity at low temperatures. AJ.very low atmospheric temperatures, the . valves of a respirator may freeze open or closed due to the presence of moisture. Some supplied-air respirators are approved with a device called a vortex tube to warm the air supplied to the respiratory inlet covering of the respirator. A.12 Hlgh-temperature environments A person working in an atmosphere having a high temperature is under stress. Wearing a respirator in such an environment creates addi tional stress on the person. The additional stress should be minimized by using a light weight respirator, offering a low resistance to breathing and minimal dead-air space. Dead-air volume is the volume of previously exhaled air remaining in a respiratory inlet covering that is available to be inhaled. Reducing the amount of dead-air volume in a respirator reduces the level of carbon dioxide (C02) in the inhaled air, which is a major source of respirator-usage-related stress. This can be accomplished through the use of powered air-purifying respirators, continuousflow supplied-air respirators, use of a half facepiece respirator in lieu of a full facepiece, or use of a nose cup in full-facepiece devices (regardless of the mode of operation). A supplied-air respirator is recommended for use in a high-temperature environment. 30 ANSI Z88.2-1992 Supplied-air respirators approved with a vor 3) Not all facepiece respirators are tex tube will substantially reduce the tempera available with speaking diaphragms. ) ture of the air supplied to the respirator. II Check with the equipment manufacturer air-purifying respirators are to be used, a half for availability; facepiece respirator, where it offers adequate protection, is preferable to the full facepiece. Elastomeric components of respirators stored in high-temperature environments may deteri b) Buiit-in microphones: Some respirator manufacturers make available small micro phones that are mounted inside, or connect ed to, the respiratory inlet covering. The orate at an accelerated rate and the facepiece microphone may be connected to a radio, may become permanently distorted. Special telephone, loudspeaker, or other means of care shall be used to prevent facepiece distor tion. Inspection frequency should be estab lished considering the effects of high tempera tures. electronic transmittal. Two considerations are: 1) Any component that is attached to or through the respiratory inlet covering may affect its function. In cases in which components are provided by the manu A.13 Verbal communications facturer, strict adherence to the installa tion instructions and leak test procedures Verbal communications in a noisy industrial environment can be difficult, it is important to is necessary to ensure that the airtight integrity is maintained; ensure that respirator wearers can comfortably communicate when necessary, because a worker who is speaking very loudly or yelling may cause a facepiece seal leak, and the work er may be tempted to temporarily dislodge the device to communicate. Both situations are undesirable. 2) Voice-actuated-type communication systems may cause continuous sound pickup of the blower when used with powered air-purifying respirators, or air flow noise when used with supplied-air devices; There are several options that may be em ployed to aid communications when wearing respirators: c) Hand or coded signals: A predetermined set of signals may be useful in communicat ing; a) Speaking diaphragms: A speaking diaphragm consists of a resonating surface and cavity that vibrates during speech, thereby amplifying the wearer's voice out side of the respirator. d) Cranial, throat, or ear microphones: Cranial and throat microphones are held in place with a harness against the wearer's head or larynx, respectively. Ear micro phones are worn in the same manner as a transistor radio earphone and function as Several points must be considered when both a microphone and speaker. 'Use of' using speaking diaphragms: these devices does not require making pen 1) They are key components in main taining the airtight integrity of the face piece requiring care when installing and handling; etrations or attachments to the respirator, and does not impact the NIOSH certification status. They may be used with radios, tele phones, loudspeakers, or other means of electronic transmittal, similar to facepiece 2) Use of a respirator having a speaking microphones; diaphragm during welding, cutting, burn ing, or grinding operations is of special concern, as flying sparks may burn a hole in the diaphragm, thereby creating a Considerations when using these devices are: **! 1) Cranial microphones shall never leak. Some manufacturers have com be placed under the head harness of pensated for these applications by pro facepiece respirators since their dis- viding shrouds to cover the diaphragm or lodgement may loosen the respirator by using metaf diaphragms; straps; 31 ANSI Z88.2-1992 2) When connecting wires are passed underneath the bibs or neck seals of supplied-air hoods or helmets, they shall be attached to the worker's body to avoid disturbing the bib positioning; e) Use of telephone handsets: Since a per son exhales while speaking, the exhalation valve In a facepiece respirator is partially open. This is a perfect location to place a handset or hand-held microphone to obtain the clearest voice transmission. An alterna tive is to hold the handset or microphone to the wearer's throat while speaking; f) Safety considerations: Electronic de vices shall be selected and used with cau tion in explosive atmospheres. Ensure that all such devices comply with requirements for permissibility and intrinsic safety. The effect of radio frequency emissions should be considered when utilizing such devices in the vicinity of sensitive electronic equip ment. 32 Annex B (informative) Further research needs ANSI Z88.2-1992 In revising this standard, the committee had to use the best judgment of the members to answer some of the questions posed in rewrit ing this standard. To reiy less on judgment, further research is needed in several areas. These include performance of respirators under use conditions, standard methods for cartridge performance determinations, effect of facial hair on the performance of suppliedair respirators, the monitoring of carbon monoxide in breathing air, and the critical oxy gen concentration at which a supplied-air res pirator is needed. Methods of assigning respirator protection fac tors need to be studied, and appropriate experiments performed by several indepen dent investigators to generate the data need ed to calculate a table of assigned protection factors (APFs). The APFs in this table need to be internally consistent. New styles of res pirators have been developed (for example, elastomeric disposable half masks and hoods with a suit top), but no laboratory or field test data has been published to allow a compari son to familiar styles. The present practice of grouping them with existing styles may not be appropriate. The need for the respirator program adminis trators to recognize their responsibility to . determine the effectiveness of respirator per formance cannot be emphasized enough. Recommended test methods to carry out these workplace respirator performance evalu ations need to be developed and validated so they can be easily used in the field. Results from these studies will provide the database to evaluate the appropriateness of existing APFs as well as the need for different values depending on job assignment. The question of what constitutes a respirator certification test and what constitutes a respi rator field performance test also requires addi tional evaluation and study. The proposal to combine the two in the area of respirator pro tection factors for selection purposes may be incorrect. A major research and development project and field evaluation effort are needed to answer these questions. Certification tests for both filter and adsorbent cartridges and canisters have not been revised since 1972, and many of the current tests do not reflect realistic workplace use conditions. New test methods need to be developed and validated, which address filter efficiency as a function of particle size, vapor adsorption capacity, realistic temperature extremes, and relative humidity, as well as variable work rates. The need to develop con sistent guidance for cartridge change sched ules based on workplace performance must also be addressed. The current standard does not permit any facial hair in the sealing surface of any tightfitting respirator. However, insufficient infor mation is available to determine if supplied-air respirators can be used by bearded people in work situations requiring low levels of protec tion. If this were feasible, more personal free dom could be allowed. Two requirements that were in the 1980 revi sion of this standard have been changed in a manner that is perceived by some to be less safe. This has resulted in some negative com ments. One of these changes is the substitu tion of periodic testing for carbon monoxide in breathing air for the requirement that CO mon itors or temperature alarms be used with oillubricated compressors. The other is Towering the IDLH concentration for oxygen deficiency from 14% to 12.5% and lowering the concen tration at which supplied air must be used from 19.5% to 16%. These changes were made because no reasons could be found to justify the more restrictive requirements. The new requirements were based upon the best avail able technical and experiential information. These situations need to be monitored in order to provide data for fine tuning of the require ments. if needed. The reduction of oxygen concentration due to carbon dioxide buildup in the facepiece needs to be studied and its importance considered both at ambient and reduced oxygen concentrations. 33