Document dQ2zgEv8bR886dNOdBMQxK4o6

MINER 'YEARB 19 Prepared under the direction of . E. W. P> EHRSON Chief, Economics and Statistics Division r<f s ALLAN F. MATTHEWS, Editor For sale by the Supcrlntoadout of Documonts, U. 8. Goveru N49772 666 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1947 Ferrous scrap exported from the United States, 1943-47, by countries, in short tons [U. S. Department of Commerce) Country 1043 1044 1045 1940 1947 34, 08.1 C15 155 ] 87 271 71,518 72 J,HI0 4, 264 1,088 47, 405 7,447 112 055 (187 18, 157 17,500 27, 471 40| 115 1,305 220 4, 180 510 OH 108 100 4, 432 877 54.804 05,082 95, 734 Value................................................... | (1,070,609 $1,010, 22(1 $2,580. 230 4. 6.30 787 82. 346 i,:m 7,1130 22 521 55 040 48.104 210 U7 4*13 50 8113 135 425 505 149. 106 $3,381,514 8,414 1, 165 HO, 394 5,719 0,315 587 845 2,080 2. 572 33,078 429 2. 074 2.448 1,077 477 141 1, 721 4, 685 104,021 $9, 800,005 Lead 13y RICHARD JJ. MO General summary........ .................... Salient statistics.-____________ Reserves__________________ Domestic production____________ Mine production_______ Smelter and refinery produc tion .............................................. Active lead smelters and re fineries 674 Refined lend___________________ Antimonial lead_______________ PAGE 007 608 009 670 670 674 675 075 Domestic Second I.cad p Consump Stocks Prices History Plan Foreign t World pr GENERAL SUMMA XTRAORDINARY consumer demand E price to record-breaking levels, and a g reconversion problems, such as burde 1946, together were chiefly responsible mine output of recoverable lead, of 32 per of refined lead, and of 30 percent in recove sources in 1947! The increased supply, how by consumers for current needs and for liq civilian demand accumulated during the wa tion of primary, antimonial, and secondar at a record high of 1,172,000 short tons. All previous peak records for recover sources wore shattered in 1947. Recovery that in the previous record year 1941 by 1946 output by 30 percent. For the second load production surpassed the output of reco mines. Refined lead stocks (physical inventory refineries declined 67 percent during 1947, tories at the end of the year were 19 percen The Office of Metals Reserve stock pile to 4,996 tons at the end of 1947--appro quantity available for allocation at the be Figure 1 shows trends in the domestic l 1 This report deals primarily with the smelting, refining, and details of mining operations, see various State chapters of this vo 068 MINRKALS V HAUHOOK. I!I (7 Salient statistics of the lead industry in the United States, 1938 42 (average) and 1943-47, in short tons I'.i.ix r> | .. ... Production of refined primary *o :ii|: From domes) Ic ores and base bullion. From foreign ores and base bullion___ 421.770 82. 062 406, Ml 63, 1)68 .101. 111 t o , t >o l:,0. .v:.`. ST. nan 2'.i::.an!i 11. S\K 181.100 M). 01)1 Total................................................................. Recovery of secondary loud.............................. Imports:1 lyoad In pigs, bars, and old................. I/cnd in base bullion................... ................ Lead In ores ami ttiuUc..................... KxporL-; of refined |>i;r. load * KsUmalod consumption of primary ami secondary loud .................................................. Prices (cents per pound): New York: A ve.rage for year----------------------------- Quotation at end of year................... London imjrngo............................................. Minn prod notion of rooovordilo loud . World smelter production of load............. . 007,7:18 2X0.411 161,118 an, 470 60, 7W8 37,002 *17, 600 n. 45 5.61 1. 08 4T.I.762 1,830,500 460,612 112.001 211,510 4. 0M 00. Ola 1:1,201 1, 111), HIM) 0. Ml 0. 00 4.40 40:1 .on 1, 722, 000 Ill,-110 220. 071 ,'|S 0::. 670 J.V2 ), 11K, 010 0. :,o C. Ml \ 40 410. 80) 1.482, 200 Ml.aXf. 10:1, oiu 210, aii s 70.005 1.7X1 1.0.71,002 6. Ml 0. 1.00 TJ0.K3I 1,2:11. too aa 107 102. 7K7 111. 700 12a 4 1, 407 70f 1 OM'i, -1,6 8. 11 12. r,r, 8. ui 11:7. 470 1, MI.WKI 111.010 61 1,070 I7M 4 11* l.fiOn 60. 762 I , 0p> 1. 172. 000 14. 07 16. in) 1 27 IS 1,221 Mia, ion > Data include. lead imported for himic.dhtf.c. f.on/.iu ipl.ion pin i ni'dlri ini nil i.riiii' Mif f'liiui iv for sloiuv.f under hand. * Includes 11,268 Ions of foreign lend reexported in l'i II, loss lli;in ) Ph i in 10II. :',77 inns in 10In, t(KJ m 1946, and 102 tons in 1017, according lo records of the U. 5. I Joparlrni'iii of Commerce. Fio u h e l.--Trends in the lend industry In Dio United Stoles, l'.)on-l`M7. Imparls include lead in ore, hnso huHlon, pip lend, nud scrap; exports include pips, burs, nud scrap lead exporled in manufactures will) benefit of draw-hack. Dai.a on lead exported in mnnufae.iurcs with hone fit of thaw-hack not avallabl'* for 1045-47. hi'. AD RESERVE Tint following iiiforirml ion on reserv was prepared iy the Bureau of Mine published in hearings? before, a Subco I'iiblie Lauds, United Slates Senate, 1947 (pp. 207-258): In die chapter on zinc a number of problem of reserves, are discussed. Uccausc of the int Clio same limilul ions apply to estimates of le males, it has been necessary to include a rel in nsi.imntf'S of potential lend supplies. The existing leelmolngy fur recovery of npplic.'ihle l.lml no significant reserves remai dillieultios. The lead reserves available un are lisled in the following categories: (1) R normal economic conditions as reflected in the particularly zinc, in relation lo production co in l he 20-year period, 1021--10); (2) addition under more favorable economic conditions, as boiler than normal; and (3) additional reser abnormal oondilions similar to those of .1942 liol.li lead and zinc were paid to operators of subordinate constituent in many base-metal ent, usually zinc, will have a large effect o price of silver also will lie a critical determini lead-producing properlies. The [accompanying table] summarizes the million sliorL tons of lead--measured, indica lie mined under normal economic condition available in ore I hat should be workable unde The qimnlily of lead that could be mined o lieved to be small, although it is realized th low-grade material available in Southeaste information is available for quantitative es lead contained in the low-grade zinc ores region may never be recovered if this ore is able metal prices following the war. The estimate does not include inferred re or In known districts the lead potentialities lienee the estimate is a minimum that will faelors f.o an unknown extent. Estimated lead reserves of the United States metallic le Measured and I eated 1 <1ross Re content a in ground co ,\, Lead in deposits that could be mined under technologic conditions as in 1044: 1. I .-rider normal eeouomic cuitdi* 2,090,000 2. Additional, under somewhat more 400.000 1. Addit ioiinl, under emergency prices. 110.000 1,77 3 Total .. ............................................... 2. 600,000 2,20 It. Lead in deposits whose exploitation is dependent on future technologic ad- 1 'fills Includes estimates of measured and indicated oro for which tile innnni'c fltnircs are unavailable to us. 1 Milliui: nud sinclllm.' losses are eousidered to he rnui'h : I'riee ciiuivnlcul lo h mils |s:r jaimid for boll) laud uu 670 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 7 Ihe Alaskan reserves, which as known at present amount to only 3G.OOO tons of metal, indicated and inferred, in all categories of ore, are not included in the table. Without regard for price and productive capacity, the load recoverable from measured and indicated ore by present technologic methods is equivalent to the domestic needs of this country for 4 years at an estimated minimum peacetime rate of 500,000 tons of primary metal per year. The additional inferred reserves in known districts should add another 0 years. At an annual wartime' demand of about 750,000 tons, the total reserve is equivalent to only a 9-year supply. However because domestic lead-producing capacity is not rapidly adjustable to sudden increases in demand for the same reasons that make zinc production equally unadjustable, it would appear probable that, unless a huge stock pile is built u d , heavy dependence will be placed on foreign sources in any future war period. The lead deposits of Mexico appear ample to supply a large share of such needs. DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Statistics on lead output may be prepared on a mine or on a smelter ami refinery basis. The mine-production data compiled on the basis of lead content in ore and concentrates and adjusted to account for average losses in smelting are (.lie most accurate measure, of production from year to year. The pig-lead output, as reported by smelters and refiners, presents a more precise figure of actual lead recovery but generally differs from the mine figure owing to the overlap or lag between mine shipments and smelter receipts of ore and concentrates. These inequities, however, tend to balance over a period of years. MINE PRODUCTION The mine production of recoverable lead (including that made into pigments) from domestic mines in the United States and Alaska increased 15 percent in 1947; but, except for 1946, the output was the smallest since 1938. The domestic mine production of lead comes principally from three areas--Southeastern Missouri; the Tri-Stale area (Joplin region), embracing Southwestern Missouri, Southeastern Kansas, and Northeastern Oklahoma; and the Western States (prin cipally Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and Montana). Of the total produced in the United States in 1947, about, 05 percent came from the output of 25 mines. Missouri again ranked first in the production of lead, and the Southeastern Missouri district continued to be the largest lead-producing area, supplying 34 percent, of the total domestic output. The St. Joseph Load Co. continued, as in the past, to produce the bulk of the output from its Bonne Terre, Desloge, Federal, and Lead wood groups of mines. Each mine is equipped with a mill; the four have a combined daily capacity of 21,400 tons of ore. The Tri-State area produced 6 percent of the total domestic output in 1947 compared with 7 percent in 1946. The Western States contributed 58 percent of tile total domestic production and recorded a 34-percent, gain in output over 1946. Idaho continued to be the largest producer of lead in the Western States and second largest in the United States. More than 92 per LEAD cent of the State total lead came fr Six properties in Idaho produced 56 and of the total 85 percent came from In 1947, lead mining in Utah had United States & Lark property of the U & Mining Co. in the West Mountai first among the State lead producers. total lead was recovered from zincArizona was The largest in any year 19 percent greater than in 1946. T Phelps Dodge Corp. at Bisbce contin lead producer in 1947; about 89 pe covered from zinc-lead ore. Colorad percent; the California (Leadville) largest lead-producing area in the S poreoiil. of the State total in 1947. Mine production of recoverable lead in the and 1943-47, by State State 1038-42 (averages) Western Statos and Alaska: Arizona ................................................. . South Dakota............................................. mail................................................................ Total............................................................ West Central States: Total............................................................ SLites east of the Mississippi Hlvcr: Wisconsin............................................. ...... 757 J3, 004 2.282 11,382 101.303 18, 045 6.283 4,088 31 18 70,102 3,802 I 232, 046 2 15 1 2. 004 163, 163 23,658 109, 700 1.342 233 2,180 1 381 3, 239 630 8,006 439, 762 Is? Hi ih 2i = |5 Jf g|E!Sgi5 := m gj ;s Its iiSSsgsgglSMSfi ! " ii'S ' iSa = is.= S.2S.s;i : s S|ag=IISlIggg ; 3 i i:/ig2 = s8n?ysiii : s f I S:=SS:S = = ^;:S = = : 5. SjggSggSEglBSg j 5 S ; = K5?S5fS^SS = S^ i s n t<\iimmmii 15 *' ;'" ' f '" H i ^e^ss -- Ks?:; i 5 s.sssssssmss : ~ 3 S' tGo?1nC 3Co. o s Q< 2 03 co* c3t>* w -2. i s -- g t-- i vc;r 33o f tv ! > "2 | *y. > . - !J " r.~ NNr." .". '-.-'.^.-.".-x -.3 2 ' - rs 5g^g;a5 S3' fggsggg gsjSsg gagging Sg ; 5 ,, r i-N r-r.-N.-'N.-.- n 2.- ! - ' ; g:B5BBiiF=^ ^ isgissgg nm mmm m j *_ _ .- NN.-T-!- f-f-r^.-^ = .^ .5 - l's sllgiSSssED ?5 .^BiSsa s^IEM !=ils25S 5sg | I rrrrrr .--r r-NNN'-N!- Nr8.-^"7*" .= r.5?. --3 * sgSgeHSBfg 13 nibs's mu mnmm m .' -.1 t cS. 1 The 2;") leading lead-producing mini'* in tin* I'niied Stales in 1947. listed in the following table, yielded 05 percent of ilie lota! domestic lead output; the 5 leading mines produced 57 percent, and the 10 leading mines nearly 50 percent. Twenty-five leading lead-producing mines in the United States in 1947, in order of output Hank1 Mine District I 0|*cr:Uor Tyjx* of ore O 674 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1947 Detailed information on the production of mines and districts in the United States may he found in the chapters of this volume deal ing with the mine production of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the various States. SMELTER AND REFINERY PRODUCTION Pig lead in the United States is derived from throe main sources- -- domestic mine production, imports of foreign ore and ha.se hellion, and secondary smelter output from scrap material--and is produced at primary plants that treat ore,, base bullion, and small quantities of scrap and at secondary plants that process scrap exclusively. Of the eight primary smelters operating in the. Western States, only two (Selby, Calif., and Bradley, Idaho) prod tied refined merchant lead. The other six plants produce only base bullion (containing approxi mately 98 percent lead plus gold, silver, and small quantities of im purities recovered from the ore smelted), which is shipped to refineries in the Middle Western and Eastern States for recovery of the gold and silver and purification of the lead to meet commercial require ments. Both primary and secondary smelting plants may make refined lead or antimonial lead. Because of the large quantity of hard lead--such ns battery scrap--melted at secondary smelters, the output from this typo of operation is essentially antimonial lead alloys. Statistics on the production of refined lead and alloys at secondary plants are given in the Secondary Lead section of this chapter. The 15 primary smelters and refineries in operation in the United States in 1947 consumed 448,703 short tons (lend content) of ore and concentrates, 14 percent of which was of foreign origin, com pared with 353,197 tons in 1940, 12 percent of which was foreign. ACTIVE LEAP SMELTERS AND REFINERIES Primary lead smelters and refineries operating in the United States in 1947 were as follows: California: Selby- Kelby plant, American Smelting it Refining Co. (smelter and refinery). Colorado: Leadville--Arkansas Valley plant, American Smelting <t Refining Co. (smelter). Idaho: Bradley--Bunker Hill Smelter, Bunker Hill <fc Sullivan Mining & Con centrating Co. (smelter and refinery). Illinois: Alton--Federal plant, American Smelting h Refining Co. (smelter and refinery). Indiana: East Chicago--IJ. S. S. Lead Refinery, Inc. (refinery). Kansas: Galena--Galena plan!., Eagle-Richer Co. (smeller and refinery). Missouri: Herculaneum--Herculaneum plant, St. Joseph Lead Co. (smelter and refinery). Montana: East Helena--East Helena plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter). Nebraska: Omaha--Omaha plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (refinery). New Jersey: Barber--Perth Amboy plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter and refinery). Carteret--United States Metals Refining Co. (refinery). Texas: El Paso--El Paso plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter). Utah: Midvale--Midvale plant, United States Smelting, Refining & Mining Co. (smelter). Murray--Murray plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter). Tooele--Tooele plant, International Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter). LEAD REFINED LEAD Primary refineries in the United States in short tons of refined lead, an increase of 32 p of 340,210 tons. Of tlie 441,010 tons of primary lead prod ores and base bullion supplied 86 percent a ported basis bullion 14 percent. In 1940 th domestic and 13 percent foreign. The q produced from foreign basis bullion lias bee The accompanying tables give the production and by country of origin of the ore. Detai from domestic ores arc given in the Mine P chapter. Refined lead produced at primary refineries in the 1943-47, in short tons Source ion 10*4 'teflned lead: From domestic ores ami base bullion.. From foreign ores....................... ................... From foreign base bullion....... ................ 406,544 02,03 G 132 394.443 70, 225 05 Total from primary sources................... From scrap......................................................... 460,612 1,863 464,763 11,368 'INii.nl refined lend .. . 471,475 A verauc sides price per pound . .................... $0.064 Total calculated value of primary refined lead 1.......................................................................... $60, 110,000 470,131 $0. 064 $59, 400,000 1 F.xrludcs vuliiu of refined lead produced from scrap at primary re Refined primary lead produced in the United States, in short tons Knurrtt 1943 Domestic ore and base bullion.......................... For den ore: Australia............................................................. Canada................................................................. Mexico........................................ .................... . . South Amerlon................................................. Other Foreign............... .. .............................. Total................................................................. Foreign base bullion: Mexico.................................................................. South America................................................. Total............................................ ..................... Total foreign.................................................. CJrund total.................................................... 400.544 16,180 4, 537 2,213 0. 610 30,390 02,930 00 72 132 63.068 469,612 1944 394.413 22,210 7,461 5. 250 13, 434 21,870 70,225 58 37 95 70,320 404, 763 : ANTIMONIAL LEAD -J ' Antimonial lead production at primary 86,075 tons in 1947, 71 percent greater tha distribution of the lead, according to source, 670 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 19-17 table. The quantity of antimony contained in antimonial lead pro duced in 1947 dropped to 5.7 percent owing to a greater demand for low-percentage alloys for use in manufacturing of such items as type metal, cable covering, sheet and pipe, and collapsible, tubes and foil. Although antimonial lead is an important byproduct of the refining of base bullion, the quantity derived from this source is only a small part of the annual domestic output. The major production is re covered from the smelting of antimonial lead sera.]) at secondary smelters. Production data from leud-smclLing plants treating scrap materials exclusively arc summarized in the following section and discussed in detail in the Secondary Metals--Nonferrous chapter of this volume. Antimonial lead produced at primary lead refineries in the United States, 1943 47 Year 1943. ion. jots. 1040. 1947.. Produclion (short' 63, 515 57.902 56, 405 50, 480 86,075 Antimony content Lead content by dUfon-neo (short Short Percent From do- From formestie oro cign ore 3,371 4,670 4.148 3, 285 4,033 5.3 16,674 10.583 8.1 13.280 5, 477 7.3 7, 236 2.695 6.5 11, 196 2, 149 5,7 14.836 9,850 From .scrap 32,887 34,475 42.366 33,850 56. 456 Total 00,1 iJ. 53. 232 52.3-17 47. 1U5 81, 1 I.' SECONDARY LEAD Some scrap lead is treated at primary smellers and refineries, but the greater part is received at a large number of plants that treat secondary materials exclusively. Secondary lead is recovered in the form of refined lead, antimonial lead, and oilier alloys. Recovery at primary and other plants in 19411-47 is shown in the. following table. Secondary lead recovery in 1947 exceeded the total domestic refined primary lead production by 10 prrrrnl, and surpassed ll.e domeslie. mine, output of recoverable, lead for the second successive year. Further details appear in the Secondary Metals--Nonferrous chapter of this volume. Secondary lead recovered in the United States, 1943 47. in short tons As refined nmlui: At primary plants At other pJuuis..................... Total......................... In uutiinonlul lead; At primary plants................ At other plants... ... . . Total..................... ... In other alloys.......................................................... Grand total: Short tons........ ........................ ................. Value.................................. 1943 1944 1, 863 56, 459 58,322 J1, 368 43. 678 55, 046 32. 887 141,040 176,927 106, 845 34,475 146,343 180,818 95, 552 342, 004 331,416 $42, 421, 248 1945 IX. 52-1 42, 598 61, 123 42, 366 151,713 194.079 107. 837 363. 039 1910 ! 1U-I7 j8. IJI3 65. 691 I 73,704 | 95.843 141,505 33, H!if) I5!l. 831 ! 193, 681 I 125. 399 | 392, 787 ! 56.156 209,479 265.935 134.530 511. !I7H LEAD LEAD PIGM The principal lead pigments are sublimed lead, leaded zinc oxide, and are manufactured for the most par concentrates arc converted directly production of lead pigments arc give nnd Zinc. Salts chapter of this volum ' CONSUMPTION A survey of 575 plants in 1947 rep of I.lie. consumers of refined lead in (i(\(),fi.ri7 short, tons of refined lead, an Some secondary as well as primary figure. Antimonial lead, unrefined excluded. Of the. total consumed, 25 lead and litharge; 14 percent for cabl batteries; 12 percent for tetraethyl percent, for solder; 4 percent for pipe sheet lead; 3 percent for ammunition products and uses shown in the follo of primary, antimonial, and second 1,172,000 tons compared with 956,47 Consumption of refined lead in the United Ammunition............................ . Hearing metals.......................... brass and bronr.o ...........-- < '.able covering........................ (talking lead ........................... ('listInc metnls......................... (tallupsihte lubes . .......... I <iil . ripe, traps, and bends . Short loud................................. Solder........................................... Storage batteries.................... lYrneplalc................................ Typo metals............................. White lead................................ Ite.d lead and litharge.......... Tetraethyl lead....................... Chemicals and Insecticides Annealing.................................. (Inlvunir.iug. .......................... L',-id plalinl! Weights and ballast. .. Other............................................ Total 11)43 64.023 10.189 5, 748 117. 802 8,018 3,072 151.4H2I65 18,721 27. 738 15.472 68,230 815 812 36.809 124,715 65, 320 8,172 5, 987 804119 0, 260 64, 040 675. 465 STOCK Producers' Stocks.--Lead stock American Bureau of Metal Statis table. Inventories of refined lea generally from a high of 48,826 tons tons nt the end of the year. 678 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1947 Lead stocks at end of year at smelters and refineries in the United States, 1943-47, . in short tons, ' [American Bureau of Mctol Statistics] 1943 Refined pig load................................. Antimonial lead.................................. . . 28,821 4, 209 Total............................................ :w, non --------- I,cad in hose bullion-- At smelters and refineries........................... In transit to rcflnorics.............................. 8,640 3.112 In process ut refineries.................................. 16,020 Total................................ Lead In ore and matte and in process at smelters...................................... 27,772 08, 07H Grand total.............................. 120,540 1944 1945 1940 15.602 3, 034 37.584 7,283 19, 630 44,807 ===r=-"~ 7,333 3. 331 14. 473 8,618 4,880 15.007 25,137 4 28,604 HO, 401 89,402 125, U4 1162, m 1 47, 587 8.453 4. OH 10. 042 29,406 111, 8.10 ` 188.820 __ | 33 i -a , 1947 13.634 7. 004 21,328 . 7.652 5, 447 10,328 20.427 77,199 127,054 1 Revised figure. The Bureau of Minos annua] survoy of primary load smellers and refiners indicated slocks of 40,90:5 tons (lead content) of refined lead at plants on January 1, 1947, and 13,033 tons on December 31, 1947. Primary antimonial lead stocks at these same plants increased from 5,935 short tons (lead content) at the beginning of 1947 to 7,009 tons at the end of the year. In terms of lead content, stocks of ore at- the 15 operating smelters and refineries decreased 30 percent from 72,400 tons to 46,295 tons during the same period. The inventory of base bullion at refineries that receive base bullion as a raw material and at smelters that produce base bullion for shipment to refineries totaled 7,581 tons at the beginning of January and 7,767 tons at the end of December 1947. Stocks of "in-process" base bullion or work lead at five combination smelter-refinery plants are not included in reports to the Bureau of Mines. No direct comparison can be made between these data, and the figures of the. American Bureau of Metal Statistics, rigures reported to the Bureau of Mines represent physical inventory at the plants, irrespective of ownership, and do not include matcrin'l in process or in transit. Consumers' Stocks.--Approximately 575 consumer plants reported stocks of 48,816 tons of domestic and foreign refined lend on hand December 31, 1947--a 19-percent increase over the 41,144-ton in ventory (revised figure) reported at the end of 1946. Consumers' stocks of refined soft lead at the end of 1946 and 1947, by grades, in short tons '' Dec. 31, 1946 '.......... . Dec. 31, 1947.............................. 1 Revised figures Domestic and foreign Corroding Chemical Common Olhcr Total Foreign (all grades) 11,760 25, 524 9. 081 6,151 16.508 13,778 2, 706 3,363 41, 144 48,816 2,713 3, 793 LEAD Government Stocks.--Industry-owned supply of Government-owned lc&d stored out the United States for allocation to co ing to reports of the Office of Metals Re refined lead (mostly corroding grade) wer ber 31, 1947, compared with 45,493 tons 1947. PRICES 'Hie two major markets for lead in the and St. Louis; much of the lead produced normally based upon quotations in these of trading on the London Metal Exoha London market has hud no direct influen and the differential between St. Louis remained at 0.15 cent per pound, an amo charges between the two points. The market price for common lead, $0.1255 per pound until January 7, 194 which prevailed for a brief period in June On January 7 the price advanced to $0 advance to $0.14 occurred on February March 3 domestic producers again adv pound, at which level it remained the ba The official London maximum price o for Empire and foreign soft lead, fixed Supply January 1, 1947, was advanced to unchanged the balance of the year. Qu Exchange, discontinued at the outbreak were not resumed during 1947. Average monthly and yearly quoted prices of London, 1945-47, in cents 1945 St. Louis York don ' St Lou January............................. February...................... March ... ...... A prll............................... May............... ........... June.................................... July..................................... AURUSt..................................... September....................... October............................. November........................ December........................ Average................ 6.35 6.35 0. 35 0. 35 6.35 6.35 6.35 6.35 6.35 6.35 6.35 6.60 6.50 6. 50 G. 50 6. 50 0.50 6.60 6. 50 6. 50 6. 60 6.50 4. 49 4.49 4. 49 4.40 4.40 5. 13 5. 39 5. 30 6.39 5.39 5. 30 6.39 4. 99 6. 0. 0. G, 0. 8. 9. 8. 8. 8. 10. 12. 7. I St. Louis: Metal Statistics, IMS. p. 619. New York: M ^^Aicrage^Mw of foVeiRiVfeod, converted to cents per poun maximum price raisedoa June 11, 1945:-Ua. 15,1946; Apr. 8,.1 G80 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1 0 17 HISTORY OF THE PREMIUM PRICE PLAN TJu; Premium Price Plan, which involved a 5;(-yeur period of unprecedented entry through legislation of Government into (he economies of mining, originated in 1942. Although (lie. necessity for increased domestic lead output to meet national defense needs was a matter of concern to Government and industry following the outbreak of war in Europe, the gravity of the domestic supply situa tion was noi seriously considered until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. In an effort to expand domestic mine output of load for the. war program, the Office of Production Management jointly with the Office of Price Administration announced on January 13, 1942, the details of a plan whereby producers (miners) of lead (copper and zinc were also included in the plan) received through the. Metals Reserve Company 9.25 cents a pound for lead produced in excess of cpiotas based upon 1941 output as against the regular ceiling price of 0.50 cents a. pound, New York, established on the same date. This plan, originally scheduled for 2}( years' duration, became effective February 1, 1942. In the Tri-State district the miner was paid an extra $39.00 a. ton for 80-percent lea.d sulfide concentrates, I,his being declared the equivalent of 2.75 cents a pound premium. Euler in 1942 (he figure was adjusted to $41.80. The Premium Price Plan was continued without further change in 1942. Although the lead situation was relatively easy in 1942, the record of zinc output under the Premium Price Plan in that year indicated the need for materially higher prices if wartime production objectives were to be achieved. New premiums were approved by the Me.lais Resorvo Company on December 22, 1942 in a revision of the plan whereby a second premium price level for lead above the existing subsidy of 2.75 cents was established. The additional premium on load was justified only on the ground that it would serve to keep in operation mines whose output might later be needed on short notice and that it would ho an additional incentive to zinc production in those mines producing both metals. The Quota Committee thus interpreted the additional premium for lend as an added zinc bonus and, in fact, grunted it oidy to mines in which zinc occurred. In accordance with the revised plan the quotas were designated "A" quotas and "B" quotas. An "A" quota was defined as the ore ton nage for which a mine received the ceiling price of (1.50 cents. A mine with an "A" quota would thus receive tint first premium price of 2.75 cents per pound for lead produced in excess of the "A" (|imln. Similarly, a. "U" quota was the tonnage for which a mine received the first premium price, and all production in excess of the "B" quota received the second premium price of 2.75 cents. Thus it was possible to receive up to 12.00 cents a pound for mine production of lead. Under the revised plan, wJiieli became effective January I, 194.1, the period of premium prices was extended until July 21, 1945, and LEAD provision was made, for increase or revoca 20 days' notice. During the latter part of 1943, the su considered adequate by the War Productio production, large. Government stocks, rev and labor supply. Accordingly, on Octo statement denying the premium price in already operating on (.hat date. Subseq considering a mine as "already operating was assigned, the riiine shipped metal (l or expenditures for development, recondit were made on or before October 27 to bri under the benefits of the quota plan. 'flic Premium Price Plan functioned wit 1944 and 1945. Before the date set fo plan--July 31, 1945--Congress voted t S. 502, inio Public Law 88 on June 14, e 30, 1940. A hill l.o extend the OPA and ceiling pri ami operation of the. Premium Price P was vetoed by President Truman on Ju 30, without legislative approval for con prices upon which to base subsidy paymo ceased to exist. Reestablishment of the for retroactive premium payments to co was in effect, and the Premium Price Plan 1947, under the same terms as in the pa in the subsidy section of the bill extendi that "adjustments shall be made to development work and adequate allow depletion." The bill provided further were noncancelable unless necessary to m of income to specific mines. With the ceilings on November 10, subsidies to m Premium Price Plan were computed w quotations as a base. Continuation of the Premium Price P 30, 1947, was proposed in the Allen Bill (I which was vetoed by President Truman sions for subsidy paymonts on domestic Im.il, zinc, and maiigimese at an ann $35,000,000. A compilation of important data show (lie Premium Price Plan, 1942-47, at the payments made, is given in (lie accompa 682 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 7 Salient statistics on lead with regard to operation of Premium Price Plan, 1942-47 1 1012 * 19-13 1014 1945 1916 1917 s TUI-STATE DISTRICT Total production of recoverable lead 4 short tons.. Celling production at 0.50 cents a pound short tons.. Percent of ceiling production to total pro- 30, 746 10,811 35. 10 34, 830 1.863 5. 35 28,956 3,138 10. 84 23,097 1,164 5. 04 23, 887 14,102 2, 000 9, 989 8. 37 70. 83 Production under Premium Price Plan: "A" quota only (0.25 cents a pound) . short tons.. "B" quota (12.00 cents a pound)____do____ 19. 700 235 26.259 6,514 10. 404 5,633 13.000 8.159 5 1.004 1 14.203 1 1 3, I (> Total premium production........... do____ 19.935 32, 773 104 25.127 091 21, 168 765 21,887 4, 113 Total ovcrccillng production____do____ 19,035 32,967 25.RIK 21,933 21,887 4, 113 Percentage of ovcrccillng production to total: Production tinder rromium Price Plan: "A" quota only. .........................permit... "J)M quota (also received "A")___ do____ 64.07 . 77 75. :j IK. 70 07. 32 19. 45 r.v :r> 35. 33 10. 70 1 59.46 * 15, 41 (*J Total premium production........... do____ 64. 81 94.09 .56 80. 77 2.30 91.05 3.31 01.63 20. 17 Total ovcrceiijng production____do____ 64.84 01. 65 89. 16 94.96 91.63 29. 17 Payments under Promlum Price Plan: `'A" premium..........................................dollars.. 1,096. 435 12,910 1,802,497 358,279 1,381,98:! 309,813 l, 161, 211 7'_>0,7i:i 11 448,722 l, 171,068 1 255,818 (,) Total premium production...........do____ l, 109,345 2.100, 776 1,691, 796 1,612. 062 2, 153, 599 130,983 Metals Reserve mine contracts:.. .do___ 16,127 66, 394 08,034 Total overcelling payments.......... do____ 1,100,345 2,176,903 1,758,190 1,681,896 2,153.599 130,983 Average prices per pound of lead: * Average premium production............ cents.. - 9.282 Totol overceiling production................ do____ 9. 282 8. 304 9. 791 10. G51 9. 802 9. 025 9. m 11.307 9. 005 9. 536 10. 31( 11.005 10. 334 10.141 13.32C 14. 789 13. 320 14.789 12.908 14.892 See footnotes at end of tnble. LEAD Salient statistics on lead with regard to o 1942-47 1--Con 1942 1 OTHER DISTR Total production of recoverable lead 4 short tous.. Ceiling production at 6.50 cents a nound short tons.. Percent of celling production to total pro* Production under Premium Prico Plan: " A M quota only (9.25 cents a pound) short tons.. " H" quota (12.00 cents a pound)____do____ 416,310 358, 447 86. 10 66. 321 1,542 Total premium production..........do____ Metals Reserve mine contracts...............do____ 57, 863 Totol ovcrccillng production______ do__ 57, 863 Percentage of overcelllnr production to total: Production under premium Price Plan: "A1' quoin only.................................. porcont.. 'IP' quota (also received "A")______do__ \ Total premium production...............do__ 13. 53 .37 13.90 Total overcoiling production.. ..do___ 13.90 Pnvnienls under Premium Price Plan: .V* premium.......................................... dollars.. 3,182.450 0 84, 789 1 Total premium production.......... do____ 3, 267, 239 8 Metals Reserve mine contracts 1........ do____ Total ovcrccillng payments..........do____ 3, 207,239 8 Average prices per pound of lead: Average premium production............ cents.. Metals Reserve mine contracts.......... do____ Total ovcrccillng production................ do____1 Total production......................................... do____ 9.323 9.32; 0,892 Sco footnotoH at ond of table. 684 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 7 Salient statistics on lead with regard'to operation of Premium Price Plan, 1942-47 *1--Continued , ., -- .... . .... ---- ------- -- ... ------------- -- -- . 1 | MM2 7 in rt 1914 1916 1916 1917 1 TOTAF UNIT 1C D STATUS Total production of recoverable load 4 short tons.. Cellini' production nt 6.50 ccrils a pound short tons.. Percent of celling production to total pro* dnetion..................................... .. .............. 447, 066 309,258 82. fiO 444,000 295,864 66. 64 410, 016 203,757 4!h 69 117,955 37, W, 332, 477 )X9, 7,0 71,327 pifl.-ur* 21.45 66. Ox Production under Premium Price Plan: "A" quolu only (9.25 cents a pound) short tons " IP* ((until (I'Atiqcents a pound) . do . 70.021 1,777 109, 282 :yt, 600 162,410 43, 149 168 .576 *6, 331 ] 73,636 J 147, 279 Total premium production... ...do___ Metals Reserve mine contracts... Total ovcrcciling production. ...do... 77, 798 77, ;y 147,942 191 148,130 2115, 60S 691 206. 259 242. 11J 20), 160 766 ............. 242, 876 261,150 01. :x,\ 6 t, 364 Percentage of overcelling production to total: Production under Premium Price Plan: "A" quoin onlv................... . percent. "H" quota (also received "A*'). ...do... 17. 00 .40 24. 61 K. 71 29. 61 JO. 53 43. n 18.82 1 26. 67 1 44.30 \ 7 8. 5x 1 (4) Total premium production... ...do... Metals Reserve mine contracts.. ... do... 17.40 33. 32 .01 60. ] | . 17 6). 96 78. 66 33. 92 Total ovcrcciling production. ...do... 17. 4( 33. 36 flu. 31 62. I I 78. 6.5 33. 92 Payments under Premium Price Plan:* "A** premium........ ................ ......... .dollars.. l, 27X, SHft x, 770 11.390,244 13, 316, mo X. '>63, 43V | "U" promium........................................ ...do.... 97. fll't 2, 120, 321 2,373,177 4.011,433 *7. 155, 07:- ;1,432.2*9 1 () Total tiremium production.. .. do... 1, 470,584 10, 362, IKK) i:i, r.Tii, <'i (7,300. 53:{! 16, Xflll, TK'.I 82H, 6.55 .......Metuis Reserve mine contracts *. ...do.... |6, J27| 66,394 Total ovcrcciling payments.. ...do___ 4, 370, 584 10, 279, 22`1'n, 745,816 17.429, 407 |6, kflfl, ~K *2\ 6.55 Average prices per pound of lead:'' A verage premium production ... ...cents.. Metals Reserve mine contracts.. ...do.... Total ovcrcciling production___ ...do___ Total production................................ U. 311: 9. 313 6.989 9. 96! 10.651 9. 971 7.658 9. S27 11. 307 9.832 8.171 lU.OHf 1 11.021 11. CIOS'__________ 10. 08b 11. car 8.731 j 10.931 11.969 H, 969 14.578 1 J-'rom published and unpublished reports of tile Olllec of Price Administration and tile Oince of Promiutn Price Plan for Copper, ta/ad, and Zinc. Kxcludes exploration premiums totaling W>,213,616 paid from July !, 1940, through December 31, 1947, to encourage explorutlon uud development of copper, lead, uud 7.inc deposits; this total cannot ho broken down hy metals. * Premium Price Plan c/fcctivo Feb. I, 1942; duta refer to February-Dccombcr, inclusive. 1 Premium Price Plou effective until June 30, 1947; data refer to Junuary-Jime, inclusive. * Production of Tri-State lead from OiTice of Metals Reserve, Joplin, Mo.; all other from Bureau of Mines monthly reports. Data do not exactly chock (Inal annual totals for the United Slates except for 19-15. * Junuary-Octobcr. "A" and "fl" quotas and premium payments for November and December arc not separable by kinds and arc shown with data footnoted 7. `"A" and "IP* quotas and premium payments unavailable separately. 1 Tola! "A" and "JJ" quotas und premium payments for November and December; separation by kinds not uvailablo. Reserve.'Data on premium payments and Metals Reserve mine-contract payments from Ollicc of Miauls * All average prices shown include OPA ceiling price. I.F!A!) FOREIGN TRADE2 Tariff.--Tha import duty set. by the Tariff Act boaring ores, fine dust, and mattes (lead content) pound and on lead bullion, pigs, liars, scrap lead, type met.nl, bnbbitt metal, solder, and alloys not sp for, 2'/s cents per pound. In accordance with the Agreement of January 30, 1943, these rates were fourths cent and 1 \\f, cents per pound, respectiv of the agreement permits the increase in the tarif Total lead imported into the United States in ore, matte, bas and reclaimed, 1943-47, by countries, in shor (If. S. Department of Commerce] Country 1013 1041 1 <)n* and matte: Wrieii . 16, 433 Australia................................................................................... Canada..................................... .. Chile . . ... .. Mexico . . ... ... N'l-ivfnundlnnd and Labrador....................................... I mi ................... 'Min i minilrOs . . . . 19, 743 6, 034 6,828 '"2.931* 13,473 3.426 172 T0I11I...................................................................................... 60, 015 Masc bullion: 3, 840 Peru ........... ............................. ........ ......................... OiIk t roiinlrjes . . f>30 04 4 Total..................................... ................................................ Pigs abd bars: Japan................................................................ Korea................................................. . . 4,583 8,901 16 214,866 20,158 3, 1.50 27,130 1.603 0,900 4,247 3, 693 32.273 11,206 471 03, 570 11 47 58 560 8 167,704 54, 480 1 1 244,033 Reclaimed, scrap, etc.: Africa.............................................. .... . A'r.t.r.ill.i ... Canada ................... ............................................................ Canal Zone........................................................... Chile................................................................. Italy................................................................................. Japan............................................................................... "" 348' 222,758 2,738 488 15 Philippines, Republic of . Other comiLrlitS 128 1` 71 477 319,038 3,315 319,701 2 3 1 Data include Paid Imported for Immediate, consumption plus material ente 7 Figures on import.' and exports compiled by M. R. Price, of the Bureau o l . F. Department of Commerce. # 686 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1947 ores, flue dust, and mattes to 1} cents per pound (lend content), nnd lead bullion, pigs, bars, scrap icad, etc., to lfo cents per pound 30 days after the war emergency is officially terminated. As terminal ion of the emergency was not declared in 1947, the lower rates applied throughout the year. Imports.--Imports of lead increased sharply in 1947 but remained well below the high levels established during wartime. As in previous years, the greater part of the lead imported was in the form of pigs and bars, 54 percent of which came from Mexico, 37 percent from Canada, 7 percent from Australia, and 2 percent from Korea, Peru, Yugoslavia, British East Africa, and Union of South Africa. Imports of lead in base bullion increased over twelvefold in 1947. Of the 1,590 tons imported, 1,255 tons came from Mexico, 285 tons from Korea, and 50 tons from Peru. Receipts of lead in ore, concentrate, and matte--principally from Newfoundland, Peru, Australia, Bolivia, Union of South Africa, and Canada--increased 14 percent. Lead imported for consumption in the United States, 1943-47, by classes 1 |U, S. Department of Commerce) Year Lead in ores, flue dust, and mattes, n. s. p. f. Lead in base bullion Short tons Value Short tons Value Pigs and bars Short tons Value Shoots, pipe, and .shot Not other wise Short Ions fled Value (value) Tol-.il value 1013........ 1044 ___ 1045........ 1046........ 1947......... 83.153 100,816 76,126 28,377 44,442 $5,500,218 6,756, 200 5,768, 695 3,056, 111 8,661,174 4.511 73 20 20 1,708 $557. 545 7,045 2, 242 2, 302 422.332 244,033 $20,003. 382 223, 370 22, 703,430 227,311 25. 280,638 100,820 14,205,002 158, 705 33,008,443 25 $20, 208 40 30, 572 17 2,778 24 10,251 67 42, 434 $5,210 $27,132, 730 617 20, 85, 575 32,515 31,312,708 21,517 I7,40l,06 10,453 5ft, 086.077 ' In addition to quantities shown (values included in total values), "reclaimed, scrap, etc." Imported as follows--1043: 406 tons, $56,158; 1044: 3,315 tons, $203,712; 1945: 2,848 tons, $235,810; 1W46: 2,481 tons, $104,913; 1047: 15,874 tons, $3,041,241. Figures for 1943-47 include foreign load received by the Government and ncld in slock piles. Miscellaneous products, containing lead, imported for consumption in the United States, 1943-47 [U. S. Department of Commerce) iiabbitt metal, solder, white metal, nnd other combinations containlog lead Type metal and antirnonhd lead Gross Lead con- weight tent (short (short tons) tons) Valuo Gross Lead con- weight tent (short (short Ions) tons) Value 1043...................................................... 1044...................................................... 1015............................. . JUlfi...................................................... 1947...................................................... 236 60 M3 157 240 60 $330.824 43 15, 368 73 )OI, 132 72 21 i, 122 161 170,247 3, 703 7, 562 26, 110 1,710 2,406 3,422 7, 174 24, 7.30 1,404 2,210 $447,019 054.255 3, 241. 735 220, 645 753,661 LEAD Exports.--Total exports of pig lead in 1 over 1946. Export restrictions imposed u Act of 1940 remained in force throughout t Lead exported from the United S |U. 8. Department of Comuio Year Pigs and bars 0 Short Ions Valuo Foreign Icad exported In manufactures w|tb benefit of draw-back (short tons) Year 1013.......................... 2, 003 $214,433 1944........................... 15, 523 2.073.145 1045........................... 1,407 202. 754 15, 401 20,237 o 1016.............. 1947.............. i Data not available. Pig lead exported from the United States, 1943-47, [U. 8. Department of Commer Destination 1043 Countries: Chile........................................................................................... 779 9 7 51 26 9 (>') 5 8 1/. K. K. It ........................................................................... Continents: Africa and Oceania.........- ................................................ 14 1,017 8 70 2,003 80 833 1,031 '6 3 1 In addition, 11,259 tons of foreign load were reexported In 1043 103 tons in 1946, and 102 Ions In IU47. > Less than 1 Ion. 088 MINK HALS YEAItttOOK, 10 17 WORLD, PRODUCTION World production of lend in recent yours, insofar ns data nro nvnilr.hlr, is shown in the. following table. World production of lend, 1940 47, in metric tons 1 |Com[lilcd liy II. II. Mil<:hrll| Cimnliy Hill) 1911 HM2 19 7nm in u; mi \ x c'f'Tif i;i:i ;\ il.slllllill . .. Austria.. ..................... ............. HrR'i'mi.. .. . Iium>:i . .. Canada .. ..... . China.............................................. Czechoslovakia........................... 1* l aunv .. .................................. f h'i nianv 4.. .. iliveci- ... .. (iualemnla..................... .............. lltmi'iuv . 1 iilmthina, I-Tciicli... . U:\lv . . Japan............................................... Korea........... ................................... .\Texirn ...................... Northern llhude.sia................... \niivav........... ................ . Poland.......................................... Itniunniu........................................ South-West Africa.................... Spain............................................... Sweden...................... .................... TUu. nsi.sSia. ..U......i.................................................................. 1 idled Kingdom..................... Unile.d Slates (refined) ,J___ ^ iijmslavia.................................... 1 2, Mi 1 250, 129 m, vov .an, wm XII. 709 1 {111, 002 1,210 (*) 25. 577 11*7, pm IX. 1121 2:m, o.`>2 8. K79 K.RRO 7-1, 450 200, wi2 . 405 0) 2:i. 22d u;:i, imn Jll. 7Hi 255, 41 h i K, 787 10. 210 17. no 220, 722 1. 109 f3) IV. JO',! HO. KHI 2:i. ROM J92..T22. 12. on 7, 900 11517097,,,.001in2920n03 211:1,091 1, 179 f3) 12. 128 157,200 1 J132(9010,..399112057303 5I v 321575329 " :n,, M7 98591911 > r/,(\)r5. (') l. 250 0) ini S'.Kl 05 i. om 2.300 mi 1, XPI 1, 1511 130111 1 3.230o,:i7o * rmn T1o1o5 PI X :ii, ik k i 10 27, 748 7, r.yn UH, lixn V'.r.t ;i 90,993 >o :m. m in.non j .m, :int h; 2 yx. iiiifi 10*20, 919 ll.POO 192. 989 1, 118 10 12,`.372 10 32. 511 IS. 407 212.152 1,205 ' 10IT32H181,,.0022710|17K01 HI11J20 2011 07K55701I'K8!Vsl 12:1 ill, Hit 10,593 49 39 32. K7) 10, 7 IX 97.910 10, :n 1 JM n. 171 15, 5(10 187 1 5:ix. , 900 201K.V, 40 DIM 3 (Kin :h .:i 090 45,91)1 2o, 020 75, 1)1X1 10,304 40X, (i7.r> 40,803 15,0711 fill 000 10,202 491, 120 41, MU 2311 R, 21(1 joo, non !>, 4X/' 197. 90S 30.701) 2. 193 1. X07 125,700 4.877 425, 903 413210531000..,,.,30`335J5053370335SN "341107'2> 402 0099301002211402:i 32, !M!) <4) i`i (s) () r 12313901.... 071100972500 11-01JJ310|... 0(55S920K730I 200Jin. H SOO 31. nvo 929 lillli 13110| * 110, 5 321111..,. 9i7703ll072l05!1(0113010 VI 1 41 1378 0917317f1|i0105'.' IT811 21175 72V8.'91.21V1773i 3(0 to " 9212I7f8,r 117 3f4u<72l;). 322|C3 X5771.03V708 31D22 s7301|o10 30111192 3v;{ (95H09IM00 400 )SC> (IIS f1) 1 914,000 1 117 100 1 03.0 0 281 900Tola! (estimate). ..... 1,7.Vi, 400 l17O!.'.l(Kl|l10X'1i:jlHJ I, O'id.OOO , . , X U.J, 1 13 y countries wlirn- smelted I ml. not necessarily j flVncd. Data derive-. I in par l from M mil lily ll idle I in of the United NiiLions, Tho Mineral Industry of the llritisli Umpire and Foreign Counl.rins Statistical Summary, ami from the Yearbook of the A mcricaii Bureau ol MclallSlalislics. J Approximnlo production. 3 Inrludnd with Oermany. 4 Kx elusive r*f srrundary material. I ml i ides Upper Silesia and Slide leu land tin nui-h Hi M. 1 Until not yel available; estimate by author of chapter included in total. Includes scrap. 7 British zone only. Includes antimonial lead. 1 January to June, Inclusive. Data represent Trianon Hungary subsequent to October jO-H, 10 Preliminary data. South Korea only. 17 Kicurcs cover lead refined from douie:;i icaod loiriv-ii oms; loflned lead piodnrcd from foieij'u husc bullion not Included. Lead and Zinc Pig , Zinc Salt liy HELENA M. MEYER a n d ALET GENERAL SUMM N THE whole, the pigments covered O in increasing quantities in 1947, made, available still left consum Continuing high demand for pigme essential crude materials, among which t been preeminent for a number of years, res remaining unsatisfied and some being mo Labor-management relations, in pigment-c as in industries supplying crude materi makers, improved in 1947; and such imp automobile, construction, rubber, and sto among those to show marked gains. Th automobiles and trucks gained more than of new construction rose 41 percent, an increased 20 percent. Consumption of considerably more zinc oxide than the sy doubled in quantity in 1947, whereas tha 27 percent-, the over-all total rising 8 pe varnish, and lacquer materials sold in 1 new peak of $1,000,000,000; the high lov prices, however, was a noteworthy factor Lead-pigment prices established new margins in 1947, exceeding even the peak after price controls on them were removed tions in these pigments, the, removal of 1940, and the general inflationary trend United Slates and abroad were responsi ment price gains. Quoted prices for zinc were the highest for many years and for than ever before. Shipments of zinc pigments on the wh of lend pigments but fared better than t earlier years. The total weight and val were higher than ever before. Leaded z ments established now high records in 1 cated earliel- peak tonnages for 1928-29. 690 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1947 As has been pointed out in previous reports of this scries, for several recent years supplies of zinc have, been more plentiful, though far from abundant, than of lead. Lead supplies rose sharply in 1(117 but continued to fall short of total re(|uire,m<ui(.s. Domestic, production rose, in response, to the greatly improved lahor-mnmigcmciil. i<-Infi >ii- ship and to the aforementione.il highest ju ice on record. Produel ion from scrap was higher than ever before, and imports gained substan tially. Not only was more lead made, available as indicated, but, in helping to handle demand, producers' stocks were cut to less than half, and Government inventories were reduced to a very small tonnage. " Total supplies of zinc in relation to requirements in 1947 were again more abundant than of lead, as evidenced by the sharp advance, in deliveries for Government account (probably almost entirely lor stock piling). Production and imports were, more than adequate for current demand, hill the largo gain in shijnne.nts to the Government came chielly from producers' inventories. Salient statistics of the lead and zinc pigments industry of the United States 1942-47 ' 19-12 1913 1944 1945 line 111 17 Production (sides) > of priori' pel pigments: Wliito loud (dry find in oil)................. short tons.. Litharge......................do-- Jtcd load......................do___ Zinc oxide..... ... do ... Leaded r.lnc oxido..do-- Lithopono................... do-- 83,619 91,613 18,169 99, 677 18,I2H 137,320 76,107 118,091 53,178 M3. 102 18.838 116,721 85, 720 138.203 53, 972 MO. 675 61.895 M2. 905 51, 170 138, 798 17, ::8| 127. 956 62, 698 116, 161 1 r,r,. sin 188,799 32. 626 167.861 N7,nftt Value of prodth*!.:;-. All loud pigments................. $19,393,000 $11. 897,000 $1(1, 001,000 till, 111.1,0IH> $-13, 696, 000 AH zinc pigments................. 30, 785,000 36, 260,000 39,248,000 36,614,000 11. 195, 000 68.787 1C,.-,. ,124 ' 6 (, 891.000 Total...................................... 70, 178, 000 78, 1.77, 000 Value per ton received by pro* du COTS'. White load (dry) ............... 160 161 Litharge............ ................... 150 162 Nod load ................... .............. Zinc oxide................................ Leaded zinc oxide................ 171 138 129 171 J17 112 Lithopone................................ 79 751 --------------7".-- =5=S=Si= Foreign trade. Lend pigments: Value of expons ......... 057, 000 1,119, 000 Value of imports........... 1,000 8, 000 Zinc pigments: Vsluc of exports ............ Value of imjiorts........... 2, 711,000 8, (UK) 2, 737.000 5,000 85. 889,000 161 M6 161 139 132 78 l,:jH7,ono 6. (MX) 2,017, non 1,500 75, 0, 000 159 118 168 13,S 112 78 1,127, 000 8,000 2, 279, 000 (b 87, 790,000 ; 151,1)90, 000 -- 7 ofj; 808 114 1 13 *1 10.6 fill.OiX) 13, 000 2, 9] 1. nno u.ouo 6. 5.61.000 i i. on,) Export balance..____ 3,686,000 4, 168.000 1, 390, 500 3,093,000 1.740. 000 7. 11 1.000 1 Reported ns shipments. 1915-47. 1 I)nLn for Imsirs loud sulfate in MHO included under while load; Uureiiu of Mines mil nl liberty to show separately. Excludes valuo of basic lead sulfate; Huroau of Mines not at liberty to publish. < Less than $500. On their own merits and bemuse of inadequate supplies of lend and zinc, pigments, shipments of the titanium group established new records in each of the years 1944-47. The 1947 penk, us well ns the others, would have been higher e.xeojtt for ]>lant-cn|>aeilv limitations. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN Total plant capacity has been expanded several years and will be extended further i zinc, classes, titanium pigments shipments h for several years. I'Valui'es of the distribution of lead an sails in 1947 are given in the. following d noteworthy gains in l.'.)40 in the use of the report, and a. further e.onsjiieuous advance ments to ceramic manufacturers rose 39 25 jieroent, both new peaks; ceramics be portant use of litharge. White-lead shipm advanced in 1947, but did not represen whereas red-lead shijnne.nts for this purpo (he 194(i trend. .Shijmictils of leaded zinc and white lead to paint makers advanced zinc, oxide, lo a new jieak by a substantial storage batteries gained 47 percent, or 40 record for 1945, and red lead rose 9 perce litharge, on the. other hand, continued th falling 49 percent from 1940, and this u showed nn important drop--28 percent. zinc, sulfate, for this purpose, were the seco use of zinc sulfate in manufacturing rayon exceeding the. previous high record for 194 According to figures released by the Dom manufacturers of paints and varnishes in items, the following jnginents in 1940 jinrenlhesos): 2,989 (3,370) short tons of b dry, 2,087 (2,147) tons of the "in oil" va sulfate, white lead, 8,078 (9,197) tons of sulfide), 3,410 (3,153) tons of titanium di extended titanium j)igments, 4,923 (2,901 free), 700 (1,327) tons of zinc oxide (lead other white pigments; 507 (722) tons of mineral), and 413 (304) tons of litharge. Tariff Action.--At the United Nations Employment hold at Geneva in 1947, th in 1948, was taken on lead and zinc compo Litharge -bound at 2!i ccnls a pound. Orange mineral--reduced from 2)4 lo 2 ccnls. White lead--hound at 2'(o cents. lied lend--reduced from 2(j to 1 ), cents. Lead suboxide--hound at. 3 cents, with provision that ad valorem could not he less Ilian lo percent, nor more than till pom-iii. Lem I compounds u.s.p. f.--hound at 20 percent ad valorem. Zinc o 25 p In Gr Lithopo Co Co XU; l.v.i- |:i---2 Zinc c % ce 692 MINERALS YEAHUOOK, 1947 PRODUCTION The valuo of lead and zinc pigments in 1947, exclusive, of that for basic lead sulfate, wbicli cannot be shown, was $1.94,090,01)0, a 70pe.rc.cnfc incrouse. over 1940, which included the, c.oinpa.ni.! i voly small lead sulfato valuo. In 1945 basic lead sulfate accounted lor less than 1 percent of the total value of lead and zinc pigments. Lead and zinc pigments represented 59 and 41 percent of the total value in 1947, compared with 05 and 45 percent, rospeclivelv, in 19.'!9. For many years, figures on sales were used in this scries of reports as a better guide to activity in the. pigments industry than production. Beginning with 1945, the base was changed to shipments to conform with data compiled on Bureau of Mines lead and zinc schedules. Available information for 1945 (the year'of change.) indicated that there was little difference between sales and shipments in that year. In reporting tonnages of pigments, an attempt is made lo avoid all duplication. One of the chief problems is that finished pigments frequently are blended to make another product, basic lead sulfate and zinc oxide, for example, arc blended to make leaded zinc oxide, a,ml in this instance the pigment weights appear in the. mid I'm- (.he lastnamed class only. Pigments consumed by producing companies to make products beyond those covered by this report--that is, paints, storage batteries, and other articles --arc considered as shipments. LEAD PIGMENTS . Shipments of lead pigments gained 17 percent in 1947 over 1940, and because of new peak pigment, prices tlio value, of shipments more, than doubled. Basic, lead sulfate., which represented less Ilian 2 percent of the quantity and value in 1945, is included in Utlti hut, not in 1947, so the actual increases in 1947 were slightly greater llia.n in dicated. Data for basic lead sulfate may not he published. All other lead pigments contributed to the foregoing gains, litharge, ship ments rising 25 percent over .1940 and establishing a new peak bv a substantia! margin over the previous record in 1945. While lead in oil increased 21 percent, but shipments of this product wore, low eornpared with most earlier years. Supplies of pig lead continued iu- Lead pigments shipped by domestic manufacturers in the United States, 1946 -47 10-10 1947 I'iRincnt .Short ton:: Valin* fat pl.ud., ex clusive of container) Total A vemce Shot f. tuna Value f-d plaid. exchisivo of eonlaiiuT) Tollil Average Basic lead sulfalc or sublimed lead____ Bed lead .......................................................... Untune mineral.............................................. White lend: Dry.............................................................. In oil *........................................................ 0) JZ, .521) 123 133,799 C) j$6, :j'|4, 036 () 23, 440,389 41,802 `7,101,217 2-1, 0U9 0, 265, W0 (0 $196 to 175 179 255 (}) 0\ 36, 061 $12.022,585 167, 050 52,315,911 30.1)75 12, If.lO, 551 29, 712 13, 704,3*7 f*) $333 313 303 461 i Basic lend sulfide included with white lead (dry) In 1916; Bureau of Minos not at liberty to publish. * Bureau of Mines not at liborly to publish. Value of orange, mineral Included will) red lend in 1916; Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish. 1 Weight of white lead only but value of paste. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN adequate for all needs, a factor that imped and made it impossible for manufacture Average values per ton for the lead pigm rose. 70 to K2 percent, over those, for 1940. 1947 were, suhstanl iallv above the previou 1940. ' Lend pigments sold1 by domestic manufacturers in short tons While leud Basic len or sublim 1 >ry Jn oil While 1913................................................... 19 M ....................................................... 1915 ......................... ... . . ............. 1916.................................................. 1917................. ................................. 39. 525 46. -166 27. :tK2 * -11,802 39,075 36,642 39, 260 23, 7HK 21, 609 29, 712 4,752 5, 253 2,235 (') g) 1 l(fpoj !iid its :'hipped. HMIV-47. 3 l'.tittic hud siiiftu.t; included with whl(n loud (dry) in 1946; Bu 1 Bureau of Mines nol at liberty lo publish. ZINC PIGMENTS AND Sliijijnc.ilIs of zinc pigments in 1947 ro value of shipments gained 45 percent, records. The foregoing gains are smalle group; lint zinc pigments made a hotter s nonetheless, in relation to earlier years, ments were. 1S percent above the previous type virtually duplicated the peak rate shipments were larger than in years oth The relatively more abundant supply p with lead was responsible in part for the in average values for zinc pigments, 29 to top of the. range, was made by leaded zin lead content of this doss. Zinc pigments and salts shipped by domestic ma 1946-47 1916 l'ijjment or salt Short tons Value (nt p elusive of co Total v i i I.i'iidt'd zinc oxide 1....................................... Utiio|>onc....................................................... Zinc sulfato.................. ............................ . 67,1171 Mi'.Oul 67.3*6 24,931 9. 694. 067 11,810. 596 3, 133,891 2,102, 706 < Ziur n'-.i ir iMMii-.iiiint'. . pft nr iii nit- lend is classed ns lea zinc oxide include u simdl 'juanthy coniamiriR less than 5 perc 694 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 7 Shipments of zinc chloride, totaled 05,521 tons (50 B.), 14 percent above 1940, and may have established a new record; the buyer lon- nogo for 1920 is a production figure, and complete data for 1935-11 are not available. Zinc sulfate shipments fell 14 percent below Ihe all-time record for 1940 but wore second only to the, tonnage. for that year. Zinc pigments and salts sold 1 by domestic manufacturers in the United States, 1943 47, in short tons Year Zinc oxi'h: Leaded zhic oxide: Lif.hopoia' Ziui' fhlo. ride ( .( ' II.) /.!((: uill/alo I9H ........................................................ 1046........................................................... 1947........................................................... 143.102 127, 955 160,771 43. 828 02. rm 81,450 I V., 72-4 130. 101 165,024 53. 707 ',7. :no 05, 521 ]5, MO 21. 0:il 21,547 J Heportcd as shipped, 1045-47. 3 Includes o small (pmutity eontaininc less tlmn 5 percent lead. CONSUMPTION BY INDUSTRIES WHITE LEAD Shipments of white lead (dry and in oil) in 1947 continued the uptrend begun in 1940 from the very low levels of 1015. While lead (in oil) in 1947 was 21 percent above J910, itself 4 percent hitcher than 1945. Trade reports indicated that the increased quantities of both varieties of white, lead available in 1947 failed to till I lie demand. Reports show that 89 percent of total white-lead shipments in 1947 was for the manufacture of paint, hut this percentage would doubtless be increased if a more complete breakdown of the. "Other'' classifica tion were possible. A postwar development has been the increased use of several pigments for the manufacture of ceramics, a trend for white lead that was continued in 1947. Production of white lead (dry) amounted to 39,447 tons and of white lead in oil to 42,077 tons in 1947. Distribution of white lead (dry and in oil) sales 1 1943-47, by industries, in short tons Industry JO 13 1014 19-15 1910 3 1917 J'uiril.________ . Ceramics................................................ Othor................................ . . 00. 411 kill 8, 2*2 70, 107 79, 9IX 910 4, MOi >.5, 720 40, 4 f* suit 51, 170 oo. ! i:; I. :07 4. Mil 00, Ml! 01,205 5, 857 OS, 787 1 Itcporiod us shipmcnls. 19-15-47. 1 for liicoc lead .stilfuli: in 1910 im.dudi/d with while livid; Mm cull of Mini:' uni ;il ] j I >i-i( y in shun* separately. The. manufacture of while lead in Gernumy was discussed in a recent report.1 Causer, II. nwJ Frill), J. .9., Manufacture of White Lea'.!: Urilis.i Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee Final Kept. 1521, item 22, 14 pp. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND BASIC LEAD SULFATE Tin; Bureau of Mines is not at liberty to lead sulfate for 1940-47, Shipments in 194 on "while, lead" (dry), but 1047 data arc Basic lend sulfate is used almost entirely (|iianlitirs arc used as an intermediate produ leaded zinc oxide. Such quantities have al series under hauled zinc oxide rather than ba i Distribution of basic lead sulfate sales,1 1943-47, Industry 1043 1044 Kubber................................................................. Stonier balteries.................... ............................ 4.802 131 3 661 5,507 5, 406 2G8 2 567 G, 333 1 l(r|orfi'll a1. shlpnn`iils, 1015 17. separately.3 I iiiiit fm bash: lead .sulfate In 1916 Included with wliUo lead; b 1 bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish. RED LEAD SIiij>iii<miIs'*if red lead in 1947 gained 11 p lower I linn in every year front 1949 to 1945 a This condition was due not to lack of deman hut1 because not, enough pig lead was availab pigments and other items to meet all needs tinued to use the largest quantities of red over 1946, whereas paints -the second mos rose 22 percent. The use of red lead for c oilier pigments, had been trending upward 20 percent in 1 947. Production of rod lead amounted to 36,0 with 29,874 tons in 1940. Distribution of red-lead sales,1 1943-47, by Industry 1943 1044 Slni;i'.'' I>;i1 hTiry............................ . 1 `:i ini S ............ (.Yraniii'S .. . ................. .......................... Other........................................................................ 20.010 22,271 022 3.860 53,378 30,21 13,07 87 4,80 53, 07 1 IP'porlf' I : i fdijpinriils, 1915--17. ORANGE MINERAL No shipments nor production of orange 1947, compared with 123 tons shipped and 696 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1947 Distribution of orange mineral sales,' 1942-47,: by industries, in short tons Industry Ink m:iniif:tf|.un* _____ ________ ...... .. (`ojnr pli'Miitnl?;.................................................... Other.................................................................. ------10 (2 ........... ... ........ 1011 ... 91 7 2H 19 8 22 1911 ........... ..... .. r,o 205 21 1915 -- r,:i 151 Pi 128 7 9 281 2io 1016 78 m * Kcpnrle'l us shipments, Hltr. :tml HHU. * No shipments reported for 1017. LITHARGE Tlie uso of litharge in storage batteries rose to a new peak by a substantial margin in 1047, causing total shipments of litharge also to establish a new high record. Litharge shipments in 1047 wore 25 percent higher than in 1040 and 20 percent above the previous record for 1945. .Storage-battery use of litharge rose 47 percent, above 1040 and 40 percent above the previous peak in 104 5. This use accounted for G7 percent of the total shipments of litharge. In addition to the lit.ha.rge used to make batteries, the slorage-ha.tl.ery manufacturers themselves produce from pig lead a black or snbo.xide of lead which t-hety use as a substitute for litharge. The quantity produced in 1047--69,000 tons--was higher than ever before, exceed ing J94C by 50 percent and the previous record tonnages for 1044 and 1941 by Id percent. Black oxide figures are not included in the Bureau of Mines totals for litharge. ilie sharp postwar advance in use of litharge in ceramics placed this industry second in importance as a consumer of li(barge in 1947; the tonnage shipped for that purpose, rose HO percent and slightly exceeded the previous record for 1941. Chrome pigments took 15 percent less litharge, than in 1040 and likewise less than in 1045 and the peak of 111,027 tons in 1041. The oil-refining industry received 15 percent more than in 1946, or the largest tonnage since 19.17; the tonnages for 1929 and 10110, the earliest data available,'were considerably higher than that for 1947. Use of litharge in insecticides fell 49 percent in 1947, a, continuation of the sharp downward move ment since 1944. The advance of 29 percent in shipments In varnish makers carried this use hack to the level of 193G, above all inlorveninfT years. " Litharge production totaled 174,341 tons in 1947 compared with 133,266 tons in 1946. Distribution oflitliarge sales,' 1943-47, by industries, in short tons Industry J911 Ornnjir.'? ..................... ... Chrome pii'mi-nLs.... . ..... Oil refining......................................... ]................. Insecticides......................................... ...................... Vnmish................... . " Rubber................................. ` Moor coverings................................. ............... Other.................................... i Reported ns shipments, 19-15-47. 9, WHi 9, :;rj 5. 227 20.230 1, ;*,:i 1, lifi'j 98 n:;,'i9i 1911 \2, :im" 8. 211 r. im 25. 957 2, 9SV ;;.02i 117 118, 201 1915 iiy.i! II,191 0,119 is.not T! Km I 115 118,798 1910 1 t:i| p m in.x? 7 6. o>: M, 2V> 1. :u;.; 2. 11! loo mi 111,799 1917 -- I N :;oo 9. 228 7, BS'4 7, *>SS 1. 2-'>8 2, 205 HI to?, f*j0 LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND ZINC OXIDE Coni inning large demand for zinc oxide ( ments of Ibis pigment gaining 2 percent ov peak rale established in 1028-29. Kubber, for 51 porcont of the total but took 2 perce Bairds, (lie second-largest use, took 6 perc eon,ted fabrics a.nd textiles 0 percent less. U has been gaining since 1042 and in 1947 wa 1946, the prev ious record year. Thus cera impol la.nee as a. consumer of zinc oxide likewise increased substantially in. 1947, h this use separately is not available. Production of iead-freo oxide amounted with 142,567 tons in 1046. Of the total for by the American process from ores and pri by the l'rencli process from metal and scra processes, compared with 74, 20, and 6 perc Distribution of zinc oxide sales,' 1943-47, by Industry 1913 1044 Rubber......................................................................... IMinis ..................... ................................;............... ('(-rn n i:t. .... J(,'o;ih<l fuluit'S iilul H:\lilv.s................................. Mour co\ erinjis......................................................... Ollier........................................................................... 07, WJ8 29, S52 1, 201 0, m h !()15 HI, 192 50.61 21, 0 9, 6 0, 5 27, 6 15, 2 119,6 1 K i | un i ml -,r,ii | iim-.itl1915 17. Ij m 'ii'Ii s inns fui inyiin. J ineludw 7,:.IU2 tons for niyou. According to a recent note,2 Durham C Montreal, is planning to convert to the and other chemicals a plant, recently purch Administration, at Cup de la Madeleine, Qu was formed by Harrisons & Croslield, Ltd upon-Tyne Zinc Oxide, Ltd., Birtley, Cou Another report3 stated that a new com (Aust.), Ltd., would manufacture zinc o chemicals. It was to acquire the Masco South Wales and to build plants and labor The December 5, 1947, issue of Hzcczsp on Polish exports of zinc, white: The domes! ic production of zinc white is in planlH li.'tvt* already reached Uicir prewar produc i'cuiks foundry at Hcdzin lias been doubled and Marta foundry at Olawa and the Polish Zinc W 12,000 metric tons of zinc white annually. (Th Poland lias an ;idc(|uofc supply of zinc white an increase exports of that product. Exports in 1 * oil, I'l'iiil :ttn| |ling Reporter, 'nl. l-r'2, No. in, Sept. 8, Mi17, J Cla'initnl i-InuimrniiL', vol. 51. No. U), October 1917, p. 206. G98 MINERALS YEA1IB00K, 1947 tons, but. this year tlicy will increase to 9,000 metric Ions. The number of foreign buyers of Polish zinc white has also increased. Poland now exports this article to: USSlt, Sweden, Great Britain, Denmark, 1'inland, Switzerland Holland, Norway, and Palestine. ' LEADED ZINC OXIDE The use of leaded zinc oxide lias continued at high levels for several years. Shipments of this pigment were at a new all-lime peak in 1917 by a wide margin, exceeding the 1940 total hv 20 pcnenl mid the previous high in 194 1 by IS perron I,. Of total shipments, fJfi percent in 1047 was reported used for paint., hut a het.trr bieiik-dmvn of the "Other" class, doubtless would increase this percentage.. Figures for basic load sulfate, used in blending to make leaded zinc oxide nre included in tonnage,s for the latter pigment. Loaded zinc oxide production totaled 78,7!)!) tons in 1947 compared with 71,010 in 1940. The totals comprise grades as follows (1940 for comparison in parentheses): 08,418 (01,251) tons of 55 percent lead and under and 10,380 (9,705) tons of over 35 percent lead. Distribution of leaded zinc oxide sales,1 1943 -47, by industries, in short tons Industry 1943 194-1 104.1 h iii; 1017 Points........ ............. Rubbor..................................... Other...................................... . 42.303 42 J. 483 43,828 62,223 11U 2,053 64,395 200 3. 546 62, 598 n2,.m) *Jii 07.971 131 3, 33 l SI, 459 Reported as shipments, 1013-47. LITHOPONE J lie lithopono statistics in this report are given on the basis of ordinary lithopone sold as such plus the ordinary lithopono content of the high-strength product. This method of publication is used to conceal the operations of one company that always dominates the output of the high-strength product and has been i.lic onlv producer in some .years. In 1947 one company, operating two plants, pro duced high-strength lithopone, whereas two companies, operating throe plants, produced in 1946. Shipments of lithopone increased 12 percent in J947, were the largest since 1941, and were smaller only than in that year and in the 3 years 1927-29. Sales to manufacturers of paiiits increased 9 percent, and all other broad classifications gained, llubber manufacturers took 92 percent more than in 1940 but ac counted for only 2 percent of the, total. Separation of the lithopono shipped for floor coverings and textiles shows that 8,421 tons were for coated fabrics and textiles and 9,048 for floor coverings, compared with 7,020 and 7,541 tons, respectively, in 1940. The use of iithopomj by paper manufacturers, which had been rising before 1945 and con tinued at about the 1945 rale in 19-10, moved upward again in 1947; it amounted to 4,009 tons compared with 3,011 tons in 1940 and 6,488 tons in 1944. Shipments reported for use in ink manufacture LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS A are trending downward; the tonnages wer 880 in 1940, and 720 in 1947. A tonnag is regularly shown by one manufacturer sold fur paint., hut the tonnages given here Exports are included mainly under "Othe classifies part of its exports according to Elant capacity for the manufacture o total 157,000 tons in. 1947. I'lddm l ion of lithopone, amounted to pared with 148,920 tons in 1940. Distribution of lithopone sales,1 1943-47, Imhishy Paints. \ arnislii'-;, ami lac'jnois J..................... l*'liiir ciwTiir.'s ami Icvtilrs .......................... Knl.l.i r . . ............................ I1MJ 103. 800 15. 9'd`l 1. 07S 11, 786 135, 723 10 JO 1 1 M i Reported as shipments. 1915-47. J Jm lntlcs ;t inutility, nol separable, usod for printing Ink. Consumption of ordinary lithopone in lithopone has trended downward almost 19,400 tons, was used in 1937. There 1947, owing chiefly to the discontinuanc by one of the large manufacturers. T following table are included in the tota the preceding table. Titanated lithopone produced in the United S in its manufacture, 1943-47 S i-ar 1915. . Ijl.Nipnnr. Iiimlmml lilhopimu ItSC'l 9, 21 HI 8. 300 7, 800 1046. 1047... The lithopone industry in Germany report.'1 ZINC SULFID In 1947, as in several earlier years, zinc, sullide.; the Bureau of Mines is no for this pigment. A report5 on luminescent pigments in < Hill. II. C. anil ntliers, Haiinm Cniii|innrls and Lithopo OhJ.>(: i\ i-s SttiuTmimilliv Filial Kept. 11 -in. Hem 22, 3-t pp. t Hillin' O K ami Clnv. |J. V., Luminescent rinmcots Hinli l .it: l/in :t A. <i.: JJriitsh inti.-llii'nico Objectives Subc 700 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1947 . ZINC CHLORIDE Shipments of zinc chloride, in terms of 50 15. solution, totaled Go,521 tons in 1947, a gain of 14 percent over 1940. Tim lolnl for 1947 may ho n new all-time peak, although data for J!).J1 | are incomplete, because, the only animal total known to have been higher-- that for 1920 ropresoitten production rather than shipments. The figures shown here include (he zinc chloride, equivalent of zinc ammo nium and chromated zme chloride produced. Complete figures cover ing distribution of zinc chloride shipments b}r uses are not available. Production amounted to 07,475 tons in 1947 and 57,088 in 1 IMG. ZINC SULFATE Increased shipments of zinc sulfate in 19-17 for use. in Hie manu facture of rayon (8 percent more than in 1940) contrasted with smaller shipments for agricultural purposes (28 percent below |!M(j), together with less consequential changes for other uses, resulted in an over-all drop of 14 percent in zinc sulfate shipments in 1947. Shipments in 1947, nonetheless, were second only to those, for MHO. .The. gain in rayon manufacture, coincident with the drop in agriculture, caused the former use to resume first place, relinquished in 1946, in consump tion of zinc sulfate. Itnyon shipments established a new all-time record in 1947, and those for agriculture were second only to the peak established in 1946. Chemicals, electrogalvimizing, paints, and textile dyeing and printing all dropped in 1947, whereas flotation reagents and glue made gains. A more complete break-down of the chemicals classification probably would add to some of the other classifications. In 1947, 28,423 tons of zinc sulfate were produced, compared with 25,004 tons in 1946. Distribution of zinc sulfate sales,' 1943-47, by industries, in short tons TiiiliiNf.ry 10-10 1'ftl 1 } riru:;. wi-iglit weight Rayon .................... Agriculture........................................... ClMimkuls............................... " * 1' IdlnMun reagent........... .. hired rnjMlvmiiziiii' ... J'aiMx niul vjirnixh proci-.ssing . T uxUlcs dyeing and printing......... Other........................ . 4, 537 I.M2 J. 2X2 1K7 2, 430 m 1,385 J'j. f'lVd Or, 1 1. 07 ! MM I. in w 27* l,y;su I.7.1; 7 17, I.Vi l'J 5 10 i wcinlll 1 11 V fin. ; `` f,. c,!5 2. 017 J, 232 21.0 AN 1.993 VD, >M r>. I. iV.f !!'{.** iv; U.k r/4 J.3I2 i5, hll Ih'.SI'i l.f'Vl .`II 1. 41* HI, :,:|J 1*1 V 1 KtM.S K ITS !J!b r.n 7 .11 1 11 y hii.si.s 1 125 1 V, ! * i, ,i.>o-' i 1 Shi 15.'.,07 1 Reported ns shipments, PH5-47. RAW MATERIALS USED IN MANUFACTURE OF LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND ZINC SALTS 1`igurcs covering the raw materials used in making pigments and .salts were not available when the report of this series for 1940 was prepared. Data for 1946 are given below, and those for 1947 will appear in the next annual issue of this volume. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN . Lead pigments and zinc pigments and sa a variety of materials, including ore, refined materials as scrap. In 1946, roughly 90 ments was derived from pig lead and the re lead in ore used to make leaded zinc oxide foreign sources. The proportion for ziuc percent from ore and concentrates, 10 per percent from secondary materials; about 15 foreign. The following tables give the source of facturing each pigment and salt. Tig lea cither directly or indirectly, in the manufac ml loJifl, Mini orange, mineral and is used basic lead sulfate. The, lead content of le basic lead sulfate, which in turn was mad to pig lead in the table. Zinc oxide is considerable slab zinc is used. Ore is em of zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxide, litliopone mid basic lend sulfate.. A substantial pro iione. (60 percent in 1940) and most of that made, in the United States arc derived from a number of years before the United State War, there had been a largo increase in zinc used in the manufacture of zinc oxid of both metal mid serai) caused the propo by the French process, which uses only me ly in 1942 and to continue comparatively fact that the percentage from metal and tinued upward in 1944, 1945, and 1946 oxide from meLal and scrap accounted fo in relation to total production: 41 percent 19 percent in 1943, 22 percent in 1944, percent in 1946. Lend content of lead and zinc pigments produ 1945 4<>, by noiircos, in nli I'igllHTl! 1045 Lend In pkinonls produced froin-- Ore Do For mestic eign PiR lead Second ary ma terial 'Total lead lu Pig ments While lead............... Red |.m<1........................ J/lilmigt'........................ Oump.c mineral ___ Jlusic li`ii'1 Kiilfuiv. .. Leaded line oxide.. 2.-8U7 I I, 4W :w, 7-12 43, tlfctf 131, 1 10 190 327 "i.'-iw' 520 I'u^f 1,453 215,505 ........... i' 1 30, 7-12 13,085 131, IP) 100 3, 134 10,410 234, 292 i lluiTnu ol Mines not at liberty to publish. * Excludes lead In basic lead sulfate; bureau of Mines not at l 702 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 7 Zino content of zinc pigments and salts produced by domestic manufacturers, 1945-46, by sources, in short tons 1045 1046 Pigment or salt Zinc in pigments and salts produced from-- Ore Domes For tic eign Rial) zinc Second ary ma terial < Total zinc In piements and salts Zinc in (dements utul salts produced from-- Total zinc In Ore Doincs- For Flal) zinc Pecondary ma terial i pig ment* and salts tio eign Zinc oxido....................... 65, 505 18,240 Leaded zinc oxide___ 25,395 4,197 Lithopone....................... 11,474 2,998 Total pigments 102,374 25, 436 Zino chloride................. Zinc sulfate.................... 2,383 808 15,4G2 15, 462 22 34 12,161 111,368 700 30, 298 12,207 26,079 68,113 15. 709 31,845 3.010 11,370 no 25,074 168,345 111, 328 18,019 12,472 12, 494 3, 289 6,514 3,673 75 17,091 278 26 18, 205 12,050 113,053 35. 133 17,582" 20,088 20. 632 12, 560 3, 837 178, 174 12,550 7, 535 1 Tltoso figures ore higher than those shown in tho report on Secondary Metals--Nonforrous because they Include zinc recovered from byproduct sludges, residues, etc., not classified as purchosed scrap material. * Excludes zinc sulfide, data for which Durum of Minos not at llborty to publish. PRICES Total and average values received by producers for lead and zinc pigments and zinc salts are given in the tables in the first part of this report. Average values for lead pigments in 1947 were the highest ever recorded, and those for zinc pigments and salts were the highest in many years. Quoted, prices for lead pigments were at all-time peaks at the be ginning of the year and all price changes during tho year were upward, the quotations following the movement of prices for pig lead. Such changes as took place in zinc price quotations in 1947 were likewise upward, so that for botli classes the lower parts of the ranges for 1947, shown in the accompanying table, were for the first of the vear and the higher parts for the last of the year. v Range of quotations on lead pigments and zinc pigments and salts at New York (or delivered in the East), 1944--47, in cents per pound (Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter) Product 1944 1945 1946 Basic lead sulfate, or sublimed lead, less than carlots, barrels................................................................ White lead, or basic load carbonate, dry, carlots, barrels................................................................................. Litharge, commercial, powdered, barrels.............. Bed lead, dry, 95 percent or less, less than carlots, barrels...................................................................... Orange minoral, American, small lots, barrels.. Zinc oxide; American process, lead free, bags, oarlots... American process, c to 3* percent lead, bar rels, carlots............................................................. French process, rod seal, bags, carlots.......... French process, green seal, bags, carlots... French process, white seal, barrels, carlots. Lilhopoue, ordinary, small lots, bops................... Zinc sulfide, less than oarlots, bags, barrels___ Zinc chloride, works: Solution, tanks.................................................... Fused, drums........................................................... Zinc sulfate, crystals, barrels.............................. ]. ' 7.50- 7. 75 8. 25 8. 00- 9.00 9.50-10.00 12.00-12.50 7. 25 7. 26- 7. 38 8. 50 9.00 9. 75 4. 50 8. 60- 8. 75 2. 50 5. 00- 6. 50 3. 05- 4. 60 7.50- 75 i. 25 8.00- 9.00 0. 00-10.00 12.00-12.50 7. 25 7. 25- 7. :m 8. 50 0.00 9.75 4.50 8. 60- 8. 75 2. 50 5. 00- 6. 60 3. 65- 4. 40 7. 50-13. 50 8- 25-13. 75 8. 00-14. 75 0. 50-16.00 12. 00-18. 25 7. 25- 9. 00 7. 25-10. 75 8.50-10. 25 9.00-10.75 9. 75-12. 00 4. 50- 5. 25 8. 50-10.00 2. 50 5. 00- 6. 50 3. 65- 4.40 1047 13. 25-15. 75 13. 75-16.00 13.75-17.60 15.75-18.60 17. 75-21.00 9.00-10.00 0.25-12.00 10. 25-11.25 10.75-11.75 11.50-12.50 5. 25- 6. 25 10. 00-11.00 2.5(1- 3.00 5.00- 7. 10 3. 65- ft. 00 LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND FOREIGN TRADE" Imports of lead and zinc pigments are in domestic shipments of the various items. total valuo in 1947, chiefly because receipts because tho average values gained. The tot exported likewise gained in 1947, but not a increased. The total value of zinc pigme doubled in 1947, and the grand total oflea salts exported likewise doubled in that year. are much larger than the lead group, zinc amounting to 10 times or more than litharg Value of foreign trade of the United States in lead 1940-47 (IT. S. Department of Commer Imports Lead pigments: white lead.. Red lead. Lllhargo.......................... Other lead pigments. Zinc pigments: Zinc ox Ido... Lithopono... Zinc sulfldo. Lend and zinc sail.1;: Lead arsenate___ Zinc chlorido____ Zinc sulfate........... Grand total. $33 3,80 4,57 4,31 13.03 8,42 6 32 8,80 49 17, 22 17,72 39,66 1 Changes fur tnlilc In Minerals Yearhonk, 1M0, p. 700, ere as exports $018,002; lead pigments Unport total $7,783, eiport $1,427, $<U4,771IA6,77295A. i Data not available. Lead pigments and salts imported for consumptio [U. 8. Department of Commerc Year Short to Basic carbonate white lead Red lead Litharg 1943...................................................... 4 1 54 1 73 4 1 Includes also lead pigments, n. s. p. f., as follows--1M0; $97 pounds) ond 1947, $20,700 (120,000 pounds). Figures on Impoitsand exports compiled by M. B. Price, of U. S. Department of Commerce. 704 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1947 Lead pigments and salts exported from the United States, 1943-47 (U. 8. Department of Commerce! Year Short tons White lead Red lead Lltbargo Orange mineral Sublimed lead Lead arsenate valuo 1944 .................................. 1947 .................................. 4.692 3,052 4,070 910 863 1,636 2,117 1,922 1,355 787 1,610 2,301 2.612 2,180 1,212 7 13 3 S') ( ) 71 82 c0)) 53 1,527 2,133 3,170 1,308 1,552 $1,811,012 1,888,129 2,162, 643 1,181,872 1, 032,143 i Data not available. Zino pigments and salts imported for consumption in the United States, 1943-47 (U. S. Department of Commerce] Yoar ....... ....... 1944 Short tons Zinc oxtdo Dry In oil Lltboponc Zino sulQde Zinc chloride Zinc sulfate Total valuo 10 (l) () 41 117 11 5 (>) (') 1 to w .... ..... (') 2 546 $34,033 542 30, 220 421 16,806 415 20, 528 295 47,483 1 Less than one ton. Zinc pigments and salts exported from the United States, 1943-47 (U. 8. Department of Commerce) Year Siv "t tons Zluc oxide Llthopone Total value 1 Year Short tons Zinc oxide Lithepono Total value ` 1945............................ 0,019 5,511 7, lf:2 17,320 $2, 898, 253 11,551 2,191, 203 11,576 2, 554,177 1916.............................. 1047.............................. 10. 055 19, 082 0, 651 $2,011,467 13.052 6, 554, 250 ` Includes also --1013: Zinc sulfide, $29,523 (78,387 pounds); xlrie chloride, $57,WO <7.r. !,8<;i pounds); zlnosulfato, $81,750 (l,WO,508pounds);other zinc sal Is and compounds. $22,087 (HO,940pounds); 11)11: Zinc sulfide, $7 11)5 (40,223 pounds); zinc chloride, $47,133 (711,052 pounds); r.lnc sulfate, $83,500 (2,020,801 pounds); other tine salts mid compounds, $10,587 (107,474 pounds); 1015: Zlnesulftdo, $25,309 (17:1,175 pounds) ;ilnc chloride, $93,590 (1,190,755 pounds); tine sulfate, $02,119 (1,213,829 pounds); other sine suits and compounds, $119,747 (750,108 pounds), beginning January 1, 1940,nouoof the foregoing classes separately recorded, Lime by G. W. JOSEPIISON a n d M. GENERAL SUMMA UKlNfl 1947 I-I id, high demand in D l-ofiiidory uses, coupled with the req boom, expanded the sales of lime to a short tons. 'Phis output was 13 perc exceeded the historical record set in 1943 b sales, 74 percent were in the form of q hydrated. In harmony witii the general r value per short ton for quicklime increased f in 1947; hydrated advanced from $9.15 to was a very strong demand for virtually all trend toward concentration of production The number of active plants declined from In 1925-29 an averago of 419 plants produ the United States. - Salient statistics of the open-market lime industry (average), 1935-39 (average), a 1925-29 (average) 1935-39 (average) Active plants............. 419 31 8old by producers: By types: Quicklime........... liydrated............ .short tons. ............ do... 2,871,230 1,586,631 2, 488,269 1,204,128 Total lime: Short tons................................................. Valuo *....................................................... For ton................................................... By uses: Agricultural..............................short tons. Building................................................. do... Chemical and Industrial................. do... Refractory (dead-burned dolomite) Imported for consumption: short tons. Snort tons............................................................. Valuo....................................................................... Exported: '' Short tons....................................................... Value.................................... * 4, 450, 867 $38,548, 408 $8.65 318, 224 2,096, 744 1,623,885 18,683 $344,887 15, 752 $221,177 3,692,397 $20,692,115 $7.20 360,535 870,335 1,929,947 541,580 14,108 $240,909 10,906 $123,167 1 gelling value, f. o. b. plant, excluding oost of containers. 1 Revised figure. 1 Figures in this chapter pertain to open-market lime and exclude co 836931-49 1174 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1947 and foil and tubes (3,318 tons), up respectively 22 and 50 percent, accompanied by declines of 15 percent in solder to 5,621 tons, and 4 percent in alloys to 13,535 tons. Economy of tin used for tin plate in the United States compared with British practice is strikingly evident. In 1947 United States shipments of tin plate, (and torncplate) were six times as great as the British but tin consumption therefor was only three and one-half times as great. Government and consumer stocks of tin in metal and in concentrates dropped from nearly 20,400 tons at the beginning to 15,000 tons at the year end. The British Government in April approved the planned 50,000,000 modernization of the South Wales tin plate and sheet-steel industry. The cold-reduction strip mill is to be erected near Llanelly. It is to have, an annual capacity of 7,000,000 base boxes. The hot-strip mill, now under construction near Tort Talbot, can roll 72-inch sheared strip, the widest in England. The weekly output is gaged at 22,400 tons. The project is being undertaken by private capital notwith standing the Labor Government's announced intent to force through nationalization of the iron and steel industry even to the, extent of curtailing the already limited powers of the ilouso of Lords that has, at least for the time, blocked the requisite legislative action. Titanium By HELENA M. MEYE GENERAL SUMMAR IGMENT manufacturers used record qu Pin 1947, as in 1946 and 1945, in producing than over before, or at the new high ra expansion of plant capacity in 1947. As fo expanding capacity output was inadequate, b handle record-breaking demand. Further was in progress when the year closed. Inade plant construction and equipment impeded titanium pigments plant capacity. Domestic production and shipments of i higher rates than ever before. Record dome with recent increasing activity in the inves sources for the mineral, point to the growing consumers of foreign sources of supply, a m during World War II, when dislocation of se flow of ore from accustomed Indian and Norw also established a new peak in 1947. As a re supply of crude material, coupled with the lim capacity, stocks rose to a new peak and at the for almost 1 year's requirements at the 1947 Although the manufacture of titanium pigm ilmenite used, research by the Bureau of M possibilities for use of titanium metal in the field indicates that, this use probably will co titie.s of ilmenite when costs of production ca Rutile production continued to break re Fecessrccthnal nabtohvee the previous 1946 record. peak in 1946, but For the second output was more than adequate for domest into stocks. Receipts of rutile from abroad and statistically were entirely in excess of in the current domestic production-consump result of the foregoing, industry stocks rose the end of the year were sufficient for almost rate of consumption. The Supreme Court, in a decision render the decree of the lower court in the civil suit b 1176 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1947 certain factors in the titanium pigments industry. In summarizing the matter the National Lead Co. stated: 1 " On June 23, 1947, t.hore was affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States the decree of the lower court in the civil suit by the Government against the Company and others involving charges of violation of the anti-trust laws. In brief, the decree directs the cancellation of certain agreements which provided, among other things, for territorial arrangements and for the exchange of titaniumpigment patent rights, domestic and fr,reign; it also directs the sale or the Company'R stock interests in can-fain partly owned foreign companies engaged in the titanium pigment business or, in the alternative, the purchase by the company of the interests of the other stockholders in these companies; it further directs the granting of non-exclusive licenses under United States patents in the titanium pigment field on a uniform, reasonable royalty basis. The Company is at the present time proceeding to carry out (lie provisions of the decree. Thedisposal of its stock interest in British Titan Products Company, Limited, * * * anc] the acquisition of the outstanding minority interest in Canadian Titanium Pig ments Limited, * * * are slops taken in this conned ion. Prices for ilmcnite changed little in 1947 following a $9 to $10 drop in 1946. They wore quoted nominally at $19-$20 a long ton for ilmenite containing 57-60 percent Ti02, f, o. b. Atlantic seaboard, according to grade and impurities, when the vear ended as when it began, having declined to a low point of $17- $'l9 in midyear. Untile prices continued to be quoted nominally nt 8-10 cents a pound, guaranteed minimum 94 percent concentrate. ' DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Ilmenite output rose 19 percent in 1947 to a new peak rate, surpassing the previous peak in 1945 by 9 percent, and shipments in 1947 likewise were the highest, on record. Rutile, production also established a new high, rising 15 percent above the previous peak in 1946, but shipments fell 31 percent below the peak established in 1940. Shipments of ilmenite concentrates in 1947 ranged from 44 to 60 percent TiQ2 and of rutile from 93 to 94 percent Tib,. Production and mine shipments of titanium concentrates from domestic ores in the United States, 1943-47, in short tons Year 1013,..................... 1941................... 1946... 1910.... 1947........................ Iliiifnll.n Jtutllc Produc tion .Shipments' Gross weight TiOj content Value 'rudiiulion Shipments Gross weight TIO? content Vuluo 203. 551 278,010 308,516 282.447 3811, 533 211,715 280. 701 308. 518 282.-708 336. 061 04, 283 128,095 111,862 130.624 157, 328 $3. 738, 970 7,371.279 7,359,170 4,878. 917 5,029,490 3, 987 6, 922 7,179 7. If,3 8, 562 3. 941 0. 770 6. R17 7, 5)4 5, 157 3, 639 6,312 6. 414 7. 046 4,813 $610, 879 1.088.112 869. 020 996. 989 533. 548 . Florida.---In December J!)47, JO. I. du Pont, do Nemours & Co,,Iuo.., signed a long-term lease for Slate-owned ilmetiitc-bearing property near Starke, Fla., to provide a large domestic source, of supply of the ore. Large-scale mining operations are expected to get under way promptly. The grade of.the sand analyzes about 4 to 4.5 percent L1 Annual.Rcport for.1017, |ip. is.nml.is>. TITANIUM .heavy mineral. Composition of the heavy m approximately: Ilmenite 45 percent, statirolite' 2 percent and other components in minor quant content is so low as to bo almost negligible. The a suction dredge and pumped to Humphreys sp centration. The spiral concentrate will be drie static machines. The conductors will bo split o conductors will ho further treated to concentra recently investigated and described,2 is about 4 the east coast of north Florida. Drilling exte along U. S. Highway 90 ft few miles cast of Macc matoly 32 miles to a section about 3 miles north Production of ilmenite in Florida in 1947 came Mining Co. of Florida, near Jacksonville, and of company and the Riz Mineral Co., near Vcro Be was inactive most of the year. New York.--Production of titanium-bearin Essex County, by the National Lead Co. was gre an outstanding reason for the rocord performance as a whole. North Carolina.--The Yadkin Valley Ilmenite Glidden Co., produced 27,349 short tons of ilm percent TiO,) at Finley, Caldwell County. Th percent above that in 1946. Virginia.--Ilmcnite and rutile continued t Rosclaud, Nelson County, by the American Ru of the Metal & Thermit Corp. The Calco Chem ican Cynnainid Co. likewiso continued to prod River, Nelson County. ' ' CONSUMPTION AND USE Consumption of ilmenite established a new h the fifth successive year, enabled to rise 19 pe cause of further expansion of pigmont-plant-ca platiL-capacily expansion had been suflicient to additional tonnages of ilmenite would have b manufacture of titanium pigments again used 99 consumed. Rutile consumption rose 8 percent rod coatings again took by far the largest quan total, in that year. Titanium Pigments.--New peak records for ments of titanium pigments were established successive year. The expanded capacity operat to supply all requirements for this product by maud for titanium pigments, although rising merits, has been accentuated in recent years b of competitive lead- and zinc-paint pigments. tion from a leading manufacturer, the use pat ments in 1947 was as follows: 75 percent was 1 Silencer, Itnbt. V., Titanium Minerals In Trail Rldgo, Fla.i'Burcau 1208, 1018, 21 pp. 1178 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1947 Consumption of ilmenite and rutile in the United States, 1943-45 (total) and 1946-47, by products, in short tons Ilmenite Rutile Product Gross weight Esti mated TIOi content Gross weight Esti mated TIOj content 302,822 360.94) 381, 178 142,808 175,475 187, 680 1946 399,042 105 4,085 200,352 57 2.025 451 220 Total 1946........................... -.................................................................... 1947 404, 283 473,151 144 5.972 202. 003 248, 231 74 2,431 254 123 479, 524 250,859 17. 034 14.813 0, 791 5.990 1.035 75 34 7. 134 6, 425 1.131 102 34 7,692 16, 451 13. 837 9,144 5,600 966 72 32 0. 070 5,907 1,050 95 31 7,083 1 "Pigments" Include all manufactured titanium dioxide, consumption of which In wcldlng-rod coatings was 938 tons In 1946 and 1,267 tons hi 1947. Consists of Ilmenite used as a steel flux and rutile used In lamp.electrode coatings and as a steel deoxl- dixer. lacquer, 8 percent for paper, 6 percent for rubber, 2 percent each for floor coverings and welding rods, ami 7 percent for other uses. Welding-Rod Coatings.---Production of titanium-coated welding rods was 153,000 short tons in 1947, a gain of 15 percent over 1946 and the first increase since 1943. In 1946, 133,000 short tons were coated and in 1943, 481,000 tons. Of the rods in 1947, 54 percent were coated with natural rutile,' 33 percent with manufactured titanium dioxide (extracted from ilmenite), 7 percent with both varieties of dioxide, and 6 percent with ilmenite. Titanium Alloys and Other Uses.---New acid-resistant, highly opaque sheet-metal cover-coat enamels made from relatively high percentages of titanium dioxide have come to the fore 3 because of their many advantages in covering power and acid resistance. A steel lifts been developed 4 to withstand very high temperature of enameling furnaces so that a special tough porcelain enamel can be applied to the metal. The single porcelain enamel finish on the titanium steel has production advantages over the two-coat finish. Synthetic rutile gems have been developed at the titanium division 1 Steel Enameling Industry Limited by Raw Materia) Shortages: Vol. 122, No. l, Jan. 5, 1948, p. 239. The Iron Age., Titanium Iron for Vitreous Enameling (Advertisement): Vol. 158, No. 24, Dec. 12, 1946, p. 149. Daily Metal Reporter, Westinghouse Offers Range With Titanium Steel Tap: Vol. 48, No. 61, Apr, 2, 1948, p. 9. TITANIUM of the National Lead Co. research laborat states: Pure rutile crystals may have other uses in ad uses have not yet been investigated due to the p lion. The atomic structure of the mineral indi electrical, optical and sonic properties. STOCKS Ilmenite and rutile industry stocks in respectively, during 1947. Stocks of titanium concentrates in the United S short tons 1040 Stocks lime nitc Rutile Gross weight Esti mated TIOj content Gross weight Esti mated TIO content Mine................................ Distributors .............. Consumers................... Government *............. 1.309 3,919 375,998 Tolnl slocks... 381,220 013 2.165 195,541 198,309 533 8,488 1,800 3,801 14,808 601 7,979 1,521 3,658 13,659 1 Includes ilmenite and rutile content of mixed sirconlum-tlt 1 A largo quantity previously counted as stocks was written 1 Excludes stocks In Government strategic stock pile. PRICES Ilmenite, 57-60 percent TiOs, was qu Mineral Markets nominally at $19-820 seaboard, according to grade and impuri the end of the year, hut slumped to a low o in late spring. Rutile, 94 percent Ti02 gu nominally at 8-10 cents a pound throug ferrotitanium, ton lots, at $1.23 per pou 45-percent grade and $1.35 for 20- to corbontitanium, 15-20 percent Ti, at $1 percent carbon and $157.50 for 3- to 5 metal, 96-98 percent, continued to be until May when the quotation was advan it remained until reduced in September, level it continued through the remainder titanium dioxide (anatase), chalk-resist in bags, carlots, delivered--quoted in O at 15)2 and \5)i to 17}( cents a pound, re of the year--was raised 1 cent a pound in 1 cent at the end of December. Science News Letter, New Synthetic Gems Made: Vol. 52 1180 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1947 FOREIGN TRADE 8 Imports.--Receipts of ilmcmfcTrom abroad in 1947 were larger than ever before, being 24 percent above 1946 and 5 percent higher than the previous record established in 1939, before the war had cut off normal trade movements. India was by far the largest source, furnishing 87 percent of total entries in establishing new record quantities in 1947. Norwegian ilmenite came into the country again in larger quantities following the resumption of shipments to the United States in 1945. Imports of rutile, much of if in the form of mixed zircon-rutilc-ilmenit.c concentrates from Australia, more than doubled Titanium concentrates 1 imported for consumption in the United States, 1943-47, by countries, in short tons [U. S. Department of Commerce] Country of origin 1043 1044 1015 1010 1017 II.MFNITF. Brazil............................................................................ Canada........................................................................ India............................................................................. 390 05, 437 8, 900 Total as reported........................................ Australia: In "zirconium oro"*........................ Grand total................................................... Value of "As reported"............................ RUTILE Australia *.............................................................. Total as reported........................................ Australia: In "zirconium ore"*....................... 74, 787 3, 306 78. 093 $380,161 2, 802 4,920 1,095 818 0, 035 4, 703 Grand total................................................... Value of "As reported"............................ 14,338 $823, 024 79 5, 511 32, 580 4.048 02, 060 1, 753 10. 508 0, 087 179.093 0. 805 2 1, 250 218, 623 21,077 104,884 4,004 208,830 4 1, 230 240,952 1,388 108,948 210,072 212,310 $596,034 $1,217,339 $1,140,112 1, wo I 7. 122 202, 503 30.020 301,311 301,311 $1,791,020 1, 800 1,009 134 3, 699 0, 320 10,019 $272, 283 3,070 231 4,377 31 3, 301 7, 298 4, 408 1,456 10, 002 .$98, 170 5, 804 $213, 795 7, 400 3 113 7, 570 *5,001 12,637 $408, 810 1 Classified t vs ''tire'' by the U. S. Department of Commerce. * Most of the Imports of titanium from Australia hi IQ1.'M7 were in mixed zlrcon-rulilc-ilnicnllo concen trates. Totals of mixed concentrates are derived by addition of the U. S. Department of Commerce figures for Imports of Ilmenite, rutile, and "zirconium ore" from Australia. These totals are apportioned by the Bureau of Mines (on the basis of surveys of importers) Into the three component minerals. The excess quantities of ilmenite and ml lie over the quantities reported by the IJ. W. Department of Commerce In those specific categories are entered as "lu 'zirconium ore,' '' * Most of the ilmenite. rutile, and zircon from Australia In 1917 was imported in the form of zlrcon-rutllc or zircon-rutllo-llmonllc mixed concentrates. These concentrates (including separated concentrator, of a single mineral) l.nLilcd 30,074 short tons, of which 1,050 wore ilmeiiHc, 12,52 1 rutile, and 21,891 zircon. Fur statistical convenience, it can he assumed llmt 5,001 tons of the material reported l>y the Deportment of Commerce as Ilmenite was actually rutile; the value of this 5,001 tons of tutile, however, is inseparable from tbe value of Ilmenite os reported. 4 Includes 309 tons not recovered from mixed concentrates. 1 Includes quantities reported by ibo U. S. Department of Commerce as originating in French Equatorial Africa, from which no rutile production has been recorded. 9 Flguics on imports nnd exports compiled by M. B. Prico, of the llurcau of Mines, from records of tho U. S. Department of Commerce. TITANIUM in 1947 and were the largest since 1 important foreign source of rutile in 19 for consumption totaled 45 short tons Kingdom. Exports.--Of the concentrates exporte the Netherlands, 30 percent to Canad percent to the Union of South Africa, a and France. Of the pigments, 63: pe percent to Belgium-Luxcmbourg; Norw out of the 44 remaining destinations th cent. South America as a whole re Europe, including Belgium-Luxcmbou percent. Total titanium products exp about $5,500,000. Exports of titanium products from the Un (U. S. Department of C Year Concentrate* Ferro-alloys 1 Short tons Value Short tons Value 1013................................... 1944 ................................ 1915................................... 1940................................... 1047................................... 576 291 009 1, 385 1,260 $103,947 51,828 121,961 200,860 192; 703 700 $117, 703 127, 744 122, 650 63, 509 80,5 / Include* metal and nonferrom alloys, 1943-44. * Beginning Jan. 1, 1946, not separately classified. TECHNOLO Bureau of Mines' pilot-plant producti wras discussed in the report of this ser method used, a modification of the Kroll of pure titanium tetrachloride. About titanium Letrachlorido have been su distillation process developed bv the B recently issued, gives detailed informatio Gorman research in connection with MgO-lincd batch rotary kiln in the p Bodiumhydroxide (lux is discussed in th chapter. German methods of produc referred to. An article 8 recently published stat present time titanium can he produced 1 .Stoddard, C. Kcrhy, and IMctz, Emil, Pilot-Plant Dis chlorido; Bureau of Mines Kept, of Investigations 4153, 194 *000, E. A., nnd Waggnmau, W, 13., Metallic Titaniu Resistant: Materials and Methods, vol. 27, No. 1, January 1182 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1947 pound, and estimates of large-scale production have been as low as 50 J cents a pound. The article says: j Even at the higher prices, the unusual and valuable properties of titanium are such as to amply justify its use for purposes that cannot be adequately fulfilled by other metals. The technology of titanium, however, is only in its infancy, and continued improvement of the preparation and fabrication processes will even tually bring about lower costs. WORLD REVIEW Available data on world production of ilmenitc and rutile in recent years are shown in the accompanying table. Brief notes on certain important producing and consuming countries follow. World production of titanium concentrates (ilmenite and rutile), 1940-47, by countries, in metric tons [Compiled by B. B. Mitchell] Country 1940 1941 1042 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 Australia; ILMENITE 1,538 3. 521 258 3. 651 037 3.815 1.902 3. 500 3,097 | 6,671 5,894 6.449 12 4,114 465 India................................................................. 267,376 4,471 11,477 2 331, 111 51,700 899 7,082 l/nltcd States............................................... 18, 760 61,08ft 798 1,000 71 21,135 0, 100 * 691 49.077 00.713 4,840 85 70. 042 62.992 38.300 66,101 121 730 178 184,067 3. 250 30.820 9 102,412 (13.075 548 262, 749 5.000 12, 834 9 174.848 28,312 301 3,200 21ft 270, 880 1,275 14ft 187, 993 P) P> 033 4.310 128 26ft, 230 (0 1.134 P> e> ( > (>) 0) 0) 136 305. 20ft 354. 532 234,974 200,036 358.982 461,050 511,271 500,000 P) Australia: KUTII.K 1,641 400 400 934 1.5ft 2, 620 3. 549 267 (> 2, 369 1. 800 1,891 172 2. H39 4,496 1,007 4,015 2,400 2, 295 77 2, 402 4.828 1,655 4, 557 2. 735 2, 396 lift 3,617 4,597 ) 4,24fi | 9,900 1. 504 3,320 1, 672 85 ft, 279 100 1,440 620 7fl ft, 613 8,283 28 l,2f>0 262 P) 0, 701 13,406 <5 800 P) (0 7, 767 6,252 12.887 17, 292 19,904 21,763 18, 709 16, 700 0) 1 Data not available. In 194ft. estimates by author of chapter Included in world total. > Includes 26 tons of garnct-ilmcnlte. * Exports. January to September, inclusive. 1 Approximately 20 jHirccnl of ilrnenlUi concentrates is r.lrcon. Less than I too. TITANIUM Ceylon.--Investigation was said0 to b bility of installing a factory for the manu from ilmenite to be produced from reporte on the east coast. Finland.--Finnish press reports in 1947 s to 20,000,000 tons of ore, containing 07 titanium, were discovered to be in deposi Germany.--The report of this series fo data made, available recently on titanium report*10 *is* abstracted as follows: Research is described on the smelting of ilme kiln in the presence of both carbon and a sodiu are a high carbon content iron and a sodium titanium dioxide with a TiO,/Na,0 mol ratio o with sulfuric acid and subsequently processed to research had not progressed far enough to eva nomics of the process, or to establish definitely refractory lining. Three methods employed by German te of titanium metal were described 11 in 194 India.--Descriptions of the discovery of mineral sands in Travancore, and of th present, were recently published.11 Th mentioned in the report of this series fo struction in Travancore, is expected13 *to* *r to cost about $1,250,000, and to have a c a day. British interests, headed by B were said to have agreed to assist in sett Malaya.--Resumption of the exportatio tin mining, was expected M in 1947. Exp long (11,276 metric) tons in 1939. Mexico.--A largo deposit of ilmenite discovered recently west of Victoria, capit The Instituto de Geologia de la Univ (Geological Institute of the National Mexico was reported 13 recently to have said to lie large deposits of rutilo near th Oaxaca, near the village of Pluma Hidalg * Metal Industry (London), vol. 71, No. 12, Sept. 19, 1947, p 10 Kramer, Edw. N., and others, The Bmelting of Ilmenite i (U. S.) FIAT Final Kept. 1061, Mar. 5, 1947, S3 pp. (Publishe M Titanium, Three German Methods of Production; Metal from B. I. O. 8. report), pp. 363-364. Vlswiinntlmn, I'., Ucuch Minerals of Travancoro: 8clcnco 1946, pp. 22-29. ''Indian Monatite Exports Restricted by Government; E No. 25, June 19, 1947, p. 3. " Bureau of Mines, Mineral Trade Notes; Vol. 25, No. 4, O " Bureau of Mines, Mineral Trndo Notes; Spec- Suppl. 18, x Bureau of Mines, Mineral Trado Notes; Vo). 25, No. J, J J.lO't MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1047 New Zealand.--Titanium mineral resources on the West Coast of Wanganui are said 17 to have been examined and reported on for E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. Some 22,000,000 tons of titaniferous magnetite ore are estimated 18 to be present. Norway.- Second only to India in the, output of ilmenitc before World War II, Norway's production was subsequently surpassed by the United States. Expansion of capacity for output at the mine of the National Lead Co. at Fredrikstad was announced late in 1947, the second since the end of the, war. United Kingdom.--The 1947 annual report of the National Lead Co. indicated the disposal of stock interest in British Titan Products Co., Ltd., early in 1948 in conformance with the. United States Supreme Court ruling mentioned in the opening section of this report. 17 .South African Min. At finer. Jounm!, vol. r>8. pt. f. No. 28.11. May 17. 1047, p. 371. > Chemical Ago (Ixuulon), vo). 6G, No. 1447, Apr. 6, 1947, p. 422. Tungsten By HUBERT W. DAVIS GENERAL SUMMARY ACK of offerings of tungsten concentrates of L first half of 1947, increased world demand, " higher prices were features of the tungs To case the shortage that existed in the Unite of the tool-steel industry made an unsuccessful a of the tungsten in the Government strategic st Owing largely to a shortage of supplies, Euro South American tungsten, and increased dome of imported tungsten concentrates advanced to ton unit of W03, duty paid, by mid-July; an delivered, reached $32 a unit. After an impro position and buyer resistance, the price of both i concentrates dropped to $30 a unit by the end Salient statistics of tungsten ores and concentrates in th in pounds of tungsten Year Production 1943.......... 1944......... 1045......... 1046.......... 1947......... 11,472,085 9,764,647 6,388,630 4, 671,042 3,026,470 11.368,295 9,786. 537 5, 200,818 4,942,282 2, 944,622 19,445,017 18,396,277 4, 773,861 6,869,438 6,018,005 19.313.000 19.165.000 14, 146.000 6,458,000 7, 812,000 Despite much higher prices and substantia 1947, domestic production and shipments of declined for the fourth successive year. Produ tungsten concentrates (60 percent W03 basis), short tons, respectively, in 1947, decreases of 3 1946. Nevada again was the premier tungste North Carolina--where output was double th from fourth to second place. Imports of tungsten ores and concentrates f United States were 6,323 short tons (60 perce a decline of 12 percent from 1946. China (2 percent), and Bolivia (14 percent), supplied 5 However, important quantities were also co Congo and Siam. Consumption of tungsten concentrates in t about 8,200 short tons (60 percent W03 basis) 844863-46 1