Document dNvKNr8ZkBJgK49w1MaMv3kB

CERAMIC ABSTRACTS 1955 Charles S. Pearce, Editor Mary J. Gibb, Assistant Editor Mary A. Orthokfer, Editorial Assistant Committee on Publications: .1. J. Canfield, Chairman; C. H. Hahner, W. Raymond Kerr, and J. (). Everhart Technical Adviser: Margie K. Reser Compiled by The American Ceramic Society 4055 North High Street Columbus 14, Ohio PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT )55 IX. Production Equipment and Unit Operations--.V, Instruments and Methods for Physical Tests Id >ertures therein and a substantial wall thickness about the aper- plane and the other surface of the article to "float" the article res. the outer walls o( the ferrules being provided with screw from the reference surface and orient the first surface of the article reads, the inner walls of the ferrules also being provided with so that its angurar inclination or deviation from the plane of the rrw threads separate and distinct from the screw threads on the reference surface is equal to the original angular inclination or iter walls, the threads on the outer walls screw threadedly eit- ,, deviation from the other surface D.J.B. iging those of the sockets and the threads on the inner walls Operating means and action for stone crushers. Nelson H. ing of the same hand as the threads on the outer walls. Bogie. U. S. 2,687,253, Aug. 24. 1954.-- l. A rock crusher D.J.B. comprises a horizontally disposed annular support forming an Magnetic separator. William E. Box, John T. Claridge. open bottomed material discharge chandler, a spider within the so Arthur C. Turnock (Electromagnets. Ltd ). U. S. 2,- support and including a plurality of spaced arms extending in- 10,263, Sept. 28. 1954. -- 1. A magnetic separator incorporates wardlv from the support and a block carried by the anns and dis i endless band conveyer having superposed runs, onto the upper posed centrally of the chamber, an upper frame including a lower in of which the material to be separated is directed, and magnetic d inwardly converging anvil portion and an upper hopper portion liar means located transversely between the runs at the dis- opening into the anvil portion, the frame being mounted on the large end and extending for the full width of the conveyer with support substantially centrally above the block, a conical crusher ,e poles arranged transversely. D.J.B. head slidably mounted on the block for vertical movement axially Method of lapping quartz crystals. Fred L. White (Crane -- of the anvil portion, and means for reciprocating the head relative icking Co.). 0. S. 2,637,603, Aug. 31. 1954. -- 1. The method to the anvil portion to crush rock on the upstroke and discharge lapping an article having oppositely facing suriaces which are crushed rock down through the chamber on the downstroke. ightly out of parallelism with each other to bring the faces into D.J.B irallelism comprises applying the article to a plane lapping sur- Outside cloths for the filtering cloths of filter presses. J. S. ce of a rotating lap with one of the surfaces in contact with the Heath and C. R. Heath Brit. 709,077, March 17, 1954. -- A p and exerting pressure on the article by establishing a planar filter cloth has a center part of open weave or of network piastic ference surface parallel to and spaced from the plane lapping material with a bounding strip of plain or imperforated plastic irface. ami maintaining a thin film of air between the reference material. B.C.R.A. X--Instruments and Methods for Physical Tests Applications of X-ray diffraction in the environmental field. SKN. and S. ROsch. E. Schwcizerbarl'sche Verlagshuchhand- . Lennox and J. Leroux. Arch. Ini. Hyg., Oct. (1953); re- lung (Erwin Nageie), Stuttgart, 1953. xiii 4- 3Gb pp. Price -inted with additions in More/co Reporter, 1 [6| 91-97, 104 -- DM 29.--Twenty years have passed since M. Berek revised the 954).-- L. discusses procedures that can be used for the identi- well-known smaller textbook of Rinnc (5th ed. in 1922) to a ration of toxic materials by means of a'special camera or Geiger modern form. He has not been able to see this excellent 2d sinter spectrometer. The methods are much more rapid than edition of his work, but the fine anti respectiul spirit m which the temical methods. Quartz, talc, asbestos, mica, beryllia, metal- * editors have finished the book speaks from every page. The : oxides, organic insecticides, and the possibilities in urban air great progress which was made, especially by the E. Leitz Optical lilution are covered. Further studies regaroing quantitative Works in Wetzlar, in the last two decades in the construction of ethods are mentioned briefly, li references, 11 figures. modern polarization microscopes is most evident. The methods D.J.B. -- developed by Berek for the quantitative determination of the Philips 75 kv. electron microscope. Anon. Soreico Re optical constants for opaque minerals in reflected light are one nter. 1 |6| 99-104 (1954).--Technical data and a description of example of this progress; they are particularly important for the lis new instrument are presented. 10 figures. D.J.B. problems of the physiography of rock-forming minerals, the in Saw material control in a wall tile plant. A. M. Illinc. .4 m. / vestigation of ore deposits, and even for the industrial laboratory. tram. Soc. 3ul!.. 33 fill 3CS (1954).--While the usual control The examination oi ceramic products by microscopic-optical sts. such as chemical analysis, screen test, particle size deter - methods is no less essential than corresponding studies in the wide inatton, etc., may indicate to the producer that he is supplying fields of metallography and chalcography The considerable in liform shipments, the only means the consumer has of deter- -- crease in the fundamental chapters on optical crystallography has ining how the raw materials will actually behave is to incorpo- been compensated by a distinct reduction in the size of the chap te the material into a test body or glaze. ter on geometric crystallography. Characteristic of this book is Stndy of the impact of spheres on plates. J. P. A. Tit.LETT. the preferred use of mathematical formulas of the optical prob roc. Phys. Soc. (London). 67 |417B] 677-58 (1954).--Measure- 9 lems of crystallography; graphical diagrams, which are so often ents of the coefficient of restitution and times of contact were used in American textbooks, are generally omitted. Great em ade for the impact of steel balls on plates of giass and plastics, phasis is given to methods using the 4 and 5 axis universal stage, he type of glass is not specified, but at 20 the coefficient of res- the methods of Fedorov-Nikitin-Ussov. those of Berek (pages tution was found to be 0.985. When plates are thick relative -- 259-93), and the Berek microphotomcier methods (pages 301-31) the size of the ball, the coefficient varies only slightly with for the determination of the anisotropy parameters of opaque ipact velocity. The time of contact varied with impact veloc- minerals (double reflection, uniradial reflection, etc.). The y. v. as V/t-jV1. Contact time for the glass with a steel ball book concludes with methods for inclined reflection, e.g.. in the 25 in. in diameter at 9<)cm. see. was 32 X lO-'sec. A mathe- h use of the universal stage for the measurement of refractive in Rlical study was made to establish a relationship between en- dices by the immersion method, and related problems (pages gy loss due to internal friction during impact and the relaxation 332-45). 285 figures. W. Eitbl 'cctrum of the material. 5 figures. \V_A. Ue of the dilatometer and the high-temperature microscope -- PATENTS r characterizing kaolins and days. Hans Joachim Harxort. Automatic instrument for determining permeability of porous eram.z.. 6 [7] 315-20; (8) 381-88. 409 (1954).--A wide range of dielectrics. William M. Wooding (American Cyanamid Co.). erman refractory ball clays, sagger clays, and kaolins were ex- U. S. 2,691,135, Oct. 5. 1954. D.J.B. tuned by (1) chemical analysis. (2) measuring the expansion and ` Interference microscope. Kurt RAntsch (Carl Zeiss). ptitraction of rods 50 mm. long during heating to 1100'C., and U. S. 2,688,899, Sept. 14. 1954. D.J.B. .) observing and photographing the shrinkage and sintering of Radiation temperature measurement. William E. Phillips. mm. cubes during healing to 1600C. in a furnace on the Jr. (Leeds and Nonhmp Co.). U. S. 2,690,078, Sept. 28, icTOscope stage. The effects of the different mineral eonstitu- 1954.-- j. A system for measuring the temperature of a body its of the clays on their sintering characteristics are discussed, i figures. J ^S from which radiant energy is emitted, the emissivity of the body being less than unity. D.J.B. Scanning mechanisms for color sorting machines. Evbrbtt BOOK j H. Bioclby. U. S. 2,688,099, Aug. 31. 1954 --1. A scanning Introduction to Optic*] Determinations with the Polarization mechanism for color sorting machines comprises a shell contain ;^er0*C0P* (Anleitung zu optischen Untersuchungen mit dem ing a light source and photocell pickup. D.J.B. jbrisationsmikroskopi. 2d ed. F. Rinnb and M. Brrrk. Temperature control for drier*, etc. Adam E. Armstrong. evised by Max Brbbk. edited by C. H. Clal-ssbn. A. Drib- U. S. 2,687,851, Aug. 31, 1954.--2. In a system for controlling 95') VI, Structural Clay Products--VII, Refractories 31 jsed outwardly from the center thereof, the bottom member of hollow spherular ash particles which have been separated from lapted to accumulate residual lubricant which drains from the fly ash in admixture with the binder, the spherular particles hav bricant bore after a discharge thereof, the nozzle being rotatable ing an apparent density of about 0.3 to 0.9 and the hollow spheru unison with the mounting block whereby the rotation of the lar nature of the particles being maintained intact. D.J.B. ive shaft is effective to extend the blade and concurrently spread Process of producing lightweight aggregates. Rasul B. ie lubricant from the bottom member outwardly toward the Czarnecki and Georcs A. Bolb (Ohio State University Re ^charge apertures by centrifugal force in position to be ejected search Foundation). U. S. 2.693,017, N'ov. 2. 1954.--2. A trough the apertures upon intermittent application of com- __ process of producing lightweight aggregate comprises adding a -essed air and lubricant to the lubrirant bore for deposit upon crude hydrocarbon oil to dry claylike materials having more than te surface of the former cap and die. D.J.B. 50% combined silica and alumina by weight, subsequently adding Perforated brick. J. F. Marshall. . Brit 705,520, Jan. 20, water to the material in the proportion of about 15 to 25 parts of )54.--A design for a lattice- or trellis-type hollow block having a > water by weight to 100 parts of the raw material, forming the mix eg path for heat conduction through the solid material. B.C.R.A. Porous materials suitable for use as thermal and acoustic in diters and process for their manufacture. Charles Mburjcs n) Fernand Parentani (Bureau d'Etudes et Laboraloires nncxes a 1'Inslitut Meurice Cbimie S. P. R. L.). U. S. 2,691,- ture into substantially rounded pellets, and then causing the pel lets to swell by heating them in an oxidizing atmosphere from room temperature to a maximum temperature between 1000 and 1260C. Kamil B. Czarnecki (Ohio State University Re search Foundation). U. S. 2,693,018, Nov. 2. 1954.--After the mixture is formed into rounded pellets, the pellets are treated with a hydrocarbon oil having a relatively high vapor pressure J8, Oct. 12, 1954. -- 1. An insulation material formed of a mix- c relative to the vapor pressure of the first named hydrocarbon ire of a porous low-density filler and a binder therefor consists oil. D.J.B. VII--Refractories Anthology of refractories: I, Quartzites. E. Biaciotti and construction of all-basic roofs, affording higher operating tem Grungo. Ceramiea, 9 (9| 72-S3; !10j 43-53 (1954).--Meth- q, peratures. Super duty silica brick permits a 35 C. higher Is of classification, volumetric and chemical analysis, physico- operating temperature, and its consumption is 3.01 lb./ton as aemical properties, behavior on firing, composition, and struc- against 3.04 lb./ton with ordinary silica brick. 4 references. 10 ire are described for a number of German. French. Italian, and figures. B.L.M. ransvaal quartzites. M.Ha. __ Developments in the electrolytic production of aluminum. R. Behavior of foundry sand at high temperatures. P. Nicolas. Thyacarajan. R. S. Ramachandran, and K. K. Cherian. 'iesserei, 41 (13 j 333-38 (1954).--Heat resistance and expansion Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 6. T. P. 83 . 296-319 (1952).--Zir- jefficient are important properties ol molding sands. The conia brick has been used in containers for molten aluminum, but ictors influencing them, temperature, gas development, corr.posi- it does not meet the requirements of electrolytic reduction cells on. and additions, were investigated, and the results are shown requiring high electrical conductivity. Electrolytic ceils consist i diagrams. Most molding sands have a too high and harmful of an iron box lined with carbon mads by tamping in a mixture of eat resistance, which can be overcome by using lean sends, iimit- coke, pitch, and tar and subsequent baking or by cementing to ig the moisture content to that corresponding to the highest gether prebaked carbon blocks with carbonaceous paste. 25 reen strength, and using suitable additions; wood flour is partic- -- references, 5 figures. 3.L.M. larly recommended as it reduces the heat expansion. Heat re- Graphite electrodes. Rodney N. Hadbr. B. \V. Gamson. stance is denned as the highest pressure at a certain temperature and Bruce L. Bailey. Ind. Eng. Chem., 46 [1| 2-11 (1954).-- iat a sand specimen prepared under definite conditions will stand A detailed review of the production of graphite electrodes from ntil fracture. M.Ha. / petroleum coke is given. The physical properties of typical Ceramics for high-tempera rare aoplications. A. Pechman. synthetic graphite products are tabulated. 7 references. 1 i cram. Age, 62 { 51 27-31. 34-35 (1953); Ceramics. 6 |61| 19-20, figures. F.G.H. 2-27 (1954); Pacific Coast Ceram, yews, 3 [6J 24. 30; [7] 20, Iron as a catalyst in the decomposition of carbon monoxide. 2; (8) 23; [9j 24 (1954). Cl. Ceram. Abstr., 19S4. April, p. -- P. P. Das and B. Chatterjek. Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 6, 3o. R.H.B. T.P. 81, 279-84 (1952).--Catalytic activity of metallic iron in the Corrosion of [glassmelting] tank blocks in the light of research decomposition of carbon monoxide decreases on continued heating ad plant experience. Rudolf Rasch. Glas-Email- Keramo- in the gas. This is due largely to the formation of iron carbide 'ecu., 5 (9) 313-22 (1954).--The differences in the refractory Q and in some measure to the crystallization of the material. Hy roperries of kaolin and fire clay are explained by differences in drogen and nitrogen act as carbon-deposition inhibitors; thus, ie lattice structures of the kaolinite and the "fire-clay mineral." the disintegration of refractory materials may be minimized by he general reactivity of a refractory toward molten glass is de heating them in hydrogen or nitrogen prior to their incorporation n-mined by the degree to which the surface exhibits an imperfect in the furnace. 4 references,2 figures. B.L.M. ittice. Lattice imperfections increase in number as the melting Manufacture and use of refractories in the South. C. A. oint is reached, and erosion by the molten glass begins at these Brasharbs. Ind. Heating, 21 [11| 2315-20. 2332.2338 (1954).-- oints. A complete splitting of the lattice may be caused by B. discusses market conditions, types ot refractories produced, lechanical breaking (milling), by the entry of a disrupting cat- " and raw materials found and compares their properties with those rjx, or by the disorder associated with a crystal transformation of the East and West. Fields where refractories are most in hange (a- -- d-quartz or cristobaiite, the decomposition of the demand are given. M.Ha. iOfAItOi minerals, etc.). Although TiOt in small amounts has a Mineral insulation and heat-protective materials. H. J. ivorable effect as a sintering agent, in larger amounts it acts as Karmaub. Sprechsaal, 83 [11) 216-19 (1950).--K. describes 14 n ion which disrupts the tight SiO< lattice structure and ad- German patents on materials and techniques developed during ersdy affects both the refractoriness and the resistance to erosion the 1ate war years (1943-1945) utilizing asbestos, slag wool, hy y glass. Similarly, the poor resistance of mullite brick to molten drogels from sodium silicate, expanded vermiculite, resin soap, lass is due to the high-temperature decomposition of the kyanite 1 sulfite lye, bitumen emulsion, andother agents. L.E.S. rystal. The temperature gradient through the refractory wall Oxidation of silicon carbide and a protective coating. H. W. Iso has a marked effect on the extent of the corrosion by glass, Faust and G. Sttrn. Glas-Email-Kcramei-Tcch., 5 |9| 323-24 ad it is pointed out that the common conception of a linear tem- (1954).--The advantages of the excellent thermal and refractorv erature gradient through the refractory is incorrect because the properties of SiC are limited in furnace practice by the physical lermal conductivity of the refractory varies with the tempera- deterioration caused by oxidation of the SiC. Almost complete ire. 13 figures. 53 references. J.A.S. protection is given by a surface coating of Vanal. Cf. Ceram. Current trends in the development and use* of refractories. Abstr., 1954, Feb., p. 29/. J.A.S. I. K. Mitra. Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 6, T.P. 85 (1952).-- f Raw materials for the refractories industry: L Quartzite. I. reviews the phase-equilibrium diagrams in explaining the serv- Bholanath Chatterjee. Indian Ceramics, 1 [2] 53-56 (1954). x failure of siilimanite brick in steei-meiting furnaces and the --Quartzite oi silica stone required lor the manufacture of silica nportance of silica brick over basic brick under the same condi- brick comes from Ratanpur and Purabsarai in Monghyr district ons. Brick and structure designs have been changed in the and Behar-sarif in the Patna district of Bihar. Detailed prospect- 98 Ceramic A bstracts May tative precipitation of uranium values and a minimum coprecipi tation of vanadium values from a leach liquor obtained by extract ing a carnotite ore with an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate comprises heating the leach liquor to 194'F.. adding sulfuric acid thereto until an immediate pH value of 6.0 to 7.! is attained holding the reaction mixture at 194"". for about 2 to 4 hr.. an,j then separating the uranium containing precipitate from tht supernatant liquor. D T.B. XIV--General i nd Historical Bulk transportation by rail. John M. Gleason. Am. Ceram. portion of the very finest particles are expelled again with th* Soc. Bull.. 34 |3| 72-73 (1955).--G. describes a new type of special breath. Tridymite and cristobalite are even more dangerooi hopper car tor the efficient and economical shipment of dry pow than quartz (firebrick dust is therefore very harmful). Yitreoni dered and granular materials. Where materials are now being 6 SiOi is harmless or almost so, and the silicate glasses are quite shipped in paper sacks, conversion to bulk shipment in the new harmless. A mixture of coal and quartz dusts (around coal-fired cars would effect substantial savings. 1 figure. kilns?) is particularly harmful; the addition of feldspar, mica, or Color in factories. C. Sturm er. Glas-Email-Kcramo-Tech., kaolin diminishes the effect of quartz dust, but it is uncertain 5 [12J +43-44 (1954).--A brief review is given of the psychological __ whether mica dust alone is harmless. Clays are harmful accord value of color, particularly of pastel shades, for both workrooms ing to their free quartz content. Mixed dusts of quartz and and machines. In choosing the colors, the effect of artificial fluorspar (in enamel plants) are particularly harmful. Pure roruo. light must not be overlooked. It is recommended that moving dum and silicon carbide arc harmless, but asbestos and taic mar parts of machines and hazardous sites in the workroom be painted c cause nonsilicotic fibrosis. Among other harmless dusts are yellow, and that the traditional bright red be retained for fire olivine, augite, hornblende, gypsum, chalk, and re; the latter hazards. The use of colors to identify supply lines should be gives shadows in the X-ray picture of the lung which may be mis- restricted to terminations (taps, valves), junctions, and patches taken for silicosis. Mention is also made of the health hazards spaced along the straight runs. J.A.S. -- occasioned by elements or compounds of Pb. As, Cr. Cd. Hg, S Good design makes sense and dollars too. Howard Bourner. (in some mines). Mn, Zn, and Be. 11 figures. 29 references. Ceram. Ind.. 63 [2| 60-61 (1954).--Design in packaging is dis J.A S. cussed. 6 figures. T.H.E. Widening horizons for procelain enamel in home products. How, when, and where to use ceramics. J. H. Koenig and d G. A. Htrrr. Ceram. .4je. 63 [6j 27, 29. 30. 33 (195+;.--Tne E. J. Smoke. Ceram. Age, 63 [6| 25-27 (1954).--The merits of economic and social factors responsible for the growth of enam ceramic products are briefly described. Structural ciayware. en eled products are discussed. R.H.B. ameled metals, refractories, chemical porcelain, electrical por celain. ferrites, titanates. etc., are covered. R.H.B. -- Perfect packing pays. Henry Bollman. Ceram. Ind., 62 separate publication [5| 65 (1954).--Packing of potterv for shipment is discussed. Graduate Theses Accepted by Virginia Polytechnic Institute, T.H.E. 1951-1954. 3uU. Virginia Poiytecn. Inst., +7 j 10| 22 po. (Aug. Which dusts in the ceramic and glass industries are a danger to e 1954).--Thesis titles of the School of Ceramic Engineering are u health? K. G. Schmidt. Ber. deal, icram. Get.. 31 [11| 355-63 follows: "Time as a factor in the dissociation of caicium sulfate.'' (1954).--Silicosis, its pathology, the factors contributing to its by William B. Hamsou; "Critical study of high tenoeratum incidence, and the technique of atmospheric dust counting are load testing of small-scale refractory shapes." by Dunbar J) reviewed. Disagreeable nasal and bronchial complaints are -- Baker; "Further study of small-scale firebrick samples under caused by the inhalation of SiOi particles >5a. but these particles load at high temperatures," by Ronald H. Lester; and "Approach are too large to enter the alveoles of the lung and therefore do not to equilibrium of mixtures of CaO. Al-Oi. and 5iO; heated to cause silicosis. The harmful particles are <Su. but a large pro- various temperatures." by Sylvester A. Vitolo. 154 Ceramic Abstracts Atlgust PATENTS to-caustic weight ratio of the liquor attained at the end of a Alkali phosphate production. Henry S. Winnicki and Charles P Roberts (Food Machinery Sc Chemical Corp.). U. S. 2,708,619, May 17, 1955.-- 1. The method of producing selected precipitation time is in excess of about 0.350 and up to about 0.400, maintaining the coarse particles in suspension in the mixture by agitation to promote precipitation and further growth alkali metal phosphates comprises burning phosphorus in a down a of the coarse seed particles, classifying the hydrate particles pro wardly directed flame in the top of an elongated, vertical, thin- duced by discontinuing agitation of the slurry and permitting the walled, unlined, stationary, steel reaction chamber which is cor coarse and fine hydrate particles to stratify by settling, separating rosion resistant to alkali solutions up to 1U0C. to produce phos a slurry of enlarged coarser particles from the relatively fine hy- phorus pentoxide, flowing an aqueous alkali solution initially drate particles by transfer of the former to a quiescent zone for containing a compound selected from the group consisting of further settling, further separating and removing additional fine sodium, potassium, and ammonium carbonates and hydroxides hydrate as overflow in the quiescent settling zone, and recovering downwardly along the inside walls of the reaction chamber in con k a concentrated slurry of enlarged coarser particles. D.J.B. current flow with the downwardly directed flame, covering the Chromatographic adsorption apparatus with eluting solvent walls ot the reaction chamber from top to bottom thereof with the flow control valve. Lao J. Novak (Commonwealth Engineering solution, reacting the phosphorus pentoxide with the solution Co. of Ohio). TJ. S. 2,708,519, May 17, 1955.--1. In a system flowing downwardly along the walls of the reaction chamber to __ for chromatographic separation of materials, the apparatus com produce an alkali phosphate solution, maintaining the walls of prises a pair of close-fitting hollow bodies rotatable one within the the reaction chamber between 80 and 100"C. by evaporating other, each body having openings selectively registrable with water from the solution within the chamber, removing the solu openings of the other body to define paths through the bodies nor- tion from the chamber, and crystallizing and dehydrating the c mal to the axis of rotation, an adsorbent for a solute filling the in reaction product to produce a solid alkali phosphate mass. ner body, and means to pass an eluting solvent for the solute D.J.B. through a selected path of the bodies and means for passing ma Alumina production. Jacques B. Houston and Hbrtis V. terial to be separated by adsorption axially of the apparatus. McGill (Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp.). U. S. 2,707,669, _ D.J.B. May 3. 1955.--2. A process .`or the production of coarse Purification of ammonium beryllium flucride solutions. Carl grained alumina hydrate having at least 70% by weight of parti W. Schwbnzfeier, Jr. (United States of America as represented cles plus 200 mesh comprises precipitating alumina hydrate from by the United States Atomic Energy Commission). U. S. 2,708,- a portion of fresh supersaturated aluminate liquor in the presence d 618, May 17. 1955.--1. A process of substantially diminishing of coarse particles of previously precipitated and classified hy the amount of chromium impurities contained in an ammonium drate front an initially treated portion of fresh liquor as seed and in beryllium fluoride solution comprises adding PbOj thereto, boiling the substantial absence of precipitated fine hydrate, the amount the resulting slurry, and then removing the precipitate therefrom. of the coarse hydrate added as seed being such that the alumina- _ D J 3. XIV--Generai and Historical Bow china factory and Edward Heyiyn- G. Wills. Con Toxicity of ceramic raw and accessory materials. H. Strauss. noisseur, 133, 100--102 (1954).--W. gives all the available infor Euro-Ceram., 5 [4J 84-87 (1955).--The harmfulness of some raw mation about Edward Heyiyn. to whom a patent was granted on materials, solid chemicals, and acids, which are inhaled as dust or Dec. 6. 1744. for the use of bone ash in porcelain manufacture, and I which come in contact with :he skin, is described. Symptoms on his connection with the Bow chinaworks. 4 figures. W.A. and antiaotes are given, particularly tor hydroduoric. r.itr.c. ir.d Financial developments in the iBritiahl ceramics industry. sulfuric acids. Of the metals, special care must be taken in M. Duffy: Ceramics, 7 [74| 66-58 (19551.--The growth of handling Mn, Cr. Co. and Pb. M.Ha. eleven well-known ceramic firms is reviewed. A.B.S. Research projects completed or in progress since May 19M. Anon. Neus in Eng. at Ohio Stale Untv.. 27 [21 25 (1955).-- BOOKS Fifteen ceramic projects are listed with title, purpose, and staff Chemical Engineering Materials. F. Rumpord. Constable for each. R.W.C. g & Co., Ltd., London. 1954. ix + 380 pp., illus.--R. reviews the Scottish pottery. W. C. Wallis. Pottery Quart.. 2 [5] 7-12 properties and limitations ol the materials available for chemical (1955).--W. gives a brief historical description of potteries in plant construction, including brick, tile, stoneware, refractories, Scotland and discusses several living potters. The most highly insulating compounds, vitreous silica, and hard glass. V.R.E. decorative ware was made in 1820 to 1845. 2 photos. A.B.S. __ Directory of the Ceramic Industry, 1954/1955 (Adressbuch der Terminology of limestone and related rocks--interim report. Kerara-Industrie). 23d ed. 1955. Published by Verlag des John Rodgers. J. Sediment. Petrol.. 24 [4] 225-34 (1954).-- Sprechsaal, Muller 8c Schmidt. Coburg, Germany. Price DM 25 The results of a questionnaire on the terminology of limestone plus postage.--This edition gives a complete list of factories and and related rocks indicate where usage is reasonably uniform and h plants manufacturing porcelain, steatite, earthenware, faience, where it is sharply divided. From majority usage it is possible to tile, furnaces, refractories, grinding and polishing materials, and prepare tentative definitions for the following compositional and machinery in the German Federal Republic, Saar District, Aus structural terms: carbonate rock, calcareous (adjective) lime tria, Belgium. Denmark. Finland, France, Greece, Great Britain. stone. dolomite (the rock) or dolostone, dolomitic limestone, cal- -- Ireland. Israel, Italy, Yugoslavia. Luxembourg, Netherlands. citic dolomite or dolostone, marl, marlstonc, odlite. ooid. coquina, Norway, Portugal, Sweden. Switzerland, and Spain. Each sec coquinite, and coquinoid (adjective). Usage on terms expressing tion is arranged so that any product wanted in any country can grain size and on terms expressing genesis is not yet uniform easily be found. The trademarks of all the companies listed are enough to warrant proposing formal definitions, but further debate i shown on 109 pages. A list of vocational schools and research in on these matters should be fruitful, if focused on the distinctions stitutes and the accident insurance laws are included. Indexes that need to be made among the rocks themselves. S.A.F. in English and French. M.Ha. 195o XI, Kilns, Furnaces. Fuels, and Combustion--XII, Raze Materials ' > \ ; Tu obtjin u satisfactory concentration of energy it is necessary High temperature kiln with oxidizing or neutral tiring acxioj- to use a hign number of plane elements, and it is difficult to phere. Compacnie GEnerale oe TelEcraphie sans Fil. ^eep them exactly in position. According to this invention, the Fr. 1.081,173, June 9. 1954.--A kiln fur temperatures of elementary mirrors are each constituted by an elastically deform - (J to l&juC anil higher is cnaracteriaed by the use of tungsten able piate subjected to the action of mechanical deforming means beating erements individually surrounded by a refractorv sheath adjusted to give it. at least approximately, the shape of the corre in a reducing atmosphere forming an enclosure permitting the im sponding portion of the theoretical surface of the mirror, the mersion of the heating element in a neutral or reducing gas whiie mechanical deforming means being capable of giving to every the atmosphere of the furnace, outside of the refractory sheath, elementary mirror the nonsymmetrical shape of a small portion is neutral or oxidizing. S.F.C. 4 M.Ha. of a large mirror, even if this large mirror is itself a body of revo Improvements in the saggers of porcelain kilns. Societe lution about an axis, e.g., a paraboloid of revolution. By this css Electrodes et Repractaires Savoie. Fr. 1,081.230, construction, it is possible to constitute a composite mirror /, June 9, 195-4 -- Around the central opening and. in the case of a having a number of elementary mirror plates equal to only perforated sagger, the length of the outer circumference of the l/i or l/\% the number of mirrors necessary when the elements are sagger is a flange sufficiently high to retain the panicles of re constituted by plane mirrors. H.E.S. fractory material on the sagger. S.F.C. Sc M.Ha. XII--Raw Materials Aerial photography, vegetation, and geology. O. R. Gran and collector concentration. A critical pH curve, was deter- tham. Mining Mag.. 88 |tj| .'129-37 (1953).--G. gives examples ._ mined for the flotation of quartz with dodecylaramonium acetate, in which vegetation types, density, and animal habitations, such and the conditions along the carve are correlated with the ad as ant and termite hills, aid in determining the occurrence of sorption measurements. 17 references. 4 figures. M.D.T. soil and ruck types and geologic structure from aerial photo Gypsum: I, General. Asher S. Braunpbld. II, Gypsum at graphs. 5 figures. M.D.T. ,/ Wadi Ramon. M. Skidelsky. Israel Economic Forum, 6 {3J Asbestos. W. A. Rukeyser. Eng. Mining 154 (2| 110-13 `*-16 (1954).--The quarries, production, analysis, extent, out (1955).--An annual review and forecast of asbestos production put, uses, costs, etc., of gypsum in Israel are surveyed. and developments. M.D.T. V.R.E. Asbestos in Southern Rhodesia. \V. E. Sinclair. Mining _ Human response to blast-produced vibrations. Jlxes E. Mag.. 87 ;3| 145-51 (1952).--Many commercially valuable ore Jbnkins. Pit and Quarry. 47 (12| 108-111. 114 (1955). --Data bodies lie in the discontinuous serpentines that extend generally obtained by Reiher and Meister showing the response of humans in a north-south direction through the center of the country. n various positions to vibration are presented graphically, dis- Long-fiber chrvsotile is a major item in the over-all production, r cussed. and summarized to determine what constitutes an ob which has increased from less than 500 tons in 1914 to 77.663 tons jectionable level. The human body is most sensitive to vertical in 1951. 1 reference, 6 illustrations. M.D:T. Assam and Rewa siilimanite--dehydration, D.T.A., and thermal expansion study. M. L. Misra. M. M. Gcpta. and V. G. Upaohyaya. Refractories J.. 31 [7| 399- 101 (1955).-- Occurrences at siilimanite in India are reviewed, and the pres motion when standing. If the movement is confined to the hori zontal direction, the reclining body is most sensitive to motion applied transverse to the body. Higher frequency reduces the amplitude that is considered objectionable. 3 figures. D.J.3. Hydrocyclone as classifying apparatus for chalk, kaolin, and ence of kaoiinite in .Assam ana Rewa samples is confirmed. 4 day opaeifiers. Karl Baumann. Siiikattech., 6 [8| 247-51 curves. C.M.C. (1955).--Recent tests show that this apparatus is well suited Beneficiarion moves forward- Norman Weiss and S. D. j also uz the kaolin and clay industries for the classification of Michaelsgn. Mining Eng.. 7 |3] 257-69 !'G55).--A review of opaciners. The energy consumption is 7 to 10 Izw.-hr per tor. ;f 1954 covers both commercial activities and research. 11 photos. M.D.T. finished product. 5 references. M.Ha. Impact crushing. L. Acxerman. Mining Mag , 39 (4| 201-12 Blasting in clay and loam pits. Kurt Roper. Ziegciind., 6 -- (1953).--South .African quartzites and conglomerates of the [8| 299-301 (1953).--Details on blasting operations are given. Tartcwaian and Witwatersrand series were experimentally crushed 3 figures. T.H.E. I'mnmAS.n titanium and lithium. Arthur Blissom. Mining by opposed impact and free impact. A. drew the following con clusions: ( 1) For maximum crushing erficiency the energy input Mag., 91 [3| 149-51 (1954).--B. reviews recent developments. g for a single impact should be just suflicient to ensure fracture of A spodumene deposit at La Come. Quebec, has reserves of 12 the particle concerned. (2) The energy input required to frac million tons of 1.25% LitO content. M.D.T. ture any particle is approximately proportional to the weight of Clays: I, General. Asher S. Braunfbld. H, Clays in the the particle. (3) The energy required to halve the average di- Machtesh Hagadol. M. Skidelsky. UL Remarks on days in -- ameter of a given weight of particles is approximately constant. the Wadi Ramon. M. Skidelsky. Israel Economic Forum. 6 (4) When the energy input in any single impact is increased past (3| 79-83. 150 (1954).--The uses, occurrence, nature, properties, the point necessary for fracture, energy wastage occurs which is industrv, costs, etc., in the ciav industries in Israel are analyzed. approximately proportional to the fracture area produced. By V.R.E. the Rittinger theory the efliciency of a tube mill may be 20% Economy in core-drill prospecting. G. A. Robinson. Mining t 25%. but by the Kick theory it is only about 0.02%. A. con Mag., 86 (6| 340--42 (1952).--R. makes a general cost analysis of cludes that Kick's theory more closely expresses the true ef the various phases of a drilling program and shows how the cost ficiency. The impact machine requires much smaller energy of each part can be reduced. M.D.T. input per unit of fracture area produced, when operating on small Experiments with orienteddiamonds indicate 42% savings in particles, than normal ball or cube mills. 7 references. 2 figures. bit costs. A. E. Ross. Eng. Mining J., 135 [10| 94-95(1954).-- M.D.T. Costs and results are given for four jobs on which a total of 6265 Increased Importance of the rarer elements. W. E. Sinclair. ft. were drilled with random set bits and 7341 ft. were drilled * Mining Mag., 92 [1| 18-22 (1955).--S. reviews the sources and with bits with oriented diamonds. Bits with oriented diamonds industrial utilization of titanium, zirconium, the rare-earth ele gave lower cost per foot for diamonds, a lower number of bits, ments. germanium, and lithium. M.D.T. more feet drilled per bit. and lower labor cost in drilling. Other Lithium development and expansion. H. E. Simpson. Class major bit cost factors are discussed, such as grade and size of Ind , 36 [ 11 17-22. 46--47 (1955).--S. reviews the position of diamonds, bit design, and matrix materiaL 2 photos. 1 refer lithia in the ceramic industry and discusses the raw material ence. M.D.T. sources, both mineral and manufactured. The fundamental Feldspar. B. L. Gunsallus. Eng. Mining J., ISA [2] 115 behavior of lithia in glasses, glazes, and enamels in contrast to the (1955).--Salient points in the production of feldspar and nephe- I other alkalis is covered with special reference to its use in glass Ime syenite during 1954. M.D.T. to lower melting temperature, improve durability, lower thermal Flotation of quartz by cationic collectors. P. L. os Bbuyn. expansion, or improve electrical characteristics. 3 figures. 23 Mining Eng., 7 (3| 291-96 (1955).--The density of dodecylam- references. W.W.C. monium ions on the quartz-solution interface is a Function of pH Measuring the crashing resistance of rocks and ores. Ben-