Document byv97jdG4xjOyY56m13yVdVao

I OfI' >* < ggl_ UA2A23A (1 Here and there Aufom*(< #*# S-nce t959 the UK glass f>rm Chance-PiKungton has VJi producing, a"d selling to oil major European markets. lead glass fub-ng #nd rod components for cathode r*y lubes and incandescent and fluorescent lamps, made a coo. tiAUOUS pOdulOA line (Figure 1). The ChaACO-PilkingtOA plant t th* largest of its kind m Europe. and can mny. laciure load glass tubmg of any regu-rwd d ometer in tte complete commercial range--between tj mm and 60 mm.-- at an output rate, depending on t</e. of op to .000 ft. a wwnute. Thirty per Cent lead it used m the mefts, which ai* mned to a special formula and wh<h flow through a channel approximately 21 feet long. auicmat<ai>y controlled !o predetermined temperatures. A* me moUen plats flows through an annului, wh<h e'*t of an inner funnel or 'Pelt* and an outer Cylinder or 'ring', n blown donn a hollow shaft through the bell to inflate the glass and keep It <n tubular form. Tre g<ast it CWt IO the required lengths aher be<ng cooked on a horizontal run#*, Lead has been used *n the making of gait for hundreds of years now. and the clarity and bloom of me erst crystal <t in tact directly attributable to th# lead nnnoi^i m the meH fo/.npdamp Urflrr the name el Motyscaphe, a French f.iw ha* recently ma-ieted a very up-to-date form of a trad.t.r.#i use of lead to '-to coer up and eflecfnefy Seal off damp patches on i-s-de w*i-% Molyscaph* is fh.n lead to ', pipe'-backed a'-d sod m rolls App'.ed with neop*ene gi>ie. the fof cevr's wa'i sta-s and at the same i-nr p'o.-des a good Surface f paper .g o*r or painting VUe/oftfft Fatten o t' Va'<e de los Ca.dot. Spam's great monument to t->* fa'ivn on both Sides m f*<* Spanish C'rrf War, was fnahf completed tn IMP after <0 years' work. A memo^aJ crypt ft2 metres long has been hewn into the soI 3 rock of a hill 30 m.les outside Madid, and the monument is topped w<th a granite cross ISO mtves high. Lead sheet 3 mm. thick was used as a weathering across the tetal length of the army pt the cross--4J metres--screwed and bolted down to the granite to se<u'e it agamstlhe strong w.nds often met wth in the reg-on (Figure ). linked ipfmgt In May 1963 a new p.pe link was completed between the Kaisrrbad and ResengueHe springs at Aachen, to make possible an interchange of water af this well-known spa The springs contain sod um bicarbonate, sod-urn chloride and sulphur compounds, and belong to a giouo of warm springs btl'frcd to be particularly berKc-al to those Suffering from rheumatism and poor c-rcu<at-on After fitenuve fett-ng of various p-pe mate* a<s, lead was Chosen lor the new ft) metre linkage because of its resistance to the h-gh content of free COi m fhe water, and because on-the-s^ot wHd-ng (Figure 3) made t particularly easy 10 lay pu-ckly under the busy town centre, in order to conserve the spring wafer at its na'ural temperature of 56 C (133 F). the lead p-pe was Surrounded w.lh a foamed insulation material and la-d in compressed co'k slabs m rectangular channel t pre-cast concrete u-.ts. 100 mm (4 m.) in bore and t) mm. (about J m ) th-ck, the pipe m Capable ol withstand-ng more thin 11 times the nv| internal water pressure yJ Pohot hjulape Or .erlesi flcdnc trado's are now incrmv-ngly used n factor.es in the USA and the UK, and one b-g English firn  mm mg' IIPIWI/X'P 1I LIA2 4235 s it reported 10 have over fxt7 of them a Mt factory floor. fiti4 with ih (Ml robotug system, *fl* biggest of these tractors are Capable of hauhAg foods up to ton loot along on almost Irmirleai series of programmed route* md stop po>n| wuifl* end outside wortl buildings (figure 4). Powered by e t4 volt traction battery giving a ten-hour working day without recharging, the vehicle feithlutly follow* an energised wire buned helf-en>in<h betow the floor, and a personnel safety device on the front wifi itop the tractor immediately it < obstructed. The tractor can be manually operated whenever it It necessary to remove <1 from the wired track. Compact and sealed, the tractor unit is unaffected by d>rt or bad weather, and provides all the advantages of conventional conveyor belt installation at a fraction of the cost. Because it dispenses with a driver completely, it la claimed that the savings made enable the rnii.al cost of the system to be recovered <n a matter of months. Pads for Pan Am The world's targest efface block--the new SO-storey Pan Am building lowering above New Tort's Grand Cen tral Stat'On--<s isolated from railroad-induced vibrations by the use of lead-asbestos pads placed below the sleet columns supporting the building in the USA great con fidence has been shown for torn* years in the soundinsulating crcpert.es cf these pads, c.+.ich ate made up of two | *n. thick layers of asbestos separated by a V *. sheet of g*Jv*n</*-d te*J and encased n a watertight envelope of J n. thmi lead. A detailed survey recently earned out on the Place VtUt Mane project wh.ch spreads Over `.he top of Montreal's Central Station, has confirmed the>r effectiveness .n minimising disturbance in terminal buildings. S*m!ar pads hae now been specified for a new building o*er Sloan* Street Stat*onn London, and th.s important atampie of the>r use m the UK may e<l start a European trend. frffW Tower lead-p-gmewted pa-nts have played an important pari ir, the maintenance and protection of the Eiffef Tower, tha relatively coarse particle nee of the p.gmrnt be-ng particu larly suitable for coatings on deeply pitted steel and iron alloy s. Red leao has been used as a primer on rusted parts- al.ev scrapmg and tcou'mg--at etch majo* Overhaul Since 1C92. and every addition or replacement to the structural steel work hat f.rst ber primed with two levers of tm<H-d oil pamt incorporating red lead, the second coat tbpblly dammed by the add-hon ol a small quantity o< graphite, further, paints used tor intermediate coats have contained lead chromate. in 1852 when repays were last made to the well-known Par>s land* ark. the yomts aft important assemblies were covered with an o<ly leaded paste, and lead gutters and biTVs were incorporated into the structure lo proletl the most npoved junctions from rainwater. ifonl'-iiifl The Swedish Slate Power Board and Clsam--the Danish Power Organisation--ha.r planned a high voltage direct Cuf** nt link across the Kattegat, via the fsland of LaesO, between Aa'bcrg <n Jutland fl-id 6 "dat on the west coast of Sweden Submarine cables w.H he rr yj.red lor 50 miles Oj I o ! the total length of 85 miles. * >d l ad yhralhing has b n specified. The und-i water catiV bit worn Sweden and LarsO w*H be of the o 1-impre gnaid sot.d type, manufac tured m lengths Ol 5.000 to 8,000 metres and fU-tible-JOintcd 4 k u . iy^wfwp^ pr*t9nmn LIA24236 v___ . - -- , 1 r^mmt . 11 J'i* I 1*'--' ~ *C *- -* r.- '^..I' -- - ,'..,m, 4 > b*tor a'fnou"ftQ. SMwtM Jutland and Uh ( th* ctb* *<1 b* c* ih* MoHerhoj flat typ*, in which two conductor* are used to obtain a Oat cable. 0'l-fiM*d, wrfh corrugatod bands on th* Oat *id* of th* cable to compensate 1c* ar.#<-** in pressure. H anti b* manufactured in 900 m. length*. flenbly-Jointed in th* factory aher armouring. Sched***d tor commissioning *a IMS at a cost of 100 mji.o* Swedish Kronor (approitmalefy X? mdlron) tha rtonti-$s*n Protect *<11 bo th* third motor tvbmanna cable linkage. th* oth*r two being th* link between Sweden and Gotten*. and that between {ngland and franco. Pooclc* aasfeprpe i The nd to dispus* of radioactive wait* wai on* of th* reasons for tH* siting of th* N*th*rfandi Reactor Contra on th# north coast. Wait* material It earned out to see 7 beyon 3 in* regulation 4 km. limit in a hrgh-densrty P**f* than* p pe, ihath*d m an f type Wad alloy Head contain* ng 0 4'( t>n and 0?*i antimony) applied by techniques s.m.ia- to those ui*d m wnd*rnrat*r powar cable*. Wh*n .! can** to laying th* pipe-tine, th* outlet noret* was first moused on th* s**-t>*d m a concrete emplacement, and me ca: e tn*n pa<d*oyl from large drums bad to th* shore if.Qv'r SI Uanutactured by N V Hohandtche Dread-err Kab*i`t*iek. the installation <s very similar in design to PLUTO tn* flebi* Wed-shesihed pip*-iin* (aid b*tw**n f-g'S'3 and Franc* to carry Oft supplies across th* chan* -*i on O-Oay !M4. Screen *> frad An -filing three-dimensional sculptured screen fo*ms cal e* "re mam *nt'#*e* to T-i C ty Hah in Vancouver. Canada SUndmg out from a decorative /me Poctground dep'Ci "g actual city buildings, a number of figures repre sent f* major hum*o activities and *erv<e* of th* city (f.gue 6). Th* Fioures wwr beaten out of a St-pound lead sheet, racked w th a poiyetter paste and polished with < 4W-0 at*. Th* work of young Canadian artist George Norm ** screen n a g<ft to the cty from the Consolidated V* n.eg tj $mehmg Co. of Canada Ltd, one of the woHd's *arg*` read tme producers, whose mam works are at Tra-t, Pii 5 ence Sating Th* IMS Rtd.o and TV C>hib<iion( Rant. ProQlem RTF, t-r French C'oadcaihng Authority, had s*t up 1*0 stud<ct !o make >t possible for selected music programmes a b* h*I'd in them throughout the ethiOition. However, as s <on-*-on with ethipition structures, th* watts of the stud c *r* of timber-framed hardboard, possessing n<i o* no sound mtulelron Qualities. ioivt-?' ficdlent insulation was achieved by covering *.n *| %. and lining the c*i*mg and doors, With I mm. ,Jj <6 i '-ad sheet, and a decorative effect was achieved by ?ne a"r*tfemeni of various mr*#l shapes on th* surface of :ne s*v .: (f.gur* 7). The whoi* ptojecl was a remarkable -ser.ro* r*aJ>on of lead't sound-insuUlmg properties par'.ic- aiy when one considers the competition from the ostlm; crowds, and th* many radio and TV sets m action oututfr th* studios. rrr- ATP* i,*f~ A The consumption of lead lead hit proved a highly versatile metal throughout the *v<y long history ol>U vi^, 0*4 tha n jXflKuUrl; to Ioday when in owe form of another rt tt regutrpd lr very wrde range o< oppr^ot.ont in industry and everyday life. The Supply of new lead from m net throughout the world bat *n fact increased on# hundred fold* Since the beginning of the l*th Century, fa rfl lb# mr Increasing demand to* the metal. A**ua> world consumption ol load bat now risen above ) m>H#on metric Ions, taking .nto account both primary lead (new metal trom mme t) and tacondary lead (fK(hrrt from scrap). S*"<a in many of Ht appfaf<ont toad ra nwalty indestructible. th*r* tt a high recovery of urd metal and the propo'lion of tacondary to primary lead * C'aduar'y increasing Al present it probably accounts for about IS*, to JC* of the total world consumption, though th.c * g.re >t almost certainly nee*er 0*, of total contump. t;;n .n the more h*ghly-deelpvd European countries and * tne USA. T*<efe a'e too ways n wh-cfr the general consumption of lead by d.Brtrnt countries <t recorded UsuVIy ( i* Quoted at tn* amount ct ref-hed lead, whrther home-produced or mp-rjrJ. that it efcta nrr! t'Om tmettrr* a*d ref-ner-es rrga-d'rss of whether tnr Ku'cr of the metal * p'-ma*y * Secondary Aitema'j*rr, it may be g .*n at the amc.nf e* '*ad uted at the fust ttagr ot proceit.ng. the f-gurs m tt t rate COver.ng a^l I O'** v o< lead und ihClwd -ig That fr > Ccered d rr'tl, frym af rp h, the protesting -nduvt' * t Th- .rtovma'.o*. whuh pe*hapt g i*i a be***' o.e'alt pet.re, it at prevent r.(j put^thed for tome Wester* ( :pran <6g-*' r t a- d to* ' e USA Canada an3 Jp~ T *e co*tump1 on of ff*r.*.#d ***d throughout tn* world hat t -"otl trebVd eer the latt tn.ty yfi't. drtp *e trrrfe it'Hl i o* nir during World Wa M. and n fJAl hi2 rrached nearly JJ m.l en mHt*< ton4 r*clud ng $ort 6 or COuMriet Iwhott contempt on it ett.mated to etreed a further halt m-ti-on tont) The map ff-gu'e 1) thowt the a^Cunri utedn the me-* arrat ol the world at a percen. la;* of the whole, and -nj-ratet the h-gn proport-on <r*n%gmed by the deieloped rountnet ol Wettern grope 0*3 North Amerrca. In (urgpe the contumpl-on o' t<f>ned lead hat r-ten tU43*ly in recent yeart, and tn the USA. where rt wit fa r'y Ir.el for a period, theft hat beet, an upwa'd trend t nce 19b? figure 3 givey total annual consumption Ol rff'-ed lead if* Cvfppe over the dneadr 19M-19W. and the peiCentagn change* (tak-ng IW at TOO) The tonnage* ol refined lead ued m 196J hy all countnet w tn a * gmf.<ant con*ump'.^n a>* tabulated -n Figure 2. It can be teen that the annual consumption per head o! p.if Jahyn *n the mof mduttnally ad.anted COynfr.ek t >^.nd i Kg o' tt lb although il thould be not' d that thit f gv*r relrrt to I*ad that hj come from the refineries, and dory net include acrap It ad processed try the lead-using mduitriM dKict This add-t'onal consumption can b flj ii-t ons'di rabie m cOunt'is where lead hat been wdefy used lor a lung time In thr UK for example, Oat 'all con. iw^p^on o' lead n all f&rms eat 3h6 thousand metric ln-% <n 196?. |hy* a>s>ng he use per ra/vfa to around 7 4 Kg or 16 lb-the highest >n the wo'ld The consumption !o: C' imany increases to 17% thousand metric Ions, for 8 i um to M thousand and lor the Netherlands to it IV .sand .!.< tons, the last named gi.mg a per cap-fa < .''sumption b'fw r-n } 5 and 6 Kg or I? #nd M 'b for f * 'ir the l.gure iy 70? tsyuVJ'id (4 5 Kg or 10 lb ). for ' S* A I. the C'owlh ie4 Predv.` (nd Mr*1 LIA24237 '* i,' M......... ^ U-> ..< &"tr VJ 0,K> * ft % H- # . j c ?* f-- .s t--- i . k e i'< , i h< i*-. -i...i s N< * or> 0 mje*i i W.J *!K\ f f+t -- LIA24238 Jr jij LIA2A239 Italy 110 thousand (S i Kg or 3 >b); 4d lr Spam 00 thousand (7 Kg. or 4 J lb ). By comparison, the overall consumption el toed in the USA m 1967. |u*t orrf 1 million font, work! Ogl el 3 1 Kg 0/ 12 S lb p-r heed ot population. The current pattern n the consumption ol lead in *11 tofmi for if% mam uses show* soma variation from country to country in Wrstern Europe, end between Europe ttself nd Norm Amenta. This it pertly due to differing degrees ot development end partly 1o differing industrial prectXO Thus the very high consumption o< lead in the UK compared with other developed countries it a direct retuH of me Urge traditional ute of teed sheet for building applt* cations. 6u<lding accounts for about If?; of the overall consumption m the UK compered with only J\ m Germany, Figures 4 and 5 compare the pattern of u*e m Europe with met m the U$ A. The most important world outlet l>r the metal it in lead* ec*d better*i, a vital part of the motor car and also wdafy ,,ed at the primary power source of power lor Weclnc ehctes. emergency lighting, etc. Accounting lor 30*, ot me present total world consumption, this Outlet * likely to ncrease >n importance at more end more vehicles Come on to the roads-- it is evpectr-d that by if?0 (here a ill be I0*t more cars n circulation n the free Wortd than there were 1967. The use ol tetreelhyt and trframeihyt lead as anti* knock additives m petrol n il a<SO increase proportionally, me present European r.gue-5*, ol the total-still falls *<1 bnh.nd the US figure of 1J V Cable thi-athing >s another m#,or outlet. particularly n Europe nhere if is stuf a<captnd as the most et-sfaeto`y sn#.*h,ng mai*f.*l for various lorms of electee power end jos t-h communication c spies. end nhere it accounts for *, of the total In the USA. *hre other matena's are more eitrnvvt-ty used and the overall pattern of con* tumpl'On is different, cable sheathing takes only of the Mai Other smaller but nevertheless important uses of lead are v alloys (for solders, bearing metal, type mr*al, dej n p.gments (Such as red lead and white teed used m paint mer.utacture), m a number of semifinished products (coitapv bte tubes, shot and rod for ammunition, etc.) and for sound insulation and radiation shielding. L t ; ,< J< . **|T ' 1 .j i ] MAN* LIA2 42 40 > -- -- >' Lead in building I -- M ih !> nil . ..! < !-. itf --in in -- tm \ W im*. LIA24241 i V It LIA24242 Dry bearings 1 The good friciionet properties of the p-'n< PTF (poly tetisduorethytene) have been successfully eiptoned in tmanng ju'Utu for a dumber of ye*'* now. PTFE hi* htgh softening temperature. l| chem.celty inert an4 re**St* nt to both Solvents gnd water. HOwtrtr. |h materiel'* low thermal conductivity, high thermal ep*nt<on and re<et<vly poor mechan.<al properties have w^t-l recently limited its use to application* involving small loads and peret'Ons 41 low speeds. Theta disadvantage* ha,# be?-. overcome b)r the incorporation of lead -Oto Ih# PTf, The tfad pljitic bearing cont-ttt Of 4 *le*l backing on to wh-Ch i *<ntered thin tm-bronje Im-ng. Thi* poTOu* lining >t then imoregftatnd w.th rr.itvi* ol PTF and !e*d. and a thm U>er of the tame mutur* form* tha final tunica of the bearing. *h.(h requires no lubrication whatsoevee. Ourmg tht rwnnmg.M* period--the first 30 hours of to-- some o* the tead plastic surface layer {nch it normally about 0 0008 m thick) it worn away, bemg ,ther transferred lo the journal <y jhcd from the assembly n tha form of thm flate*. Very Imte further we v on the pearmg will occur after th<s, and even under the mott se*re cond-tiont * unlikely to be h.gher than 2 Iff*' m per thousand houft. A further tately facto* in thit typ# ot bearing is prodded by the t>n bronye matni. h,ch serves to conduct heat away from Ihe bearing Surfaces and acts at a retero>r for the lead p'att-c mutur. If the Surface 'beddmg.m' Uyf* era's and) at any pO.nt dufirg the runn.ng-in, allowing the lOumat to Come in contact w'th tha m*tf>*. tha mntjt sc'ter.s and eipjndt under the heat to generated and if rvt'uded tho^gh point m t*" bfOn;eto 1o*m a re* bearmg Surface S-nce Ihe pronre nd tha lead plastic mutur* together have a compound thermal conductivity about 60*4 of that of sof>d bron/e, and a co rfce^l of pant<or* between those of cast iron or steel, and aluminium o: bron/e. the relate epans<ons of the bearing and |Owfn*l on heat ng-up will not r< Suit m sei/ure or in the develop* mnt of a Urge gap between the Iwo surfaces. lad p'jst'C bearmgs have a low friction co-ch*oent (010-0 tt) with complete absence of `stick-slip4, will accept heavy toads or high speeds, and are not subject to fretting corrosion Although felt seals are usually fitted under very bad conditions, the bearmgs are highly tolerant of dirt, gnt and other particles, and their performance is not ejected by the accidental ingress ottiqu ds and gases. Asa result el these impressive advantages, (hey art widely used throughout industry (in road vehicles, aircraft assem blies, electrical, domestic and general engineering equip ment, etc | m positions where lubrication may be highly inconvenient or even impossible, or where *de variations in temperature and etlremely dirty conditions preclude the use of conventional lubricants. Some of the many applications for which tead plastic bearmgs erenow specified are illustrated opposite. 1 King pm assembly (photo: AfC limited! 2 Railway points 3 Ships cargo pulleys 4 Heavy duty foundry conveyor (photo: (wart Cham Bet; Company Limited) J Detail of GPQ mail sorting machine .