Document byoZ48nxx4e1JYRDwjZv2Zqn1

FILE NAME: Reichhold (REI) DATE: 1955 Apr DOC#: REI007 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Article from Trade Journal - National Safety News V 7 / k)o. V ; THE COVER: Complex equipment in the operator's compartment at the rear of the Sperry detector car records the condition of the rails. Electronic signals are translated into inked lines on a continuously moving paper tape on the recording table. EDITORIAL 17 The Psychological Climate FEATURE ARTICLES 14 Safety Leaders of 1954 18 Leadership for Tom orrow's S afety-- D onald C. Potts 20 The Expanding F ield of Industrial H ygiene-- A. C. Pabst 22 D o It Y ourself-- B ut Protect Y our Eyes 24 Investigation P lu s Irritation (D iary of a S afety Engineer) -- Bill Andrews 25 Carry-Over-- R obert D. G idel 26 Floor, Feet and W heels 29 Got A Problem?-- Paul W. Beedle 30 Industry's Pack M ules-- H. W illiam O verm an 32 Electronics and U ltrasonics 34 Sw eetening the Fork Truck's Breath 36 W hat Are the True Costs of A ccidents?-- R ollin H . Sim onds 38 R ecovers Coal, R em oves F ly A sh 39 B uilding C him neys for the A tom ic A ge 52 The Group Approach-- G eoffrey S iodm ak DEPARTMENTS 4 Wire from Washington 6 Safety Valve 8 Safety Library 10 For Distinguished Service 12 Cases for Comment 37 Lighter Side 40 Small Businesses uiul 1 Associations 42 Personals 44 Coming Events 48 Green Cross News 60 Industrial Health 64 Safety Films 96 Calendar Contest Winners 97 Obituary 99 Whnt's New in Council Services 100 Sufety Posters 119 New Safety Equipment Statement and opinions advanced In signed articles nre personal expres sion of the authors, not necessarily those of the National Safety Council. 33,600 copies of this issue were printed. National Safety Council Chartered by the Congress of the United States H ome O ffice 425 North Michigan Ave. Chicago 11, Illinois Rea. U.S. Pat. Off, E astern O ffice 800 Chrysler Building New York 17. N. Y. Western O ffice 950 California Street San Francisco 8. Calif. Chairman of fha Trutfeei: W. S. S. R odgers, Chairman of the Board, The Texas Company. New York. Chairman, Board of Directors: E. F. d o P o n t , director, Employees Re lation Department, E. I. du Pont de Nemours It Co., Wilmington, Del. President Nsd H . Dearborn. C hicago. General Manager: Geoiqi C. S t e w a r t , Chicago. Secretary* R . L. F orney, C h ica g o . Vice Presidents: For Fermi G uy L. Noble, managing director. Na tional Committee on Boys and Girls Clubs, Chicago. For Finance, and Treasurer W illia m H. Lo w e, treasurer. Inland Steel Co., Chicago. For Homes W. A. S tewart, president. American Optical Co., Southbridge, Mass. For tndustry K. J. Spobrer. director of Industrial Relations, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Yougstown, Ohio. For Local Safety Organizations R obert R . S nodgrass, p re sid e n t. A tlas Auto Finance Co., Atlanta, Ga. For Membership R obert T. R obs, manager, Services, Ford Motor Co., Mich. Employee Dearborn. For Public Information Boyd Lew , v ic e -p re s id e n t an d e x ec u tive editor, NEA Service, Inc., New York. For Schools and Colleges Da. Lowrll B. Fisheh, chairman. North Central Association of Colleges and Sec ondary Schools. University of Illinois, Urbana, 1U. For Traffic and Transportation F ranklin M. Kju m director, Traffic Division, International Association of Chiefs of Police, Evanston. 111. For Wom en's Activities M ibb Marion E. M artin. Commissioner of Labor and Industry. State of Maine, Augusta, Me. Norval B urch, Editorial Director, Coun cil Publications C arman F is h , Editor T om D odds, Managing Editor J ohn Gwin, Associate Editor R alph M oses, Art Director H. W. C h a m flin , Advertising Manager O u v n M xckila, Advertising Production Manager N ational S afety New s Is published monthly by National Safety Council. Copyright 1955 by National Safety Coun cil. Printed In U.S.A. Entered as sec ond class matter June 21. 1921. et the Post Office at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3. 1879. Subscription rate: to members, $5.50 per year, single copies 55 cents; to non-members, $7 50 per year, single copies, 75 cents. Quan tity prices for yearly subscriptions end single issue on request Member Audit Bureau of Circulation: Indexed In In dustrial Arts Index. d< cii cl hi fu at ea es ef: se gr ru m< th ar je. lit: sa ne to in en sa T h* Industrial hygiene laboratory has becom e a center of research for better w orking conditions through study of materials used and control o f manufacturing processes. (C ourtesy G eneral Electric C o.) he th tir The Expanding Field of pc se: dc en Industrial Hygiene iPatnh bi? By A. C. PABST Twenty years a g o industrial hygiene w a s a new science. T o d ay the hygienist On and the safety engineer are on the sam e team w orking for a safer environm ent Co INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE is a her of them are not in industry more interested in keeping his field that is closely interwoven but working for the federal gov lungs free from poisonous dusts wcainthbiendreugsatrridaeldsaafsetay.mIendicfaaclt,enit ernUmsueanltlyo,r stthaete dweopradrtm"henytgsi.ene" alenadd, ghaisses,livheirs fbreoenesfrofmreechflroormi i gineering phase of safety. recalls hygiene courses in school nated solvents, etc. Unfortunately, many people which dealt with personal habits, H ygiene is defined as that know little about industrial hy such as bathing, brushing teeth, branch of medical science that re giene and the functions of the cleaning finger nails, etc. People lates to the preservation of health. industrial hygienist. Industrial jump to the conclusion that a hy Therefore, industrial hygiene may hygiene is a comparatively new gienist in industry must be inter be defined as the science of pre science--practically unknown 20 ested in keeping employees clean. vention and control of occupa years ago. Today there are only In my initial visit to many of our tional illness. It resolves itself 800 industrial hygienists in the refineries, it seemed that the first into the problem of finding factors United States, and a large num- stop in the tour was to visit the or conditions in work places that locker rooms and to inspect show may cause or contribute to the ill A. C. P abst is Industrial Hygienist, er and lavatory facilities. ness or serious discomfort of em Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Inc., Industrial hygienists are inter ployees, and of devising the meth New York. This article has been con ested in personal cleanliness so ods and means of eliminating or i densed from a paper presented at the Petroleum Section, 42nd National Safe far as it is necessary to protect controlling such conditions. i ty Congress. the employee's health. We are The industrial hygienist has *Pfi 20 N oficnof Safety New s. April. 1955 N fjfi done much toward bringing medi cine and safety engineering into close cooperation partly because his interest overlaps these two fields. The typical industrial hygienist started out as a chemist or chemi cal engineer who became inter ested and studied toxicological effects of chemicals on man. Con sequently, he has a good back ground of chemistry and engi neering com bined with some medical knowledge--a sort of onethird doctor, one-third engineer and one-third chemist. His ob jectives are the protection and improvement of the health and safety of workers from all man ner of harmful exposures related to occupation. From this you will note that industrial hygienists and safety engineers have pretty much the same objectives and are mem bers of the same team. Actually, the functions of each are some times so inter-related it is not possible to draw clear lines of separation. Nor is it necessary to do so, for if a man's health is endangered by working conditions it is an important part of his safety picture. In many industries, safety and industrial hygiene are combined in the same department. In the petroleum industry, how- Like people, chemicals are of many types and dispositions. Most are uncomplaining, law-abiding citizens who present no special problems. Some are unstable and unpredictable. Some are out-andout neurotics, requiring a sharp and observant discipline. Others, harmless by themselves, may be influenced by bad company. Still others are troublemakers in soli tary, but docile and helpful in tandem. Some are just plain bad actors. --From a publication by Du Font'll Haskell Laboratory of Toxicology ever, industrial hygienists are usually attached to the medical department and work as closely as possible with the safety depart ment. There is good reason why the petroleum industrial hygien ists must lean heavily upon the safety department. In the petro leum industry the concept of in dustrial hygiene is relatively new and is considerably behind simi lar activities in the chemical and other industries, consequently, the number of petroleum industrial hygienists is exceedingly small. On the other hand, safety de partments are well established, well acquainted and close every day problems of the leum industry, and have consider ably more coverage and man power. To illustrate, the American Petroleum Institute's roster of safety and fire protection person nel lists some 1200 names, prob ably not all, in this occupation. Contrasted to this, to the best of my knowledge, there are at present only 17 industrial hygien ists working for petroleum com panies--an industry ratio of ap proximately 70 safety men to one industrial hygienist. Most of the major oil companies now have at least one industrial hygienist and from 50 to 100 safety men, so you can see it is very necessary for us to work with and through our safety people. Basically, the practice of indus trial hygiene in the petroleum in dustry is the same as in any other industry and it can be boiled down to four general principles: 1. A knowledge of the toxicology of chemicals and materials. 2. A review of all chemicals or materials used and how han dled and the tabulation of toxic or potentially hazardous sub stances. 3. The measurement of worker exposure to hazardous sub- - . stances. 4. If required, the recommenda tion and installation of ade quate control measures and the evaluation of the effectiveness of such corrective steps. TABLE 1-- EFFECT OF ALCO HO L LEVEL IN BLO O D* Toxicology of Chemicals Ounces of Whiskey Consumed in 1 Hr. or leas % Alcohol T7i Blond Behavior In regard to Item 1, the Toxi cology of Chemicals, it is usually difficult to adequately define a S % . 0.01 Normal hazardous material because prac sts i 0.02 Feeling of warmth, tically anything can be safe or >m pleasant social behavior. harmful depending upon how or ri- 2-3 0.05 Judgment blunted where it is used. For example, Boastful, impulsive air and water are not regarded as iat Officially still sober harmful, but both are quite deadly re 5-(i 0.1 Fumbling, staggering gait, under certain conditions --air if di. clumsiness, slurred speech injected into the blood stream and ay 8 re 0.15 Officially drunk. Responses water if introduced into the lungs. In the same manner, the use of a- and motor coordination strongly affected. carbon tetrachloride in a process e>lrfs 10 0.2 Helpless, nausea having properly designed ventila tion would not be hazardous, mi 10 0.3 Stupor while the use of carbon tetrachlo ill- 24 0.4 - 0.5 Coma ride for mopping floors would be ni- quite dangerous. Most safety ih- 30 0.6 - 0.7 Paralysis of the respiratory center--death. people are aware that carbon tet rachloride is a hazardous chemi cal because there has been con- *Pfizer Spectrum, JAMA, March 27, 1!)54 --To page 103 N a t io n a l S a fe ty N aw i, A p ril, 1955 21 A Safe Job at Last (W ant to Bet?) Nicholas Alkemade, of Lough borough, England, has a new job and, for the first time in his life, he feels secure, says a Chicago Tribune story. Alkemade's first job was rear gunner in a bomber. On a mis sion over Germany in 1944, his plane was hit and caught fire. The pilot ordered the crew to bail out. But Alkemade's parachute was on fire. So was his clothing. Faced by certain death if he remained in the plane, Alkemade jumped --without a chute. As he tumbled head over heels, he lost consciousness. Three hours later he came to--in a big snow drift. The 3Vii mile- fall, plus the snow, had put out the Haines in his clothing. The snow had broken his landing. He started to walk, but discov ered a knee was injured. It col lapsed on him. He spent the rest of the war in a prison camp. After the war, Alkemade got a job in a factory. A nine foot piece of steel fell on him. He was knocked out but lived. He changed his job and started pumping ammonia from a tank, where nothing could fall on him. But his electric pump shorted. The shock knocked him out al though his rubber soled shoes saved his life. As he slumped in the tank, his gas mask slipped off. An alert colleague saved him. He changed his job again. His new task involved transfer of sul phuric acid. The hose broke and acid sprayed over him, but prompt spraying with a neutral izing chemical again saved him. Alkemade, now 32, and amazed to bo alive, has a new job again-- selling accident insurance. Industrial Hygiene --From, page 21 siderable publicity regarding its toxicological effects, and in some cases, restrictive labeling require ments have been passed, for ex ample, in New York City. Many other chemicals used in the petro leum industry have inherent toxic qualities of the same magnitude, yet are not so well known. In regard to toxicology, there N a tio n a l Safely N e w s, A p ril, 1955 K n it-lin e d pioneer $ a n z o | l INDUSTRIAL GLOVES At home 3 dog offers its owner a daily example of real comfort. PIONEER'S objective in designing Stanzoil Duplex Industrial Gloves is to give those who wear them the same kind of comfort at work. For NL-34 Duplex is a lightw eight clastic knitlined glove of neoprene with straight lingers and n o n -slip grip. Sm all, m edium and large sizes in 10^* lengths. comfortable hands are busy hands, and protected hands are healthy hands. Where comfort, maximum protec tion, tensile strength and abrasion, tear, aging, flame and heat resistance are important, and a safe non-siip grip necessary . . . where resist ance to alcohols, acids, bases, oils, amines, greases or ketones is essen tial . . . where all these specifications form the basis for your buying deci sion, there's only one answer . . . PIONEER'S Neoprene Stanzoil Duplex Gloves. Pick the best, most economical glove for the job from 32 PIONEER styles (including neoprene, rubber and plastic gloves), weights, sizes, and colors shown in the "PIONEER Industrial Glove Catalog." i k P I O N E E R T&cUu/ CowfUUUf 237 Tiffin Rood, Willard, Ohio, U. S. A. Quality G lsvti far over 35 Years F O O T -T O E -L E G Protection by " S a n k e y " "SANKEY" IMPROVED The m etal shield (a b o v e ) is d e s ig n e d to fur* nish a m axim um a m o u n t o f p ro te ctio n to the entire front of the foot--- not m erely the toes alone, but also to the instep a ga in st hazards from falling, rolling or flying objects, or from accid ental tool blows. A b so lu te freedom of leg m otion, utm ost pro tection and com fort com e with the le g -co n to u r sh ap e d "S a n k e y " fibre shin g u a rd (rig h t). Fib re knee-shin g u a rd (rig h t) p ro vid e s flex ible knee m ovem ent on job s with both knee and shin haxards. FOOT GUARD for more informofion write today ELLWOQD SAFETY APPLIANCE CO. 219 SIXTH ST., EUW OO D CITY, PA. 103 Of* 'r*~\ W I S T S W tm T H R O A T ? are three ways in which a sub stance can cause adverse effects upon man: 1. It can be ingested o r sw allowed. 2. It can be harm ful by direct contact w ith the skin or parts of the body. 3. It can be inhaled as a gas, vapor, m ist or dust. YOU NEED A DUPOR No itr. T h e re s p ira to r th a t's m ade to o rd e r fo r protection against dust, fumes and paint spray! Has everything, and more than you w ill find in units costing twice the price! Double filters; soft rubber face mask; sani tary face cloth; exclusive D upor valves for controlled breathing; panoram a vision! Economical protection that you cannot alford to be without! W rite for sam ple, $2.00 postpaid! H. S. COVER, SOUTH BEND, IND. "Respirators fo r Industry since 1894" Stef v9hist BM with 6 - 1 2 Insect Repellent Workers swutlmg itlstvls can't keep their minds on the job. The result? Produc tion drops and accidents rise. Why run this risk? Protect outdoor workers from mosquitoes and black Dies, with "6-12" Insect Hepellcnt. It's available in gallon cans for use in handy liquid dis pensers, or in individual 2-ox. hollies and 1-oz. sticks. Costs less than a penny a day per user. Write today for free samples and name of nearest supplier. THEY'LL USE IT. Place these handy "6-12" Insect Repellent dispensers around ihe plant near the outdoor work areas. Conftumar Product Daparlmant C A R B ID E A N D C A R B O N C H E M IC A L S C O M P A N Y A Dlvliion of Union C a rb lda and Carbon Corporation 3 0 Ea il -42nd Slreat, N w York 17, N. Y. P le a ia le n d m e a fre e sa m p le o f " 6 -1 2 " Insect R e pe lle n t: Stick Liquid N a m e ..................................................................... .. .Title........................ Firm.......................................................................................................... A d d r e s s ............................................................................................................................. C ity...................... ......... ......... ......... lo n e . .......................... State......... 104 Ingestion Fortunately, petroleum mate rials are not commonly or inten tionally taken- in te rn a lly and therefore, trouble from this is rather rare in a refinery, although it does occasionally occur un knowingly. I recall watching a worker who had been complaining of stomach trouble, whose duties involved the compounding of lith arge or lead oxide in a d o cto r solution--this man proceeded to empty the bags of litharge into an outdoor mixing tank and because of the dust and mists generated he correctly wore a respirator. Of course, his hands were cov ered with lead oxide, and to my amazement, the first thing he did when he came down off the catwalk was to take an orange out of his lunch box which he started to peel and eat--probably one of the most effective ways to get lead poisoning. Unfortunately, when petroleum products get into the hands of customers, ingestion is more fre quent, usually by small children whose parents carelessly leave products within easy reach. You know that every year there are fatalities reported from children drinking kerosene. We have had hurry calls from doctors involv ing children drinking penetrating oil and fly sprays. Some times adults are even worse, as there are many cases of anti-freeze poi soning, drinking of brake fluid, and one I recall of our radiator flush which contains muriatic acid and chlorinated hydrocarbon. This product is fully labeled, in cluding skull and cross bones. It should be emphasized that hardly a substance exists that is not capable of producing effects on the human body if taken in sufficient amounts or under the wrong circumstances. Even com mon table salt, if used in sufficient quantities, is toxic. It is reported N atio n al Safety Newa, April, 1955 that many years ago the Chinese used table salt as a means of committing suicide. Every chem ical substance, therefore, has a non-toxic dose and a toxic dose for man. This can be illustrated by the following data on a widely used commodity, shown in Table I. Skin and Body Contact Approximately GO per cent of all complaints received by our department are concerned with dermatitis and skin irritations re sulting from contact with petro leum materials. By far, the ma jority of these complaints are from customers so this subject is very important in the marketing of petroleum products. Cases among our employees or in our refineries are few when compared with those among in dustrial users of petroleum prod ucts, and it is believed that the reason for this is due mainly to (he degree or extent of contact. In the petroleum industry skin contact is not generally experi enced to the extent that it is, for example, in the metal working industries where a daily eight hour skin contact with cutting oils often takes place. It is definitely established that skin is not an impermeable bar rier to chemical substances, and it is increasingly important as a route of absorption for many ma terials. Action of chemicals on s k in m a y be local, resulting in dermatitis. Examples we are fa miliar with are kerosene, cutting oils, etc., or a chemical may be absorbed through the skin and cause damage to blood or internal parts of the body. Lead tetraethyl, as an illustration, does not affect the skin or cause dermatitis but can penetrate the skin and cause internal -poisoning. Regarding external or local skin effects, chemicals may be classi fied either as primary irritants or sensitizing agents. A primary ir ritant is a chemical that may cause dermatitis in individuals frequently after only one contact. They may have a strong chemical action, such as acids, alkalis, amines, etc., or they may have a weak chemical action but require prolonged contact to cause der matitis. Most petroleum hydro- -- - --I--- "--* '* * Kleur-Vu Safety Mirror ore the answer to the dangerous blind cornnr problem In your plant or warehouse. They ore also adaptable for outdoor use In your parking lot, loading dock area or other points where traffic converges. Mounted at cross aisle Intersections, ontrancm and exits at a height of > to 10 foot, Klear-Vu Safety Mirrors dearly reflect oncoming Interiectlen traffic to both power truck operators and S t y l* Na. pedestrians. Circular convex C ircular convex Circular convex Flat rectangular Flat rectangular no 180 34 0 918 1640 1 2" diam . 18" diam . 2 4" diam. 9 " x 18" U " x 24" Available In either convex or flat glass styles, the mirrors are easily In stalled and quickly adjustable to any desired angle. Write for Bulletin. CHOOSE FROM 115 MODELS TO MEET YOUR EXACT NEEDS! Only Ballymore ROLL-OR-GR1P all-welded-steel ladders as sure you of just the right portable safety stair for each need. A standard sire range from one to twelve steps; a choice of three safety treads (expanded steel lath, steel grip-strut, or rubber-dad steel plate); optional hinged shelves or removable baskets; and a wide choice of widths within each sire--these extras add convenience to the superior safety, features built into every Ballymore -- the original -- safety-step ladder. BALLYMORE Safety-Step LADDERS Factoryt ra in e d t e p re te n ta ilv e t In p rin cip al Cltie i To, ( ( B A L L Y M O R E C O M P A N Y , W A Y N E 17, P A . ) Fo rw a rd free catalo g of Sa fe ty -Ste p la d d e r . ) H a v e iflp re ie n ta tiv e eoU to t u r v t y nty la t e ly * la d d e r nee d i. Company - ........... - . - - isaasM a N e w S a fe ty GRIP-STRUT stair trea d s cu sto m m a d e to y o u r exact s i z e . . Here for the first time is a really SAFE stair or ladder step, combining the proven features of Safety GRIP-STRUT material with a double locked carrier plate to provide additional safety-over present types. i In your own individuol i or ih i factory, l coil Is omazingly lo w ...y o u can buy o d 18" stair troad in lots of St fo r $2.40 each. Prices proportionately lower in greater quantities. Distributors in all principal cities. Con sult your classified telephone directory. GRIP-STRUT division The Globe Company M a n u f a c t u r e r ! lin e 1914 4018 S. Princeton Avo. Chicago 9, lllincii mm'm m * riiplcd--no mnltcr whiit the reason--you get adequate emergency lighting INSTANTLY. Your customers and employees are safeguarded against injuries; property damage, pilferage, loss of process control is minimized. Exilic Lightguards arc UL-approvcd and can he plugged in anywhere. Operates instantly--each lamp illuminates up to 10,000 sq. ft. Exiile battery in one lamp unit provides power for more than 8 hours of continuous lighting. Once normal power is restored, automatic controls recharge the dependable, long-life, trouble-free Exidc battery. m m for facts on why Exide Lightguards guarantee more protection for every dollar you invest in such equipment. Exide INDUSTRIAL DIVISION, The Electric Storage Battery Co., I'liilmJctphia 2, Pa. IW are classed in the latter category in that prolonged contact is usu ally required to cause irritation. Sensitizing agents, on the other hand, are chemicals that are in nocuous to most skin but capable of producing dermatitis in a few susceptible individuals following repeated contacts over a long pe riod. Sensitization may require weeks, months or even years of contact with the material before dermatitis develops. As mentioned above, the petro leum industry is now handling large quantities of chemical addi tives and inhibitors, many of which are strong primary irritants and very active chemical com pounds. By nature, inhibitors usually have to be very potent chemicals because while they are used in very low concentrations, they exert a powerful influence on the characteristics or perform ance of the product, and many of the inhibitors are just as potent towards man. One very active class of inhibi tors are the amines and substi tuted amines, and we are par ticularly concerned about them because they are very damaging to the eyes, and a splash can readily result in blindness. The amines are usually strong smell ing caustic liquids, insoluble in water, hence difficult to remove by washing. They can cause severe eye burns and necrosis of eye tis sue. In addition, most amines are readily absorbed through the skin, and even low quantities may cause internal damage and death. Employees should, of course, be fully alerted as to the hazards of such materials and should bo edu cated to the use of protective gog gles, gloves and aprons. The foregoing applies* to con centrated or undiluted inhibitors. Finished p e tro le u m products should and usually do contain such a small quantity, and the inhibitor is so diluted, as to result in practically no more harm in the finished product than there would be from the straight mineral oil itself. Industrial d e rm a titis cases sometimes result in erroneous conclusions as to their cause, even by those who should know better. I recall the case of a young man National Safoty Now s, April, 1955 who worked in a gasoline station and developed a severe dermati tis. He went to a physician who made patch tests on him and found he had a sensitivity to special gasoline but no reaction to regu lar gasoline. Apparently, the physician had heard special gasoline contains a lot of lead because the case was diagnosed as resulting from an excess of lead tetraethyl in the special gasoline. We thought this strange because while we all know that lead tetraethyl is a violent poison and can be ab sorbed through the skin, it is not a primary skin irritant and has never been known to cause der matitis. A review of records of gasoline shipments into the particular area showed the regular gasoline actu ally contained the same or some times more lead than the special gasoline, clearly proving that lead tetraethyl was not to blame, but that some other material was responsible. Inhalation Of the three avenues by which chemicals can be taken into the body, inhalation probably has re ceived by far the most study and investigation because it is the most important consideration in industrial health. The vast amount of research on the inhalation of materials has resulted in the publication of very useful data on safe human exposure levels known as threshold limit values, or m a x im u m allowable concen trations. The list is compiled an nually by the American Confer ence of Governmental Industrial Hygienists and is published by the American Medical Associa tion. It tabulates the maximum amount of the various materials workers can safely be exposed to for an eight-hour working day without injury to health. A few of the materials encoun tered in the petroleum industry are listed in Table II. TABLE II Gases and Vapors Substance PPM Benzene (benzol) .......................... 35 Carbon dioxide .............................. 5000 Carbon monoxide .......................... 100 Carbon tetrachloride ..................... 25 N a tio n a l Safety N e w a, April, 1955 :" ;; f e o stop traffic Y- 1 1 r e p a ir flo o r -- u i s p4 > PermoftiJx, | | new all-tem perature* " DRY TAMP floor patch. DRY TAMP MEANS SPEED N o sticky m ass to dig out of tho drum or to handlo Pormamlx dry pours tots Instantly feather edge* perfectly no production delay* non-skid surface. A IL TEMPERATURE W o n 't freeze can be stored or used In any tem perature w ill store Indefinitely a stock room item w ill not "s e t'? In drum whether open or covered. ? ' \ M ista k e s |ust can't happen. Tamp ~ In place and traffic roils. jg||j CUTS MAINTENANCE COSTS on concrete, brick, tile or asphalt floors no special equipment or skill needed a one man |ob com as In durable SO lb. n ot wt. fibre drums solve your floor patching probloms for good. Wrife for Details N o w I PSREftAMIX CORPORATION 155 W. WACKER DRIVE CHICAGO I. ILLINOIS Triple strand rope of polyethylene plastic; two strands of yellow, one of black. Attractive und hiKb visibility. Immediately identifies a restricted area in that it carries out the standard CAUTION colors. TENSILE STRENGTH O VER 400 PO U NDS N O SAG O R STRETCH lias ImkIi di-electric properties. Not alfectcd by oil. Will not readily absorb dirt. May be easily cleaned. 2850 N. FOURTH ST.. PHILADELPHIA 33, PA. They B8SULATE They PROTECT They are PUNCTUREPROOF B I It U is-:? No. 351 Strap-on Sandal 14 M No. 504-S Steel Toe Shoe One costly Foot Accident could have paid for 1000 Pairs of Wooden Soles. Reece has a shoe or sandal to fit your needs. Write for Catalog DEPT. N-S-4-55 COLUMBUS. NEBRASKA D ia m o n d Bulletin Boards are availa b l e in s in g le a n d d o u b le units. To stop those passing eyes...and GET YOUR MESSAGES READ Insf//DIAMOND Bulletin Boards When you install Diamond Bulletin Boards you are Betting up lusting "message centers" where your messages are easily readable and protected from the elements. Employees can read them at any time because Diamond Bulletin Boards are illuminated and ventilated so that the glass will not fog. Write for further information and prices. SAFETY FIRST SUPPLY C O M P A N Y li . ;.;.V 435 mabie I ....... riM\BuGH i*. eiefrmtvA| Gasoline................................... 500 Hydrogen sulfide ......................... 20 Naptha (petroleum) .................... 500 Octane ......................................... 500 Sulfur dioxide ............................ 10 Toxic Dusts, Fumes, and Mists Jtfg. Per Substance Cu. M. Iron oxide fume ........................15 Lead ......................................... 0.15 Sulfuric acid ............................ 1 Mineral Dusts Substance MPPCF Asbestos ..................................... 5 Dust (nuisance, ~no free silica) .. 50 Silica ' - high (above 50% free SiO.j) .. 5 medium (5 to 50% free SiG..).. 20 low (below 5% free SiO,,) ... 50 These values are based on the best available information from industrial experience, from ex perimental studies, and, when possible, from a combination of the two. They are not fixed values but are reviewed annually by the Committee on Threshold Limits for changes, revisions, or addi tions as further information be comes available. Threshold limits should be used as guides in the control of health hazards and should not be regarded as fine lines between safe and dangerous concentrations. They re p re se n t conditions only within which it is felt that workers may be re peatedly exposed, day after day, without their health being ad versely affected. I cannot overemphasize the importance of the threshold limit values. I believ e th a t every safety man should be familiar with them and have copies of the complete table; because they have been incorporated in state codes and have the force of law in many states, and therefore, must be complied with. So far some 19 states have written threshold limit values into their laws and often management is not aware of such requirements but would be in a vulnerable position if trouble re sulted from excessive exposure to any of the materials. Usually it is up to the safety people and the industrial hygienists to alert man agement to the existence of these codes and to institute measures for the measurement of air con taminants so as to insure compli ance. Even gasoline Iras a maximum safe level which is 500 parts per mi to pp- T, Sv: Mi < I Sii M: Di ( Fa Lo 111 & Pi at st Ti N P. re ti ll ta ti. la la ta ai fii si: of d\ so th ti cc bt si' n O I! N O b. si r< fi h ti si U P in million. The result of exposure to concentrations greater than 500 ppm is shown by the following: TABLE M I-GASOLINE EXPOSURE Symptoms: Headache, irritation of eyes and throat, dizziness, nau sea, loss of coneiousness, death. Parts Per Million % Maximum allowable concentration for prolonged exposure . . . . 500 0.05 Slight symptoms after several hours .................. 1000 0.1 Maximum concentration tolerable for 1 h r.............. 5000 0.5 Dangerous for short exposure ........................... 15000 1.5 Fatal for short exposure. .25000 2.5 Lower explosive lim it.........14000 1.4 Product Labeling One very important function of the industrial hygienist is in re gard to precautionary labeling of product. This is receiving more and more emphasis as state after stale passes labeling regulations. The most recent is the State of New York where the Council on Public Health passed labeling regulations which became effec tive August 24, 1954, as Chapter IX-A of the New York State Sani tary Code. These labeling regula tions have the force and effect of law and require precautionary labeling on any product which en tails a hazard in a reasonably anticipated use. A hazard is de fined as: The risk of injury or illness which may be encountered during or as a re sult of any reasonably anticipated type of handling or use of a substance, or during its specified use, if any, by rea son of the toxicity of the substance through ingestion, inhalation or absorp tion through the skin, or due to its corrosiveness or irritating properties, or because of its flammability or explo siveness. Similar labeling regulations al ready exist in California, Illinois, Oregon, and the Territory of Hawaii, and are in the making in New Jersey, New H< mpshire, Ohio and Rhode Island. More can be expected. Fortunately, most state regulations are guided by recommendations of the Manu facturing Chemists' Association, Inc., and with some few excep tions, conformity in one state re sults in conformity in other states. It is recognized that, as a rule, labeling re gu la t io ns of many ! products are advisable and result \ in safer handling of the material | N a t io n a i S a fe ty N c w i ( Aprii, 1955 1JB COATED W ORK GLOVES CUT GLOVS COSTS TRIPL-PALM design eliminates the "failure points" of ordinary work gloves, resulting in multiplied glove life . . . greatly reduced glove costs. Knit-wrist or gauntlet style with coated or "freebreathing" backs. Ask your jobber or write for information. THE mw m RUBBER CO. Carrollton, Ohio In C a nad a : Sa fe ty S u p p ly Co., Toronto EXTRA-HEAVY COATING FOR EXTRA LONO WEAR . . . and Qroator palm comfort. NO SIAM HIRE TO RIP OUT . , W ing thum b (ono-pioco palm and thum b) construction for multiplied ervice life. . Make Your Own SAFETY GUARDS with H&K Stcmdcvtdi/zed P a n tA This bulletin illustrates a simple and Inexpensive w ay of con structing your own guards for moving parts, such as: fly wheels, gears, and belts, and for individual punch press dies. O nly ordinary tools, such as a hack saw, hand snip, hammer and screw driver are needed. W hen properly constructed, guards made of sturdy H & K parts will comply with State and insurance requirements and will conform with Ameri can Standard Safety Codes. 5645 F11moro S t m l, Chicago 44, Illlnoifl 114 Liboity Stroot, Now York , N. Y. Wear Steel-Grip Aluminized Asbestos Safety Apparel Aluminized asbestos reflects up to 95% radiant heat, and won't burn. Steel-Grip has tailored this material into well-fitting, properly proportioned safety gar ments that protect workers while allowing full free dom of movement. Unexcelled for hot-metal handling and processing. Every yard of cloth has been care fully selected for uniform quality. Each garment bears the Steel-Grip label, your guarantee of wear and satisfaction. Available as coats, pants, aprons, sleeves, leggings, spats, gloves, mitts and curtains. Many uses in industry. Many advantages to users. Write for test swatches or trial garments. To be iure of the Genuine Steel-Grip 5 INDUSTRIAL' | | S afety Apparel 1 I I I ( (-M I 1 K W t manufacture a complete line of guaranteed, tested and ap proved safety apparel in leather, duck, Perma-Proof materials, asbestos, wool. Dynel cloth. Jaxcolite-coated materials, alumi num-coated materials, etc. . . . knoum the country overfor qual ity and dependability. Write to day for catalog. INDUSTRIAL GLOVES COMPANY a corptfalleM Damaftd this Trada Mark 1704 Garfield Street, D a n v ille , Illin o is (In Canada; Safety Supply Co., Toronto) GUARD AGAINST The Hazards a i Sudden Blackouts Big Beam Model 2ATW w ith storage battery and built-in charger th a t keeps b attery fully charged a t all times. V ariety of models to choose from. Sudden blackouts breed confusion, panic, p roperty dam age, bodily injury --even loss of life. You can have com pletely dependable pro tection against sudden blackouts by installing Big Beam au to m atic em ergency lights. (P lug into any con venient lighting outlet.) Then w henever regular lights fail, your Big Beam will provide hours of bright, safe illum ination. Model No. Model No. 164 (Sealed Beam) 104 (Standard Bulb) I BEACON tA M P W rite fo r Complete Model No. 4MP Fiere end Lintern inform ation -- Model No. 211 1300-Fool Beam 8071 U -C L I TE M A N U F A C T U R I N G CO Chicago 22, I IIinoim IN C A N A D A i Barnard M a r k * & Co. Ltd., 439 C hurch Street, Toronto 5, Ont. 110 by customers, but it requires ex tensive work, knowledge of prod uct and toxicological informa tion to determine what products must be labeled and how they should be labeled. In our com pany's operations, we use some what over 2000 basic chemicals or raw materials and manufacture some 3500 finished products which must be reviewed individually. To illustrate, the following are just a few of the hazardous mate rials that are encountered in petroleum refinery operations or that might be compounded into finished products: Respiratory Irritants A crolein Acetaldehyde Aluminum Chloride Ammonia Asbestos Ditcrtiary butyl para crcsul Dusts, physiologically inert, general Dusts, attapulgus clay Dusts, bauxite Dusts, catalyst F orm aldehyde Fluorides Furfural Inhibitors Lime Nitrogen oxides Ozone P in e Oil Silica Smoke Sulfur dioxide Welding fumes Toxic Ma te n Is Aniline, liquid Aniline, dye Benzol (benzene) Cadmium Carbon Monoxide Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chrome compounds Cobalt, metal Hydrogen sulfide Inhibitors Lead, metal & fumes Lead, oxide, litharge Lead, soaps Lead, tetraethyl Manganese M ercury M ethanol Radioactive materials, general Toluol (Toluene) Xylol (Xylene) Zinc Skin Irritants Acids--all kinds Amines Benzol (benzene) Caustics Chromium Salts Coal-tar Compounds Cobalt, metal and compounds Dyes Inhibitors N ational Safety New*, Aprilf 1955 Nickel salts Oils, general Oils, high boiling from Cat, & steam cracking Oils, insoluble cutting Phenol Pitch Solvents Ultra violet radiation Wax, untreated The petroleum industry has made remarkable progress in the development of new and better products and in improving proc essing operations. Accompanying this progress have been new prob lems of toxicology and health en gineering which must be studied with the same zeal as other types of research. The advent of cata lytic cracking resulted in the pro duction and handling of aromatic hydrocarbons, and of importance to us, health problems long asso ciated with the coal-tar industry. The use of new chemical catalysts, inhibitors, and other chemical compounds involve health prob lems that the chemical industries have faced for years. To illustrate this trend we need only look at the modern gasolines, fuel oils and motor oils. Years ago motor oils were practically 100 per cent petroleum with little, if any, additives; today they con tain up to 15 to 20 per cent of chemicals, additives and inhibi tors, and this trend will continue because there is no question that additives contribute much to im prove performance character istics. Every step in this direction, however, does pose new problems of health and safety among our plant personnel and our cus tomers. Fork Trucks --From page 35 er catalytic muffler--on mining and construction equipment, may add impetus to two growing trends in mining--the shift to ward trackless mining and the increasing use of diesel equip ment underground. The Coplay Cement Company, Coplay, Pa., has been using a B e c a u se w e h ave the w id e st avail ab le se le ctio n o f unit p ac k e ts, and a b ro a d c h o ic e o f h e a v y d u ty kits, w e c a n p ro vid e yo u w ith the perfect c o m b in a tio n o f kit a n d fill fo r y o u r sp e c ific plant and fie ld c o n d itio n s. C a ll y o u r B u llard representative. Immediately upon application, glass or plaitic surfaces will re main F O G -F R E E S T E A M -F R E E D U S T -R E S IS T A N T O P T IC A L L Y BRILLIAN T, for several dayi. 0 Eliminates work-interrupting time breoks for manual wiping of goggles, masks or eyeglasses . . , T IM E S A Y IN G . 0 Fog-proofed lenses protect both worker and co-worker, and encourage use of eye gear constantly , , . G R E A T E R PER SO N N E L SAFETY. 0 In the foundry -- at the lathe -- on the assembly line -- with the truck fleet -- in the busy office, unobstructed vision pays dividends . . . O P E R A T IN G E C O N O M Y . AVAILABLE AS: Rtfillable Stlf-Ditpaniing Wall Cabinat Individual poefcat applicator I'/ ] and 3'/i ei. Spray bottla ORDER TODAY thru your daalar or writ Dapt. N-2 THE BUCKLEY CORPORATION 607 Fifth Ava. New York 17, N. Y, N ational Safety N sw i, A p iit, 1955 C Y L IN D R IC A L KIT p ro v id e s proteetlon fo r first aid un d e r the se v e re st fie ld c o n d itio n s. U n its p a c k e d In a v in y l r o ll-u p belt. U N IT PA CK KIT w ith r e p la c e a b le ru b b e r g a sk e t. S n a p - lo c k s o p e n w ith a flic k o f the finger, and c lo se to se al out In d u s trial d u st an d m oisture. BULLARD E .D .B U L L A R D C O M P A N Y a lili to t f i 2 7 5 Eighth Straat S a n Franclaco California 11!