Document byd6vLrGw7eLVvz2MNX8ZNyo0
Polychlorinated Biphenyls In the Global Ecosystem
br , I
R. W. RISEBROUGH P. RIECHE
iMtltuts of Mrini toooure*^, UnlYSrlty of Csllfornl*. tisrkslsy 94720
D. B. PEAKALl
DWIlton of fcolojy tntl Sjfotmnsilcs,
CocmII UnlvtrjltY, Itkscsi
Now York I47JO
f
S. G. HERMAN
Dpirtmnt of Zoofory,
UnlvYarralty of Calilfoorrnniiai , Davta 9S4I4
M. N. KtftVEN
San Dlefo Natural HUtory Muioum, POBox 1190. San Dlifo, California 92112
Polychlorlnitcd biphenyls arc widely dtj. persed In the global ceosystom, and
are powerful Inducers of hepatic cnxymei which degrade oettradlol. Together with other chlorinated biocides, such as DDT, they could account for a large
part of the aberration In calcium meta
bolism which hat been observed In many
species of birds since the Second World War.
Declining population* of raptorial aiuj fls)i-otjna
bird* in Orrut Drilftlii' ftiia North America' havo imxluoea
thin-shelled egg* inoe |tho poriod after tho Sooond World
War. A widespread change in the ohcniioal environment
which afToct-od tho cajcnim physiology of thnao specie*
evidently oooumod at that time. Tho ohloriiuitod hydro
carbons, which omno Ihtp gortoral u*o in tho 104(Vt, may
now lx> I ho moot nlmildftnt aynthotio polhitante pronont
in tho global environment*. Thin eggshell* liavo b<ou
found only In sjtccioe whioh gmournumto high oonoon-
tration* of thr-so oompjjuuds: relatively imoontamiiiatod
populationa of thane spocios oonlinuo to produoo normal
egg*1''.
|
Cnlcium metabolism in birds is intimately related to
reproductive motabolUln knd i* to a largo oxtont regulated
by steroids such as oestrogen and vitamin I)*. The
deposition of medullary l^ne, the cliioT source of calcium
during egg and eggHhilll fniiimlieii, in oontmlliul hy l.iie
eU ruiil oex li>>rmuuun` r, jiml huiut delieieut in vitamin I)
lay eggs with lower je^gHholl weighth*. Btoroids am
hydroxyluted and thoreby degradod in ttw and in vitro
by hepatic onr.yines inatiood by nxogenous, lipid-solublo
substanoos, inoluding the chlorinated hydrocarbons'"".
The relatively small amounts of ehlorinatod hydro
carbons required to proauoe tills cffool,111*-,i and tho
disoovory that smalt j amounts of somo of tho DDT
compounds are ooelrogehio','*,'*, havo made irrelevant
much of the parts ppr million approach to pollutant
ecology based on toxicity data alone.
In both Groat Britain';1"" and North Amorioa" it was
the decline of tho poregriirto faloon whioh initiatod oonoom
about the extent of the harmful ofToots of environmental
contamination. In U19 United Slates tho oaetem popu
lation was extinct before oompotont obeorvors were
swart of a gonoral, ' widespread deelino". Brooding
peregrines persist in j apparently normal numbers in
British Columbia" and in tho Arolio"'".
In 1907 we oollootod aq unhatolmd, abandoned ogg of a
peregrine faloon in south-wostom North Amorioa, whore
a smAll remnant population remains (unpublished work
of M. N. K., It. W. R, ind 8. G. H.). Analysis of this
egg (Tabic 1) showed that it oontainod almoef 6 mg
of p,p'-I)DE (diel>loro-2,2-W(p-ohlorophonyl) othyiono).
Unknown peaks presfjnt in the ohromnlogram* of tho
extraot of the ogg wore unidentified until polyohlArinatcd
biphenyls (PCB) wore Botocted in European wildlifo"-'1.
Positive confirmation of tho identification was aooom-
pliihod by mass epootrometry in 8woden". Tlio retention
lime* of the unknown, posdt* in tho porogrine extracts
proved to be identioal with those of soveral PCB oorti-
pounds on DC-IOO and QjP"- 1 oolurrms' and on a mixed
S-S0:QF-l oolumn. J Qthor species of birdq and fish
woro subsoquontly analysod for PCB. Tho chlorine
oontont of several extracts and standards was dotonninod
with a Dohrman microooijiloinotric detector and a method
of quantification of the PCB oompounds was devised based
on peak heights produooq in the electron oapture deteotor
related to standard p^p'j-DDE*. The DDT oompounds
are destroyed by nitration" and p.p'-DDT (1,1,1-triohloro-
2,3-b(p-ohlprophpnylWhf>nfl), PDI) (l,l-<iwhhrti-2,il fa (p-ohlorophenyOothano) and lonajilioite tfo dohydro-
chlorinated by saponification with alooholie KOH.
PCB is not degraded by either prooodure.
Table t. ostosisiTse srDicoiiaosi lx soars ixssioi* rsssotixi
ruoou
tvI-
fUin{4o i.
Dh Idris
TnUl Bl>T*
TuT
PCB
DBT/ FCB
JUjn Callft KnU {wol)
I. ^o>rxt jn-Ar \ mlfntat
Oil
m
97
10-1 10
from ArcUo
nuiftc>(wn Kn*uRl iniiAcki idry) Hruin (wet)
(*rol) (l*rr.\u (lipid)
NM XM 0 M7 (IS
99 H.r 7U 4,000
9i tx
98 93
SI t1lP-T
1,410
34 4-7 H
t, IiDinT^irr,(JnllfonjU|
IlhhTnl nm*ok>(t) Mvrr (wii) Mfiln (wi i) < itirikWM (w<-L) h'urrji>u (H|4il)
NX N(MKU (t-WI tl'll 10
14-4 77 nn uu*i 900
90 92 HO
n
H 49 If, IPJ MIX 100
l(i 1*7 \9 \-9
4. Adult, CnHfoniUjj
JSrouit rruiAoU (r*t) NM 187 ft7 OS
L4vef (woO
NM 77 SO 07
I14t
BfAlo (wct>
0 81 49 4 M II-* t 4
Bnin (lipid) C*rcA* (wei) Catcam Olpld)
*7 1-7
KS S3
to *,400
418 07 5
1.090
1-3
1. Iramaluri migrant
from Aretfo
Brr.Mt muKk: (wet) XM
2 3 01
016 14
B feoat m*d (dryj
Liver (wet)
NM
Brain (wet)
NM
7-8 1-0
n
Oil 83
0 84 010 10 0 037 If
Body fat (wet) CaroMi (wet) CareAM (lipid)
XM 007
40-3 93
0S8t
0 44 S3 7
12 it
0 80 00
it
f. Immature AraUc
migrant**
BrcMt muicle (wot) XM
1-0 09
06 14
BrfjalmuKk-(dry)
SO 10
Concentration! In parta per million wet weight, try weight or lipid weight.
DDT rexlduca Include: p.p'-DDT. S.r'-DDE. p.p'-DDD (p.s'-TDE), p.p'-BOMlt, ,p'-I)DT and o,s'-DI>E. NM, Not measured.
t Chlorinated hydroearbon oontenta of llic egg were; <.700 eg p./i'-DDE; 40 hi it.p'-DDP,: to HI *,j>'-DI>T; 7-4 Hi p.p -DDD; S7 hi p.p'-DDMt); i hi illehlrln; 12 hi hepUehlor epoxide. Conoenlrnlloni were calculated by aaaiimtng > volume of 47-8 ml., the sverege value obtained by nv-amrlng eleven olntebea nf peregrine rgn from California In the lluaenm n`f Vertebrate Eonlmjy, Unlverelly of Californio, Berkeley, and by aaenmlng a drnilty of I 0.
t Rewind year female, captured In Ortober on the Texaa coaat durlnf migration. Pled In raptWlty ahnrlly afv-rwanlii, no apparent eaoim f denih. No body fat. Total body content or cblntlnatnd hydrocarbon!: ss mg DDT, 10 1*CB, 0-44 mg dteldrln, 0-1* mg heptachlor epoxide. Total body
11'lumagc cliaractcrlitlca of both S and 4 were Intermediate between thoer of tynleally rcxldent California bird* and the Arctic race f.p. luegriui, at deacrlbcd by Wlilte*1, No. 2 wat an Immature female of the year trapped Id the eoutbern 8an Fmncleoo Bay area In the winter nf 10SS. Obeerveit feeding in tire area for a week before capture. I>ImI auddcnly after eating a draa
full. Moderate body fat. Total body chlorinated hydrocarbon content.
> mg DOT, 6 8 mg PCB, 8 07 mg dteldrln, 0 09 tng heptachlor rpoxlde, Total body lipid, 43 g. II Adult famate. Trapped In the aoulhem San Pranclaco Bay area In the winter of 19A6. Obeerved feeding In the area for a month before capture. Pled ahortly aflerwarda with no apparent cattae of death and no bodr fat. Total body chlorinated hydrocarbon content: SI m# PI>T, 40 mg FCB, 1'0 mu dleMHn, 1-0 mg heptaehlof enoxldt. Total body lipid, 101
1 Flret year female trappod on The Texaa eoaat In October. Boat at Ft Mugu, California, the following January and an ahot by a aportentan 9 wccka later. Abundant body fat. Total body eootent: T nw DDT, 0 * mg pen. 0-06 mg dteldrln, 0-17 mg heptaehlot epoxide. Total body llptd, 110
FIrat year femete trapped on the Texai ooawt la October. Died ahortly afterwards of bast proelraUoo.
In Table 1 are prosentod the results of gtnalyse* of peregrins faloon* which died from a variety of oau*e*
DSW 029241
bln -till
ntiu "Hi! it h
UrH- | CM ' ) '
i * .1*1" ' hpttl ri
ll>\l<- I'
1 uni"* >
k I tf (111 i ii *...< .1 I,
lltil Ini Mere h, bill i > pn rnlili 1
Trihlc
Plot v(il IIhJii f'i rvmnitiH arid nf fouiiil III onri il tr (IsHiWi li rfH|uclit
Illrnk _ (Tnhi.- :
loth i> |x >pi l(l l 19tlK m,
H hlllglo iimihIii r M I ' I'll run
nitini< *t11 Wh.-ll. a \ r 11 ell of 3J |" r
Him lU.'i
CoHeel (!
Mtlh hill souro-K o
In I'll! been ri d
The renin normally four yum surviving unoont nn
SI* Clr. Eared grelw (
WIkjIc IkxI>
BUrk pc Ini (1 Wlwlf bori>
pclrrl (C \YU<>h My
F.R8#
FUh (3) Whole bod
Crvrtl> nun
Kfg* (oik c
WhoU hod Wholf bod
EUgAnt
Egg*
(
Eg?*
^fulfill t
* M *|-
fch pr.-y
o*<nRe*Inpocfilifi.-'urn.
p^lrel- //rt/.v
WrVf Afr-fFHfl I
t mr } Both rj
STLCOPCB4013203
lelydiim. nd niymes Dgether t. tuch a lrj ,1 meta in many World
>-S
*hvdr**KOH.
tuoum
DM/ rCB 10
a 4*7 9-8
IA 1-7 10 10
1-4 1-4 l-l
14 10
r iiit
1-4
rid trtlflil. r.r'-toB),
rg.'r-'n-hnhwBr
v-t-ur..,. nt- *.
.a. : r+ r i* *4
! ;a M ifN-ilinc
a di'An . eonlmt:
f p<ul<k. In thf
i eplut*. bodv fat.
rep,
\ nt Pl
ifUn^n I
lTid, .0U6 0mhf.
kJ
pwfl of
II
kIh-rlly oiler Ix-jng (rn|i|nil for fiileimry. tiigmliniut which etmlniu Inw eimi'oni nit inns nf chtnrm itril liydrnamount < ol` IVM wen- present in Aretir |x'rogrii,,>s only mrlsms. A pair which (bilg'd I hr, a young in lllliH
n lew mouth*
li-il ehielly on passi i ai'-s anil e,,l'italal,,i ucm dining llio
were pivsenl il,i i second year Arctic bird (No. 2) unit bits sling Ki'imiin. Itiilli pri-y groups an- n-lnlively nu-
i i-xoi-pHoimlly liiffii residues won' present in nu nilult omit unlimited (M. N. K., li. W. II. and N. (j. ((.. m I ro | >| Vi 1 in t'nli oriiiit (No. ). In tiinlH 2 nntl 4 I In- (olnl pivpiirnliun). A clutch nf eggs oollei-lid jM n,w n gna,
lipid reserves wyro very low, and in Imi|)i tin- brain W< iglxxl ns nil all ns (hn eggs nliliiiie'd In pre-war years,
enni-ent rat inns of DDK anil JVM won' high, perlm|M at whereas other |M-n-grine eggs liom Ciihfurnia rntieeh-d
toxic levels. 2*it! inoliilii-.alion during reprtxluction or in since the Nt-cond World War have Ihhii tlaii shelled limes of cl in \ n*tion or strew could In' rx|*x'(ed In emmc (r< f. 2. nnd I >, W. Anderson, I >. Mickey anil It. (', Christ an
Mguiliennt clmilge* in (lie internal dialrilmtinn of clilori- si-u, in pn-|>nmf ion). lb-spite uflli-iid |iroleeliau the
nnlcd liydroenrjbiiii*. Steroid hydroxylase activity in Ihn surviving birds are still siihjeetssl lo shooting by sjsirlnmeu
In or might increase at this tinto. Dicldrin concentrations nnd to Immsmiient at the e.irii-s. If ihesn eould Isi
I ncrc lower than jin (In' peregrines analysed in Mriluin, effeelively reduced ibe piipuliilinn mighl yol survive.
lull DPI-: concent rat inns worn approximately com-
In Table 3 lire pn-senleil (he resells of iiimlyseH of
I in nil ill-1 *.
i
iniu iui- and lirreslrial lards and of I lin o H|sn ii s nf fresh
Tnlilo 2 pn-seijis llio results of analyses of |N-ri'gi'ino water llslies for IVII mid I! T cmiieni and cnncenlraiion.
prey sjx-cies, tv inn ins of ivliiclt won- onllccled ut eyries in Krom the rutin if t-nlnl DDT In It'll, il is iippiirnil. Unit
Majn Cnliliiruii.. Mexico. Willi the exception of llm n-ginnul fallout |mMs-rns exist. In iiiosf of the birds
remains of oin ihouming dovo (Ztnouiura mneroum) from San Francisco May which have Isx'ii analysed,
nnd of throo fish bats (t'iionyx vivefi), prey material including porogrinn falcons (Table I) and eggs of tin-
found nt four eirios oonsistod of sea birds. Of these, the western gull, tho Caspian tern and the black crowned
cored grebe (Poificxfv catpicu*) and tho black petrel night heron (Table 3), the ratio was between one and two.
(Loomrlania r/njjonia) constituted 32 and 26 per cent, Another black crownod night heron egg had a typically
respectively, of,the reinains.
- ``oooau'1 profile, suggesting that tho adult female had
Black petrel*,' like other petrels and shoarwatere wintered along the onaat, In moot of tho birds from the
(Table 3), oon a ned especially high oonoonlrationa of Famllon Islands, whioh are 27 mites west of tho Golden
both DDT ani PCH. Reproductive suoooas in this Gate Bridge, this ratio was betweon 2 mid 6. In the
population of pirogrinpR soems to bo aulmormal. In Gulf of Panama, whore 1*011 oontaminat ion might come
I 11)118 no pairs wjorjo observed to 1ml oh or fledge more (him from tho Ciuml Zone and industrial arena in Panama n single young, fin the past, two to four young, tho City, tho ratio is lx-twism I and 2 (Table ,'l).
number normnlly priHluecd liy healthy |X'regrinoH,*,^
In tile Gulf of (,'ntifornin, a region relatively n-inolo
ncro raised by ei)ch pair (b. \V. Wnlker, in-rsoitnl com- from (be noun-os of nil her DDT or I'Cll oouLaininal ion,
luunieiil ion), Tho ihiekness of frnginonts of u |tmgriuo (lie ratio was in most oms-s approximately 0 or 10. This
I eggshell, with tiienihrano, oolleclod in 1008 bolow itu was true in the egg of the peregrine fnleou (Table I), eerie whoro one young hutched, was 0-24 mm, a decrease ill all of the black petrols and least [sitrels analysed,
of.34, XT rent froiji tho menu thickness of <1-34 mm 0-010 in tho ('mvoii's murrelets (Table 2), in live of six osproy
nun (Ibi [sir oojit onnfldenoo level) in tweuty-throo eggs eggs and in six of sovon western gull eggs (Table 3).
rolledod in the krjm boforo 1947. Tho region is wildomowi, Among tho oxooptions the fish hat, with low oonoontrat ions
with little or no human mtorferonoo, and is romoto from of both DDT and PCB, woa tho most d ivorgont, with a
souroes of pollution.
ratio of 43 (Table 2). It is not cloar whethor this reflects
In California,, plumbers of brooding peregrines have differences between avian and mammalian physiology or
been reduced by at least 80 per Cent in rooent years. a fundamental difference in feeding habits. The other
The remaining few pairs, howevor, soom to be reproducing exceptions inolude spooies whioh are present in the area
normally and rWr, when undisturbod, between two and only during the brooding season (Table 2).
four young aaol^ year, They are found, like most of tho
In sea birds from tho Pacific tho ratio Was usually
surviving pair* ^n Great Britain'1 in a relatively bolwis-n 6 and Ml ('Table 3). JV!> war U'A found at eggs
uiioontiimiiinVecs region niid Boom to be fessditig w birth v/ .(,I,V Ad'ho jp'rtgv.M-- 4,4'wiv t'a'tr fy-v/irV,. AWni'tOTC.
L*r< -J fwbe US) m*)k> body
Mi'-k pftffl (10)
Wlok body
Ua*i petrel (0)
Whole body
U9*
rub ut rs)
Wbok body
;
}
I
1
j
Crftvul** mumtol (f) >,?g* (orx clutch) |
tVhob l^>dy, Adult Wldlt tody. Adult '
EI-jmiI bre (i)
|
!
TaIiw 1 yc* jjn> m>T nt DDT
.V <SS)
8--
fi BIO e*-t,44)
8M 8 >0
(M-17) ? 86
ns si) 8 tv>t
(8M-8M) X S7-1 1
** 156 , (9-4-84-J)
wstihk ny i,y,n#oAi7is fAf<r/>K8 nt tm* ovi.r oy OAtiroKiru
nriT (ppm.)
PeronUp* DDR
PCB ()
PC fl (p.p.m.)
0-18. 0 48. HI
7
KMt
9-8 fW)-^ " 8-8 fW)
0-71 (W) 89 (L) 0-SI (W) 8 4 (W)
81 81 84 68 80 *:# Kj
-
9-1 (1-8-8 0)
0-88 (0-48-1-08)
-- --
l-OtW'i (0-90 ) -14) 0-88 Cff)
001 (W)
4-8(1.) iiiiv., mb 0-9MW i
S-O(L)
00
-
HO,) (O S 9 0)
DDT/ PCB 52
H to
4) 87 lu 52 80
8 1*6 (94-178)
48 (L)
05
--
8 1 (1.) (1 811-9)
65
fi'Mlent In pg of 'hole bo<ll AmJ M|>; onnoentTAtfonA In p.p.m. wot wf.1^1 (W) or llnld woistatL).
ApCOimCTU at* collected in tb vicinity of four pcrtrlt>e eyrk1* Id Ba)a CallrarniA. Kumbort In puDthr*r*
Uie number of renmln* of
mb prey ipeole* wlu were found At to* yr). Al*o found wtr romAln* of da cormorant (Pkaiacrvcor&j sp), one rod ph^krope (Pkaltropu* fnlir+nui).
one northera phAkroj Mipmi lottfuj) wvd one
dove (Ztn*i4*rn fvwscfovra). but k>cl tpeclmras of theee ipeotM irere not Antlyeed.
or
kftit pcIrr.U, ckflant pe And BoermADoetulki were from different olutchee. Eertd grebe: Poli&p* c**|KcW; bkek petrel: L*n*tUin(
prirel: Ifeiocypttn* (rfe+om*; fioh bt:
nieerl; CrAvert'A Burreiet: JSn4cm)KAw* crtvtri; elqpk&l tem: Th*lt****4 *Uft*4; BeermAon't full:
knrmcnni, ,
t Not meAtared.
pek oe <4ux*&Atofirr&A.
J Both bo bocUJnod 0 0 p.p.Eb. dkklria (llptd wftlgfct) fiftd (hi? p.p.m. endiin (Hpid wHdM).
i OSW 029242
STLCOPCB4013204
tly dll-
1, nd
ixymei *th*r , uch i lr|# meu-
i miny
^Vorld
t,t-bU
fcy<1rv KOH.
ISOMS*
DDT/ PCB
It *7 II
i*
1-4 M
us
1-4 1-4
!*
14 10
it
II
14
*r*l*ht. 'TDB), 'pT)R; DhUU; Bird br osutIdb
rrkobflr-i0tr.
durlns fdeath. S DDT, 3 bodr w the*r/*i. m pis'll Id
f*eeddrlsna*
otilmt: pojkJr. i In Uv* wpturr. >4r ft. 8 PC11. 4 si Fl
uOnSssBt|
Witt
to* of tause*
i uwf
1
hIumiU nCmr Ixjinf (nipped fpr falconry, 'Nigniflriml
niuoiml* uf IVM lyi-n- pn-*ont in Arctic pcrcgrini* only
,1 Ini lunnlhs 0(1 (No*. ft mill II). lull lugliiT nwidui'M
were present in n second yw,r Audio bird (No. 2) mid
cxccpliouiilly
residue* won' pi-eneMt in mi adult
trapped in Cnlifohiin (No. 4). In bird* 2 mill 4 Iln< total
lipid reserve* were very low, mid in l*>lh the liruiu
nmiviil rat ion* of I|>H mill IVD wore high. pcrliap* at
toxic level*. Kn( tiioliilizatioii during reproduction or in
time* or *tarvati(>n or siren* could la' oxjaaited to cause
significant clmnges'in the ititoriml distribution of chlori-
tinted hydroenrlxjn*. Steroid hydroxylase activity in tlio
liver miglit incrcajso at thi* time. Pioldrin concentrations
which enulnin low cimechlintioiiH id ttiibirin-Ui-d hydro.
enrlHiiiH. A |wiir wlmli (I. d.-d lime \<nu,g in |mix
fell elo.-fiy on
nml eoluml'il'U mi-h itonng the
breeding *c**nn. Both prey group* nri- relatively n,,.
contaminated (M. N. K.. It. W. It. mul H. ti. i(.t j,,
preparation). A ehiloh of egg* coIIitImI in tins region
wi ighi-d hk iimcli ns the egg* iihtnih'-d in pni.wiir your*,
whereas other peregrine egg* from ('iilifornia rolincled'
Kinee the Seeiind World \Vnr have lm-n lliin kIi' IIi iI
(n f. 2, nml I). W. Audi r*on, I>. IIivkey mill l(. K. Christen
sen, in piv| Miration). Ih-Mpite nnieint proli-ction tie-
surviving bints an- si ill Mutijoel i*l to hIiuuI ing by *| *.rt min i,
and to harassment at the eyrioH. If )|m-ho eonhl Ihi
were lower than in the peregrines analysed in Britain, cffi-otively n-duoed the |Hipnlation might yd Hiirvivn.
bat DDK conopnlrations wore approximately com
In Table 3 are presented the rrMiilts nf unulvwe of
parable".
j
marine and t< rn-slrial binlH and of Ihri-e *|*>eiiH uf fresh
Tablo 2 presents the results of analyse* of peregrine water fishes fur I*(,'11 mid |)| T eonb-nt and eoutS'iil rnl ion.
pny specie*, nnhitU of which were oollt'otod nt ryrliw in JfHIIII tllil t-iltlo (tf total DDT lu I*4 111. if is ap|Hirent tlmt
Baja California, Mexico. With the exception of lho regional fallout patterns (>xi*l. In nasi of the birds
remains of one {mourning dove (Zenaidura maeroura) from Ban Froncisoo Bay which huve boon analysed,
and of three fish bate (I'iumyz viveri), proy material including peregrine falcons (Tablo 1) and eggs of the
found at four oyrio* oonftistcd of so* birds. Ol these, the western gull, tho Caspian tern and tho black -crowned
eared grebe (Poditep* oatpicut) and the black petrel night heron (Tablo 3), tho ratio w&* between one and two.
(Loomtlania mtlartit) constituted 32 and 25 per oont, Another black-orownod night horon egg had a typically
res|>ectivoly, of the remains.
"oooan" profilo, suggesting that the adult female had
Black petrels,) Ike other petrels and Khenrwotoru wintered along the coast. In moat of the hirdH from the
(Table 3), contained especially high oonoGitrations of Karnlton Islands, which are 27 miles west of the Golden
Iwth DDT and PCB. Reproductive sucooes in this Gate Bridge, this ratio was between 2 and ft. In tho
population of peregrines sooms to bo subnormal. In Gulf of Panama, where PCB oontaminatiun might come
1008 no pairs were observed to hatch or fledge more than from tho Canal Zone and industrial areas in Panama
a single young. |lti the past, two to fout; young, the City, the ratio is botwoon 1 and 2 (Table 3).
number normally produced by healthy peregrinee"'",
In the Gulf of California, a region relatively remote
were raised by each pair (L. \V. Walkor, pereonal com from the souroos of either DDT or PCB oontamination,
munication). The ihiokuetts of fragments of a porogrino the ratio was in most cases approximately 0 or 10. This
eggshell, with its membrane, (olleotcd in 1088 bolow an woe true in tho ogg of tho peregrine faloun (Table 1),
I e.vrie wlioro one young hatchod, was 0-24 mm, a decrease in all of tho black petrels ond least petrels analysed, of 34 per cent from tlho mean thioknees of 0 34 mm 0 015 in the Craveri's murrelots (Table 2), in five of six osprey
inm (05 per oont oinfidenoe level) in twenty-three eggs eggs and in six of seven western gull eggs (Table 3).
i collected in the arris before 1947. The region is wildomess, Among the exooptions the fish bat, with low oonoontrations with little or no human interference, and is remote from of both DDT and PCB, was the most divergent, with a
sources of pollution.!
ratio of 43 (Table 2). It is not clear whether this reflects
In California, number* of brooding peregrines havo differences botween ovian and mammalian physiology or
been reduood by af least 80 per oent in reoent years. a fundamental difference in feeding habits. The other
The remaining few pairs, however, seem to be reproducing exceptions include specie* which are present in the area
normally and row', When undisturbed, botwoon two and only during the breeding season (Table 2).
four young each jWr. They are found, like'most of tho
In sea birds from the Paoifio the ratio was usually
surviving pairs in Great Britain"-", in relatively between 5 and 10 (Table 3). PCB was not found in eggs
u noonlaminated Dg on and eeem to bo feeding on birds of the Adelie penguin from Cape Crotier, Antarctica,
Tble S. ra ajtd dot nr mr syDoiM or rBA&oiujrs ri.Looy# i tub bolt or cmroeuru
PDT K (<*>
DDT (pp.m.)
PwoenUm DDK
PCB 04)
PCUI (pp.Bl.)
DDT/ PCB
fcrJ STtbd (It) body
&Urk (10)
Whole body
Lml ptrel (0) Whole body
En
Fhih bot(i) Whole w>dy
Crew}** murreH (t) Km* (Qne dutch)
Whole body, *doH Wiiok body, ftdttk
EJjgnt (1)
futl (1)
EP
of vhj>l
t 8 8 e T 2 l 1 * 8
--
810| (888-1,844)
N SO (M-87)
. '
2801 (828 286)
S7-J 808
' 18-8 ' (4-4-84-8)
14.1 (44-878)
0-88, 0 M, It 1
4-8 (W)-- 8-t(W)
O-Tl (W) 19(1.) 0 81 (W)
8 4(W) 6-0(1) 48 (L)
47 KM1
81 -
88 St ri
(1-8-4 0) 88 , P-68
(0-48-104) 80 85 86 40 -
46 --
1 0(W) (0 40-1 14) 0 86 (70
OOt(W)
4-6(1.) O-OSO (W) 0-84 (W)
MU.) (0 8 8-4) l-llt) (8 6-111)
-- 02
iV
48
8-7 79 t8 8-9 69
rontent la of
bodlo* and ef#; oonoeotrallon* la p.p.ra. wet welsht (W) or lipid weltflit <L).
#/U ipeclmene w<e Ifolkotod In the vicinity of four perefrloe eyrk< fn Ba)* OdlforaU. Humber* In r*rtbtl*e *rt the number of rtoiAir* of
each prry spec`k* wblob yreft -found...a...t..t..h..e...e..y..r.t.ee Atao found wen remain* of od oormount (PMtcroeon* 9p), one red phaUrope (Ph*i*ropu* fvliciriut).
one northernd phhe*l`arope (X"dfklpee i*o6 J- ur)- and- ow mouml'na <^ Um (*Z"tna"idttn auuroww)`. *bu*t local ipedmena off thee** yfppoeodkee we*rree not anadlyyveedd. &Xao?* of
kalpftrelet, e`kaent terne and Beermann'e rulle were Worn different elvtohee.
PLadmre*f:k*fr/drio*cervy*yp*rli&, ne wfefjeedma; Aeh bat: Puonyt hwi; Cr*Tefi`e ntmlet:
Bared arebe: Bniov\ytllwr
ePrevdvieCrttJ; HeMteennlt Wt*ke;mmb::laTc*khdpUet*r*ol:4
L*ti**ia*{* mehmU: t Heermana'e
Vaet aul):
e Hot aeeaeored- Inteffbr4aehcoaeatgaram.
1 Both ea$ tm oootalaed 9 <m p.p.m. dietdrla Oipid welaM) and 0-1? p.p.m. ehdrla (ttptt tfe&aMV
DSW 029243
STLCOPCB4013205
T*bl* t. fltlt 4B|I
18 YH1 ov.bal looirmN
8perk#
K
Toiai DDT
(,*>
(p.piiu
PertY-nfafe )MK
,. 0<)
roil
(l* p.m.)
SHU (H R
While rtapple (I) Ul.u'k rrap|4e (2)
IthH'flll! (3) Adelk penguin (4)
Kg<*
Wreh-m gr-W- (ft)
lU.A*t mueclo
Kuhu.tr (ft) A It
0 Pink-fooled #1*** nr MU' (7) Honly #hrnrwtef (8)
A It C Ktcnder-Mlkd altear* water () Aatiy tr(rrl (10)
IlntfUl fk'llfAH(tl) Kit*", I'AlwnUM
I I
Curt*. Ilrtjrt CallfiWnkj
I'rleMrhlnl (l*)eg|H,
Crmaum
FtrownUdty{|ft)cgg#,'
I'anamn
I
DratHC# cormorant 04)
eg**
I
PrUflr cormorant (1ft)
ear*
ClmMimnn Wt (16) ;
WhHMAlkdklle(!7)
Kttt*, eh(<*i A
!
CidmlWwd rjx ti |
Cnti.ttcUd ciw C
ciuirh /
Clutch K
:
Clutch V
j
Conner*# hnwk (Ift) !
Holden cnpk (10) rgg ,
0#prey (20), njr\
i
Cnllfornln
!
Xlrrlfn (21)
;
An^rlrnn kretrel (22)
Whole t>od>-, adult
Fgg*, two eltilebee `
JUnrk-munedtitght
heron (3)
5K*m* :
Wrttcmrilim)
!
F-a?. H, n Frmnolsco
(rtwa>;. *thHrieme cuihiisilxdptea
FarMlonI#.,
tenelutrlw*
gg, Ba)a Cnllf.,
even elutelw*#
Foster*# t*m(2ft)eg
!
Caspian tero (2ft) ,
Fsfjr*.8an r;thcl#oo
fifty !
Egg*. Ban Dirgo Bay
Hed phnlnrnpc (27) ! Common morre(2*)egg
Ciuln'i anklel (20) |
Ancient nmmkt(SO) ;
KhlnoceroaaukVUftl)
Mourning dovr (12) J
Banioul(i3)
Rgg*. one clutch
Egg#, mire, hi toh i
McaoowlMk (94)
!
1 1 1
ft
S 1 1 1 1 , I 1 1 9
A 9 9 4 17 f 1 4 I 1
10 7
--
0T8 (0*60 1*W) .
-- -- _ 111.475 2.000
i,2r -
(1,(1A'mmi
nn
(18 IKS) 63
(47 f.0) 9-9. 8-7. 90*0
10 8 08-4*24*9)
116
VJM
(125 130) 4.340
.
tit (UH 12-9)
51 53 H-n/g 10'2/rgf fi)-n/rcj ft.fiOO 1M> 127 (go 204) 435
ft 1
rum
ftll s9
mi (ej2-i,iM)
4111 101
886 1 290
ftftr* (596 791)
1.1(10 0,11ft 1.822)
1,430 (001-1.490)
1,04ft (091-9,911)
11-0. 93-1
27-7/egg 143/rflf
21*2.448
I K3 (W) *I0(W) 6-KWI 0 Itfl(L) tM (W) tl'4l (W> IM (\V> 7fi(W 0<W) IS-I(W) 10 S <W) * fl(W) O(W) Hllfl
Il'MI.) 10 0(1.)
-- S(l.)
--
10-B(W) 0-78 (W) -34 (W) O 35 (VT)
0 0 <L>
ftftl(W)
re (W>
0-044
0-78 (W) SOI <L)
6 ft (W) 0-76 2*7 0-10 (W) 1*25 (W) 6-8 (W> 0 1ft. 9 9 (W)
0 A 9
74
5
7 80 08 09
94 H0 86 92
00
61 (47-78)
81 HH
89 01
00
70
77
M2 73 02 67 SO 00
f9tf*t
04
90 09
80 00
ftft
80
tr
so
so
88
7ft 00
08 00 07 "77,09
06 00 77.01
-- --
< 9-04 4 A'g/ng*
-
-- 9.900
277
, NM -- !un
(998 189)
W-l (18 30)
10 4 (9 0 11*7) 8-4. 8-7. 84*0
It (9 ft 1ft 9)
119
62 (48 76)
"
fl-4 (6-6 7 8)
0 Ml 3-0 4'1/^m 4'0/c(tt 9-8/ftt
17-6 (7 9. S O. 109) <94 . 7 0,10)
6ft 4
9-7 ld)/egg
990 tl
BOft (ftftO-1,810)
1981 ftft
45 i 60
114 (01-197)
ana (800- 050)
1.010 (650-1,800)
666 (984-1.010)
Hot detected
10-4/eg* 14-4/egg 1-6. 98 1
0 1AV4 <W) nrati lHA).r.
IHKW (W)
O-OM (W) 0 31 (W) 8-6 1W) 0 42(W)
1*2 (W) 0 9 (W)
*1 (W)
MtW)
--
-- 4 9(1,)
-- --
0-91 ... ... --
85 0-29 (W)
0-90 (W) 0*011 0 00(W)
010 4ft (U
016 0 1ft 0 80
0*47 (W) 0-08 (W)
476 X(, 1.2VI > lH
270 r,
lit 2-7 7-2 to
Cl C ft
1 67, (0 97 3 |)
8 6. 4*0 I I, l i.M
1-7 5-6 l\ 12 in ft 0 1-6
aK nft
f4tf0t
9*6. 10*1. M, U 9, 0 7, II {
U-7 1*4 19
1-6 98 1-0 9-0 t I.lOft.t 0. it-ft.lOd, to 7, tti
58
1*7 1*4
H
3-5 16
2*7 10 8 4. 15 0
Conlcntln nml.oonrcntmtiftn* In p.p.m. wet weight (W) or Uph! wtl*ht(L).
^
v , ,,
41
.
CrIcm otlcruiec ibeciftcd, Arvtiyect were of wimlc bookw. Kndrln 8nd rilcJorlo were tdcntlflwl on the bn*U of retention tlncf on both QP* 1 tod IK7-100
oolum1n. a/'O/MAi-U SNft/Jr(i|, EA4 g. Cln*r jUkc. l-nke Co., CAtlf., Kvv lOflfl.
C, Pcmarit nifromutiUifw*, 212 9. Ctrnf Lkc, Ijtkc Co., Callr., May 1088.
9. Ispomi* morro<v6((i, 220 g, vkar liskt, Lnkc Co., Cnllf,, May 1088.
4. t'wrrlh flrffrfwr.TApC Cm*lcr, AntAlTtlcn, Oclolicr 1087.
ft. AtckmopUnn\t ott\itn\6Hi, CloAr l^kc. Lake Co., Cnllf., May 1088.
0. Ptilmnnut tintltlii. >4anrt^: Monterey lUy. Calif., November 1,1008. C: IMnt Ueye*. Cnllf., Dcecmlrr 1087. Viihnm bread to AUek*.
7. erPfl/o/H*; Browli in Clillo. <V.1tAct/Hl In Mny 1008 In tl>r Oulf of rAllfornU.
_ t_
#t# . .. .... _.4f
9, pignut prifu{. Jureedi In New RenUnd *nd Chlk. A and /l: Monterey Bay, November l, 1088. C Ottlf of CAllfornlA, May 108ft. NM, Not
ny'AXJO'd, InVonprlnn peak*.
*
..
9. rwiUwf/eHtffrAlru. Jlroedt In Anatralln. Monterey IUy, Deocmber 1088.
10. rhv AMfrom a Aojhapftroa. KArnllon UlamU, <`aMf., May 1008.
^ ^^
. .... _
...
11. Pr1tctin*u ocridffU9ll*. pAiun\A egfra wrrr ooUectrd on Ula Paeljecn and IU Pae)*cqulHA. Oulf of PatuMnn, February 1080. One egc coatalned
0 08 r-P m. dkktrtn nod 0 08 p.p m. cndrln. Anidher contained 0 18 p.p.m. dteldrln and 0*07 p.p.m. endrla (Upld *elaht). Bala CaliforwU <499* were oollecled at BahU de toe Anr b. Mnfeh 1080. One *6* contained 0-24 p.p.m. dktdrln ami HI p.p.m. emlrla (UpM wUPit>.
12. Freyala mffga(XfW4. Ilia Pacbeca, Vanamn. Febniary 108ft.
^
^
, . .. ^
,
13. 5W ItHcw**, laia Pachoca and 1*U PaclwuuUla, Panama. February 108ft. Two egga were analysed for dleldrlD wtd rwdrija. DteWrla: C
0 1ft p.p.m.: (ndrta: 0*08 a&d 0*011 p.p.m. (hptd Wclaht). 14. Fk<srocortJ p+nlrltUUU. Ferallon laModa, May 1087.
1ft. Pbtfetrwt+r piAricm*. Baa Vateo Co., Calif.
10. .4war fy**f><efk. Sa XM^po, April 198ft. Adwlt;male. 17. &a*m**ml twewVrtnrn*ra4. A .: vCvonwu&i vOaoaewU wOoj-.2. mCtAm\t.iiA(pnrnIMtOwWo. *B baniid vC:. Cwoinhtra* *C'o'aU_ vO-o..^> l^ay^fl^Wo aad Uiree young rateod. rwpeothHy.
Abandoned, footra Cotta Co., May tw07.
4 F: Dootrored elR. Cont CooU Co,,
I'M*
:v* nr :t.*
:\ i
:u
Im l! with
i /r>r*n 4 Im r* i im, i
I...! M r* Hf.ltM' Irn f(
I :mi * ..f (... i'riinf r'> I,: tiic < Tl,.. I
riit!'.
Hik flu,I t'l
IH flB \
w ill, t (Six'll C b,ii,B i Cnlurn tlmt b BKfiflli fr.irs i<, iiml Bi tVIIHit.
]' COtlC'li ultrrt\ i iin,l r At iix l..i- a tl>t<TI. rflte ol Innnufi' niiiuiml mid 8,ii t'f indi full,mt
Thr Wilt IT among giilio* rlilorin Kn Pt. Hi,' A' Itnvr I IVTlgTI i'liimn Tfll.li' lllllli(\'B. high rr hawks SOIIIO T
OSM 029244
STLCOPCB4013206
tDT VCft
ftrtO
I.SOn
IP t?0 1A0
iIDn IA IJ 1*W
<6 67-8 t> 8 A. 4*0
1 l.l IT
M>
Cl
U
If*
ft 0
I-A
*$4--<5fvt M4 0 I*l8'M, KM'T..t1M8.
It 7
C1-4l l*
86
H>
8-0
ri.10-5.60.
il-I.IO-8.
106,,*810 4
I4
86 Aft 8 4,1*0167 8
I etxJ DC-tOO
Uuk*. 8. NM. Nol
8f oonulnefl
ulfornU tg#
eklrin; 0 08.
0:
WMiUM*;. VUU
DtttMBtH I 4, 1958
1101
Tftl'to 8 (COWuhW)
ranfbrti. Itullion l*nrk.
Diego, Frbniitry 1008. yr*t rear fomak*. ilknl of irkbomonlMl*.
rJujotftrOv Ktu l,ul* Ohlnpn <N,
April 1068.
Hk'klrln. I `p /jg <if ItchfiM lilor n*.k 1*1**, bill no rmlriu.
Ufehfttthfd egg )n tw*t where one young wu rlncl.
**1 !*> fonUlnM 4 7 hi of
I'nmha* kntiartiii. Dim of CnllforiiHt. March I Oft*. One ff *l0 ftooUIrwsJ 0 10 p.p.m. dteWrln *nd 0 tf n n ru. cwlrln (M.
y*lni rrJumbbtiyt. Inmuturr, l'lnli. Ihxvmbrr 1067.
Futro tpmrrrin^, A'lilll W.iA kllk.l on road, KriHlncIno Co., Cullf., Pwmbw |067. E*f* from Oftvfe. foflfnmla, lOftft.
.W/iVom/ ftjHipmr/. Km* from different olnlfl**. Ran Kmncboo 8f, 8Uy 1887.
t.antt <xrMf*)nti*. fttniKUrd error*. 06 per nenl oonfldcrx* limit*. Strr** /ofrfrrl. R*n Ok-go lUy, Ma>* 1007.
v*o. i/Wr*|frtfr
I8fti.
I'hnlntWtf fwirptivt. Moitlcrry Itnv. Novnmttf'f 1, 100ft.
t'ria Miff. pftfflHon Uland*. Muy 11*17.
ftfftdirH*. YxrMton IMumU, April 1066.
CSMtfrtu*itn*tMhMiinburra*rfimwmZipr-uu\uoH*,t.tt*.ra.**f.H.a.ihfth.M.n>h..n.f.tnlcl.Mrj.rrorrym,, Jtl.cui.n.ilv.yy.y,.1.JN0.t.6ao.fjv.tr.,emNobveerm1,be10r 01^,. 1066.
Stw(hinrnhrllttnxt.nffHlrroUf,
h
A (Vcmi Ihivl*.
Cnnlf* Co*U Co.. CftUf., Calif, fVrember 1067.
March
100ft,
Clutch B from Yolo Co., Cnllf., April 1000.
In flirftc, however, the amount of DDT wm vory low; species of raptors do not ooouiniitulo liigh innonnts of
with DDTiPCjB ratio of 18, no PCB would have boon tho orgauo-chlorino compounds (Tablo 3), n result of the
detected. A lergcj- amount of fat material from An tarotio vory low residue lovcls usually found in their prey.
organisms, whit'll, would oouUiin moro DDT, would American kestrels and bam owls arc common residents of
therefore have to bo analyaod before concluding that PCB California oitios. The whito-tailod kite, which mbs
has not yot re&cned the Antarctic.
near extinction 40 years ago in California, is now abundant
Individuals of spocioe resident in industrial areas have, in areas where insocticido uso is intense, yet bcoaus<' it
as expected, higher PCB levels than individuals of the preys primarily upon tho short-lived and herbivorous
same species from more remote regions. Analysis of vole, Microttis, tho spook* accumulates vory littlo DDT
ten eggs from tpn dutches of tho weetom gull from tho or PCB (Table 3).
Kura lion Islands showed an average PCB oontont of
Previous work" has shown that both DDT and dioldrin
13U 55 pg (66 per cent confidence level), PCB oontont induoo hepatic onsymoe in tho pigeon which, in an in
of four eggs from three dutches from on island in Ban vitro preparation, increase tho metabolism of progesterone
Francisco Bay avoragod 805 gg with a rango from 680 and testosterone. This work has now boon oxtendod to
to 1.310 (Table 9). Seven eggs from seven clutches in study tho motabolism of oestradiol by ohsyines induced
the Gulf of California contained 4630 gg of PCB. by p.p'-DDE, technical DDT (Dupont) and PCB ('Aroclor
The DDT content of tho eggs from tho Karnllons was not 1202'). Tho experimental prooodure previously diacrilsd"
significantly dirformt from that of tho Baja California wur followod exoept that tlin chlorinated hydrocarbons
Cggs. 1
. were injected intramiiHCularly rather then given orally,
Birds from the Gulf of California also oontain dietdriu and in tho soparatiou of oostradiol and its metabolites
and endrin (Tabus 2 and 3), but tho number of analyse tho solvent system used was tho upper layer of a mixture
i* as yet ineuffiolor t to oompare their relative abundance of bonteno: heptane: methanol: water 7:3:8:2. The strips
with that of DD^T snd PCB. Despite tho inability of the were monitorwl with an autographic strip scanner. The
Shell Chcmioal Company to fir d any chlorinated hydrocar profiles obtained for the various inducing agents are
bons in tho Gulf ( f California and at the mouth of tho shown in Fig. I. It will bo noted that the profiles of the
Colorado Rivor',j, which drains into tho Gulf, it is likely metabolites obtained after enayme induction using DDK
that some do cut<|r from the Colorado River and from and DDT are identical, but that a different metabolite
agricultural areas in western Mexico. A significant is produood by the ontyme induood by PCB. Tho amount
fraction, however,! must come from the atmosphere", of mot-abolitoe formed was oaloulatod from tho rudio-
and air trnne|x>ix lx>st explains the pnisouce of PCI! in ootivity of tho peaks. Tho results obtained are given in
remote iireus. In exlnicls from the Gulf of Culifoniiii Table 4.
one PCI! eoni|>!>n'ml was present in rolativoly small
jconcent rat inns, 'fiiis coni|sinnd is readily degraded by
ultraviolet light irradiation in lalioratory cxjicrimcnU,
0TB.bKkAT4M. r*n0tcmiBAISRRDSoTrRoRbAsIItl)uWmotml TsArWiOkDiRuCikWlC*RyIKr.lmTRtDosRIDuRuO.CiARsoSvOoR-I
and may therefore bo selectively degraded in the
Amount of pot.r mtUboHW* forwa In m/'inok*
ntmospliere. Although PCB is not solublo in water, it has a low but finite vapour prt'ftsure*'. Incineration of
Control I>DB (40 mg/kg)
5811 6*6
76*2 HH
materials controlling PCB would greatly increase the
m>T (40 mg/kgl PCB (to mg/kgl
Ml t 112 160-0 i 10-8
rate of entry into the atmoephere. PCB is used in the^ " JUch ftgur ii th ftvfruge with lUndurd tffv|tloo of group of four
manufacture of many industrial produote. so the high^ bird*. Jn til
500 m^mok* of o#tr*dlol-6,7-T (500 mCl/mmoIr)
amounts found Sn Ban Francisco Bay, Puget Sound'
prownt In tho incubation mixture. Inrubftllon lime 80 min, weight of mlcroeoniftl fraction u*fd 100 mg. All ohlorlnxlod hydrooAfloni wrr>
and ban Diego Bay presumably rosult-from direct discharge iniocled lutr*rnuecul*rly Into the pectoral tnuock 7 dyt before Ur^th.
nf iudustrinl wastes into these waters and from local
fallout.
I
Body oonoentrations of 40 p.p.m. of p.p' DDE signifi
The presence of PCB in the few land birds and froeh- cantly increased the rate of oestradiol degradation by
Muter fish ftnalysiKl indicates that it is alBO distributed tho induood onr.yinea in tho experiinontel condition,,.
among continental |ooonyistems in North America. Pere On e weight basis tho PCB preparation had an oestradiol
grines could therjif^ro acquire PCB, as well as tho other degrading potential approximately five times that of
chlorinated hydrocarbons, ovor all their global range. p.p'-DDE or technical DDT. Both DDE and PCK,
No PCB residue data arc available for prey species from which are apparently tho most abundant of the chlorinated
the Atlantic, but |oompounds which seem to be PCB hydrocarbon pollutants in the global roosystem. hove
have Is'on isolatl-d from seals". A second year male therefore the capacity to produoe sublethal physiological
peregrine siicnt t|ie winter of 16C7-68 on Isla Pachroa, effects in birds,
Panama, where tho pelican, btxiliy and frigate-bird eggs of
Sludiee on tho activity of induced enzymes ill the rat
Table 3 worn oolloctcd. The Coujicr's hawk which was at various limos after a single injection of DDT or
ninilyscd, a speok|s ^-hich also proys upon birds, oontainod dioldrin have boon made by Ohatal tt of.". He found
high rositluce of both DDT and PCB (Table 3). Cooper's that- it took 70 days for the activity to fall to half its
hawks havo dec) nod in eastern North Amorioa and in maximum value in the oase of DDT and 16 days in the
some regions lvi< produced thin-sholtod eggs". Several caso of dioldrin. Experiments with dioldrin on pigeons
-,-J.
DSW 029245
STLCOPCB4013207
This work WUH Hn|i|Mirlet| h\' the UK Nutnmnl Krj,.|||.,,
Foundation. Ilm Ilunsm i,f K|Hirt Knlu rii x null Wild!,)',,
and ttie US Public Health Service. Turn
>!));
uj>|>lie(l by the Fixlend Drug Adminixl ration, and Rumples
of `Arocior by the Monsanto Uhemieol Company,
Ini t it <( \ hiru'iti in
how (hot only a quarter of maximum activity remain* after ft month. Thus thoro is evidonoo that the effects of these induoed enrylmjse oan persist ovor e long period of time although mo^e' studies ore needed to determine
the steroid degrading potentials of livers of thoeo species contaminated will I chlorinated hydrooarbons. The profile of the metabolite* should be toms indication of the history of expo lure to chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Tlie reductions in eggshrli thickness and eggshell weight incrctwo the |cltanooH of egg breakage"-", atul voter retention, Which ofiVcts hatching succorr44-", might be impaired, Tho environment in whioii bir<ls
now exist is therefore no longer tlve same as that in which they evolved! it ^s junlikefy that any speoies has tho
genetic capacity to meet tho sehotion pressure* resulting from tho abrupt en vironmental change which ha* produoed the thin eggshells. |The perogrino falcon is a species long highly rovored ftnd reepocted. O. H. Thayer4' has
described it as "tho embodiment of noble rapacity and lonely freedom". An irony therefore exist* in the fact that the peregr ine may be the first specie* to be extirpated by global contamination.
Ris-I lvrsl Aupot **; rrvtnetl Novrmtvi 14, lUt.
tl AU Tinre. tl. A.. Sntnrr,tit, SOS (19*7).
ttu-k'-v. J. i., nml Amlnrv.n, l>. W.. .SWrmv.l**, *71 (IOOh;
IU~ lirmixh, H. W., In (,'Vmirai Fniiivi, fit/
ttints
Tnrirliy(In tfir press, 1WIS).
*
' ^'nklM. K., Utlritim is tlrproAnrlirr EhytiiJ,*u lit, l,il,,,l,|, | Votk
JW7),
'
Hlinklss, K., Hint. tin.. M. S2t (19*t).
Clsvrrl, J., ami llrnoll, J,, Clt ff-v. Hint., i'lou. II*. 500 IMH2I. ' Kv. i, I-., nn.l rotter, T. R., Aunt. Ifrr., , 377 ut>:ui.
Jlnrl, E. B., Rternbock, H., I,rpknvsky. s,, K'letnrn, ft. W. K,, Hslntn
.1. 0., sail Johnson, l). N,, J. thot. Ctkrm., C*. 670 (1925)
'
Wdrh, R. M,, tcvln, W.,nd Conwy, A. H., CArmfcsl rollout, Mrit ttnrt/itrr Conftrtner on Toiieity (In the press).
" Jfsrt, I.. 0., Rr.hultlw, R. W,, end Fonts, J. R., Torient. Appi. Ektrinteol.. t. 571 (19*3),
" Hsrt. J,. 0., nnd route, J. R,, StvnfnSrtmitArtirf't Art*. Etp, Wt I'tnrmoM.HI, 48* (1606).
" Conner, A. H,, Welch, R. X., Kantimsn, R,, d Barra, J. J Clin I'karnteol. Thtrtp., I, t (ISM).
"Connejr. A. K., FAsnMrot. firs., 19,117 (19*7).
Knpfrr, D,, lUiiint Tin., t. tl (19*7).
" Orrhoth, 0,, Mid Bchwsbs, U,, Are*. Bry. PtlM. Ettmtlol., 944, 4S9 (19*4).
OllleU, J. W,, J. Afrte. Food CAos,, If. *96 (19*8).
" Bohwabs, U,, irsv(mtt((frefA..14, lt6 (19*4). rklt, P. B., tfnlurt.tH. 605 (19*7).
" Welch, R. X., Levin, W., nd Conner, A. K., rosiest A ppt, FAsrwseoi. (In the prow).
" Dltmen, J., Cecil, II. C., Hsrrls, S. J,, end ritrs. C. r,, Brine*, if*. 71 <l*).
" Rntellffo, D. A., firil. Finfi.'M. *i 09r>S),
Rstellffr, P. A., Bird .Vivify, 10. 6* (1903).
RatolltTe, D. A., Bird Binds, It. 9* (19*6).
44 Rstcliffc, D. A., Bird Binds, 14, *38 (19*7/.
"Hlrkry, J. J., Feresrlne faleon Fopidefioei FArir Bioton ssd Psrfisr (University of Wlioonaln Prtee, Id the pres*).
44 Boebe, F. L., Condor, ft. 145 (19*0).
"Cade, T, J.JWhHe, C.'X., sad Hsufb'J.'R,,rCdof,'*f,'lT0 (19). " Bnderson, I. H,, sad Ber|rriPiP.lc*di>rJ7til49 (19**).
Jensen, R,, Sr* Sri., J611 (19*1).
" WWmnrk, 0,, J. AtmJOg. Anti. t'Ann.X9.flO09 (19*7).
'Holme*. P. (19*71,
Blinmoa*, J. 1!,, sad TMton. 1. 0'0,, B'slvre, til, *J7
' Krm. K., Itrvrmir'A., snd Bcckmsn, H., Unit. Entiron. Cont. Toikol., 37* (19*7),
White, C. X., AvI, 95. 179 (19S).
Jefferies, D. J,, snd Frestl, 1,, Bril. Birdi, 69. 49 (19>.
" Atdrin. Ditiirin, Knirin {A Stttvl Btport) (Til* Shell Cbemksl Coapotj, 19*7).
Rlsebroudh, R. W,, Huwel. R. J,, Griffin, J. J,, sod Ootdberf, >|D, Srirnor, 159, 1*31(19*8).
' TeeA. Bail, FA-SO* (Xonssnto ChendesI Company)
" HokJen, A. V,, snd Xsrsdea, X., Stlnn.Ut, 1*74 (19*7).
" Ohsrsl, A., Xorsasky, W,, ForUf.J., Vohltad, HlW,, sad Xlsmpsa, I,, ArcA. Brp. FsiAsi. FAsrmsJM., 949. 1 (19*4).
Jones, E. X,, sad Leopold. A. J. Wttdl. Utntpnnnl, 97, tl) (1947).
UsyhewIW. W,, /. KM. KsMsemenl.lt. U (19M).
Xhsyer, 0/H., BirdXfr*. t, 47 (1904).
Tsunamis on the Moon ?
frii l ! tun |
C'tli'iil Mure fi- iF
Tl,.
M in in
pi.n/i ) rri.iti r tr li'' Ir i |.\ .,1
i-'`fT l` r 'It,'li Im-ui, lit'- r i
Is III lit
f-Xpli,., rcguui km in the ni of tho into a the mi clmrucl IK the Cri'HlK v Fur sm rigid ha rolaUd motiom Umoous ringipn , wave hy
Tstls t.
Rln* No
Eltvslloi (km 11
Esdlus (l
Obs< 9 Cditii
Couript:
Mountain
Tho *t inviscid li sivply (set Van Dorn polar eooi placement taneous) c I by
u' i
W. G.VAN DORN
Scrlppt Institution ot Owanograahy, Unlvanlty of Csllfornlt, San Dl9|o. California |
Th ipfdng of the five annular mountain ring* around Mare Orientate
fit* a dltpertlon curve for gravity wave* on a $0 km "liquid" layer
overlying a rigid basement.
.
The question whether the multiple ring-like mountain
structure* aurroundipg most of the lunar orator* larger than 120 mile* in diameter might bo "frosen teunarois", set in motion by the shock wave* caused by impacting
planeteeimala, wa* first brought to my attention by
K. B. Baldwin (personal oommunioation). Baldwin point* out that in several oa*e (including tlve giant Mare Imbrium) two or more ring* oan be made out
where
transform
2it/x is tl
length, o>m The group number by
DSW 029246
i STLCOPCB4013208