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s s w 'tyv. 82 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1023--PART I The average price of zinc .dust, "blue powder," as calculate from sales during the year, was 8.8 cents a pound; "atomized" dust brought 8 cents a pound. "Blue powder" brought a high average price than "atomized" dust, because much of it was so in the far West, where higher prices prevailed. The weekly fluctu tion in the quoted price of zinc dust is shown in Figure 2 (p. 99). ^ The following operators reported the production of zinc dust ? 1923: ` Bartlesville Zinc Co., Bartlesville, Okla. John Finn Metal Works, San Francisco, Calif. Grasselli Chemical Co., Clarksburg, W. Va. The Merrill Co., San Francisco, Calif. Metals Disintegrating Co., Townley, N. J. New Jersey Zinc Co., Palmerton, Pa. i United States Zinc Co., Sand Springs, Okla. Wheeling Steel Corporation, Wheeling, W. Va. ZINC PIGMENTS AND SALTS Zinc forms the base, either in whole or in part, of four wh| pigments--zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxide, zinc-lead oxide, and lithopoq Two zinc salts, the chloride and the sulphate, are likewise maae'h part from ore and in part from secondary zinc. Details of'-t production of zinc pigments and salts and of market conditions"k given in the chapter on lead and zinc pigments and salts. r* The zinc content of the pigments and salts made in the Uni,.. States from ore, both domestic and foreign, for the period 1918-19 is given in the table below. Statistics of the secondary zinc^ covered in the form of pigments and salts are given under the n heading. >K Primary zinc content of zinc pigments and salts made in the United States, 1918^,1 in short Ions Baits Pigments Year Salts Pi; 1918. 1910. 1920. (") 3, 303 6. 284 102,778 1921 ............................................. 90,817 1022 ..............,............................. 110,605 J023............................................... 3,740 1,801 1,673 a Figures not available. SECONDARY ZINC 2 Secondary zinc recovered in the United Slates, tOSO-1933, in short tons *. Secondary cine, redistilled.................................................. Seoondary zinc, remelted.................................................... Recovered rino in alloys, excluding old brass remedied Recovered tlno in remelted brass....................................... Secondary tJno recovered as metal........................ . Secondary tine recovered In tine dust............................. . Seoondary tino reoovered in pigments............................. Seoondary ttao recovered in lino salts.............................. ' Total eecoudary tine................................................. . * See page 79 for definition of secondary tiuc. 1020 1921 1922 r 21,371 21, 470 7, 660 66,000 116, 600 1,061 12,870 9,476 139,000 17,673 10, 200 6,840 38, 027 78,300 765 4,024 10,226 93,000 32,988 30. 326 10, 260 60,230 139,844 3,405 9,016 161,000 ZINC BY-PBODUCT SULPHUBIO AGED '4 .' ' ' . ' (' "'`.-'V rei,important by-.prod, uct o-f zinc--s---m----e---l-t--infgt uoupve. pm--acid made from thl e su'lp'hur gases evo'lved if jmde ores preparattoorry to their distillation or c ae or to zinc salts. Sulphur gases from zinc or Bed by Matthiessen & Hegeler, at La Salle, III., teare numerous acid plants using these gases.1 ' teb.e located at zinc smelters and zinc-oxide p Jmagnetic separating plants, at the mines, o Pets, the roasted concentrates being shipped t jper zinc plants. Figures of output of this by period 1914-1920 were-given in the chapter, on hurces, 1920, and for 1921 in the chapter on burces, 1922. Sulphuric acid statistics for'. 19 Bureau of the Census, are not available at the tof this report. > MINE PBODUOTION f preceding tables give the quantity of .zinc,re Ijb.y smelting and By electrolytic reduction, o pigments and salts., -The following.tatle,s ^..domestic zinc that is recovered by metall Origin of the zinc by States is obtained more acc ;stof mines, because smelters necessarily treat long after they have been received, so tit, of metallic zinc may not correspond at a ""Vi PJ I'ne mines for the same year. The- data gsproduction are taken from the reports on gold zinc in the different States.- , |Aft'ne production of zinc in the United Slates, 1918-1928, .' ' ': State 1918 1919 1920 192 al'iU.. Tvfc'..; .....J 1,136 961 2,781 44, 667 22,681 3,792 30,197 316 66, Wi 104,629 8,362 14 102,318 12,026 3,776 .. ............. ::........ ,161, 401 21,071 9,200 961 19 60,0)4 869 189 236 18,610 7,997 6, 788 47,636 36 31, 640 84, 382 4, 602 729 329 683 24,396 13,966 4,720 61,073 9 24,609 92,169 6,349 1,1 2,4 36,9 10,8 11,6 3,797 6,120 178,410 23,247 2,216 *o78,5ii' 6,007 6,664 219, 727 19,217 4,079 '*6i*4 1 1,6 121,3 Y 9,6 ,j-< ........213' ' '2 40, 766 27,286 3,8 0 036,091 0648,846 M7,6*4 \-ate,7 ftteut of New Jersey for 1907-1830, Inclusive, baa been revised 1 toalight bu: compensating error. .. m ;.i ,lll ^>1. ; ': r- LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS; AND'S a\ i By C. E. Sx e b e jfTHAL and A. St o l l .j t ofl i GENERAL CONDITIONS vi Lead and zinc pigments and salts are made both |Vchemical processes. Sublimed lead, or basic lead s io u s lead oxides are examples of lead pigments p lation in oxidizing furnaces; basic carbonate whi id salts are made by chemical processes. Sublime d sulphate, is made directly from ore, but the lea vhite lead and lead salts are made from piglead.-- Zino oxide and leaded zinc oxide are made by the A fpctly from ore by sublimation in an oxidizing'fur m} oxide is made in this country by the French p jiullic zinc is sublimated in an oxidizing furnace. icsalts are made by chemical processes, the zinc ba pm zinc ore, metallic zinc, galvanizers' ashes, or sc jfoe.is made by mixing equivalent portions of solut mate and barium sulphide, which brings about a %ion of zinc sulphide and barium sulphate eith Dmbination or as a very intimate mixture. KThe quantity of lead and zinc pigments and salts, One, sold by producers in the United States in 1923 jjples, slight increase over the sales in 1922. The ^decrease in the sales of white and sublimed le ait'increase in the sales of the lead oxides. Zinc Ite'showed a slight gain. Sales of hthopone indi joi1 and were the largest in the history of that indu LMhe ownership of several lithopone plants occurred |l one new plant was constructed. The plant o rjemicaJs Extraction Corporation, Oakland, Calif. biober and offered for sale. The works at Federa (lfAeUrrai 4t*en/d1 byr~v W the4 1"\ /I IConrisrtoI lrildAa4tae/1dI Chnewmt 1 AicAa1 lIJPhrAodduac4tAs l*CAo.^ sed' 'by th' e Basic Chemical Manufacturing Co it of the Collinsville Zinc CCoorrporation,Collinsville 21,'was sold to the St. Louis Lithooppone Co. 'in 1923 Tain near the end of the year. The lithopone p lSRefining & Chemical Corporation, of St. Louis mantled. A new plant for the production of litho jpcted at Depue, 111., by the New Jersey Zinc Co. inch process) plants of the International Lead. Jit Chicago, Ina., and Akron, Ohio, started; oper tof|the year, using electrolytic zinc made by the'An |uig Co. An addition to the plant of W. P. Fu Lcisco, doubled its capacity, ... * or^ 18785'--27---- -17' i ^` 120 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1923--PART I PRODUCTION In this chapter the pigments and salts sold are taken to represents the production, no account being taken of the stocks on hana at the8 ^beginning and end of the year. '* Lead pigments and salts sold by domestic manufacturers in the United Stales in 1922$ # and 1928 " 1922 1923 ^ Short tons Value (at plant, exclusivo of container) Total Avcr&go Short tons Value 7 (at plant, exclusive "jj of container) . .?* Total Average t Sublimed lead, or baslo lead sulpbate: White.................................................... Bluo....................................................... Bed lead....................................................... Orange mineral.......................................... Litbarge....................................................... Whltelead: Dry........................................................ In oil..................................................... Lead acetate............................................... Lead arsenate............................................. 13,708 972 30,609 370 68,261 41,698 163,303 8 $1,829,865 129, 230 6, 104, 290 83,022 8,892, 172 6,785, 166. 29, 728,230 8 i $132.04 132. 95 167. 30 224. 38 l'52.63: 130.07 J93. 80 ial 11, 649 800 38,037 610 76,107 37,780 125, 087 8 $1,059,008 134,^56 7,011,608 181,066 14,060,079 $163.96 } -J107.95.1 200. U 280.29?? 187.20 0,016,114 176.07 27,010,116 216.93 | 88 ------- :i Statistics for lead arsenate and lead acetate collected biennially by the Bureau of the Census, for odd.t years. FlgOfes for 1923 Dot available. t Zinc pigments and salts sold by domestic manufacturers in the United States in 1922 j and 1928 ' 1922 1923 Short tons Value (at plant, exclusive of container) Total Averago 8hort tons Value (at plant, exclusive of container) . Total Average Zlno oxide .................................. :............. Leaded zino oxide .................................. Lithopone................................................... Zino chloride, 60 BouniO....................... Zinc sulphate............................................. 128,405 $17,004,704 10,013 2, 251,601 83,300 0,214,040 41,027 2, 000, 147 6, 078 251,628 $140.07 114.80 110. 63 48. 27 49. 63 120,087 23,604 08,100 42,431 6,376 $18,750,072 2,816,085 11,608,443 1,058,187 261, 449 $147.06 119.81 118.21 46.16 48.64 Zinc oxide containing 6 per cent or more of loud is classed by the Geological Survoy os leaded zlno oxide. . Lead pigments sold in the United States, 1919--1923, in short tons Year White lead Dry In oil Sublimed lead or basic lead sulphate Bed lead White Blue Orange mineral Litharge a 1919................... .'............................. 1920................................................... 1921................................................... 1922.................................................. 1923................................................... 30,086 33,078 26,738 41, 608 37, 780 109,005 112,017 143, 646 163,303 126, 087 0,068 12,412 11,668 13, 766 11,049 Figures for red lead Include orange mineral prior to 1921. 1,350 928 463 972 800 32, 362 34, 431 21,805 30,609 38,037 8 381 370 646 46,739 % 62,329 < 41,909? 68,261 * 76,107 j LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENT 8^,Zinc pigments and salts sold in the United S iVf'T Year Zino oxide Lea zlno 1919......................................................................... 1920......................................................................... 31921 .., ............................. I1922..1 ............................................................... $1923..;.................................................................. ?'**''* ' 117,639 99, 444 74,329 128,465 120,987 2 3 2 g&i* Figures represent production. SOURCE $ VtMetal content of lead and zinc pigments and salts s L short tons 1922 Source sv Lead Zlno Pig ments Salts Pig ments Salts Jr IDomeAlc ore............... k'M'tfJ....................................... {Secondary materiald. 13,802 241,096 111 1 91, 874 1,238 16,298 8,609 1,80 1,04 9,01 fr- 266,099 (*) 118,019 11,86 SMt Includes also lead recovered In zlno oxide and leaded zino o jfc.y * Statistics not collected for 1922. *' The source of the lead contained in lead salts is unknown imade from litbarge, from granulated lead, and from white-le llead acetate or lead nitrate. All having been derived from pig '*nto statistical account. * * Zlno ashes, skimming?, drosses, and old metal. IMPORTS AND EX .... p The following statistics of imports a Bpigments and salts have been compile Irecords of the Bureau of Foreign ana D *~ient of Commerce, by J. A. Dorsey, of ^Survey. Basic carbonate while lead, red lead, litharge, *'*" consumption in the United Sta Year #111091290.................. 73921. 11922.. f1923.. Baslo carbonate white lead Red lead Pounds Value Pounds Value 21,213 169, 977 124,176 222,466 336,892 $2, 490 19,449 12,698 21,336 31,386 7,199 23,076 12, 236 1,405 3,600 $1,13 1,78 68 9 22 Wt'c 122 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1923--PART I Zinc oxide, lithopone, zinc sulphide {white), zinc chloride, and zinc sulphate imported, for consumption in the United States, 1919-1923 Year Zino oxldy Dry In oII Short tons Valuo Short tons Lithopone Short tons Value 1919............ 1930............ 1921............ 1922............ 1923............ 105 1,431 1,280 2,712 1,030 $44, 338 289, 800 145, 071 301, 699 169,416 $1,351 3, 606 17, 640 8, 605 21, 034 739 1,714 6, 247 10,203 10, 440 $122,7081 203,240jf 432,0193 886,6711 776,383js Year Zino sulphide Pounds* Value Zinc chloride Short tons Value Zino sulphate Short tons Value 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. 10,035 45, 482 93, 637 27, 169 11,844 $4,413 16,027 8, 330 8,463 6, 403 1 606 2,199 1,374 651 $192 76, 405 213,005 87,600 44,104 < ) 60 17 17 t 20 $152-f 3,0381 820# 1,004Ti 3,466 Zino sulphide Is stated In pounds rathor than tons because of Its high value and smaller quantities. 'd * Leas than 1 ton. \ . White lead and red lead exported frorft th^ United Stales, 1919-1923 Year # White lead <* Short tons Value Red lead 6 '?; Short tons Value 1910 . .................................................................... i92i........................... 1922 ................................................................... 14,017 14,901 6,161 4,568 5,172 $3,037, 292 3,195,101 993,130 710, 765 830,261 3,1ft ; * 1,532 648 1,683 5 1,840 $735,177? 366,6752 115,6031 294,133! 372,83m ------------ Sublimed lead has beeu classified by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce with white leadj In exports since 1922; the figures for 1023 may possibly Include some sublimed lead. -.,*3 6 Exports of red lead and litharge havo been combined since 1922; the figures for 1623 may Include anj unknown quantity of litharge. White lead exported from the United States in 1922 and 1923 (Figures in parentheses not duplicated In totals] Destination 1622 Short tons Value 1023 0 Short tons Value' Africa........................................... Asia.............................................. Australia and Oceania............ Australia........ -................... New Zealand...................... Philippine Islands............ Canada........................................ Cuba.................. ......................... Europe........................................ Belgium............................... France............. -................... Great Britain..................... Netherlands........................ Mexico......................................... Panama....................................... South America.......................... . Brazil.................................... . Colombia............................ . 'Uruguay.............................. ' Venezuela............................ Other countries......................... l GO 1G5 I? (141 63 66 2,800 (638) (60) (1,377) (417) 124 6 1, 190 (0) (22j (83) (9) 116 $220 10,897 33, 644 (1,666) (376) (28,348) 8,386 14,194 391,940 (127,275) (7,821) (163,679) (69,749) 28,644 1,407 190,110 (1,060) (4,261) (12,623) (2,014) 24,963 710,766 <*> 63 277 (ID (b) (264) 216 126 2,680 (1,272) (128,626M (67,658)| 24.2 60.3 229,0 (1,961)1 <2,53ffli (24,729s (2,12m 29,4041 836,2613 * White lead and sublimed lead not classified separately after 1922; the figures (or 1923 may Inolude a unknown quantity of sublimed lead. 5 Less than 1 ton. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS Zinc oxide and lithopone exported from the U Year Zin Short top 14,70 11,16 : 2,61 1 <3,07 6,02 ''Not separately enumerated prior to 1922. +r Zinc oxide exported from the United Slate [Figures in parentheses not duplHiceaattee Destination Sift....................................................... ............................ ustralla and Oceania......................... i_*5; Philippine Islands...................... anada......................................... ....................... uba._........ ..................................................... urope..*............................................................. Franco.............. Great Britain. iw.. .....exico.................. th America... 'Brazil............. ther countries.. ice Short ton . i .4 ' 64 (37 . .3,218 ' '' 83 aar A70 (300 5ai) 109 123 ... , (14 3,977 WORLD'S PRODUCTION OP 1 . The following table showing the producti official figures are available has been compil e United States Geological Survey. . r & J iI /iZinc oxide produced in countries where reportedl Year it:::::::::::::::........ :: :::...........- - cisl"]!""""!'".......... HI'l.................... 910............................ r' 920............................................................. " 921 ................................................................ ' 922................................................................. Australia , (New South Walos). Germany .! 172 <703 <800 26,178 22,988 , 16, 494 14, 261 rl8, 678 . 21,097 16,441 , 22. 967 ' tm K addition to the countries listed, Canada reports small amou n are available. The HA/S-Tltan Co. of Norway h^s a capacity ta are not available. , The only figures available for production in Poland "trio tons was reported. : * Includes leaded zino oxide. Included under Germany. * Includes zinc-lead oxide. . Upper Silesia only. .No.data available. 124 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1023--PART I CUSTOMS DUTIES Mineral Resources for 1922 contained a tabic comparing the tariff rates imposed on lead and zinc pigments and chemicals in the tarf~ acts of 1909, 1913, and 1922. The tariff act of 1922 contains th following paragraphs relating to lead and zinc pigments and salts: Par. 47. Lead: Acetate, white, cents per pound; acetate, brown, gray, or yellow, 2 cents per pound; nitrate, arsenate, and resinate, 3 cents per pound and all other lead compounds not specially provided for, 30 per centum a valorem. '?*. Par. 74. Lead pigments: Litharge, 2J^ cents per pound; orange mineral, 3 cents per pound; red lead, 2% cents per pound; white lead, 2J^ cents per pound; all pigments containing lead, dry or in pulp, or ground in or mixed with oil or water, not specially provided for, 30 per centum ad valorem. <i. Par. 79. Zinc oxide and leaded zinc oxides containing not more than 26 per centum of lead, in any form of dry powder, 1% cents per pound; ground in o mixed with oil or water, cents per pound; lithopone, and other combination of mixtures of zinc sulphide and barium sulphate, 1% cents per pound. ; Par. 93. Zinc chloride, 1A cents per pound; zinc sulphate, three-fourths of cent per pound; and zinc sulphide, lp cents per pound. SPECIFICATIONS FOR DEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS The departmental committee, on ^standardization of paint specP fications, later the Federal Specifications Board,' has recommends specifications for the purchase of materials by the Government Those relating to lead and zinc pigments have been published i circulars by the Bureau of Standards, as follows: 84. Basic carbonate white lead, dry and paste. Issued December 27, 1919.:! 85. Basic sulphate white lead, dry and paste. Issued .January 26, 1920. ' 87. Zinc oxide, dry and paste. Issued February 16, 1920. 88. Leaded zinc oxide, dry and paste. Issued February 16, 1920. 90. Red lead, dry and paste. Issued April 3, 1920. 111. Flat interior lithopone paint, white and light tints. Issued June 24, 1922 147. Gloss interior lithopone paint, white and light tints. Issued Septembe 19, 1923. PRICES AND VALUE The total amount and the average per ton received for sales o each lead and zinc pigment and salt are given in the tables on page 120. Figure 3 shows the relation of the average weekly price of lead in New York to the weekly quotations on several pigments and sal" of lead as given in the Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter, and Figure. 4 shows the relation of the weekly average quoted price of prim western slab zinc in St. Louis to the weekly quotations on certa' pigments and salts of zinc os given in the same journal. The quail ties and conditions of the pigments and salts on which the pric were quoted are designated as follows: ><| Sublimed lead, or basic lead sulphate (white), "in casks." White lead, "American, dry, in casks." Litharge, "commercial, powdered, in casks." Red lead, "dry, in casks." Orange mineral, "American." Lead acetate, "brown, broken." Lead arsenate, "paste." . Zinc oxide, "commertially lead-free." Lithopone; "in barrels." Zino chloride, "fused." Zlno sulphate, "industrial." 126 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1923--PART I gn - g 0> r ' ONDQd b3d SJ.N30 u DEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS PRODUCERS '' : |Producers of lead and zinc pigments and [j.e list includes some plants that did not ite lead; ' Anaconda Lead Products Co. (electrolytic p ess).East Chicago, Ifid,"'"/ JBArter White Lead Co"Sou , 4. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co Philadelph | Eaglo-Plcher Lead Co East St. Louis,'Ul'.'a fi Do___ :____________ _______ __________ Euston Lead Co/_---------------------------------- -- W. P..Fuller & Co___- South San'Fr&hcis John T. Lewis & Bros. Co Philadelphia/PaV I) Matheson Lead Co________________ _______ National Lead Co____________________ ___M ; DDoo_________._______________________________________________ - -- Do______________________________ Broo Do__ ..__________ ---------------------- ------ Do:....- Cincinnati','.0' ' J ;National Lead & Oil Co. of Pennsylvania > Sherwin-Williams CoChica S United Lead CoJ.li'i'J'PMrth 1 Wetherill & Bro_________________________.. Mined lead, or basic lead sulphate: ' f.Eagle-Picher Lead Co__________ ___________ IjSt. Louis Smelting & Refining Works of Natio v Lead Co................................................... 1 lead, orange mineral, and litharge; Chadwick-Boston Lead Co.1_____ _______ __ Eagle-Picher Lead Co______________ ______ , Do.------------------------------------------L -- - . 1 Do......------------------------------------------ Do .' Cincinnati,,'OhidHWS C Evans Lead Co..______________ ______.1;;Ch W. P. Fuller & Co________________________ . John T. Lewis & Bros. Co_____ ___________ Matheson Lead Co..... Long lsland City,)N National Lead Co... .."Melrose, CallfJ ' Do..........................j........... ............ ......... Do................. ..........................................I ; Do.......... .................................................... . National Lead & Oil Co. of Pennsylvania___ (Pennsylvania Smelting Co......... ......... ........... ii Sherwin-Williams Co____ ______ ___________ i'Wetherill & Bro__________________________ i oxide and leaded zino oxide: lAmerican Smelting & Refining Co.1________ lAmerican Steel & Wire Co.1_____________:__ ^American Zinc & Chemical Co___ J________ lAmerican Zinc Co. of Illinois_______________ ^American Zino Oxide Co__________._'______ ^Bartlesville Zino Co.1:..Bartlesville) Okl|,^, i Bertha Mineral Co Austinville,- Va. jjj sEagle-Picher Lead Co..__ ________________ lEmpire Zino Co.^ Canon City, Colo/i i|Gras8elll Chemical Co;____________________ &Grubnau Chemical Co. (Ino.)1-Waldo,-N.^ME Silnternational Lead Refining <3. (French p N ess)!. _',_________________________________ . Do. (French process)..Akron, Ohio/Gl ^Mineral Point Zino Co.1 Depue, 111.'-'*'' ' Do ________________ _________________ -- ~ > manufacturing in 1023. . 128 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1923--PART I Zinc oxide and leaded zinc oxide--Continued. New Jersey Zinc Co. (of Pennsylvania) Palmerton, Pa. Do. (French process) Frefmanaburg, Pa. Ohio Zinc Co.1-_____________________-......... . Carton City, Colo. Ozark Smelting & Mining Co_________ _______ Coffeyville, Kans. River Smelting & Refining Co_................... ....... Florence, Colo. Shasta Zino <fe Copper Co. 1 --................-........... Winthrop, Calif. Trenton Zinc <fc Chemical Co...... ........................ Trenton, N. J. U. S. Zino Co_____________ _______________Pueblo, Colo. Utah Zinc Co.`___________________________ -- Murray, Utah. Western Zinc Oxide Co--------------------------------- Leadville, Colo. Lithopone: . Chemical & Pigment Co. (Inc.)3______________ St. Helena, Md. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co Newark, N. J. Do_________________ ___________________ Philadelphia, Pa. Grasselll Chemical Co___________________ ____ Grasselli, N. J. Krebs Pigment & Chemical Co Newport, Del. Metals & Chemicals Extraction Corporation___ Oakland, Calif. Midland Chepiical Co. (Eagle-Picher Lead Co.)-- Argo, 111. New Jersey Zino Co. (of Pennsylvania) Palmerton, Pa. St. Louis Lithopone Co: Collinsville, 111. Sherwin-Williams Co_______________ _________ Chicago, 111. United Color & Pigment Co.... ............................ Newark, N. J. ' Zinc salts: V,. - American Zinc & Chemical Co1-- Langeloth, Pa. Arkansas Preservative Co.................................... North Little Rock, Ark, By-Products Steel Corporation.-....................... Weirton, W. Va. Charles Cooper & Co...... ...................................... Newark, N. J. . Delaware Hard Fibre Cor.................... ......... Jft- Wilmington, Del. General Chemical Co............ .............................. .. Chicago, 111. Grasselli Chemical Co_________________-......... . Grasselli, Ind. - Do____________________ __________ ______ Grasselli, N. J; , ; Do______________________ _ Cleveland, Ohio. Great Western Electro-Chemical Co.................- Pittsburg, Calif. Charles Lennig & Co. (Inc.)________ _________Philadelphia, Pa. Merrimac Chemical Co______________________ Everett, Mass.,. Metals & Chemicals Extraction Corporation 1__ Oakland, Calif. Monsanto Chemical Works East St. Louis, 111. New Jersey Concentrating Co. (Inc.)...... ........... Elizabethport, N. J. New Jersey Zinc Co. (of Pennsylvania)_________ Palmerton, Pa. Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co Wyandotte, Mich. 1 No manufacturing in 1023. Subsidiary of the Qliddon Co. LEAD1 By C. E. Sie b e n t iia l and A. St SUMMARY ^ Statistics of refined lead, 1922 and 1923, in r------------------------- ` iSv ' PRODUCTION Domestio desilverized soft lead..................... .......................................................... 0) i g'i ' CONSUMPTION Apparent consumption of primary lead, refinery stocks disregarded........... K' " Primary lead/' which is produced directly from ore, is here disting Iwhich is obtained by roflning skUnmings. drosses, and old metals. The Kglven onp. 132. In this report tho word "lead" used without qualificatio For method of calculating consumption see p. 141. The output of refined lead in the United State Sin 1923 yas 543,841 tons, valued at $76,138 fselling price of pig lead, a gain, as compared with * qu^ntitv'aiid of 4fc per cent in value. PRODUCTION J f: Quantity-and value.--The total refined lead pro ^States from 1720 to 1923 from domestic ores a T^base bullion and its value are shown in the Refined lead produced in the United States, m h' ] >> oar Short tons Desilver ized lead * De silver ized soft lead Soft lead * Total produc tion * From domestio ores and base bullion From foreign ores 11*20-1912 62913........ 1)914......... |1915......... B1916......... 11917......... J1918......... P1919......... El920......... 9921......... 3922......... 3923......... 7,176,497 301,160 340, 397 344, 593 335, 375 366,968 382,314 266, 538 273,135 238, 329 249,107 366.241 10,639, 684 326,991 29,433 43^ 500 44,007 68,244 66,268 ,47,418. 67,938 66 668 62, 747 74, 305 61,332 938,851 2,929,180 131, 867 158, 219 161,461 167,615 188, 503 210, 463 147, 744 189,854 167,613 209, 250 190, 749 4,842,318 10,432, 668 462, 460 542, 122 550, 055 671,134 610, 769 640,196 482,220 629, 657 448, 589 632, 662 618, 322 8,545,383 411,878 512, 794 507, 026 662,228 548, 450 539,905 424, 433 476,849 398, 222 468, 746 543,841 16,420,853 13,929,755 1,8 13,223 7,639 9,581 6,085 15,872 15,334 7,656 8,414 7,110 13,898 24,288 2, 4 The lead content of antlmonial lead is excluded; see p. 131. & f Desilverized soft lead Is excluded. pff Chapters on lead giving more than ordinary detail were published in storical table of production) and 1918 (the lead Industry In relation to the W 1130 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1923----PART I 'Details for years prior to 1913 are shown in the annual chap ten The value for vears prior to 1917 is based upon the average pricj in New York; beginning with 1917 the value is based on the tota sales of each producing company. ,3 The argentiferous lead ores of the Western States are dosilverized to recover the silver and to refine the lead. The nonargentiferous 6i soft lead ores of the Central and Eastern States do not carry enough silver on the average to pay for desilverizing or to make that opera! tion necessary. For certain purposes, however, a considerably quantity of lead ore from southeast Missouri has been desilverize^ each year. Production by States.--In addition to the domestic lead ores smelth in this country, small quantities of domestic lead ore have bee exported to smelters in Canada. Ores from Washington yielded 1,388 tons of lead at Canadian smelters in 1918 and 3 tons in 190J but no lead ore from the United States was treated in Canada 1920-1923. - ,< Primary lead smelted or refined in the United^ Stales, 1919-1923, by sources,.in shoi(t tons V - ` Foreign or*. ^Africa.................................. '> Australia. . . . .. .. . Canada................... -.................. - 1 Central America... : Mexico South Americ Other foreign Foreign base bullion: , ; Canada.------ ' Mexico . South America *`* TRheevi'lseeadidlffippgruiordeuso, ed by these States is nonargentiferousor soft lead. Softlead.--The lead ores of the Mississippi Valley are almost frefl from silver, and the lead produced from them is known as "soft lead,]" LEAD' ' foutput of the lead pigment basic lead sulp drived from these ores. ; '"-`d `'u Ehe dead ores from the southeastern Misso le'more silver (slightly over an ounce to the ythan those from other regions of "the1 M ewise small quantities of other metals so th ugh .soft, is resistant to acids and is much JdicSambers. It is known to the trade as " BSUi__________________________ Us " . Soft pJg lead ' Ej'j Veor H...................................----- Undesilverixed Desil verized Total ' Bolt lead re covere In pig men Q3J................................................. iv-............................................ 1R>1<. 147,744 189,664 167,613 209,260 160,749 67,938 66,668 62,747 74,305 61,333 216,682 256,622 210,200 283,665 262; 081 *11,17 16,21 * 9,08 13,89 13,61 ludes domestic refined lead, domestlo lead In antimonial lead, and vised figures. - * zinc ores from Western States that ar jty, contain sonVe lead which goes into the p felhot strictly accurate to speak of the lead'c tljaly soft lead. r ' V'" :V:' Iif addition to the domestic lead so' recoye jSUso"'recovered in pigments. Prior 'to '1919 Sfdistinguished from that of, domestic origin.' pfbreign lead recovered in zinc pigments w 20, 808 tons; and in 1921,169 tons." No'for Igments in 1922 or 1923. WAntimonial lead.--The production of, by-pro Sim argentiferous lead ores derived from ^!pq ITlead refineries operating in this couh^,`jis 71-1914 in Mineral Resources, 1914," bna fdE i&'ources, 1920. " ' ' ' " '' (iii'By-product antimonial lead proauced in the1United r! ~ " ' Total lead refined from base bullion (abort tons) Per centage ofbyproduct From anti domestlo monial f ore lead ' (short tons) i From foreign ore , (short tons) . . -.(( r Short tons Valuo 266.638 273.136 238.320 249.107 366,341 6.2 0,674 4.6 0,604 4.3 7,881 3.3 7,068 3.9 11.636 4.3 4,200 2,931 2,183 1.007 2,656 13,874 12,635 10,064 8,075 14,100 81,613,96 1,963,25 870,06 844,90 1,060,87 132 MINERAL, RESOURCES, 1&23-----PART I Lead pigments.--Leaded zinc oxide, zinc-lead oxide, sublimed white! lead, and sublimed blue lead are made directly from ore. Each off these pigments is discussed and tho output given elsewhere in this* volume m the chapter on lead and zinc pigments and salts. Thai lead content of pigments smelted directly from ore is given in the* fourth column of the first table on page 131. The pigments mand-IL factured from pig lead (white lead, red lead, orange mineral, and! litharge) are also discussed and the output given in the chapter onf lead and zinc pigments. 3* Secondary lead.--Secondary lead is obtained mainly from alfimJ mings, drosses, old metal, and alloys, such as babbitt, solder, and| type metal. The recovery of lead by refining these materials con*, stitutes an integral part of the lead industry. Secondary lead recovered in the United States, 1919-1923, in short ions 1919..................... 1920..................... 1921..................... 1922..................... 1923..................... Year Pig lead Lead Id alloys Total re covered lead Value .y 65, 084 .06,410 122,100 $12,943,000* 66,360 68, 300 124,650 19,944,000 46,370 67,410 103,780 9,340,0001 75, 480 84,080 159, 560 17,662,000? , 96,430 98,000 104, 490 27,229,000J Mine production.--The preceding tables give tho quantity of leadj recovered by smel ting and refining operations either/as metallic leac[ ' or in the alloy antimonial lead, or as lead in pigments. The origin 0 the lead is much more accurately showii by the reports of-minesll because smelters necessarily treat mixtures, of ores, sometimes long! after they have been received, so that the actual output of metallipi lead may not correspond at all closely to the product of the mines for| the same year. .# The following table gives the mine output of lead from 1907, to* 1923, inclusive. As more fully discussed in the next section, thej statistics of mine production, which for years prior to 1921 havef heretofore been expressed as lead content ofore mined, have now been! reduced to recoverable lead by deducting an assumed loss in smelting^ and refining, thus making the figures comparable to the statistics oil mine production of zinc, which have always been stated as recoverable^ zinc. In these calculations the loss in smelting and refining hasl been taken as 2 per cent in smelting at plants with baghouses the soft! nonargentiferous lead ores of the Mississippi Valley, and about bf per cent in smelting and refining the argentiferous lead ores of the i Western States. That these assumed factors are close to the truth is L shown by the small discrepancy between the mine and smelter output 1 totals as disclosed in the table of comparison on page 136. 134 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1023-----PART I COMPARISON OP NEW YEAR ESTIMATES AND MINE AND! SMELTER TOTALS OF LEAD PRODUCTION The Geological Survey published annually from 1907 to 1920 thel statistics of lead outputby mines, but owing to lack of knowledge ofj| the average smelting loss for the whole country, the total was, inj general, given as lead content of ore mined, not as recoverable lead.a Similarly, the New Year estimate of mine production of lead wasj expressed as lead content, and these figures were compared with each] other and with the figures of smelter production of lead. Beginning! with 1921, the lead output of the mines has been expressed as recov-1 erable lead by estimating as closely as possible the losses in smelting! and refining. If a considerable term of years is taken to eliminate,* the effects of lag in smelting by reason of which ore accumulates in;| the smelter bins or the effects of depression in mining on account of|p which the ore stocks are depleted by being smelted foster than they are renewed by mining, the mine output may be compared with the smelter output and serve as a check on the estimated smelter losses! and on the accuracy of the statistics generally. ' A similar comparison! of recoverable and recovered zifjc is made iii'the chapter on zinc ih| Mineral Resources for 1923, to which the reader is referred for fuller explanation. *' MINE PRODUCTION OF LEAD . * .. . In view of the generalized character of"the New bar estimates of_ mine production of lead for years .preceding-1921, it is not advisable! to try-to reduce them to the basis of "recoverable" lead. In theg following table, therefore, the figures, for those years are given inS terms of lead content. To make the comparison easier the final! figures for those years are also expressed as leaS content, but in the! other table of mine production in this chapter (p. 133) allowance has been made for smelting losses and the result expressed as recoverable lead. ; The New Year estimates of mine production have generally beep^ too low, the error ranging from a small fraction of 1 per cont to nearly 8 per cent. The discrepancy arises largely in the Joplin district) where it is impossible to obtain weekly reports of salos of lead con-? centrates as accurate as those of zinc concentrates. ' Lead content of ore mined in the United Stales, 1911--1923 Yoar 1011... 1012... 1913... 1014 .. 1016... 1016... 1917... 1018.. 1019... 111000222012...... 1023.. New Year estimate not made. New Year estimates (short tons) Final figures (short tons) Error In estimate : Short Percent-fcj tons 423.000 461.000 40C0,)612 ,600, 000 022 000 040, 000 603, 000 426, 000 611.000 *401,000 *464,000 *634,000 441,100 467, 306 600, 188 622, 802 601, 641 622, 976 650, 949 681,064 443, 694 613, 633 *414, 491 *477,633 *647,217 -18,100 +3, 036 -30, 076 C) +38, 369 -076 --10,949 -18, 654 -18, 694 -2, 633 -13,401 -18,633 -13,217 * Recoverable lead. ()) 7. 01i 6.8] 1.731d 8.31 4, 2a .51 82..8091 2.4 LEAD > SMELTER PRODUCTION OP,LE EL The error in the New Year estimates of the p Ilead by smelters and refineries ranges from a ve *16,000 tons but has never exceedeo3 per cent. Jftiates are based on production for 10 or 11 mon tby each company of its output for the remainder >g business conditions during the final months, for the fcmall errors in the estimates. ^Smelter, production of refined lead, of domestic and fore Year New Year stlmate (short tons). 1010,...... (m19121......................... 0B9f1l3u........................ SSwoia.--.ji..........t 9018........ ... 9919____ Z... 920........ 1... VX 391,000 444, 368 469, 682 487,-620 480, 965 469,843 637,079 505, 000 679, 600 690,000 638,000 403,000 638,000 440, 000 631,000 'i 1 B nNoestimate m&do' . >. 'ir fell.I ...C.O.M.PARISON OP 1 MINE AND SMCEELLTTE In addition to the domestic-load recovered a iilverized lead from argentiferous ores, as soft' [alley ores, as lead in antimonial lead, and.in,pig i'a'd is recovered at fpreign smelters from lead or (njted States. The Bureau of Foreign i and D |ps pot enumerate separately the exports of lea ie later years of the World War they have not' 117, however, Canadian smelters recovered ;4,6 hitied States ores. The. lead salts and many, imufactured in-the United States are made.-fr Irini of manufactured lead, and therefore theile jure as recovered lead. . The following, table h ad recovered.in all forms against .the^estimated Vqre mined,, for 17-years, the whole period for, arable. , . .. , ... .- , 1, , .- ;... ,1 -.j,!, m/,.9785'--27--r-18.; .. ... . i. ; , -. - 1 --1 "Mill . , . , .. .; , . huiom sic 7 fylhn jj'jo! I /) ,! ' i -- i, rj-ib li i 136 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1023--PART I Domestic primary lead balance sheet, 1907-1923, in short tons Recover* able lead (mice pro* ductlon) Roflned dosilver* Ized argen tiferous lead RecoverecHcnd (smelter production) Bolt lead, nonargen* tlfcroufl * Lend In antl- monlal lead Lead In pig* meets Lead re covered from ex ported ore * 1907........... 1908............ 1909............ 1910............ 1911........... 1912............ 1913............ 1914............ 1916............ 1910............ 1917............ 1918............ 1919................. 1020................ 1921............ 1922............ 1923............ 304,716 330,237 306,113 382,092 420,686 442,126 483, 113 604,700 642,098 001,302 628,404 662,402 420,689 496,814 414,401 477,633 647,217 6,019,460 222,761 160, 786 203, 149 206, 132 200,381 221,480 260.678 311,009 301,504 316,400 303.679 282,024 208, 761 220,327 187,962 186,191 291,700 4,094,062 129,630 130,881 149,600 160,270 191,614 171,037 161,300 201,726 205,462 235, 759 244,771 257,881 215,682 256,522 210,260 283,655 262,081 3,467, 120 0,661 7,614 7,202 8.638 8,094 *7,325 * 12,463 * 12,957 * 16,410 *14,600 ,* 13,035 220 8, 339 8,032 6,675 5,810 9,794 6,674 7,377 7,292 7,603 7,678 10,323 10,998 11,914 12,782 13, 262 12,870 13,003 *11,179 *16,212 * 9,989 13,892 > 13,612 162,818 185,640 03 135 31 137 2,001 4, 670 1,388 3 8,328 Total K Mis* exoess (+)* smelt: exeat Tf . 366.600 320, 657 367,393 391,643 407, 767 *410,228 * 435,474 * 537, oeo * 530, 365 *682, 180 * 678, 926 663.600 * 443,964 *600,093 *414,880 488,448 607,247 7,917,968 -791 4-3,500 +17,7" -8,86* +18,8" +31,8" +47,639 -32; 9. +6,7" +19,21 +49,689 -1,3"' --14,S -3,279 -10,IfS -20/-0i*t* +101, * Includes desllvered soft lead. * Prior to 1919 Includes small quantities recovered from foreign ore. , Recovered at Canadian smeltors from ores eiporlcdJrom the United'States * Revised figures. P( .. It is not to be expected, of course, that all the -recoverable leS mined during any year will be recovered at smelters and pigm^T plants that same year. There is always more or less lag; in som years more ore will be left in the bins at the qpd of the year th there was at the beginning of the year, and this will show as a min excess--that is, more ore was mined than was smelted; in other yetr the demand for the metal may exceed the rate of ore productio' resulting in depletion of ore stocks and giving a smelter excess--tha is, more ore was smelted than was mined. But for a long series'# years these factors should balance. The table shows annual smelt or mine excesses ranging from less than 400 tons in 1021 to 60,0 tons at the height of the World War. ,'jj The recoverable lead in the ore mined during the 17-j-ear period/ < shown by the table, amounted to 8,019,450 short tons, and the tot lead recovered in all forms, including that recovered in Canada fro' United States ores, was 7,917,958 tons, constituting a mine excess a, 101,492 tons, equal to 1.3 per cent of the total recovered lead. An apparent mine excess will be shown if the smelting and refininj loss is underestimated, for such a low estimate will give an exaggerate figure for the recoverable lead output of the mines. But a real mini excess results when the working stocks of ore are increased on accoun of increase in size or number of smelters, and similarly when there i an increase in the amount of lead "in process" at the plants, such a. has come about by the increased output of the smelters m recent years Only & very considerable total mine excess at the end of 1917 coul have withstood the drain of over 50,000 tons depletion of ore stocks since that year and still have left more than 100,000 tons at the end of 1923. ` LEAD LEAD SMELTERS AND REFINERIES The following smelters and refineries were in operation i UNITED STATES '' ? Sefby--Selby plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. Refine Vi- Durango--Duifingo plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. y LeadviLle--Arkansas Valley plant, American Smelting & Refinin ho: > Kellogg--Bunker Hill & Sullivan smelter. Refinery also. . ; i' Chicago--Goldsmith Bros.' Smelting &,Refining Co.3 y Chicago--Great Western Smelting <fc Refining Co.3 :: . Chicago--Illinois Smelting <5t Refining Co.3 - ' Chicago--U. S. Reduction Co.3 ' . ,,, , , ,, ,. Collinsville--St. Louis Smelting & Refining Works of Nationa , Refinery also. Federal--Federal Lead Co.* ' . dlaife: ' ' 'GDast Chicago--International Lead Refining Co.4 Refinery only .a GnuseUi--u. S. S. Lead Refinery (Inc.) A Refinery only. B lytic process. ., i -nsas: , 'Galena--Galena plant, Eagle-Picher Lead Co. ,' ouri: - - . , Granby--Am,erican Zinc, Lead <fc Smelting Co. Herculaneum--St. Joseph Lead Co. . -i . . . /.Joplin--Eagle-jpicher Lett^ Co. .. PC*East Helena--East Helena plant, American Smelting & R.efinm ebraska: '. "f Omaha--Omaha plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. Re ' ' Betts electrolytic process. ew Jersey: : .. . .. ) .Irvington--Irvington Smelting <fe Refining Co.3 - ' "I'Newalt--Balbaoh Smelting & Refining Co. _ Perth Amboy--Perth Amboy plant, American Smelting & Refin homa:' St. Louis--Ontario smelter, Eagle-Picher Lead Co. ennsylvania: .. Carnegie--Pennsylvania Smelting Co. ' Refinery also. Paso--Kansas City Consolidated Smelting & Refining Co.3 tah: c ` Midvale--United States Smelting, Refining & Mining Co. Murray--Murray plant{ American Smelting & Refining Co. International--International Smelting Co.4 1 CANADA ` ritlsh Columbia: Trail--Consolidated Mining & Smelting Co. of Canada (Ltd. also. Betts electrolytic process. . ntario: , j,1 Galetta--Estate of Jas. Robertson. . MEXICO guascalientes: .. " Aguascalientes--American Smelting <5c Refining Co. ihuahua: ` . Chihuahua--American Smelting & Refining Co. > Smelters of secondary materials but treating some lead ores. * Subsidiary of American Smelting 6c Refining Co. . * Subsidiary of Anaconda Copper Mining Co. * Subsidiary of United States Smelting, Refining A Mining Co 1 '!' .V- : . ri38 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1023--PART I Coabuila: Saltillo--Mazapil Copper .Co. (Ltd.). Torreon--Compafifa metaliirgica de Torredn.* . |'> Durango: Asarco (Velardefia)--American Smelting & Refining Co. Guerrero: Campo Morado--Reforma Mining & Milling Co. Nuevo Leon: Cerralvo--Compafifa minera do Pefioles (S. A.).7 Monterrey--American Metal Co. (Ltd.). Refinery also. Monterrey--American Smelting & Refining Co. San Luis Potosi: Matehuala--American Smelting <fc Refining Co. (National Metallurgi Co.) 1 ' San Luis Potosi--Compafifa metaliirgica mexicana. ` . TRADE CONDITIONS WORLD'S SMELTER PRODUCTION In the following table, -prepared by W. I. Whitesido, of the Unite, States Geological Survey, the figures in black-faced type are take from the official statistica,,of the-countries named; those in ordinary type are taken from the Yearbook for 1923 pf the American Burea of Metal Statistics, an association of the copper producers, the lea producers, and the principal zinc producers of this country. Th official statistics will be substituted when they are available. ' 1 There is always a possroility 6f duplication in figures showin world's production, for some 'countries send "work lead" or ba? bullion to other countries for refining/ Furthermore, secondary an antimonial lead are often included in the figures showing the foreig production, so that to pub the United States on an equal tooting in the statistics it would be necessary to include in its production the domes tic output of secondary lead and antimonial lead. The figures for; the United States represent refined lead that was smelted in thus couA try, whatever the source of the ore. . :,j. World's `production of lead, 1913, 1918-1923 (In metrlo tods, by countrios whoro smelted, but not nocosanrliy roflnod. Figures In black-faced type': are official] *' Country 1913 1918 1019 1020 1921 1022 1623 Australia............ Austria............... Belgium............. Canada............... . Chosen................ Czechoslovakia.. Franco____...... Germany: Upper Silesia.. . Otbheeir G~ ermany.. Great Britain............. Greece..................... Hungary...................... India (Burma)._____ Italy............................. Japan........................... Mexico......................... 110,444 22, 312 63. 690 17, 202 28,817 41,300 146, 667 18,420 18,309 1.137 6,961 21,674 3.777 67, 488 163, 376 4,743 20, 630 17,006 204 () 12,778 23, 900 40,617 11,083 4, 093 ( S 16, 380 18, 382 10, 684 83, 706 83, 408 1,764 4, 226 16,143 663 () 10,928 18,680 39, 006 10, 441 3,841 <) 19, 390 16, 630 6. 771 70,384 Data not available. * Included under Austria. First six months; (or second six months eoe Poland, 4 See Poland. * Subsidiary of Compaflia minora do Pefloles (S. A.). T Subsidiary of American Metal Co. (Ltd.). 6,474 3,973 16,040 13, 733 686 2,006 16,060 51, 452 3,347 29, 750 28, 274 (") iff, 475 18, 006 62, 496 11, 130 6,016 (> 24, 203 16. 947 4,167 82, 480 13, 743 70,487 2, 474 6,575 () 84, 268 12,494 ' 8,138 68, 680 105,126 3,360 43, 580 40,708 13,944 6,188 67,500 6,036 4,408 <( 39, 843 10,710 3,239 114, 236 124,762-. 4,266 61,100. 48,8" 4i 1 0,816. 4,266 () ; 46,484 17,111 3,000 12L807 LEAD 1 P*' World's production of lead, 1918, 1918-1 Country 31L 1913 nd: fiper Silesia., bar Poland, deeia................ r America... meaV..!!!__ llte/states (refined)'. Iffoelavlo............. 8 296 () 1,000 2,470 198,829 1,266 13,900 '38(6`S,648 8 9,936 f 4,781 169, 709 2,241 16,633 2,600 603. 702 *<> i-Bjpown-productiog___ 1,160,000 1,140,000 1919 1 () 686 12,869 644 () 6,606 126, 721 827 6,800 1,000 191,983 6, 727 ( 1 * ( 17 <1 'v 44 869,000 92 Data not available. [^Included under Austria. See Germany. nd six months; for first six months soe- Germany. abided under Russia. _ . .. ' IMPORTS AND EXPO 1_ ?he following tables were compiled from t Foreign aud Domestic Commerce by J.!,'' jteaGeological Survey. ` ' MI'' tad ^remaining int warehouse in the United States, jpf", ' 1 pounds MS.1'- [Stated la tbe form la which the material was en 1919 1920 BPaigsse, bullion................................................. bars, and old...................................... * 29,643,811 01,408,873 468,164 32,923,299 69,617,028 2,644,676 Lead imported for* consumption in the Unit 'fit1feVear Lead in ore Base bullion Pounds Value Pounds Value Pigs, bars, and of<l j Pounds Value 1919.... 4,100,823 $190,363 31,790,693 $1,130,937 10,174,115 $416,0 *1920.... 13, 700,499 908,019 66,816,820 3,340,000 68,901,969 3,887,8 1921.... 0,842,807 327,046 66,819,980 1,666,410 61,909,094 1,972,7 1922.... 23,649,861 812,603 55,869,422 1,816,142 *8,663,110 336,9 11923.... 22,420,046 1,190,414 11,124,151 626,201 42,926,266 % 610,4 Includes also lead in matte beginning Sept. 22,1922. 4 Includes also imports of antimonial lead, antimonial scrap lead RSept. 22, 1922. pir Type metal imported for consumption in the U Sfeirrt.i - vYear Type met Pounds ' *l*' ? r 29,887; 863' 211........ .................................................................. . 88,971,361 . HB22................................................................................. 43,306,120 >1933................................................................................ () - a! - Figures not available. 140 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1023---- FART I General imports of lead into the United States, 191&-192S, by classes, in poutL Year Lead In ore Lead In base bullion Figs, bars, snoots, and old Total Im contend 1919...-..................... 1920.......................... 1921........................... 1922........................... ............... 1923........................... ............. ..............1*11.1 10,673, 866 29, 468,816 14.234,030 24,474,481 66,882; 860 112,024,618 00,103, 003 71,733,838 124, 074, 465 101,496, 406 10,214,763 71,437,108 62,602, 534 7,101,623 42, 108,848 141,6l& 197,0J9j 148,670j 155,66lfr 270 sm uhlt General imports of lead into the United Stales, in ore, base bullion, and rejIned, 191, - 1923, by sources, in pounds Year Canada Mexico South America 1919........................... 1020........................... 1921........................... 1922........................... 1933........................... 10,391,115 8,199,234 8,127,158 8,663,236 11,399,671 125,541,614 131,816, 278 lttt, 400, 238 141,216,136* 242,362^788' : > . 5, 504,416 7,085, 351 2,381, 366 3,803,478 6,300,161 Europe 89, 840 38,706,504 30,224, 701 1,454, 384 11,004,938 Other countries 286,142 11,163,160 1,430,949 613, 336 620,635 Total! 'lifl 141,818/1 197,029*1 148,670$ 1 166,660,1 270,578,1 The high mice of lead shortly before and during the World made it profitable to export domestic lead; Beginning in March 1914. the exports soon reached 'l'argq quantities, but they decline! rapidly after the war. ': Refined lead, made from domestic or$8\'exported from the United Stales, 1914-1923 Year 1914....................... ,,......... 1916.................................. 1916.................................... 1917.,........................... 1918................:.................. Short tons 'Value 68, 722 88,306 100, 500 63,688 41,831 84, 601,674 7,928, 618 13,494, 005 9,660, 698 6,889, 381 1919.... 1920___ 1021___ 1022___ 1923___ Short tons Value 10, 010 2,730 1,624 6,823 1,909 The lead of foreign origin which has been smelted, refined, or man ufactured in this country and then shipped abroad is shown below, s Foreign lead exported from the United States, 1919-1923 Year Exported from warehouse Exported lol Pigs, bars , and old * Pounds Value manufacture! All other with benefit! of drawbArtK m&nu* factures (pounds)*? i t| 1919............................ 1920.......................... 1921............................ 1922................................ 1923............................ ........................... ............... ............................................... ........................... 81,961,306 34, 726, 601 50,000, 269 64, 709,305 97,471,326 84, 636, 273 2, 28i, 107 6, 195,256 ' 613 (>) 3, 872,130 12,350,704. 18,738,927) 11,354,070 25,05% 10ft Slneo July 1, 1916, the Bureau of Foreign and Domestio Commerce has classed all foreign lead smelted! or refined In this country and exported as `'domestio exports of pin. bars, eto., produced from foreign ore/NS The above figure Inolude also the exports of foreign lead Imported fa the form of t>lge and bSsg " 3 Not separately classified In 1923. * ' ..'31 w,,.. ipvarent consumption of refined primary lead i?i th j|j^ ; disregarded,.in short tons, 191 gSA, jr;i . . gS^litock in bonded warehouse Jan. 1........................... Pa;, Imports of pigs, bars, and old................................... ^Production.................. ................................................. Kfv* Withdrawn: W-^Eiports of foreign lead-- i Exports of domestic lead............................................. Wi: Stock tn bonded warehouse Deo. 31.........------- rifiv' 1919 472 6,107 M 482,220 1 487, 799 40,976 1,936 10,610 234 53,656 f Apparent consumption............................................ 434,143 ` 142 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1023--PART I CUSTOMS DUTIES ON LEAD In the chapter on lead in Mineral Resources for 1922 there was! tabular comparison of the duties on lead in ore and as metal imposes in the tariff acts of 1909, 1913, and 1922. The tariff act of 1922 cc$ tains the following paragraphs relating to lead ore and lead in : tallic forms: .^ Par. 392. Lead-bearing ores and mattes of all kinds, \lA cents per pound . the lead contained therein: Provided, That such duty shall not be applied-, thelead oontained in copper mattes unless actually recovered: Provided furtfift That on all importations of lead-bearing ores and mattes of all kinds itm duties shall be estimated at the port of entry and a bond given in doubjj the amount of such estimated duties for the transportation of the ores or matn* by common carriers bonded for the transportation of appraised or unappra|L_ merchandise to properly equipped sampling or smelting establishments, whetnal designated as bonded warehouses or otherwise. On the arrival of the ores`a! mattes at such establishments they shall be sampled according to commerch methods under the supervision of Government officers, who shall be stationed St| such establishments and who shall submit the samples thus obtained to a Govern? ment assayer, designated by the Secretary of the Treasury, who shall maksjfi. proper assay of the sample and repoft the result to the proper customs officer! and the import entries shall be liquidated thereon. And the Secretary of'.thq Treasury is authorized to makd'dll 'necessary regulations to onforce the provi ions of this paragraph. < ,3a Par. 393. Lead bullion or .base bullion, lead in pigs and bars, lead drossa reclaimed lead, scrap lead, antimonial lead, anti{uonlal scrap lead, type metals Babbitt metal, solder, all alloys or combinations of lead not specially provided] for, 2pj cents per pound on the lead contained therein; lead in sheets, pipe, show! glazier's lead, and lead wire, 2% centiLper pound. '' ' PRICES AND VALUE Lead was quoted for immediate delivery in New1'York ut the be-| ginning of 1923 at 7.23 cents, abound. The price rose to 8.6 cents inf March, dropped to 6 cents by the middle of July, and after a sharp! recovery to 6.65 cents in August remained nearly stationary unt&| December, when a sharp rise brought it to 8.12 cents at the end of the! year. 'tjjjg The average quoted price of lead for prompt delivery at New York! for the year was 7.4 cents a pound, as compared with an average! quoted price of 6.7 cents in 1922. The average selling price, figured! on the total sales during the year, was 7 cents, as compared with! 6.5 cents in 1922. The average selling price is used in calculating! the value of lead produced from domestic ores in the United States.! . /Mf Prices quoted on lead by the American Smelting & Refining Co. in 1923, in cents o'! pound ' Jan. 9______ 7. 40 Jan. 10........ ______ 7. 50 Jan. 22........... 7. 75 Jan. 238. 00 Feb. 23.___ 8. 10 Mar. 18. 16 Mar. 2...... 8. 25 Apr. 19..... 8. 00 Apr. 28, _7. 75 May 3___ 7. 60 May 9_____________7. 25 June 21...... 7. 00 July 2..... 6. 65 July 3______ 0. 50 July 60. 36 July 66. 25 July 9........ ............. 6. 10 July 100. 00 July 236. 26 July 27____________ 6. 501 Aug. 27---------------- 6. 76 Sept. 13___________ 6. 85S Oct. 256. 76 vf Nov. 136. 85: Dec. 17. 00 3 Dec. 67. 26 f Dec. 19 _ 7. 40 Dec. 29........... _ _ _ 7. 60 , >1 The.; London price of lead ranged from about 2 to about 3 cents Jj lower than the New York price through the first half of the year, i 144 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1023--PART I but in July the decline in price at New York left scarcely more than! & cent difference in the price in the two markets. In November and* early December the rise in lead at London brought the two market! within less than a cent of each other, but by the end of the year thl spread was equal again to more than the tariff differential, 2)4 cent! a pound. These facts are shown in a striking way by the graphs iif Figure 5, which take into account the fluctuations in exchange and, show that the London market was more responsive to trade condil tions than the New York market. a Aa stated on page 129, the value of the refined lead produced in the! United States from domestic ores in 1923 was 876,138,000 at thffl average price of refined lead, as compared with $51,562,000 at the average price in 1922, a gain of 48 per cent. W MANGANESE AND MANGANIF ggb . __________ By He l e n a M. Me y e INTRODUCTION .je year 1923 marked an interesting per aganese industry, affording the first cha [Jfwnat domestic operators would produce Although the tariff became effective Septem >t sufficient time before the end of that ye aot a large increase in production would shipments in 1922 were slightly lower than Shipments of ore containing 35 per cent o gpriiased to more than two and one-third time KOTsiderably less than tariff advocates1 ho [SmQunted to ^nly a little over 4 per cent of th So t the production of ferromanganese in 191 Rtos slightly less than in 1923. Sixty-two High-grade ore shipped in 1923 was chemic Mont., and a large part of the remainder was ferromanganese. i iPThe imports of manganese ore in 1923 BL9I8, when domestic production was nearly |1923. The domestic production plus impor Sons) was less than three-fifths of producti |(^97,000 gross tons). As nearly 95 per cen Jin industries in the United States is consum Herromanganese and spiegeleison for steel m IkSsumption from the foregoing comparison gbly less steel was produced in 1923 than in Ihowever, there was an increase in steel pro fgross tons in 1918 to 44,943,696 gross tons |bply in 1917 (45,060,607 tons). The large peas possible, in spite of the low total of limports of manganese, mainly because large ore were imported and stocked at the furnac sl922, and because in both 1922 and 1923 m | imported than in any other year since 1913. Ifevln 1923 an average of about $28 a ton w manganese ore, compared with about $3 increase is apparently due to the fact that o "ftarge part contained only from 35 to 45 lereas in 1922 little of this grade was s gaining 50 per cent or more. ' ih ` ' ' . :.fit fi 240 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1923--PART I ,Nickel, nickel oxide, and matte exported from the United States 1917-1923. Year Pounds Value Year Founds Val- 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 21, 992,620 17,469,500 3,810,656 1,216, 232 $8,936,620 6,827,041 1, 697, 644 674, 846 1021 1922 1923 426,861 9,317,620 11,200 1*,100103,, Nickel oxide and matte only. Separate figures for nickel not available. See following table. Beginning with 1922, additional classes of nickel exports we shown. The complete exports for 1922 and 1923 are given in the fo lowing table: Nickel exported from the United States in 1922 and 1923, 'by classes Class >" -----------------------------------------------------------Vt -- Oilde and matte....................._____ -.'1............... Nickel..................................................... .............. Monel metal and other alloys.......................... . Manufactures........................................................ Nickel or German sliver in bars, rods, or sheets 1922 ' 1923 Founds Valuo Pounds Value 9,311,680 6,840 913,983 240,467 402,922 *1,013,060 . 3,022 196,702 179,00? 121,766 11,200 868,168 488,088 4S1,178 307, 290,4 TANTALUM Tantalum and its close associate, columbiijm, are yet among the e perimental metals--those which possess attractive properties bu which have not been shown to have extensive uses that some-ether an cheaper metal or alloy will not serve as well or better. With th' numberless new uses for the elements and their alloys and compoun1 that constant experimentation is developing, it seems probable tha for these metals also places will be found that they will fill bett than any others. To obtain these metals in a pure state, or a state of purity com' parable to that of the iron, aluminum, or copper of ordinary coin, merce, is very difficult and tedious, though not impracticable, as it ' with vanadium. However; like vanadium, they can be made" hY ferroalloys with comparative case. Several patents for their use i steel have been taken out, but the steels have been made only i. experimental lots. So far as is known, the steels made have Y contained both tantalum and columbium, and it is therefore no known what the effect of either metal alone would be. The only known output of ores of these metals made in the Unite States for several years has been that shipped by Dr. A. T. Rod';, Rapid City, S. Dak., who states that the production of columbite in 1923 was 1,350 pounds,8 valued at $540, and in 1922 was 600 pounds, valued at $240. In 1921 Doctor Roos shipped 3,400 pounds of colum bite guaranteed to contain 70 per cent of the combined tantalum a" columbium oxides. The material was valued at about $1,150. Tbi columbite came from pegmatite dikes near Keystone and Hill Cit' in the southern part of the Black Hills. Previous shipments by Do tor Roos have been as follows: 1920, 4,000 pounds, valued at $1,450 1919, 300 pounds, valued at $90; 1918, 4,500 pounds, valued at $2,25.Pr * Figures are published with tbo express peiurisslon of Doctor Itoos. RARE METALS .' _ the ore is thought to have been used for exper at of it in ferro-tantalum-columbium, without plmetals. ' To imports of tantalum ores were recorded in 1 .the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerc .finds of "tantalum steel-hardening ores," value [ported for consumption in 1923. American ores are not sufficiently free from co em suitable for the manufacture of tantalum ocesses. 4 - During th^ year the Fansteel Products Co., o '., placed on the market a charger for storage b ntalum ife used as an electronic valve. V' _ ' TITANIUM luring 1923 the American Rutile Co. (owned Metal Corporation, 120 Broadway, New Yo arry at Roselahd, Nelson County, Va., a part roduqed 270 short tons of rutile concentrates c er pept of titanium dioxide and as a by-prod menite concentrates carrying about 52 per cent of . e production of rutile and ilmenite from this e last five years has been as follows: ' tie and ilmenite produced by American Rutile Co., 191 Year 019.. 022.. T, :Buckman & Pritchard (Inc.), a subsidiary of ith ent Co. (Inc.), with works at Niagara Falls,:;N each sands 4 miles south of Pablo Beach, Fla., i ias been concentrated between high and low tide ilso contains considerable zircon, a little rutile, and uring the year 5,804 tons of. ilmenite carrying pro cent of titanium dioxide was shipped to Niagara Fa he manufacture of both ' titanium pigment by th ent Co. (Inc.) and ferrotitanium by the Titaniu ffiliated company. This is an increase of 1,223 to ents in 1922. The company also shipped 153 tons e year. ` The use of titanium pigment is growing. The. ot used alone but is precipitated with barium or oth, so that titanium dioxide forms only about'2 ass. Even this is not used alone for most work, b ` chalk." It is therefore mixed with zinc oxide an Jform an excellent pigment. In the manufacture o `s of course advantageous'to start with as pure an ible, because the iron and other impurities must 242 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1923--PART I iron is the most troublesome of the impurities, because it was chemical reagents and has a high coloring power. wf The price of concentrated rutile ranges from 10 to 25 cent^ pound, depending on quality, quantity, fineness of grinding,1 '& other factors. The price of llmenite ranges from $15 to $25 a sh; ton. |Ff The imports of "titanium-potassium oxalate and all compounqj and mixtures containing titanium" in 1923 amounted 'to 39j7(lr pounds, valued at $0,423. In 1922, after September 22, when'tflj new tariff became effective, the imports were 82,544 pounds, val"*` at $20,590. The duty is 30 per cent ad valorem. 1] The market for rutile, used mostly for arc-light electrodes and -f[ ?otassium-titanium oxalate to be used in dyeing and in the mailt acture of leather, is small, and that for ilmenite, to be used in f$ rotitanium, is apparently not'growing much, but the use of ilmeni' in the manufacture /if pigments is increasing and the substitute of titanium oxide-.pigments for white lead should increase vej greatly and tend do conserve the supply of lead for other uses.- ,i . TUNGSTEN In 1923 the first domestic tungsten ore mined in three years ^ produced by the Wdlf Tongue Mining Co. and the Vasco Mining CS in the Boulder field, near Nederland, in Boulder County, Colo. Tqf two companies produced* and shipped an equivalent of 241 shfi tons of ferberite concentrates, harrying 60 per cent of tungsten oxide, though the ore shipped ranged from 55 toJ33 per cent. William Loach, manager for the Wolf Tongue Mining Co., eetn mates that tungsten tyn not be mined in Boulder County at a con of less -than $12 a unit, and this figure probably does not inchi|r amortization. There are few if any known deposits in the UnittH States that can be profitably operated even at that price. Thediijj on tungsten ore ($7.14 a unit) has thus far not stimulated miniiiji but has benefited those holding ores in stock. The Vasco Mining Gjr closed its mines and mills and probably will not again open the Both companies operated because they were'largely owned by sti companies that used the ore themselves even though it cost more thaf the market price. tT Chinese ores, as before, dominated the world's markets. Xh centers of proauction are reported to have swung southwestwarjl from Kiangsi to northern Kwangtung. It is said that Chinese cq|r centrates can be landed in New York or London at $2.75 or les a long-ton unit. 11 Ore still reaches England from the Malay Peninsula and Burn.-- These countries continue to produce considerable quantities of *'traj because it is obtained mixed with cassiterite, which, commanded^ fairly good price during 1923, though probably not what woulddfc a normal price if Europe were back to a peace-time business basisiSj Owing to the disturbed conditions the European demand fty tungsten was poor during 1923, so that the very cheap and good Chinese ore seeking a market, in connection with the largo stock3 of'tungsten ores, ferrotungsten, tungsten powder, scrap alloy ste' RARE METALS liScale held in the United States, kept price i$ $3 above the duty. . [Prices in the United States ranged from $7.6 Iframite and $8 for scheelite at the beginnin ^depending on quality, for Chinese wolframit Jajt the end of the year. The price of ferro tj?8,per cent of tungsten ranged from 88 to 9 atained tungsten; some was forced on the ma 18 at 76 to 80 cents a pound. Prices in England for wolframite carrying a it ;of tungsten trioxide were, at the beginnin :.. 6d.per long-ton unit (22.4 pounds WO,,) a rrotungsten carrying 80 to 86 per cent of tu but Is. 5d. throughout the year, and tungste phe beginning of the year and Is. 9d. at the e juld probably have been shaded had. there be illness. . pNaver since tungsten became an article of tra ^tungsten used and the quantity in stock been "" among those most familiar with the trade dates of either quantity. Throughout 1923 Jart, and a canvass of the industry was the ir letters, which were sent to every pers ^3(ve tungsten in any form at any time after 6n the new duty went into effect. The inqu ^November 1, 1923, because the first letters w te* Some firms, however, did not find it c 'figures at once, and for some other reasons ig the statistics occupied an unexpectedly ' onse to the rather tedious inquiries was grat rv.few found it inexpedient to give the data Although the tungsten used in making inc bents, contact points, and chemicals has a v bmparison with equal quantities used in steel ielput in hairsprings is not to be compared in ed in rails, the quantities used for these purpo ey affect the general market very little, so th iitungsten is fixed by its use in steel.. fin the following table all items are reduced feshort tons (2.000 pounds) of ore carrying 60 Boxide. Ore "used" means ore put in a fin Jol steel, lamp filaments, or chemicals. Ferrotu powder are regarded as mtermediate products 'i he'ore for use. Stocks " on hand " include all i foducers, investors, and users and in warehouse Pin estimating the quantity of ore represente bftungsten powder or ferrotungsten the tungst Ijis been multiplied by 2.5 on the supposition th fnetallurgical practice about 800 pounds i of'tu fijom a short ton of ore carrying 60 per1 cent o Jome will probably disagree with this estimat "Tiployed is stated, corrections can be made as.d ,