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160 chapter n ' Bloomfield and DailaValle: Determination and Control ofIndus^ trial Dual (U. 8. Public Health Service Bulletin.Ho. 217, 1935).- ; Philip Drinker and TheodbreHAtch: --ffygimtc Significance, Measurement, and Co7droJ'(MeGraw-HiU Book Co., New York, 1954, 2nd edj. Theodore Hatch' aiid Paul Gross:^Pulmonary Deposition and Retention a} Inhaled Aerosol* (Academic Press, New York, 1964). Ai D. Bnadt:.IndxuOidl 'Health"Bnffineaing (John Wiley. A Sons, Int, New.York, 1947). :r L. T. Fairhsll: Inauetrial.Toxieoloffv (The Williams A.WEkiiis Compaiiyi'Baltimare,' 1957).' 1" ,, . , HandbookofOrganic'Sotoents,Techaioal Guide No. 6 (National 7965 Guide And : Data BoolT: Association of-Mutual Casualty,Companies, Chicago,.1961): Monthly Industrial Hygiene . Digest (abstracts),* and mia? oellatieous bulletins (Industrial Hygiene: Foundation, Pitts-* burgh). ' ! - >' ' .j.ti American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal(bimonthly) 14125 Prevost, Detroit 27, Mtch.). Archives of Environmental Health (monthly) (American Medical Association, Chicago). ' '* Journal of Occupational Medicine (monthly) (Industrial Medical Association,Chicago). ' ... .--tj -Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association (monthly) (Air Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh). , CHAPTER 12 ODORS Odors one# Odor Control; Odor Detection and Measurement; Odor Sources, Humidify and Temperature Effects; Adsorption end ' - Release of Odors; Odor Removal; Ventilation; Charcoal Adsorption; Washing and Scrubbing; Chemical Reaction; . Neutralization, Masking, and Counteractiont Combustion Methods CONTROL of odors would not be necessary if the air were lowered appetite, lowered water consumption, impaired Hnn and uncontaminated. This is usually not the case, respiration, nausea, vomiting, and insomnia.* : particularly in crowded buildings; urban areas, and industrial . .Some odors may-not always be recognised as such. Some centers where contaminants are concentrated and obnoxious people, for example, may characterise the air in a space as or where harmful odors are generated. It is therefore neces fresh or dean, tide or stuffy. Fresh air may be odor-free, or it sary-to select a suitable and economical means of improving may have a pleasant, outdoor-type of odor (such as the scent the quality of the-air. This is a problem similar, to that of controlling air pollution by means of smoke abatement and of pine oil). Stuffy air, on the other hand, usually is air that is mntAminntpH with a conglomeration of occupied-space .odora, dust removal. A knowledge of the nature and magnitude of which produces a depressing physiological .or psychological the odor-and its indoor or- outdoor source is necessary for a response, rather than: the sensation of odors. In some cases satisfactory solution of the problem of odor;- control. odors are *nHBd initially but the - depressing effect remains Community planning and coning will avoid much of the diffn after the nose has been desensitized. According to some culty in the future, but meanwhile many industrial cities must authorities, stuffy odors do actually produce-a physiological resort to corrective measures by requiring installation of air reaction; breathing becomes shallower, and pulse and respira pJpAning devices, alteration of manufacturing- processes, or tion rate are slowed. termination of the offensive operation in residential or com Odors associated with some dangerous gases and vapors mercial districts. serve as.immediate valuable warning agents against poison Control of outdoor odor nuisance is especially troublesome ing or explosion. However, some toxic substances have'no because of the extremely minute quantities of contaminant associated odors. Warning against such gases can be obtained, that are capable of offending through a wide area. New indus by adding trader or warning agents to the otherwise odorless trial chemicals with strange or unfamiliar odors tend to re gases, as is sometimes done with gas fuels. While odors give ceive more attention from the neighborhood than the custom immediate warning to persons entering dangerous atmos ary odors generated by well-known processes and raw pheres, irritants are more satisfactory for warning against materials. Methods of odor control currently, in use include gradually increasing concentrations of a low order. Odors', charcoal adsorption, chemical reaction/ scrubbing towers and serve as an index to personal discomfort in enclosed spaces,'' air washers, chlorination, condensation, masking, passage of but.are not necessarily an index to harmful vitiation in re-; the odorous air through combustion chambers, dispersion spect to inniffirient oxygen or an excess of carbon dioxide/ through a tall stack, and best of all, substitution of less offen Odors can be characterized by three factors: (1) they must y sive materials whenever possible.*-* have a source, (2) they must enter the environmental air, (3) ODORS AND ODOR CONTROL they must move to a biologic sensor which registers them as pleasant or unpleasant. Generally speaking,. odors may be Odor is defined as that property of a substance which excites the sense of smelL To be odorous, a substance is usually in a gaseous or vapor state, or possesses a vapor pres sure.1 Some odors .are pleasant*-others unpleasant, depending on their psychological and sociological associations. Odors in themselves are not the-cause of.organic disease. The discomfort and disagreeableness'; that may be brought about by obnoxious odors,' however,' may cause some tempo rary ill effects. The effects,that fringe upon ill health include Tbe (attend revpoenbiBt? for. thl c*ptr' i Msigavd to, TC 1.6 Odor ' t *od Control ' 1" controlled by control of each of these factors: release from source, migration, or sensing. The most economical solution will vary with different odor problems. An odor is simply one or more discrete chemical molecules' capabk of stimulating the sense of smell. The manner in which- certain chemicals can elicit an olfactory response is not known' at this;time. It is, therefore, impossible to assign odorousness as a property peculiar to certain chemical elements, com-- pounds or structures, although odor quahties can be associ ated with such molecular arrangements as aldehydes, esters and ketones. - 161