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Ohio*Department of Health -- Lead' 'and Its Compounds- This material compiled by the Adult Hygiene Division of the Ohio Department of Health, assisted by the personnel of Work Projects Administration in Ohio, Official Project No* 665-42-3-413. 1940 -- LEAD AND ITS C O M P O U N D S -- The works of some of the earlier Greek, Roman and Arabian authors indicate that lead poisoning has been recognized for several thousand years yitrivius, the Roman architect condemned the use of lead for pipes through which drinking water was conveyed From that time to the present medical literature has repeatedly emphasized the dangers incident to the use of this metal Modern studies have indicated that inhalation of lead fumes and dust Is a more important factor in lead poisoning than the ingestion of lead and Its compounds It is evident therefore that control of lead fumes and dust in the atmosphere constitutes the best method of prevention of industrial lead poisoning. From the economists standpoint it is noteworthy that no chemical,'bo readily capable in its ordinary uses of producing serious illness, is handled by such large numbers of persons and employed for such manifold and important purposes. In spite of the progress made in the elimination of many lead hazards, poisoning by this metal still constitutes a major industrial health hazard GENERAL INFORMATION CHEMICAL FORMULA AND SYNONYMS : (Lead) Pb, plumbum. (Lead carbonate, basic) 2PbC0g~Pb(0Ii)2 basic lead carbonate, corusc, load flake, load subcarbonato, white lead. (Litharge) PbO, lead monoxide, lead oxide (yellow), load protoxide, plumbus oxide (Yfhitc lead, sublimed) (Lead arsenate) ?b(As0g)2 . (Load sulfide) PbS, galena, plumbus sulfide, sulfide of load. (Tetraethyl lead) (03115)4 Pb, load tetraethyl. (Orange mineral), orango load, sandix, orango red, saturn red. PROPERTIES; (Load) A heavy malleable, ductile, gray, soft metal of low tensile strength, raroly found native. Sp. gr* 11*54; m.p* 327C.; b.p. 1,620C. Soluble in dilute nitric acid; insoluble in water. Typos of lead; Chemical, soft (or common), hard, corroding. Chemical lead. A trade term, used to describe the undesilverized lead produced from the southeastern Missouri ores- According to the American Society for Testing Materials, Standard Specifications 1927, it contains from 0.04 to 0.03% copper; 0.005 to 0.015% silver, and less than 0.005% bismuth. Soft lead. Lead of over 99-|% purity. Hard lead. Lead (originating as a by-product in lead refining) hard ened or strengthened by the antimony it contains (up to 16%). Corroding lead- A lead refined until it is sufficiently pur for the manufacture of white lead by the corroding process. The American Society for Testing Materials, Standard Specifications 1927, call for a lead containing not over'0.0015% silver, 0.0015% copper, 0.0025% copper and silver togethor, 0.0015% arsenic, 0.0095 antimony and tin together, 0-0015% sine, 0.002% iron, 0.05% bismuth, and 99.933% lead by difference. (Lead carbonate, basic) Yhitc, amorphous powdery poisonousi Sp. gr. 6-14; decomposes at 400C. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. (Litharge) An oxide of lead corresponding to the formula (PbO). Soluble in alkalis and acids; insoluble' in water. A fine grained canary-yellow product may contain as little as 0.05% insoluble in acetic acid and 0.005% insoluble in nitric acid. Its molting point is given variously as 776, 879, 888 and 907C. Sp- gr'. figures^ recorded range from 8.74 to 9.31 as shown by the following table: Color and Form Specific Red Red, powder Rod, crystalsRod, crystals Yellow, crystals 8.74 at 14C. 9.09 at 15C. 9.125 at 14C. 9.126 at 15C. 9.29 at 15C. (White lead, sublimed) An amorphous white pigment, very uniform and fine in grain. The average composition is about as follows: Load sulfate 75%, lead oxide 20%, zinc oxide 5%. (Lead arsonate) White crystals; very poisonoust Sp. gr. 6.42. Soluble in nitric acid. (Lead sulfide) Silvery, metallic crystals or black powder- Sp. gr7.5; m.p. 1120C. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water and alkalis. (Tetraethyl load) Colorless liquid; pleasant characteristic odor. Molecular weight 323.35; sp. gr. 1.65; b.p. 152C at 291 mm-; decom poses at 125 to 150C. Soluble in all organic solvents. Insoluble In water and diluto acids or alkalis. Wt- par litor of vapor, 13.44 gr. (Orange mineral) An oxide of lead corresponding to the same formula as red lead It differs from red lead in color and in some of Its properties. OCCURRENCE: (Lead) Principally in galena. PREPARATION: (Lead) Ey roasting and reduction principally from the ore, galena. (Lead carbonate, basic) (a) Dutch process. Ey the corrosion of lead buckles in pots by means of acetic acid and carbon dioxide generated by the fermentation of waste tan-bark, (b) Carter process. By treat ing very finely divided lead in revolving wooden cylinders with vine gar (dilute acetic acid) and carbon dioxide, (c) Sperry process. Lead acetate is formed electrolytically and carbonated with carbon dioxide. (Litharge) In the manufacturing process litharge may be collected in cakes of from 1 to 1.5 tons in weight when it will cool very slowly. The inner part of the cake will swell up and form flakes of rod litharge, the outer part, which is necessarily chilled more rapid ly, solidifies in lumps of yollow oxide. The flake may be separated from the lump by sifting and marketed as such. The solid material that remains on the screens is ground wot, settled in water and dried. This product is known as levigated litharge. The colors of tho commer cial grades vary from canary yellow through lemon to reddish-yellow or red, while a very pure product has the color of yellow ocher. Mechani cal compression will turn tho pure yollow varieties red. (l/Thite load, sublimed) Obtained from the sublimation of galona at a high temperature. (Lead arsonate) By the action of a soluble load salt on a solution of sodium arsenato, concentration, and crystallization. (Lead sulfide) By passing hydrogen sulfide gas into an acid solution of lead nitrate. (Tetraethyl load) Derived by tho action of ethyl halides on the various alloys of sodium and lead. Made commercially by treating a lead and sodium alloy with CgHgCl. (Orange mineral) Obtained by calcining powdered white lead. IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS; (Lead) Lead acetate, load arsonate, load borate, load carbonate; load carbonate, basic; lead chloride, lead chromate, lead dioxido, lead nitrate? lead oxide* drown; lead oxide* red; lead silicate* lead stearate, lead sulfate, lead sulfide- USES; (Lead) Hard lead sheet is used in large quantities for roofing pur poses and both hard and soft lead are used for gutters and drain pipes as well as in the chemical industries- In the manufacture, use, and handling of sulfuric acid, the use of lead for constructional purposes and equipment is practically indispensable. Lead also has a very wide spread application in other chemical industries, as, for instance, phosphoric acid manufacture, sulfonation and chlorination processes, oil refining, gas production, and explosives industries and hydro fluoric acid handling, for lining tanks of various electroplating solutions and electrolytic refining of copper, sine and cadmium. Some of the types of chemical equipment made from load include pipes, flanges, valves, stirrers* agitators, tanks* coils* kottles, stills, pumps* evaporaters* drying pans and drums. Lead sheet is made by rolling and pipe by extrusion. Sometimes the equipment is made from cast metal* and lead-lined or lead-covered equipment is also used, e. pipe* tubes* fittings* valves, coils, drums* autoclaves, tank connections, etc. Corroding lead is used for manufacturing white load and some lead salts or compounds, however, lithargo (lead oxide) is more often used in the latter case. Lead by itself or alloyod is an important metal for tho following uses: Babbitt metal (bearing metal), type metal, storagebattery grid metal, cable coverings, ammunition* solder, caulking* castings, foil* plumbing, weights, ornamental purposes and lead matrices. (Lead carbonate, basic) Paint pigment; putty; ceramic glazes. (Lithargo) , Manfacturo of storage batteries* pigments, compounding ingredient in rubber manufacture* petroleum* insecticides, varnish, linoleum, glass* pottery, and enamel. (White lead* sublimed) It produces an excellent paint whoso wearing qualities at the soa shore aro superior to those of ordinary white lead and it has the additional advantage of not being so quickly acted upon by sulfur gas os. (Lead arsenate) Ins octic ido (Lead sulfide) Ceramics; preparation of metallic lead. (Tetraethyl lead) Used for preventing knocking in internal combus tion engines; certain ethylation operations. (Orange mineral) Pigment. INEUSTRIAL HEALTH ASPECTS MODES OF ENTRANCE : (Load) Inhalation and ingestion. (Load carbonate, basic) Inhalation and ingestion. (Litharge) Inhalation and ingestion. (White lead, sublimed) Inhalation and ingestion. (Lead arsenate) Inhalation and ingestion. (Load sulfide) Inhalation and ingestion. (Tetraethyl lead) Inhalation or absorption through the skin. (Orange mineral) Inhalation and ingestion. SYMPTOMS OF INDUSTRIAL POISONING: Symptoms may bo present as metallic taste, headache, vertigo, insomnia, easily fatigued, loss of appetite, particularly for breakfast, nausea and vomiting, obstinate constipation with occasional blood in stool and abdominal colic with appearances of a surgical belly although stated to bo characteristic in that pressure usually gives relief. Thero may bo loss of weight, blue line on the guns, nervousness, peri pheral neuritis, weakness of grip, muscular twitching and tremors particularly of fingers or paralysis, especially of muscles used most or muscular cramps and pains. There may be ashen pallor, moderate anemia with increased number of colls exhibiting basophilic aggregations and stippling, also polychromatophilia, poikilccytosis, and anisocytosis. There is rarely fever, though occasionally slight jaundice, sometimes increased blood pressure, degeneration of kidneys, with homatoporphyrin in the urine. There is sometimes lead encephalopathy with irritability, excitement, delirium, convulsions and ocular disturbances as amblyopia or blindnoss. Thero may bo damage to germ cells of both male and female with resultant occasional sterility, abortion, or death of fetus (still born). Lead may be found in the blood, urino or feces. (Lead carbonate, basic) Symptoms of lead poisoning. (Litharge) Symptoms of lead poisoning. (White lead) Symptoms of lead poisoning. (Lead arsenato) Follow those of lead poisoning rather than of arsenic. (Load sulfide) See lead. (Tetraethyl lead) Symptoms are referable to the nervous system v Expo sure causes insomnia, anorexia, headache, vertigo, subnormal blood pressure and temperature, restlessness, excited dreams, loss of weight nausea and vomiting particularly in morning, marked pallor, coarse tremors, violent twitching, slow pulse rate. There may be excitement, delusions, exaggerated movements, maniacal outbursts, exhaustion, de lirium, coma, convulsions and other symptoms of encephalopathy There is anemia, stippled cells and increase lead contant of blood, urine and feces. Gastric cramps, constipation or diarrhea are seldom seen* (Grange mineral) See lead poisoning. INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS INDUSTRIES; Ohio Industries using lead and its compounds as indicated in the Ohio Industrial Hygiene Survey are listed as follows: Agricultural implements Aircraft Asphalt and roofing materials Automobile factories Blank books and paper products Blast furnaces Brass factories Brick, tile and terra cotta Car and railroad shops Chemicals Copper factories Cotton cloth Dairy products Dyestuffs, ink, etc. Electric fixtures Electrical machinery Electroplating Embroderio and lacos Engraving, photographic work Explosives, ammunition, fireworks Fertilizer factories Foundries Furniture, showcases, cabinets, etc. Garages, etc. Glass factories Hemp, jute and linen Ice Instruments Jewelery Lead and zinc Lime, cement and artificial stone Liquor, beer, and wino Metal furniture Other chemicals Other foods Other manufacturing plants Other metal, etc. Other rubber factories Other textiles Other woodworking Paint and varnish factories Paper box factories Paper and pulp mills Patent medicine, drugs Petroleum refineries Potteries Printing Rubber tires Shoes Soap factories Soft beverages Storage batteries Suits, coats and overalls Textile dyeing and finishing Tin and onamelcd ware Toys and unclassified novelties Wood, wicker, etc. Woolon and worsted OCCUPATIONS; Occupations in Ohio in which there may be contact with lead and its compounds are: Acidulators (fertilizer factories) Acid makers (fertilizer factories) Ad alley make-up men (printing) Air bag builders (rubber tires) Annealers (other manufacturing plants) Art glass workers (glass factories) Assemblers (brass factories; chemi cals; electric fixtures; electri cal machinery; foundries; instru ments; metal furniture; other manu facturing plants; other metals; storage batteries; show cases and cabinets) Babbit pourers (foundries; brass factories) Backers (electrical machinery) Baggers (tin and enameled ware) Balancers (other manufacturing plants) Ball mill operators (paint and varnish factories) Ball pushers (storage batteries) Bead makers (rubber tires) Bell inspectors (storage batteries) Belt buckle makers (suits, coats & overalls) Bench men (electrical machinery; foundries ; instruments ; optical goods; other manufacturing plants; brass factories) Blacksmiths (auto factories; found ries ) Blockers (other manufacturing plants) Bobbin makers (embroideries and laces) Body builders (garages; auto fac tories) Book binders (printing) Brazers (foundries; other manufac turing plants) Bridge operators (storage batter ies) Brush makers (brooms and brushes) Buffers (electrical machinery; brass factories) Bundlers (brass factories; other metal, etc,,) Burnishers (suits, coats, overalls) Bushers (other clay, glass and stone) Cabinet makers (planing and mill ing) Car loaders (foundries) Carpenters (shoes; blast furnaces; liquor, beer, & wine; planing & milling) Coll lifters (storage batteries) Chamferers (brass factories) Chargors (storage batteries) Checkers (storage batteries) Chemists (storage batteries; dye stuffs and ink; electrical mach inery; lead and zinc; paint and varnish) Chippers (other rubber factories) Cleaners (brass factories; found ries; printing; storage batteries) Coil makers (Foundries) Color mixers (glass factories) Commutator men (electrical machin ery) Compositors (paint and varnish fac tories; paper box factories; print ing; rubber tires) Compounders (dyestuffs , ink:, etc ) Connective operators (storage batteries) Construction men (glass factory) Container makers (blast furnaces; planing and milling) Coro makers (brass factories) Coppersmiths (copper factories) Copper powder makers (other manu facturing plants) Curo men (rubber tires) Cuttors (brass factories; other manufacturing plants) Die casters (brass factories; storage batteries) Dippers (foundrios; other manufac turing plants; potteries; stor age batteries) Drawers (blast furnaces) Drior operators (storage batteries) Dump boys (printing) Electric runnors (storage batteries) Electricians (auto factories; coal mines; electrical machines; ferti lizer factories; foundrios; furni ture , showcases, cabinets, etc.; glass factories ; lime , ccmont, artificial stone; match factories; petroleum refinerios; rubber tiros shoos; storage batteries; toxrcilc dyeing, and finishing; wool on. and -worsted) Electro-platers (electro-plating; storage batteries; blast furnaces; electrical machinery; potteries; foundries) Electrotype operators (printing) Element burners (storage batteries) Element setters (storage batteries) Enamelers (foundries; electrical machinery; jewelry; tin and enameled ware) Engineers (car and railroad shops; foundries; storage batteries; electrical machinery) Engravers (printing; blank book and paper products; other manu facturing plants) Explosive makers (explosives, ^ m u n i tion, fireworks) Filers (brass factories; metal furni ture) Fillers (foundries; other metals, etc; paint & varnish factories; wood, wicker, etc.) Finishers (brass factories; auto factories; metal furniture; engrav ing and photographic work; printing; wood, wicker, etc.; electrical machinery; other manufacturing plants) Firemen (foundries; other rubber factories) Floor men (engraving, photographic work; storage batteries) Floor washers (storage batteries) Foremen (fertiliser factories; garages; lead L zinc; metal furni ture; suits, coats, overalls; paint & varnish factories; potter ies; printing; storage batteries; blank book & paper products; brass factories; chomicals; dyestuffs, ink, etc.) Frame makers (foundries) Frit enamel makers (tin & enameled war e) Furnace tenders (brass factories; lead & zinc; storage battories) General helpers (liquor, boor & wino) General sign painters (electrical machinery) Generator men (storage batteries) Glazo makers (brick, tile & terra cotta; potteries) Olazers (glass factories; other clay, glass and stone; planing cl milling) Grinders (brass factories; metal furniture; paint & varnish factories) Gut leaders (other manufacturing plants) Hardeners (foundries) Heat treaters (auto factories; foundries ; printing) Inspectors (brass factories; electrical batteries) Intertype operators (printing) Janitors (printing; storage battor ies; tin and enameled ware) Jewelers (jcwelory) Kettle men (chemicals) Laborers (blast furnaces; brass factories; dye stuffs, ink, etc.; foundries; suits, coats, over alls; tin & enamel ware; electri cal machinery; lead & zinc; motal furniture; paint & varnish fac tories; storage battories) Latho operators (brass factories; foundries) Lay-out mon (foundries; metal furni ture ) Lead burners (auto factories; blast furnaces; fertilizer factories; soap factories; storage batteries) Lead coaters (brass factories) Leaders (other manufacturing plants) Lead heaters (foundries) Lead insulators (rubber tires) Lead strippers (rubber tires) Lead type tubers (printing) Lift-off men (storage batteries) Linotype operators (electrical machinery; other woodworking; printing) Lock-up men (printing) Lubricator testers (brass factories) Lug brushers (storage batteries) Machine operators (printing; storago batteries; electrical machin ery) Machinists (foundries; other clay, glass & stone; printing; rubber tires; shoes; storage batteries; suits, coats, overalls; blank book & paper products; blast furnaces ; brass factories ; electri cal machinery) Maintenance men (chemicals; electri cal machinery; foundries; other foods; soap factories) Make-up men (printing) Mat-makers (printing) Mechanics (dairy products; ferti liser factories; foundries; garages; ice; printing; shirts, collars, cuffs; soft beverages; storage batteries; suits, coats, overalls ; aircraft) Me^ters (brass factories; paint & varnish factories; printing; other rubber factories) Metal workers (foundries; furni ture, showcases, cabinets, etc.; other manufacturing plants; other metal, etc <) Metallurgists (foundries) Meter men (storage batteries) Mill men (rubber tires; dyestuffs, ink; paints & varnish; brass factories) Millwrights (electrical machinery; furniture; showcases, cabinets, etc.; paint & varnish factories) Mixers (chemicals; other clay, glass and stone; paints & varnish; rub ber tires; glass factories; dye stuffs & ink; storage batteries; asphalt & roofing materials; other rubber factories; tin and enamel ed ware) Model men (electrical machinery) Mold cleaners (storage batteries) Mold makers (storage batteries) Mold setters (storage batteries) Holders (brass factories; car & railroad shops; electrical machinery; foundries) Monotype operators (engraving, photo graphic work; printing) Mounters (other manufacturing plants) Multigraph operators (other metal, etc. ) Office workers (printing) Oilers (blast furnaces; storage batteries) Oxide supply men (storage batteries) Packers (other manufacturing plants; paint & varnish factories; pot teries; soap factories; storage batteries; blast furnaces; electrical machinery; lead and zinc) Painters (car & railroad shops; liquor, beer and wine; foundries; furniture, showcases, cabinets, etc.; garagos; ice; other manu facturing plants; other wood working ; printing; agricultural implements; auto factories; blast furnaces; brass factories; wood, wickor, etc.; rubber tires; stor age batteries; toys & unclassified novelties) Paint.mixers (foundries; other chemi cals; paint & varnish factories) Paper bailers (storage batteries) Paper rulers (printing) Paste car washers (storage batteries) Paste mixers (storage batteries) Pasters (storage batteries) Pattern makers (blast furnaces; brass factories; foundries; elec trical machinery; other wood work ing; blank book and paper products) Picklers (brass factories) Pig lead feeders (storage batteries) Pipe fitters (electrical machinery; foundries; glass factories; paint & varnish factories; petroleum refineries; rubber tires; soap factories; storage batteries; blast furnaces; chemicals; dye stuffs , ink, etc ; brass factories; textile dyeing and finishing; printing; woolens & worsted; match factories; paper box factories) Planers (printing) Plasterers (storage batteries) Plate castors (printing; suits, coats and overalls) Polishers (brass factories; marble & stone; metal furniture) Press feeders (printing; suits, coats and overalls) Press men (electrical machinery; lead and zinc; paint & varnish factories; printing; rubber tires; auto manufacturing plants; brass factories; storage batteries) Printers (other woodworking; paint & varnish factories; printing; suits, coats & overalls; blank book & paper products; hemp, jute & linen; jewelry; paper & pulp mills) Process men (fertilizer factories) Pump men (blast furnaces; storage batteries) Putty makers (paint & varnish fac tories) Hackers (storage batteries) Radio engineers (electrical machin ery; storage batteries) Receivers (brass factories; storage batteries; other rubber factories; rubber tires; lead & zinc) Heelers (blast furnaces) Refiners (storage batteries) Repairmen (brass factories; stor R' age batteries; foundries; toys & unclassified novelties ; garages ; ft agricultural implements; auto factories ; chemicals ; electrical machinery) Riggers (blast furnaces) Rubber cutters (other rubber fac tories ) Safety equipment men (storage batteries) Sagger washers (potteries) Salvagers (explosives, ammunition, fireworks) Sample boys (storage batteries) Sand plasterers (brass factories; foundries; storage batteries) Sand scroenors (brass factories) Saw operators (storage batteries; brass factories) Screw cutters (brass factories) Separators (brass factories ; stor age batteries) Set-up men (brass factories) Shake-out men (brass factories) Shavers (brass factories) Shear operators (brass factories) Sheet metal workers (blast furnaces; brass factories; copper factories; wood, wicker, etc.; electrical machinery; foundries ; furniture, showcases, cabinets, etc.; instru ments; metal furniture; tin & enameled ware) Shipping clerks (brass factories; load & zinc; potteries* storage batteries) Shovel operators (tin & enameled ware) Sign writers (other manufacturing plants) Skat tower operators (explosives, ammunition, fireworks) Smelter operators (printing; tin & enameled ware) Snail tiers (other manufacturing plants) Solderers .(brass factories; elec tric fixtures; electrical machin ery; foundries; other manufacturing plants; other metal, etc.; storage batteries) Sorters (othoh metals; storage batteries) Spinners (electric fixtures; other manufacturing plants) Sprayers (electric fixtures; other manufacturing plants; potteries; tents & awnings; brick, tile, and terra cotta; car & railroad shops; foundries) Stamp men (jewelry) Stamp mounters (other rubber fac tories) Station attendants (storage batteries) Stencil men (storage batteries) Sterotype operators (blank book & paper products; printing) Stonemen (paint & varnish factories) Storage men (chemicals) Stove control assemblers (electri cal machinery) Strappers (storage batteries) Strippers (electrical machinery) Superintendents (brass factories; fertilizer factories; storage battcrios) Supervisors (printing; rubber tiros; storage batteries) Supply men (storage batteries) Surfacers (metal furniture) Sweepers (brass factories; storage batteries) Switch operators (storage batteries) Take-off men (storage batteries) Telephono men (blast furnaces) Temperers (foundries) Template makers (rubber tires) Terminal riveters (electrical machinery) Testers (blast furnaces; electrical S '* machinery; storage batteries) Thinners (paint & -varnish factories) Tinners (electrical machinery; found ries; glass factories; match fac tories; ship & boat building; stor age batteries; tin & enameled ware; other textiles; other woodworking; planing & milling; rubber tires) Tinsmiths (electrical machinery; soap factories; suits, coats <1 overalls; woolen & worsted) Toolmakers (storage batteries) Touch-up men (storage batteries) Trade mark fillers (other manufac turing plants) Trimmers (electric fixtures; metal furniture; suits, coats cl overalls) Trouble shooters (electrical machin ery; storage batteries) Truckers (brass factories; storage batteries) Tumblers (brass factories) Type casters (printing) Type setters (instruments; other manu facturing plants; printing; electri cal machinery; paint & varnish fac tories; paper box factories; other rubber factories; rubber tires; blank book & paper products; cotton cloth; engraving, photographic work) Type washers (printing) IJnloaders (oar & railroad shops; storage batteries) Utility men (fertilizer factories rubber tires) Varnish makers (paint & varnish factories) Vise men (foundries) Warehouse mon (dyestuffs, Ink; foundries; load & sine) Washers (storage batteries) Weighers (tin & enameled ware; rubber tires) Welders (auto factories; metal furniture; rubber tires; foundries; furniture, show cases, cabinets, etc.; garages) Whcol dressers (lead & zinc) Winders (load & zinc; blast furnaces; electrical machinery) Wipers (blast furnaces; found ries) Wood workers (wood, wicker, etc.) LEAD HAZARDS IN OHIO INDUS TEJES The listing of occupations and industries in the procoding pages in which contact with lead and its compounds is indicated was based on an inventory of materials used in various industrial processes. It docs not imply that a harmful exposure to lead exists in every case. The degree of harmfulness of an exposure, however, may be ascertained by engineering studies of the industrial environment. The studies of numerous investi gators, who have correlated chemical and engineering findings with physi cal, and statistical studies upon the exposed workers, have made possible certain standards of exposure to harmful materials. A standard widely accepted for exposure to lead is 1.5 milligrams of lead per 10 cubic meters of air. If the concentration of air borne load exceeds this value for a prolonged period of time symptoms of lead poisoning may develop. As would be expected the danger of lead poisoning increases with the increase of the amount of lead in the air. The Ohio Department of Health has collected- and analyzed air samples for their lead content in various types of industrial establishments. A summary of these determinations made in certain industrial groups is pre sented on the next page to show that real lead hazards prevail in Ohio Industries. It should be emphasized that all determinations made in the types of Industries listed aro included In the table regardless of whether the concentrations found were high or low. Studies made in automobile factories are divided into two groups, those in which uncontrolled expo sures prevailed and those In which adequato ventilation facilities prevent ed dangerous concentrations of lead in the air. This clearly demonstrates that serious industrial health hazards may be eliminated by the institution of proper control measures. Methods which may bo used In tho effective control of lead hazards in industry depend In a large part upon the conditions under which the lead is usod. Tho primary objectivo of any successful control program is tho elimination of exposure to dangerous concentrations of lead in tho workers1 environment. In many cases it nay bo necessary to examine tho worker as well as his environment in order to successfully evaluate the load exposure. Thorough physical examinations accompanied by blood and urine tests are necessary in exhaustive studies. In routine check-ups blood examination alone may be indicative of the individual's response to tho lead in his environment. In order to oncourago and assist industry and physicians in instituting and carrying out a program of routine blood examinations, the Ohio Department of Health has prepared a bulletin tTThe Basophilic Aggrega tion Tost for Load Absorption and Lead Poisoning" . This bulletin may bo obtained upon request from the Ohio Department of Health, R.H. Markwlth, M.D., Director. DISTRIBUTION OF ATMOSPHERIC LEAD DETERMINATIONS, MADE BY THE OHIO DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF SAMPLES IN SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES FOUND IN EACH CONCENTRATION GROUP. INDUSTRIAL Concentration Groups in Milligrams of Lead per 10 Cubic Meters of Air. CLASSIFICATION Below Above 1,5 1.5-4.9 5 .0-9.9 10-24.9 25-49,9 50-100 100 **#+ Automobile Factories (Uncontrolled Exposures]I 13 4 13 22 10 11 4 A.utomobilo Factcries (Controlled Exposures) t 14 Brass and Bronze Factories 25 39 26 20 6 1 Electrical Machinery 6 Glass 12 47 23 10 1 1 1 Metal Furniture 4 Potteries Storage Batteries Tin and Enamelware Welding, Forging and Heat Treating TOTAL (All Industries) 21 7 12 4 15 21 4 , 108 , 122 22 1 58 8 54 34 6 53 1 83 . 72 . 24 . 18 . 9 SELECTED ABSTRACTS BET ERA!HATION OF LEAD IN THE AIR. Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc. Preventive Eng* Ser. Bull. Ho. 2, Pt. 6 , 9 pp. Chemical Abstracts, vol. 33,. p* 75. (1938). For Pb dusts and mists (as in spray coating) an impinger can be used to collect the sample from 1 cu.ft. of air per min. in about 75 cc. of distd. water or 10% HNOg; for Pb fumes, the elec, precipitator is preferable. Usua lly 3P-45 cu.ft. of air should be taken as samples and all glassware, rea gents and distd. water employed should be free from and regularly tested for Pb. The following analytical procedures aro satisfactory for routine dotns* of Pb in collected air samples: (1) Volumetric chromate method.-- Pb is freed of interfering materials and pptd. as chromate. Indirect detns. of Pb is made by coin, and iodometric ostn. of the chromate ion. It is best to have 0.1 mg. or more of Pb in the sample which amt. will be present in 30 cu.ft. of air when the concn* is about 1.5 mg* per 10 cu.m. If the concn. is considerably above or below that amt. then smallor or larger samples should be taken. (2) Colorimetric dithizone method.-- Pb is extd. from a soln. of controlled alky, with a CHClg soln* of dithizone (diphonylthiocarbazone) which forms colored motallo-org. compds. with several heavy metal ions. By proper control of alky, and cyanide concn., interfering ions are eliminated and the cherry-red Pb compd. is segregated in soln., the inten sity of color depending on tho amt. of Pb present. For detn* the color is coiriparod with that of dithizone solns. contg. known amts, of Pb. The quan tity of Pb in tho portion of the sample taken for analysis should be less than 0.1 mg. and preferably not over half that much. This allows sampling of quantities of air smaller than 30 cu.ft., particularly if the Pb concn. is suspected of being above 1.5 mg. per cu.m. ' (3) Microscopic detection.-- The presence or absence of Pb in dust samples, in raw materials such as paint pigments, glazes, enamels, etc., or in excreta can be detected by a microscopic method in which the Pblg is pptd. from a drop of soln. and identified microscopically by its form and color. Sb, Bi and Ag interfere with this detection and if present must be eliminated by special methods. App., reagents, solns., procedures, ealens., equations and typical examples are described in detail and photomicrographs are given for Pb(N0g)g and Pblg crystals. METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF DUST AND FUMES FOR LEAD AND ZINCS. Moslcowitz and Wm. J. Burke. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 20, 457-64 (1938). Chemical Abstracts, vol. 33, p. 76. Dust samples are evapd. to dryness in the presence of HNOg, the residue extd. with HC1 and the Pb -4- Zn 4* Pb detd. by the dithizone method. Accuracy and precision of tho method is 0.001 mg, whon loss than 0.050 mg. of the metals is present. DETERMINATION OF LEAD BY DITHIZONE, MODIFICATIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS OF THE HUBBARD-CLIFFORD-WICHMANN METHOD AS APPLIED TO BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL. K. Bambach. Indust. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., vol. 11, pp. 400-403 (July 15, 1939). Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol. 21, no. 9, p, 218 (abstract section) Nov. 1939. The following modifications and improvements have been made in the dithizone method for the determination of lead in biological material described by Hubbard: The use of hydroxy3.amine in the initial extraction prevents the oxidation of the dithizone and permits the elimination of the second extraction step of the Hubbard method. . Washing the first chloroform extract ronovos extraneous entrained salts and improves the test for bismuth. Filtrations through cotton and through paper have been eliminated from tho procedure without loss of accuracy, and with a resultant saving of time and decrease of opportunities for contamination. The addition of tho standard dithizone solutions and the development of the mixed color in all the samples of a serios before the photometric readings are made save time and do not affect the accuracy of the Analyses. --Author1s summary. LEAD IN HUMAN TISSUES . K.N. Bagehi, H.D. Ganguly, and J.N. Sirdar. Indian J. Mod. Res., vol. 26, pp. 935-945 (Apr. 1939). Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene vol. 21, no. 8 , pp. 191-192 (abstract section) Oct* 1939. Examination of lead by the dithizone method was carried out on a series of normal persons as v/ell as on persons with known exposures to lead. The figures for normal lead are roughly similar to Kehoers but are only a frac tion of those reported by Tompsett and Anderson. Amounts in different organs of exposod persons was high in the liver, kidneys, stomach and intes tines and exceptionally high in tho hair. Evidently hair of different colors absorbs differing amounts of Pb; this is to bo reported on later. (No figures are given as to concentrations th patients were exposed to or the degree of poisoning.) Load in tissues of foetuses is smaller than that reported by other writers. No trace could be found in ovaries although Pb was found in testes and placentas.-- Helen Lawson. THE LEAD CONTENT OF HUMAN BLOOD. C.E. Willoughby and E.S. 'Wilkins, Jr. J. Biol. Chem., vol. 124, pp. 639-657 (Aug. 1938). Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 202-203 (abstract section) Nov. 1938. Blood specimens from 189 individuals with histories showing no abnor mal lead exposure were analyzed for lead, using the dithizone method. The values ranged from 0 .0 0 to 0.09 mgm. Pb per 100 gm. blood, with a most probable value of 0.025 0.002 mgm. This is significantly lower than the most probable value of previous investigators. Load was found to bo absent from tho serum in' 90^ of tho'58 samples in which clot and serum were analyzed separately, contrary to the findings of Blumberg and Scott, and Teisinger. Blood lead values as high as 0*1 mg./ may occur without indisputable clinical evidence of plumbism.-- G.E. Hitchings. EXAMINATION OF LEAD IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OF NORMAL AND LEAD POISONED PERSONS. F* Schmitt and W* Basse. Klin* Wchnschr., vol. 16, pp. 65-66 (1937). Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol. 19, no. 4, p. 84 (abstract section) April 1937. In 'the cerebrospinal fluid of 13 normal persons, the authors found 15-38 micrograms % of lead; in 5 cases of lead poisoning the amounts were 80-493 micrograms %, The amount of lead in the spinal fluid does not parallel blood load.-- L. Teloky. THE BASOPHILIC AGGREGATION TEST FOR LEAD POISONING AND LEAD ABSORPTION; TEN TEARS AFTER ITS FIRST USE. C. P. McCord, F.R. Holden, and J. Johnston. Indust* Med., Apr., 1935, vol. 6 , pp. 180-185. Abstracted in J* of Ind* Hygiene, vol. 17, no. 5, p. 97, (abstract section) Sept* 1935. A need long has existed for a simple laboratory test serving as an index of load absorption and the imminence of lead poisoning. An approach to such a tost was described by us in 1924. Through technical improvements made by othors and by us, this procedure Is now suited to application by anjr physician or laboratory doing blood work. The be,sis of the test is the enumeration of the totality of erythrocytes containing basophilic sub stance rathor than qualitative or quantitative examinations for stippled colls or polychromatophilic cells. The native state of basophilic substance In unaltered blood is unknown but by laking the red cells this substance is artificially aggregated into readily visible masses. In normal human adults these aggregations rarely exceed 1% of the total number of erythrocytes but in lead exposed individ uals the percentage frequently lies abovo this normal maximum. Findings of percentages above 1 to 1,5% and especially above 2% in persons exposed to lead at once suggest load absorption and the possibility of approaching lead poisoning. The chief value of this tost is as a mark of load absorption and early lead poisoning. As load poisoning progressos to oxtonded chronicity, the worth of the procoduro diminishes.-- Authors' summary. COMPARISON OF PUNCTATE BASOPHILIA AND RATIO OF LARGE TO SMALL LYMPHOCYTES IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION OF LEAD POISONING. D. O* Shiels. M.J. Australia, vol* 1, pp.'535-545 (Apr. 10, 1937). Abstracted in J* of Ind. Hygiene, vol. 19, no. 10, p, 224 (abstract soction) Dec. 1937. .This is a very caroful study of laboratory tests in regard to the diagnosis of load poisoning. The stippled coll count is shown to give false impressions of the clinical condition. It may even rise as the patient improves. The author lays greater stress on the ratio of large to small lymphocytes in the blood which, he says, is more closoly corre lated with the clinical condition than is stippling. Urinary lead examinations were also made. By correlating this vast amount of data, the conclusion is reached that it is inadvisable to adjudge the severity of cases by laboratory standards alone. Evidence of lead poisoning with disability is to he expected when the laboratory data show (a) total stippled count 2,500; (b) coarsely stippled cell count, 1 ,000; (c) ratio of large to small lymphoid cells, less than 1.5; (d) concentration of load in urine, 0.15 ngm./L* and over; (e) coarsely stippled cell count divided by the ratio of large to small lymphocytes, 800.-- J.C. Aub. THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PUNCTATE BASOPHILIA IN THE ERYTHROCYTE. S.H. Falconer. Ann* Int. Med., vol. 12, pp. 1429-1441 (Mar. IS59). Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol. 21, no. 6 , p* 143 (abstract section) June 1939, The mean number of stippled erythrocytes in 205 normal adults was 92, i 4.4 (P.E. of mean) per million red cells; in 234 patients with different clinical conditions, it was 363 per million. Five patients, to whom load was administered, had 19,950, i 837 per million after symptoms appeared, but 2250, ills up to the time symptoms appeared. In 8 workers exposed to load but free of symptoms, the stippled cell count was 2 10 0 * Administration of alkaline hematin to 2 patients resulted in stippled cell counts of 5250 and 2092. These data suggest that punctate basophilia is not a specific indica tion of either lead absorption or lead intoxication.-- George Saslow. CONCERNING THE NATURALLY OCCURRING PORPHYRINS, IV. THE URINARY PORPHYRIN IN LEAL POISONING AS CONTRASTED WITH THAT EXCRETED NORMALLY AND IN OTHER DISEASES. D*J. Watson. J. Clin. Invest., vol. 15, pp. 327-334 (May, 1936). Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol. 18, no. 7, p. 99 (abstract section) Sept. 1936. Coproporphyrin I has been isolated from the urine of a normal individ ual. It is probable that relatively very small amounts of coproporphyrin III were likewise present. Coproporphrin I was obtained in much larger amount from the urine of an individual with fever duo to pulmonary suppuration, and from a patient with hemolytic jaundice during a postoperative "hcmoclastic" crisis. In both of the latter instances considerable increases in tho urine urobili nogen were observed simultaneously with the heightened excretion of coproporphyrin. A porphyrin was isolated from tho urine in throe cases of lead poisoning. The crystal form and molting point of the ester indicatod clearly that this was, in each instance, coproporphyrin III.-- Author's summary. EARLY IDENTIFICATION OF SATURNISM BY THE DETERMINATION OF PORPHYRIN BY FIKBNTSCHER AND FRANK'S METHOD, H* Otto. Arch. Gewcrbepath. Gewerbehyg. 8 , 655-60 (1938). mnm Chimio & Industrie 40, 1097. Chemical Abstracts, vol. 33, p. 2608. Observations on 130 Pb workers showed that dctn. of porphyrin provides a good method of detecting Pb poisoning at an early stage. It is preferable to hematological oxamn. Workers after employment for 2 years in a dangerous occupation, showed a high porphyrin content. The test will reveal what workers are in danger of becoming Pb poisoned. The method used consists in detecting and evaluating, in ultraviolet light, the rod fluorescence produced by porphyrin extd. from 30 cc. of urine by means of EtOAc. EFFICIENCY AND RANGE OF THE TIME-STIMULUS METHOD (CHRONAXIE) AND THE BASO PHILIC STIPPLED ERYTHROCYTE COUNT IN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE. F.H. Lewy. Arch* f. Gewerbepathol. u. Ceworbehyg., 1935, vol. 6 , pp. 63-69. Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol. 17, no. 5, p. 96 (abstract section) Sept. 1935. The author notes the difference between the clinical-medical observa tion of a single patient and mass observations made on industrial cases. Similar observations on 825 lead workers showed that chronaxie and blood observations complement each other admirably. In a hea-vy exposure, the stippled erythrocyte count rises above normal in a single week, and falls again quickly after tho exposure ceases. On the other hand, changes in nerve-muscle irritability occur only after some months1 exposure and never, even after months and years of freedom from exposure, return to normal. Blood counts show to better advantage the immediate danger, and chronaxie the danger which the industry as a whole provides. Besides there are some lead workers who show only one of the two reactions. (See This Journal, May, 1935, pp. 73 and 79)-- L. Teleky. THE DANGER OF EMPHASIZING LABORATORY FINDINGS IN LEAD POISONING DIAGNOSIS. M.R. Mayers. N.Y* State Dopt. Lab., Indust. Bull., vol. 18, pp. 289- 290 (July, 1937), Abstracted in J. of Ind* Hygiene, vol. 19, no. 10, p. 225 (abstract section) Dec. 1937', This is a plea for a greater attention to clinical diagnosis instead of depending too much'on laboratory findings which may bo expensive and often inconclusive. There arc no specific criteria for making a positive diagnosis in lead poisoning or any other disease.-- Helen Lawson. THE RETENTION AND ELIMINATION OF LEAD* J.C* Aub and A. Minot. Proc. Am. Soc* Clin* Investigation, Jour. Am. Mod. Assn*, June 2, 1923, vol. 80, p* 1643. Abstracted in J* of Ind* Hygiene, vol. 5, no. 6 , pp. 120-121 (abstract section) Oct. 1923. 11After lead has been absorbed through the gastro-intestinal or respira tory tracts, it is stored nearly completely in the calcareous portion of the bones, Hero it remains normally for long periods, with the gradual re lease of only small amounts. In ono group of animals the esophagus was tied and load carbonate was introduced directly into the lungs. The animals were given physiologic sodium chlorid solution intraperitonoally.. When tho animals were killed, within eighty hours after the injection, nearly all of the absorbed lead was found in the bones. In animals allowed to live between eighty and 160 hours, only about 81 per cent of the load was found in the bones. When sodium bicarbonate instead of salt solution was injected intrapcritonoally, the amount of lead found in the bones did not diminish, but remained at 94 per cent of the total absorbed lead. This strongly s u g gested that the reduction of tho alkali reserve allowed'the liberation of lead from the bones. We next found that in leadod cats starvation will cause the lead to become distributed throughout the organism and be excreted with increased rapidity. Ingestion of large amounts of phosphoric acid has a similar but moro marked effect. Using these observations in treating load poisoning in man, wo have found that ingestion of acid causes a marked ly increased excretion of lead by the urine and foces. Phosphoric acid is the most effective method so far found. It Is mere efficient than potassium iodid, and causes a fourfold increase in thG rate of load oxcrction over that occurring without treatment. ''These experiments explain how distortion of tho acid-base equilibrium may liberate load from the bonos long after its absorption; they explain why lead poisoning is a chronic disease with possible late acute manifesta tions, and they offer a new method for increasing or decreasing the excre tion of load."-- K.R.D. ELIMINATION OF LEAL IN URINE OF HUMANS AFTER SINGLE ORAL DOSES. T. Ohmura. Ztschr. f. d* ges. exp. Med., vol. 98, pp. 769-771 (1936). Abstracted in J. of Ind* Hygiene, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 163-164 (abstract section) Nov. 1936. Lead elimination in research subjects normally was 4-10 micrograms a day, but after a dose of 10 mg. lead chloride, it rose to about 90 micro grams on tho 1st and 2nd day, then immediately decreased from tho 3rd day until it was 20-30 micrograms at tho end of 10 days; on the 25th day it was about 15 micrograns. Up to tho 23rd day only about 4% was eliminated (the author forgets to add "in the urine"-- the fecos he did not consider). Independently of this experiment, the suggestion has come from tho Berlin Pharmacological Institute that aftor cessation of metal dosage, the faster the poisoning occurs the more quickly the lead elimination will diminish. High lead elimination, which, after the lapse of a few days, suddenly diminishes, permits the conclusion that the subject had takon a large quantity of lead immediately before the examination.-- L. Teleky. LEAD MOBILIZATION AND MINERAL METABOLISM IN LEAD POISONED PERSONS. F. Schmitt and H o Taegor. Ztschr. f. oxp* Mod., vol. 101, pp. 21- 41 (1937); see also authors! abstract in Arbeitsschutz, pp. 176-177 (1937). Abstracted in J* of Ind. Hygiene, vol. 19, no. 10, p. 225 (abstract section) Dec. 1937. Schmitt and Taegor studied the variations In daily lead olinination and load in blood in two persons with load poisoning, their purpose being to determine fixation or mobilization of lead during various methods of treatment. In agreement with other workers, they found increased lead elimination (mobilization) associated with the use of sodium carbonate, acid diet with ammonium chloride, calcium poor diet, potassium iodide (probably by effect on the thyroid), elytyran, and parathormone* It was remarkable that by the use of an alkaline vegetable diet and by peroral and intravenous administration of calcium, they could also induce lead mobilization* Therefore, the authors conclude that any procedure involv ing a shock, such as sudden diet change or sudden administration of great calcium doses, is to be avoided* (Since this contradicts the work of other investigators, and especially therapeutic experience, it seems that further tests on a wider group is necessary.-- L.T.) The authors recommend cal cium enrichment of tho calcium impoverished organism in lead poisoning cases (the calcium impoverishment of erythrocytes is especially outstanding) by gradually increasing doses of calcium phosphate and calcium gluconate.-- L* Teleky. THE RELATION BETWEEN LEAD POISONING AND THE PARATHYROID GLAND* Karl Reinhart* Arch. Gewerbepath. Gewerbehyg. 9, 80-87 (1938) . Chemical Abstracts, vol. 33, p. 3003* Lead poisoning affects the parathyroid1s function of mineral regula tion. Bone changes occur in chronic load poisoning similar to those in cases of adenoma of the parathyroid. Serum studies upon those individuals showed hypercalcemia (Ca level, 11 mg. %) and a lowering of the inorg. P level (below 4 mg. fa) These symptoms point toward hyporfunction of the parathyroid* " ' . . DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "CONTRACTED" KIDNEYS DUE TO LEAD AND THOSE DUE TO OTHER FORMS OF NEPHRITIS. G. Aiello* II Lavoro, July, 1S24, vol. 15, pp. 212-214. Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol. 7, no* I, p. 12 (abstract sec tion) Jan. 1925, Lead nephritis presents a varying picture of both epithelial and inter stitial changes and attacks either tho blood vessels or tho tubular epithe lium* All contracted lead kidneys show in the tubules or the glomeruli inflammatory reactions which arc lacking in the usual contracted kidney* When the patient has not been exposed to lead for a long time these lesions are absent* This suggests that lead nephritis is produced by the passage of lead through the excretory epithelium*-- J*W*S.B. SPINAL INJURIES FROM LEAD AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SPINAL FLUID LEAD DETERMINA TION IN RECOGNIZING LEAD DAMAGE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM* F* Duensing* Deutsch. Ztschr. f. Nervenheilk*, vol. 143, pp. 297305 (1937). Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 224-225 (abstract section) Dec* 1937* The author describes a case with tabes-like symptoms: irregular pupils, unequal indiameter, no light reactions, no biceps, triceps or patellar reflexes, hypotonia of tho musculature, sensibility decreased, Romberg-4 , ataxic gait, pressure in the head, and a depressive mood. Lead determina tion in tho blood showed 72.2 gamma, that in the spinal fluid, 220 gamma, whereas in others examined it was only 18-38 gamma per 100 cc. in the spinal fluid* Thus it seems certain that a spinal load injury is present. The cause was drinking water containing lead. A painter who worked extensively with load paints fell ill in 1928 with gastro-intestinal symptoms. In 1933 he suffered general weakness, headache, dizziness, attacks of unconsciousness, irritability. In 1S36 these were still present along with a hoauy feeling in the arms and legs. It had been many years since his last exposure. In the spinal fluid there was 493 gamma per 100 cc. and in the blood 129.5 gamma. The author mentions some oases from the old literature (Redlich^ lead tabes) and notes the necessity for determining spinal fluid lead.-- L. Teleky. FATAL SUBACUTE OCCUPATIONAL LEAD POISONING. W. Bhrhardt. Arch. f. Goworbepath., vol. 9, pp. 407-413 (1939). Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol. 21, no. 9, p. 212 (abstract section) Nov. 1939. A man working with lead sprays under very bad conditions died after an illness of 4 days. Ho had worked only on odd occasions for some weeks. For 8 days he suffered colic, returned to work, and again fell ill. This time he had colic, vomiting, diarrhea, salivation, weakness of the muscles, transitory paresis of the legs. Necropsy showed the kidneys and liver to bo damaged. The load content of tho blood was 185 u gm.% and that of the kidneys 370 u gm. in 10 gnu of dry substance.-- L. Telolcy. DERMATITIS FROM RED LEAD. * J.A.M.A. (Queries and minor notes), vol. 112, p. 1749 (Apr. 29, 1939). Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol. 21, no. 7, p. 177 (abstract section) Sept. 1939. A man employed painting metal with red lead for 8 mos. developed a general erythematous and intensely pruritic dermatitis that cov.ered almost the entire body. He stopped work immediately, but in spite of constant care and hospitalisation, it was I yr. before the condition cleared up. Ey patch test he was found to be definitely sensitive to the paint ho had been using. The reply points out that red and white lead arc not widely employed In paints now; some of the pigpients substituted are listed as well as the sol vents. Dermatitis duo to systemic lead poisoning has never boon reported. -- Helen Lawson. OCULAR PLUMBISM IN CHILDREN. J.L. Gihson. Brit. Jour. Ophth., Nov., 1931, vol. 15, pp. 637-642. Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 86 (abstract section) Apr. 1932. The cases dealt with in this paper have no pyrexia. Tho mild ones arc brought by thGir mothers because they have dovoloped a recent internal squint. The squint is duo to paralysis of one or of both external recti. Papilledema up to 6 diopters is found, which is duo to increase in intra cranial tension. The severe cases aro more evidently cases of lead encephalopathy. Explanation is given of why soluble lead is available, and why and how it is ingested. Load is found in the urine. No albumin is found in the urine. SHADOWS PRODUCED BY LEAD IN ROENTGEN-RAY PICTURES OF GROWING SKELETON. E.A. Park, D. Hackson. and L. Kajdi. Abstr. as follows from Am. Jour. Dis. Child., March, 1931, vol. 41, p. 485, in Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Juno 6 , . 1931, vol. 96, p. 1989. Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol. 13, no. 8 , p. 201 (abstract section) Oct. 1931= Park and associates state that, when taken for a sufficiently long period in sufficient dosage, lead apparently can produce changes in the bone in process of formation which are reflected in the roentgenograms as shadows of increased density. Like elementary phosphorus, lead can cloud bones in roentgenograms* The clouding is most conspicuous where growth is occurring most rapidly; namely, at the anterior ends of the middle six ribs, the lower ends of the femora, the upper end of the humerus, the lower ends of the radius and ulna, and at both ends of the fibula and tibia * In two cases observed by them in which the banding was most marked, only the ribs woro studied with the roentgen ray; but in two other oases in which banding was well marked in tho fast growing parts of the skeleton, it was not noted in the slow growing parts. That only those parts of the skeleton in process of growth at tho time of ingestion of lead are affoctod is proved by tho entirely normal structure of tho old bono proximal to tho lesions, tho sharp limitation of the lesions to tho growing parts, and a degree of involvement at any point exactly proportional to the rate of growth at that point. Obviously growth in any bone occurs in many places, but only whoro growth occurs rapidly do the changes readily roach such magnitude as to show in roentgenograms. The fact that only the bone in process of growth is affect ed must moan that tho load either enters into tho chemical composition of the bone or influences cellular activity in such a way that the character of tho bone formed becomes altered. TEH EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE AED LATENT PLUMB ISM. E*L. Smith, 2nd, T.K* Rathmell and G.E. Marcil. Am. J. Clin. Path., vol. S, pp. 471-508 (1938). Abstracted in J* of Ind.'Hygione, vol. 21, no* G, p. 142 (abstract section) Juno 1939. Tho many symptoms that may bo found in load1poisoning are listed and mention is made of the difference in susceptibility to lead. Tho authors review figures given as normal load in urine and concentrations in urine of exposed and poisoned persons. In discussing the significance of stippled cells, the authors list sixteen other pathological conditions in which these cells have been reported- In the authors* series and experi ments, stippling did not precede symptoms and it often was absent in the toxic stage. Reticulocyte response and basophilic aggregation aro not considered adequate as diagnostic tests. Detailed blood data aro given on a large number of patients grouped according to clinical manifestations, and tho authors believe that a differential diagnosis can be made by accurate determination of lead In serum, colls and fibrin fraction when considered in relation to tho whole blood value. Their analytic method is given. Tosts on 36 healthy persons gave as minimum and maximum wholo blood values averages of 0 .0 0 1 and 0.006 mg/lO gm. respectively. Corresponding values for coll and fibrin reaction were about twice thoso for tho wholo blood. Blood determinations made on 47 patients with diseases other than plumbism gave about the same averages. Climatic, seasonal and daily changes had no effect, nor did food, fatigue, violent oxorciso or menstruation. It was significant that load was never dctectod In the serum, but In cases of plumbism, serum lead was present In amounts up to 0,015 gm./lQ gm. In cases of chronic poisoning, lead disappears from the serum but whole blood lead values are higher than normal. If borderline cases are put on an acid diet, load will reappear in the scrum. The long bibliography is not published but appears in the authors' reprints,-- Helen Lawson, CALCIHJi THERAPY IK LEAD POISONING. R. Taegor, Klin, Wchnschr,, vol. 16, pp. 1613-1615 (1937), Abstracted in J, of Ind, Hygiene, vol. 20, no. 2, p. 48 (abstract section) Feb, 1938. The author docs not favor the calcium therapy first suggested by Aub, Fairhall and thoir colleagues for depositing lead in the-organism, and disapproves especially the recommendation of massive intravenous doses of Ca and the idea that load poisoning can bo prevented by prophylactic doses of Ca. Supported by investigations on animals and men, he comes to the view that lead is positively mobilised by any interference with the course of the disease, by dosage with potassium iodide, acids and Ca. Prevention of additional load resorption must bo achieved by preventing exposure. In severe cases the treatment must bo purely symptomatic at first. Since each change of the mineral metabolism balance causes mobili zation, the diet- must be adjusted with the greatest exactness to tho patient's ordinary diet. Each change in acidity should be offset by giving a less acid or more alkaline diet. After tho first acute symptoms have passed, Ca should be given to the Ca-poor organism, but only slowly by gradually increasing amounts of milk* Then over a longer period Ca pre parations in small quantities can be given. By such a procedure one can, with tho greatest care, induce lead excretion and not a lead fixation. Only after a long time can tho patient return to his normal diet.-- L. Tcloky. EFFECT OF HICOTINIC ACID ON INCREASED PORPHYRINURIA OCCURRING IN SEVEN PAINTERS. E.S. Gross, Y* Sasaki and T,D, Spies, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. & Med., vol. 38, pp. 289-292 (1938). Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol. 21, no. 5, p. 117, (abstract section) Hay 1939. Since the porphyrinuria seen in pellagra disappears after administra tion of nicotinic acid, the authors tried the chemical on 7 painters with at least 15 yrs. exposure to lead. As controls the urines of 45 students were used. On tho first tost, 13 of the 45 controls gave positive pink color, but when these 13 wore again tostod they were negative. It is thought that alcohol or diet may have caused tho positive reactions. For 3 days tho painters' urines wore tostod and all found strongly positive. Then for 9 days, each was given 2 daily doses (2.4 gm. altogether) of nicotinic acid. A reduction in color was seen in all tho day after acid was first instituted, and at the end of 9 days tho test was negative or almost so. Whon tests wero continued for 14 days (without nicotinic acid), the color gradually returned to what it had boon at the beginning.-- Helen Lawson. INDUSTRIAL POISONS. D. Hunter. Practitioner, vol* 137, pp. 290-313 (Sept. 1936)* Abstracted in J* of Ind. Hygiene, vol* 19, no* 4, pp. 79-80 (abstract section) April 1337 Of 55 patients exposed to lead hazards who attended the anther's out-patient department during 5 years, 36 were judged to bo suffering from toxic episodes and 19 to be free of poisoning. The exact details of his work should be obtained from the patient; his first answer often does not suggest exposure to load, or its compounds. Diagnosis of intoxication depends on the prosonco of one or moro of those: colic, palsy, anemia and encephalopathy. Constipation and slight stippling of the rod colls arc insufficient, without one of the foregoing, to establish a diagnosis of poisoning. In studies of lead excretion specimens of stools and urine must bo collected for at least 3 days. Since lead may bo swallowed and passed'unabsorbed in the' feces, the only proof of absorption is to find lead in the urine. Some weeks aftor removal from exposure the output may road I mgm. per day in the feces and 0.3 mgm. in the urine. Under ammonium chloride treatment the fecal excretion may reach about 2 mgm. per day, but it is doubtful whether renal excretion over exceeds 0.3 mgm. per day. The presence of lead in the excretion is not necessarily proof that a lead worker is suffering from poisoning, he may be insusceptible. Lead colic is ton times as common as lead palsy. The lead lino round the guns is an indication of absorption only and not of intoxication. Its intensity and size provide a rough guide to the duration and severity of exposure to lead. If stippling of the red colls is detected in a suffi ciently large number of microscopic fields, further exposure of the patient to- lead hazards should bo prevented immediately. Punctate counts are of extremo value in the prophylaxis of plumbism among load workers, and arc essontial for the hygienic control of lead processes. Encephalopathy is always of serious prognostic significance. Its onset is suddon, usually with epileptiform convulsions. To-day there is gravo danger of wrongly attributing to load poisoning all symptoms occurring in persons exposed to load. In preventive treatment the usual cleanliness precautions must bo 'taken. ' A diet of high calcium content is needed, and aperients should bo taken regularly. In curative treatment, too, calcium is given. When the calcium intake is sufficient most of the lead Is stored in the bones, and the patient presents no symptoms. Aftor acute toxic symptoms havo passed, elimination of lead may be accelerated by low calcium diet with potassium iodide, armionium chloride, or phosphoric acid. In a discussion of poisoning by coal-tar derivativos it is mentioned that the position of the substituent groups in the benzene ring has a great effect on the toxic action. The death-rate in cases of benzene poisoning is high and tho results of treatment poor. Tho uso of benseno in industry should be suppressed except in entirely enclosed processes. Poisonings by chlorinated hydrocarbons and toxic gases are also briefly described.-- T. Bedford. LEAD FOISOI'TIHG IK INDUSTRY AKD ITS PREVENTION. MoR# Mayors and M.M. McMahon. N.Y. State Dept. Labor, Div. Indust. Byg., Spec. Bull* 195, 1938 (Price 45 cents). Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 144-145 (abstract section) Sept. 1938. This bulletin of 68 pages is an oxtrcmcly good example of an educa tional effort by a State Department of Labor. In this short book, practi A cal knowledge in relation to load is summarized extremely well, with a ?:- r clear understanding of the difficulties and how to avoid them. Starting with the chapter on the source of lead poisoning in industry, there is then discussed the physiological effects of lead absorption and the diagno sis of lead poisoning. Then, there is a long chapter on the prevention of lead poisoning in various industries, followed by the relationship of the problem to the law. All of the writing in the book is well done, and the problems appear to be fairly and accurately stated. It is sufficiently simple so that nearly anyone should be able to understand it and, therefore, brings to the layman as well as the physician an understanding of the prob lem of lead poisoning in a simple and accurate way. Lead poisoning is one of the most difficult problems in industrial disease, because it is so difficult to diagnose borderline cases. This book satisfactorily brings out the distinction between load absorption and lead poisoning. The pamphlet appears so well done that the reviewer hesitates to refer to two minor criticisms: First, the treatment of acute lead episodes is not mentioned. In this condition the use of calcium both by mouth and intravenously is so satisfactory that it is interesting that mention of this was neglected. Secondly, though there are many illustrations, some are not very clear and do not impress one as always representing the best arrangements for avoidance of lead hazards. This is particularly true in regard to the respirators worn by workers. On the whole, this special bulletin deserves very great praise. It should be of value to industries and industrial commissions throughout the United States.-- J.C. Aub. THE PREVALENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRIAL LEAD POISONING. A. Hamilton. Jour. Am. Mod. Assn., Aug. 23, 1924, vol. 83, pp. 585- 588. Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 10 (abstract section)Jan. 1925. Industrial conditions in the lead trades have been greatly improved in the last fourteen years, but there is room for further improvement in some plants. The actual prevalence of the disease is not known because cases are not reported. Industries with a lead hazard are discussed, particularly the painters1 and printers1 trades. The forms of plumbism differ in different industries and are partly dependent on the severity of the exposure. In twelve years 131 cases of lead encephalopathy have come to the author's notice, and all of these followed exposure to lead dust or fumes. The effective prevention of lead poisoning lios In purification of tho air which the workman breathes rather than in correction of his personal habits. The disease is far more important than many of our common Infectious diseases, and it deserves far more interest devoted to its detection, diagnosis, and prevention.-- J.C.A. THE LEAD WORKER'S FAMILY. L. Devoto. II Lavoro, Sept., 1924, vol* 15, pp. 259-261. Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 14 (abstract section) Jan. 1925, In an address to tho first Eugenic Congress at Milan, the author gave his opinion that the lead worker's family is numerically and physically inferior and has a disposition to occupational and other diseases unless special measures are taken. He recommends employment only of young men of good health and good heredity; instruction of workers as to the premoni tory signs cf load poisoning (presaturnism); periodic examinations; and sanitary measures.-- J.YnS.B. LEAD POISONING. II. 51 FATAL CASES OF SUSPECTED LEAD POISONING; AND 46 OF NON-FATAL LEAD POISONING; DIAGNOSIS; TREATMENT; SUMMARY. V.A. Gant. Ind. Mod., vol. 7, pp. 679-99 (November 1938). Abstractod in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol. 21, no. 4, p. 94 (abstract section) April 1939. The author devotes considerable space to case histories of patients classified as load poisoning among children, as chronic industrial eases, as doubtful and unjustified cases, and as acute cases, with discussions in each instance. In the concluding sections of the paper, the author repeats that since there arc no symptoms pathognomonic of lead alone, diag nosis without chemical findings (dotonnination of load In blood or urine) Is incomplete. Disodiun phosphate is proposod as the best thorapeutic agent in the treatment and should bo used in conjunction with a normal calcium diet.-- W.H* Buck. ATMOSPHERIC CONTENT OF LEAD AND ITS CORRELATION WITH BASOPHILIC AGGREGA TION TESTS IN EXPOSED STORAGE BATTERY WORKERS. C*F* McCord, B.T. 'Walworth, J. Johnston and P.E. Fisher. Indust Med., vol. 6 , pp* 357-383 (June 193?). Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygieno, vol* 19, no* 9, p. 195 (abstract section) Nov. 1937. Dr. McCord and his colleagues have carried on their survey of lead workers to include employees of 13 small storage battery plants in half of which only 2 men were employed. Since it is possible to broach such a business with as little as $600, it is not surprising to find those plants operating under primitive conditions, as far as safety measures arc concern ed. The result is a good deal of lead poisoning, even though thoro is an enormous labor turnover in such plants Load determinations in the air of 8 plants arc listed along with the corresponding basophilic aggregation counts (in percentages of the total red blood count). The count for non-oxposod persons is about 1*5. In tests made on 400 employos of a largo plant, nine men had counts above normal; those men were found to work at identical jobs within a radius of 30 ft. Tests of atmospheric lead in this area showod it to bo the only ono in the plant where the- concentration was high enough to cause trouble. ,!In those plants leading to quantitative determinations of load in the atmosphere in oxcess of the threshold of tolerability, corresponding basophilic aggrega tion tests wero likewise such as to fall beyond tho zone characterising healthy, unexposod persons.u Suggestions for standardising the aggregation tost are included.-- Helen Lawson.' LEAD STEARATE POISONING IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY. H.J. Cronin. Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., May 7, 1925, vol. 192, p , 900. Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol* 7, no. 10, pp. 171-172 (abstract section) Oct. 1925. Nine employees in a rubber factory wore affected by an unusual form of lead poisoning caused by lead oxide or litharge in loose chemical combi nation with stearic acid and sulphur. Stearic acid (CpgHggC^) is associated with palmitic and oleic acids as a mixed ether in solid animal fats or tallows. It was used in the rubber industry to soften the rubber- The heat of the mill turned solid stearic acid into ail oily liquid that flowed over the mixer's hands and arms which wore also covered with lead oxide powder. A black deposit of lead stearate on the exposed parts of the hands, arms, and face was the characteristic symptom. There was slight itching followed by a subacute dermatitis with drynoss of the skin, fissures, and desquamation. There were no constitutional symptoms of lead poisoning as this method of using stearic acid was discontinued and the men were put on other employment temporarily. A protective ointment was applied with loose bandages, and after five days the dermatitis subsided. The author suggests that if stearic acid must be used with lead oxide the workmen should have their arms covered and should wear gloves. On the other hand, there is danger that long sleeves and gloves may get caught and draw the worker's arm between the rollers. Even if the acid is shoveled on to the mill it is often necessary to handle small pieces that drop and to handle the mixed rubber when it is cut from the mill. Scrupulous cleanli ness should be observed. It is possible for rubber chemists to combine stearic acid with other solvents in such a way as to prevent the reaction with lead on the workers' arms. LEAD IN THE PRINTING INDUSTRY. John M. Heplor, Paul F. Rosin and R*W* Colina. J. Ind* Hyg. Toxicol. 20, 641-5 (1938). Chemical Abstracts, vol. 33, p* 2608. Air samples from 14 plants wore obtained by the impingor method. Operators were found to bo breathing air contg. as high as 3.8 mg. of load per 10 cu.m* of air. Lead pots arc health hazards. LEAD HAZARD AMONG AUTOMOBILE BODY WORKERS AND ITS PREVENTION. B. Truby. Arbeitsschuts, pp. .253-254 (1938). Abstracted in J. of Ind* Hygiene, vol. 21, no. 3, p. 71 (abstract section) Mar. 1939. Lead poisoning occurred frequently among men soldering sheet metal and joints in an automobile body factory* Tho solder contains lb% lead. After it hardens, it is polished by hand or by power driven wheels. Hand filing produces coarse dust, the machine grinding produces a dangerous fine dust. The danger should be avoided by replacing tho solder by a coat of cement-like material. The solder should be heated only until it has a paste-like consistency, not to the point where it becomes volatile, and grinding wheels should not be used. Cloanliness and medical supervision are important.-- L. Toleky. LEAD HAZARD AT SOLDERING BENCHES. T* Hatch. N*Y. State Dept* Labor, Indust. Bull*, vol. 18, p. '284 (June, 1939). Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol* 21, no. 8 , p. 200 (abstract !; section) Oct. 1939. In this brief article, the author considers the lead hazard arising from the lead fumes of soldoring and the dust and cuttings released by fil ing, sanding and grinding. A drawing of the recommended bench is included; this bench is provided with a ventilated grilled top and a lateral exhaust hood. The rate of ventilation is based on an average velocity of 75 c.f.m. through the tabic top. This method will not control lead dust given off by a high speed grinder.:-- Leslie Silverman. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS IN MASSACHUSETTS INDUSTRIES. II. PAINT AND VARNISH MANUFACTURE Mass'. State Dept. Labor and Indust., Div. Occupat. Hyg., Boston, (January, 1938). Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol* 20, no. 7, p. 145 (abstract section) Sept. 1938. The chemical health hazards in the paint manufacturing industry were studied in 8 establishments, and the most important one was found to be lead. The lead exposure of workers in the departments chiefly affected was determined in seven of the plants. It was found that when lead paint is being mixed, the average amount breathed by workers in the mixing depart ment is about 2-g- mgrti. of lead por day. This is I mgm. greater than the permissible value of one and a half milligrams. The precautions taken in this industry were described and critically discussed. Conditions on the average would seem conducive to occasional mild cases of lead poisoning; and when the customary precautions are omitted more severe cases would seom possible.-- Authors1 Summary. HTGIENIC METHODS OF PAINTING; THE DAMP RUBBING DOWN PROCESS. Jour. Roy. Soc. Arts., Feb., 1923, vol. 71, pp. 240-255. Abstracted in J. of Ind* Hygiene, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 81-82 (abstract section) Aug. 1923. This is a very interesting article which deals with the importance of dry sandpapering in the production of lead poisoning among painters. Figures are given showing the amount of load dust and its distribution when walls are sandpapered, Tho dust may be inhaled not only during the actual process, but later from tho dirty clothing. Sandpapering on wet days results in but little dust. The dust from this process contains particles of silicon, which may explain the high rate of respiratory disoase in painters. All of the dangers from this process m y be obviated by moistoning the surfaco of the wall and using a waterproof sandpaper. This is now manufactured successfully in America, and gives very satisfactory results without the production of any deleterious dust. The abandonment of dry processes for rubbing down is very desirable in respect to all paints.-- J *C .A. LEAD POISONING IN CIGAR MAKERS, G.H.W. Jordans, A. Ziilmans, and J. Broos. r *. ' f'fiy-NM .V;,"-:; n ' : ' ' = ' o n vy -?r ]'v-' -N* '-or: ' - -:;' ''>m: ::' w : 'D .:- * 1 ::,f Nederl. Tijdschr. v. Geneesk., vol. 80, pp. 304-311 (1936). Abstracted in J* of Ind. Hygiene, vol. 18, no. 8, p. 129 (abstract section) Oct* 1936. Proof is furnished that the chronic ill health from which these cigar makers suffered was due to lead poisoning* They had a long and very similar history of periodic attacks of severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and obstinate constipation* The abdominal wall was hard and indrawn while the urine was dark. Such possibilities were first thought of as intestinal obstruction, appendicitis and renal colic. The temperature, pulse and sidimentation rate, however, wore normal. There remained the possibility of a paroxysmal porphyrinuria but the urine was not dark enough and other symptoms'were absent* It was the blood examination which gave the -clue to the diagnosis with its demonstration of punctate basophilia or a reticulocytosis. The pallid appearance of the patient and the delicate color ed line upon the gums made it certain that the disease was one of chronic lead poisoning* Ono or two of the patients suffered from paresis of the extensors of tho wrist. A high degree of porphyrinuria was a significant symptom and is considered to be very useful for early diagnosis of the condition. This symptom was particularly interesting in one of the patients, who suffered from a distinct hypersensitiveness to light. No sign of deposi tion of lead was found by x-ray examination at the ends of the bones, such as has been found in children. With the establishment of the cause of the condition came the question of the source of the lead. Drinking water was excluded* The sine plates used by the cigar makers were found to contain as much as of load and there was no difficulty in tracing the transfer ence of material from this plate to tho mouth during use. As wooden plates would serve equally well for the manipulations involved in cigar making, it seems obvious that legislation is required to make their use obligatory.-- Bull. Hyg* NEW SOURCE OP LEAD POISONING. Mornac. Ann* d 'hyg., pp* 362-364 (1938). Abstracted in J. of Ind* Hygiene, vol. 21, no* 2, p. 44 (abstract section) Feb. 1939 * The author describes the use of great quantities of lead arsenic in insecticides used by farmers and the complete carelessness In handling of It* He saw lead poisoning cases and thus recommends the use of aluminum arsenates.-- L. Teloky* LEAD-POISONING CAUSED BY HANDLING LEAD LINING TEA-CHESTS. G.A. Stephens. Abstr* as follows from Med* Officer, 1931, vol* 46, p* 78, In Bull. Hyg., Nov., 1931, vol. 6, pp. 841-842* Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol* 14, no* 4, pp. 85-86 (abstract section) April 1932* This is an interesting case of lead palsy arising in a mam aged 40, who had been employed in a' grocery store for twenty-six years, with a brief Interval of two and one-haIf years when he served in tho war. He had wrist drop (right) and foot drop (left) and a systolic blood pressure of 200; pyorrhea was very bad and no blue line could bo seen. Part of his duties consisted in emptying tea out of lead-lined boxes, collecting the lead, and packing it for carriage by rail; and there was no doubt that the poison had boon absorbed from the lead dust on his hands. g-gl ' -r Two points of special interest ariso: first, that in spite of repeat ed facilities for absorption nearly twenty-six years elapsed beforo symptoms appeared; second, that if load oxide doos form in these linings, does it remain exposed for a length of time sufficient to form so much dust that, mixing with the tea, it might give rise to lead poisoning among toa drinkers? -- H.K.S. EXAMPLE OF AIT INSTALLATION FOR THE CONTROL OF THE HYGIENIC EXPOSURE ARISING FROM THE APPLICATION OF POTTERY GLAZES. S.C. Rothmann. Ind. Mod*, vol. 8, pp. 8-12 (Jan. 1939). Abstracted in J. of Inn* Hygiene, vol. 21, no. 5, p. 125 (abstract section) May 1939. This paper covers an environmental survey of a pottery plant where "dinnorware" is manufactured. The lead concentration in the plant ranges from an average of 1*2 mg per 10 cu.m, to 16? mg per 10 cu.m. With an air velocity of 400 f.p.m. in the face of the spray booth, the load concentra tion near the spray machine operator varied from 0.7 to 65*0 mg per 10 cu.m., the average being 4.4 mg. The allowable concentration of lead in air suggested by the U.S. Public Health Service is 1.5 m.g per 10 cu.m.-*-George M. Reece. TETRA-ETI1YL LEAD POISONING. CLINICAL ANALYSIS OF A SERIES OF NONFATAL .CASES. R*A* Kehoe. 110 Jour. Am. Med. Assn., July 11, 1925, vol. 85, pp. 108- Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol* 7, no. 12, p. 208 (abstract section) Doc, 1925. In man, poisoning by tetra-othyl load is produced as a result of inhalation of the vapor and as a result of skin absorption. Subjective symptoms are: an early and troublesome insomnia; nausea, anorexia, and vomiting, especially in the early morning; vertigo and-dull headache; and muscular weakness. Objective signs arc: Pallor, subnormal blood pressure, subnormal temperature, loss of weight, tremor, occasional load line, and excretion of lead in urine and feces. In severe cases, a central nervous system involvement is the essential characteristic. The patient is in a constant state of excitement which may progress to mania and death from exhaustion. KehooTs treatment, which gave good therapeutic results, consisted in the daily administration of from 20 to 30 gm. of mixtures of sodium bicarbon ate or sodium citrate, magnesium oxide, and calcium carbonate. In more severe cases magnesium sulphate was added. No narcotics were used.-- K.R.D. THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF LEAD: AN EVALUATION OF THE LEAD HAZARD OF THE AVERAGE INDIVIDUAL. A.S. Minot. Physiological Reviews, vol. 18, pp. 554-577 (Oct. 1938). Abstracted in J* of Ind. Hygiene, vol. 21, no. 7, p. 165 (abstract section) Sept* 1939, This is an excellent summary of recent investigations In regard to lead poisoning. It covers briefly most of the important problems related to the subject, such as distribution of lead, a survey of normal lead exposures, sources of "normal"lead, and the like. There is then a dis cussion of the amount of lead causing poisoning, and the methods of absorp tion. There is also a discussion of the biochemical and chemical action of lead on the body. The article is practically entirely a summary of the existing literature and as such is extremely well written, with the impor tant references and, on the whole, a good evaluation of divergent points of view. As it is written by an investigator who has contributed valuable material to the problem, it is a very convenient way to become readily and authoritatively conversant with the present knowledge.-- Joseph C. Aub. 0 LEAD POISONING, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO POISONING FROM LEAD COSMETICS. M. Barron and H.C. Haboin. Abstracted as follows from Am. Jour. Med. Sc., Doc.'1931,*162, No. 6, 833, In Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Feb. 4, 1922, 78, No. 5, 362. Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol. 4, no. 5, p. 68 (abstract section) Sept. 1922. "In the cases reported by Barron and Haboin a powder containing pure lead carbonate, ground to an impalpable powder used as a face powder, was responsible for the lead poisoning. It is urged that rigid laws be enact ed prohibiting the sale of any compound containing lead for cosmetic pur poses A TYPICAL LEAD POISONING CAUSED BY TAP WATER. 0. Altmann and K. Nowotny. Vilen* klin. Wchnschr. vol. 49, pp. 613- 616 (1936). Abstracted in J* of Ind* Hygiene, vol. 18, no. 8, p. 129 (abstract section) Oct. 1936. In July, 1932, the appendix was removed from a woman. Sho had further complaints of anemia and radial and shoulder paralysis which gradually developed up to April, 1934. A man who had first an appendectomy had a continuation of his complaints and radial and shoulder paralysis. In two other persons complete hand and shoulder paralysis, digestive disturbances and anemda were found. In the drinking water of the city in question thore wore found 5.5 mg* of lead per liter of water.-- L. feloky. MEDICOLEGAL ASPECTS OF DISABILITY IN INDUSTRIAL LEAD POISONING. M. Kummel. New Jersey Med. Soc* Jour*, April, 1931. Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol. 14, no. 3, p. 79 (abstract section) March 1932A The author cites twelve cases of physical disability following lead poisoning, and summarizes his findings as follows: 1. A mild case of lead poisoning may leave no permanent disability. 2. The gastro-intestinal type of lead poisoning is of a temporary nature and the resulting persistent constipation is not disabling in character. f imifSa 3 The cerebrospinal f o m of lead poisoning is the most distressing in its manifestations, most destructive in nature, most permanent in char acter, and may result in total permanent disability. 4. The kidneys usually show the degenerative changes. 5. Long hours and overwork are conducive to greater disability. 6 . Chronic lead poisoning sufferers have a lowered resistance, are poor risks for health insurance, and have a shorter life expectancy.-- L.T.F. LEAD POISONING LEGISLATIONS AND STATISTICS. F.L* Hoffman. Prudential Insurance Co* of America, Newark, N.J., pp. 40, 1933. Abstracted in J. of Ind. Hygiene, vol* IS, no. 1, pp. 3-4 (abstract section) Jan* 1934. Hoffman discusses the progress of legislation prohibiting or limit ing the use of lead paint* A Convention to prohibit it, with some excep tions , was adopted by the International Office in 1921 but the only important industrial country which has adhered to this Convention so far is France, although the 18 others include Czechoslovakia, Austria, Belgium, Poland, Spain, and Sweden. England has stiffened the regulations design ed to protect users of lead paint and is able to show a distinct falling off in the number of certified cases In 1931 as compared with the three previous years, an improvement attributed by the authorities in part to the new regulations, although they admit that lack of employment also plays a part* (For other lead trades the English statistics include tho numbers employed , but it has never boon possible to ascertain the number of painters employed in any one year.) Germany also regulates instead of prohibiting the use of lead paint and there also the fall In the number of eases is attributed in part to those protective measures, which include forbidding dry rubbing, regulating spray painting, providing means for the determina i tion of load in paint, forbidding the work of women and of men under 18 years, insisting on washing facilities, special working clothes, and a semi i annual medical examination* In the countries whore lead paint is prohibit ed no improvement can be shown, even though several of them adopted the law several years ago, because none of thorn has statistical data of any valu. Hoffman analyses the deaths in the Registration Area of the United States which numbered 154 In 1929, 101 in 930 and 111 in 1931. This last figure Includes 8 childron, and omitting them the average age at death is found to bo 53.7 years. Painters made up 55 of the 103 adults, dying at an average age of 55*6 years. The quantity of lead consumed In industry vas 972,000 tons in 1929, 667,000 in 1931* The death rates from load poisoning during the years from 1920 to i $s' 1931 .are given, but they are calculated on the number of the population, which moans little. Only the English statistics, which give the number employed in the various Industries each year, show whothor there has been a real increase or docrease in lead poisoning* In this country no such data are available and the fact that the rate was 1.2 in 1928 and only 0*85 in 1930 Is of no roal significance. Briof clinical reports are given of most of the 101 fatal cases in 1930 and tho prevalence of chronic nephritis, arteriosclerosis, cerebral hemorrhage, chronic myocarditis, as complications, strikes tho eyo, but without comparable material from a control group of non-leacl workers it is impossible to say if it means anything. In some cases, as Hoffman says, the diagnosis is far from convincing, e.g., a printer dying of o.plactic anemia complicated by myocardial insufficiency. The occupational disease statistics for 1931 in New York State are given, showing 99 eases of load poisoning, of which, however, 18 were disallowed. The painting trade lod with 31 cases (6 of thorn disallowed), then came storage battery manufacture with 26 (two disallowed), and then I lead arsenate (manufacture or use?) with 10. No othor industry had as many as five allowed cases. There is a discussion of lead poisoning in the U.S. Navy Yards and the regulations which have been adopted to prevent such cases in the future; there is an analysis of tho deaths in the Registration Area during the years 1925-1930 and the chief complications, and finally the translation from a Swiss report on the question of the prohibition of whito lead paint.--Alice Hamilton. v SELECTED REFERENCES Aliavdin, N. , and Peregood, E.: Lead Content in the Duodenal Juice in Cases of Saturnism. Preliminary Report. Jour. Ind. Hyg., vol. 18, no. 3, p, 139, March 1936. Aub, Joseph C., Fairhall, Lawrence T., Minot, A.S., and Reznikoff, Paul: Lead Poisoning. Jour. Ind. Hyg., vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 531-537, Nov, 1925. Aub, J.C., Minot, A.S., Fairhall, L.T., and Reznikoff, P.: Recent Investigations of Absorption and Excretion of Lead in the Organism. Jour. An. Med. Assn., vol. 83, pp. 588-591, Aug. 23, 1924. Barnes, E.C.: Possibilities of Control of Lead Esroosure by Examining less than 24 Hour Urine Samples, Jour. Ind. Hyg., vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 464468, Nov, 1939. Belknap,Elston L . ; Clinical Studies on Lead Absorption in the Human. III. Blood Pressure Observations. Jour. Ind. Hyg., vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 380-390, Sept. 1936. Bloomfield, J.J., and Isbell, H.S.: The Presence of Lead Dust and Fumes in the Air of Streets, Automobile Repair Shops, and Industrial Establishments of Large Cities. Jour. Ind. Hyg., vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 144-149, May 1933. Blumgart, Herrmann L., M.D.: Lead Studies: VI. Absorption of Lead by the Upper Respiratory Passages. Jour. Ind, Hyg., vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 153-158, Sept. 1923. Brown, Lieutenant Commander, E.W., (M.C.), U.S.N.: A Study of Lead Poisoning Among Oxyacetylene Yfelders in the Scrapping of Naval Vessels. Jour. Ind. Hyg., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 113-140, March 1926. Clifford, P.A.: Report of (The Determination of) Lead (in Foods). Jour. Assoc. Agr. 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