Document bxkJqgO20oKQdGDn1ZqGRa21

ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOCY was observed that the absorption of this compound had a direct effect upon the ex cretion of glucuronic aad and of organic sulfates in the unne and that, if the same relation holds for man, the detemunabon of these materials in the unne should be a use ful measure of the extent of the exposure Cyclopropane (tnmethylene) has been rather extensively used m medicine as an anesthetic since about 1929 A concentration of approximately 6 per cent produces light anesthesia in humans, and the deepest surgi cal anesthesia is produced by about 25 per cent If the oxygen concentration is kept at 20 per cent or above, there is arrest of respiration with about 40 per cent of cyclo propane, and irregular heart rhythm and fibrillation are likely to occur at about the same concentration The changes after re peated administrations seem to be edema and fatty changes in the liver, brain dam age, and some damage to the heart 2,4-D (2, 4-dichIorophenoxyacetic aad) is a herbicide that is moderately toxic on ingestion, the mam effect being irritation of the digestive system, with some liver and kidney damage and sometimes congestion of the lungs All the data on poisonings are from ex periments upon laboratory animals, masmuch as these are no cases known of poi sonings of humans in the manufacture or application of die material Also, there are no known cases of direct poisoning of do mestic animals, although there have been some indirect cases where domestic animals have eaten the products of plants which had been killed and bad become toxic as die re sult of changes within the plant material DDT (2, 2-bis [p-chlorophnyl]-l, 1, 1tnchloroethane) has been used extensively for several years as an insecticide, and rela tively few cases of intoxication have result ed. It is known to be a poison to the central nervous system and to the liver Ingestion of a tome dose is followed by dimness, nausea, muscle tremors, and convulsions In experimental animals it has also caused ventricular fibrillation Experiments have indicated that man is more susceptible than the dog to DDT poisoning DDT can be absorbed by ingestion, in halation, or application of an oil solution directly to die skin. Rabbits have been acutely poisoned by a 5 per cent oil solu tion of DDT applied to the skin In the practical application of DDT as an insecticide, experience has been good. Reported cases of human poisoning have re sulted from accidents rather than from prop er application of the material Contacts with the oil solution should be avoided, and with power sprayers it is advisable to use a toxic dust respirator if considerable spray kicks bade into the operator's breathing zone. See Industrial Data Sheet 303 and Hy giene Guide Decaborane--see Boron hydrides Denis is a powdered plant root, which contains rotenone as its mam active ingredi ent See Rotenone Diacetone alcohol is a flammable solvent Exposure of laboratory animals to the sat urated vapor, 2,100 ppm, resulted in imtabon of the eyes, running of die nose, excite ment, and then sleepiness in about 20 min utes There are no cases of human poison ing on record This solvent is liable to be a fire hazard because the commercial material often con tains acetone as an impurity m concentrabon great enough to substantially lower the flash point Diatomsceous earth is a form of silica in the amorphous state Although it apparent ly is not as acbve in producing silicosis as its high content of free silica would lead one to expect, there have been a number of re ports of silicosis from handling the material where the dust oonceDtrabons were high (seeChapter 39, "Industrial Hygiene") If the temperature is raised to about 1,000 F (538 C) m a calcining operabon, the ma terial readily changes to enstobahte, which is a vigorous producer of silicosis. It should be handled with the same precautions against dust used with other forms of free silica See Industrial Data Sheet 531 Diborane--see Boron hydrides. 1,2-Dibromoethane (ethylene dibromlde) is used mainly as a constituent of fumiga tion mixtures and of "leaded" gasoline. To a limited extent, it has also been used as a fire extinguishing agent and solvent As an industrial hazard, it is toxic by ingestion, by skin contact, and by inhalation 40-28