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American Water Works Association AWWA C402-77 (Revision of C402-75) AWWA STANDARD for ASBESTOS-CEMENT TRANSMISSION PIPE, 18 IN. THROUGH 42 IN., FOR WATER AND OTHER LIQUIDS First approved by AWWA Board of Directors Jan. 26, 1975. This edition approved Jan. 30, 1977. AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80235 CTD000475 Committee Personnel The Standards Committee on Asbestos-Cement Pressure Pipe, which re viewed and approved this standard, had the following personnel at-the time of approval: R. S. Bryant, Chairman J. L. Warden, Vice-Chairman T. R. Gillen, Secretary Consumer Members S. C. Baker, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Alexandria, VA P. J. Brady, Director of Utilities, Portsmouth, VA R. S. Bryant, Department of Water & Power, Los Angeles, CA F. G. Denson, Works & Operations Department, Winnepeg, Manitoba J. R. Hendrick, Water Department, Fort Worth, TX J. E. Johnson,* U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO R. W. King, Water Utilities, San Diego, CA R. A. Marchand, Water Department, Warren, OH J. L. Warden, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO (NAVFAC) (AWWA) (ASCE) (AWWA) (AWWA) (BUREC) (AWWA) (AWWA) (BUREC) General Interest Members G. C. Anderson, Insurance Services Office, New York, NY R. A. Barrows, C. E. Maguire, Inc., Waltham, MA V. R. Bickel, Department of Environmental Health, Albuquerque, NM S. L. Bishop,* Metcalf & Eddy, Boston, MA C. L. Frick,* Insurance Services Office, New York, NY R. S. Holmgren, Jr., James M. Montgomery, La Jolla, CA F. A. Obert, Metcalf & Eddy, Boston, MA J. S. Slicer, Factory Mutual Research, Norwood, MA M. R. Suchomel, Underwriters Laboratories, Northbrook, IL W. Taggart, Wright-McLaughlin Engineering, Denver, CO (ISO) (NEWWA) (APWA) (NEWWA) (ISO) (AWWA) (WPCF) (FMR) (UL) (ASCE) Producer Members A. E. Alpine, Cement Asbestos Products Co., Birmingham, AL F. T. Duffy, The Flintkote Company, Akron, OH T. R. Gillen, Johns-Manville Sales Corp., Denver, CO J. C. Jackson, Association of A/C Pipe Producers, Washington, DC A. I. Leff,* Certain-Teed Products Corp., Valley Forge, PA W. R. Seipt, Certain-Teed Products Corp., Valley Forge, PA (AWWA) (AWWA) (AWWA) (AACPP) (AWWA) (AWWA) `Alternate. Copyright 1977 by American Water Works Assn. Printed in US ii CTD000476 Table of Contents SEC. PAGE Foreword I History of Standard ....................... v II Information Regarding Use of ThisStandard ................................. vi III MajorRevisions ................................. viii Standard 1 General ............................................ 1.1 Scope .................................................. 1.2 Definitions ........................................ 1.3 Affidavit of Compliance ................. 1 1 I 2 2 Materials ......................................... 2.1 Composition ...................................... 2.2 Physical Requirements ................... 2.3 Chemical Requirements................... 2 2 2 3 3 Design .............................................. 3.1 Pipe Classifications ....................... 3.2 Pipe Diameters ................................. 3.3 Pipe Lengths ..................................... 3.4 Couplings .......................................... 3.5 Joints .................................................. 3.6 Wall Thickness................................. 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 Workmanship andFinish............ 4 4.1 Imperfections .................................. 4 SEC. PAGE 5 Inspection, Testing, and Rejection ..................................... 5.1 Inspection .......................................... 5.2 Physical Test Requirements .......... 5.3 Retests (Physical) and Rejection .. 5.4 Test for Uncombined Calcium Hydroxide ..................................... 5.5 Test Records ..................................... 5 5 5 7 7 9 6 Marking and Delivery................ 6.1 Marking ............................................. 6.2 Preparation for Shipment .............. 9 9 9 Tables F.l Asbestos-Cement Pipe Type Recommended for Internal Water Aggressiveness ................ vii F.2 Aggressiveness of Nonsulfate Acidic Soils to Asbestos-Cement Pipe ................ vii F.3 Asbestos-Cement Pipe Type-Designation Chemical Resistance to Nonacid Soluble Sulfates in Water and Soils .... viii 1 Pipe Classification............................... 2 2 Design External Load....................... 3 3 Wall Thickness Tolerances .............. 4 4 Hydrostatic Tests ............................... 6 Figures 1 Crushing Test Assembly................... 6 in CTD000477 Foreword This foreword is for information only and is not a part of C402. I--History of Standard A new pipe material consisting of an intimate mixture of portland cement and asbestos fibers was introduced to the Xorth American market in 1931 following a number of years of usage in other countries, particularly Italy. In the ensuing years, this type of pipe gained popularity, and in 1949 AVVWA established a committee on standard specifications for asbestos-ce ment pipe under the chairmanship of S. M. Clarke of Greeley and Hanson, Chicago. The committee developed a standard for asbestos-cement water pipe, which was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors as a tentative standard, AWWA C400-53T, on May 15, 1953. Tn 1958. the committee was reactivated as Committee 8340D on Asbestos-Ce ment Pipe under the chairmanship of Roy H. Ritter, Whitman, Requardt and Assocs., Baltimore, to review sev eral suggested changes and to recom mend revisions to the standard. The committee produced a revised standard adopted by AWWA as C400-64T on Jan. 27, 1964. It was advanced to "standard" without revision on Jul. 2, 1965. In early 1968, the committee was re activated as the Standards Committee on Asbestos-Cement Pipe to review and revise all of the AWWA stan dards on asbestos-cement pipe. The committee produced a revised standard approved by the Board of Directors on Jan. 31, 1972, designated as "AWWA Standard for Asbestos-Cement Pres sure Pipe for Water and Other Liq uids, C400-72." In the winter season of 1972-1973 the committee was reorganized and enlarged to include representation of national organizations having an inter est in the scope of the committee and wishing to participate in the work. The reorganized committee reaffirmed C400-72 without revision so that it could be presented to the American National Standards Institute for des ignation as an American National Standard. In 1975 the committee produced a revised standard approved by the AWWA Board of Directors Jan. 26, 1975, designated as AWWA C400-75, "Standard for Asbestos-Cement Pres sure Pipe, 4 in. Through 24 in. for Water and Other Liquids." At the same time a new standard was pro duced by the committee and approved by the AWWA Board of Directors des ignated as AWWA C402-75. "Stan dard for Asbestos-Cement Transmis sion Pipe. 18 in. Through 42 in., for Water and Other Liquids." The asbestos-cement pipe manufac turers had developed a new series of pipe classifications that was larger and designed to give greater freedom of selection to design engineers. This is of particular significance for large di ameter pipeline projects where the sav ings in material cost can exceed the increased cost of more detailed design, better control of methods of installa tion, and provision of surge controls when justified. The standard, AWAV A C402-75, was developed to provide the user with a ready reference and specifica tion for this type of pipe known as transmission pipe. CTD000478 VI A-C TRANSMISSION PIPE--18 IN. THROUGH 42 IN. The possibility of confusion between the two standards. C400 and C402, was carefully reviewed by the commit tee. The result is this edition of C402. which maintains the sizes covered from IS in. through 42 in. C400 has been revised simultaneously and covers sizes 4 in. through 16 in. There is now no overlap in sizes. II--Information Regarding Use of This Standard II.A General. When ordering pipe covered by this standard, local instal lation and operating conditions should be considered to determine the classifi cation and type of pipe to specify. Also, certain other items must be specified to describe completely the pipe required. It is recommended that, for large diameter pipeline projects, the pur chaser evaluate local installation and operating conditions, operating pres sures and surge pressures, trench loads, and surface loads when deter mining the strength classification to be used. A proposed AWWA C403. "Stan dard Practice for the Selection of As bestos-Cement Transmission Pipe." is under consideration at the present time by the committee. Xote: The purchaser is referred to AWWA C401 (formerly AWWA H2). "Standard Practice for Selec tion of Asbestos-Cement Distribution Pipe. " for guidance in designing trans mission pipe to fit his installation and operating conditions. Attention is di rected to the fact that selection curves and related data in the current edition of AWWA C4U1 are applicable to pipe covered by AWWA C400-77. "Asbestos-Cement Distribution Pipe, 4 in. Through 16 in., for Water and Other Liquids.'' not to transmission pipe covered by this standard. The purchaser is advised to consult the manufacturer pending the issuance of the proposed AWWA C403. The purchaser is referred to AWWA C603. "Installation of Asbestos-Ce ment Pressure Pipe." for guidance in the laying of the pipe. II.B Flexural load test. Flexural load tests are not required (Sec. 2.2.1, 5.2.3). For large diameters, the wall thicknesses increase to a point at which the flexural strength is not a control ling factor, and therefore routine test ing is not required. II.C Type of pipe. The following criteria are presented for determining the type of pipe to be used under var ious soil and water conditions. Each condition should be considered sepa rately even though each may exist in combination with others. These criteria are based on expo sures within the temperature range of 40-80F (5-28C). For pipe exposures to temperatures beyond these limits, consult the manufacturer. The following criteria are refer enced as: 1. Internal water (Table F.I). 2. External water (Table F.2). 3. Xonacid soluble sulfates--in ternal and external (Table F.3). 4. Acid soluble sulfates--internal and external. II.C.l Internal zoater. Aggressive ness of water transported through as bestos-cement pipes is related to the type-designation of asbestos-cement pipe suitable for such use in Table F.I Aggressiveness of water is de fined as follows: CTD000479 FOREWORD vn (a) Highly aggressive: pH 4- log (AH) < 10.0 (b) Moderately aggressive: pH + log (AH) = 10.0-11.9 (c) Nonaggressive: pH + log (.4//) > 12.0 where pH = Index of acidity (or alkalinity) of the water--standard pH units A = Total alkalinity--ppm as CaCOj H = Calcium hardness--ppm as CaCOj It should be recognized that water that has a pH 4- log (AH) less than or equal to 10 is an extremely aggres sive water and would be very corro sive to almost all materials found in a typical water system, including the plumbing in consumers' homes. Such waters should be treated to increase pH or hardness to protect the entire network of materials that make up the system. In the event such water treat ment is not to be undertaken, the man ufacturer of each item used in the water system should be consulted for recommendations regarding the use of his product in an extremely corrosive environment. Note: The expression pH + log (AH) is a modification of the Langelier Index. It has been prepared so that the aggressiveness of the water may be determined easily. A reason able comparison of the two would be as follows: pH + log (AH) Langelier Index Highly aggressive water Moderately aggressive water Nonaggressive water <10.0 10.0 to 11.9 >12.0 < - 2.0 -2.0 to -0.1 >0 TABLE F.l Asbestos-Cement Pipe Type Recommended for Internal Water Aggressiveness Internal Water Aggressiveness Highly aggressive Moderately aggressive Nonaggressive Recommended Pipe Type* t ii I and II * Type I--no limit on uncombined calcium hy droxide; Type II--1.0 per cent or less uncombined calcium hydroxide. t The serviceability of pipe for such applications should be established by the purchaser in conjunction with the manufacturer. TABLE F.2 Aggressiveness of Nonsulfate Acidic Soils to Asbestos-Cement Pipe Water Conditions Within the Soil Environment Minimum pH of Acidic Soils When Using Asbestos-Cement Pipe Essentially quiescent Mildly fluctuating Rapidly moving or grossly cyclic Type I 5.0 5.5 6.3 Type II 4.0 5.0 575 II.C.2 External water. Aggressive ness of external water (water within the soil environment) in relation to as bestos-cement pipe as shown in Table F.2. The guidelines for the use of as bestos-cement pipe in nonsulfate acidic soils are based upon minimum pH factors alone. Asbestos-cement pipe may or may not perform satisfactorily in acidic soil environments having pH values below those listed in Table F.2. To determine the suitability of asbes tos-cement pipe in soils having lower pH values, each situation should be evaluated individually, taking into con sideration all aspects of soil environ ment that affect asbestos-cement pipe corrosiveness. CTD000480 viii A-C TRANSMISSION' PIPE--IS IN. THROUGH 42 IN. Water Soil Sulfate Aggressiveness Classification Water Soluble Sulfates--ppm SO, Water Soluble Neutral Sulfates--ppm SO, Nonaggressive Mildly aggressive Moderately aggressive Highly aggressive 150 and less 150-1500 1500-10 000 10 000 and greater 1000 and less 1000-2000 2000-20 000 20 000 and greater [f.C.3 Xonacid soluble sulfates-- internal and external. Aggressiveness of nonacid (pH > 7.0) soluble sulfates in water and soils is related to the type-designation of asbestos-cement pipe suitable for such use in Table F.3. Sulfate aggressiveness in water and soil can be classified as indicated above. II.C.4 Acid soluble sulfates--inter nal and external. Aggressiveness of acid (pH < 7.0) soluble sulfate wa ters and soils to asbestos-cement pipe must be evaluated independently. Acid sulfate soils and waters, whether the acid is inorganic or organic, must be evaluated independently of the criteria and guidelines set forth in paragraphs II.C.2 and II.C.3 and must take into consideration soil permeability and other factors. For guidance, consult the manufacturer. II.D Supplementary specifications. The following information summarizes the conditions and items that the pur chaser should consider when prepar ing his supplementary specifications and lists the sections in the standard where they may be found. 1. The standard user!; that is. AW'WA C402-77. 2. Affidavit of compliance, if re quired (Sec. 1.3). 3. Type of pipe to be furnished (Sec. 2.3 and Foreword II.C). 4. Classification of pipe (Sec. 3.1). 5. Nominal inside diameter (Sec. 3.2). G. Lineal feet to be furnished in standard and random lengths (Sec. 3.3). 7. Number, size, type, classification, lengths, and extent of machining of special short lengths (Sec. 3.3.3). 8. Whether inspection by the pur chaser (Sec. 5.1) and special marking (Sec. 6.1.4) are re quired. Ill--Major Revisions Major changes to the 1975 standard made in this revision are: 1. A more detailed description of aggressive soil and water criteria has been added in the Foreword, Sec. II. TABLE F.3 Asbestos-Cement Pipe Type-Designation Chemical Resistance to Nonacid (pH = 7.0) Soluble Sulfates in Water and Soils Type Designation Chemical Resistance to Xonacid Soluble Sulfates in Water and Soil? Will be attacked in various degrees by all but the nonaggre=sive levels of sulfate concentrations in waters and soils. II Resistant to all levels of soluble sulfates.* * The guideline criteria for sulfate resistance 01 T\pe 1 pipe were taken from the Concrct? Manimt. kth edition Bureau of Reclamation, 1974. Sulfate resistance here applies to all soluble sulfates regardless of the canon. CTD000481 foreword 2. The lot definition of paragraph 1.2.5 has been revised to define more clearly the quantity of pipe manufactured by size versus time. 5. Paragraph 5.2.5 Machines for Testing defines the machines used in the various physical tests and also allows couplings to be hvdrostatically tested with a rubber bladder inside the coupling at ten times the classification of the coupling. CTD000482 American Water Wbrks Association AWWA C402-77 (Revision of C402-75) AWWA Standard for Asbestos-Cement Transmission Pipe, 18 in. Through 42 in., for Water and Other Liquids Section 1--General Sec. 1.1--Scope This standard covers nine pressure classifications of Type I and Type II asbestos-cement pipe, 18-42 in. in di ameter. for water and other liquids, to be laid underground in public and pri vate rights-of-way. 1.1.1 Use. Asbestos-cement trans mission pipe is to be used in pipe sys tems having relatively predictable flows and few appurtenances, which permit reasonable hydraulic analyses, includ ing those for surge pressures. Sec. 1.2--Definitions Under this standard, the following definitions shall apply: 1.2.1 Inspection. Inspection of the pipe and the tests by the inspector. 1.2.2 Inspector. The authorized representative of the purchaser, en trusted with the duty of inspecting pipe produced and tests performed under this standard. 1.2.3 Lot. A lot as used herein for pipe 20 in. in diameter and smaller is defined as all pipe of any one classifi cation, type, and size manufactured on any one machine in 24 hr but not to exceed 300 lengths. A lot as used herein for pipe larger than 20 in. in diameter is defined as all pipe of any one classification, type, and size manu factured on any one machine during a period of consecutive working days not exceeding seven days but not to ex ceed 300 lengths. 1.2.4 Manufacturer. The person, firm, or corporation that manufactures the pipe. 1.2.5 Purchaser. The person, firm, corporation, or government agency en tering into a contract or agreement to CTD000483 A-C TRANSMISSION PIPE--18 IN. THROUGH 42 IN. purchase pipe according to this stan dard. Sec. 1.3--Affidavit of Compliance The purchaser's supplemental spec ifications may require an affidavit of compliance from the manufacturer, whether factory inspection has been required or not, to the effect that the materials furnished under the purchas er's order comply with all applicable requirements of this standard. Section 2--Materials Sec. 2.1--Composition Asbestos-cement pipe shall be com posed of an intimate mixture of either: (1) portland cement or portland blast furnace slag cement and asbestos fiber with or without silica; or (2) portland pozzolana cement and asbestos fiber. Both (1) and (2) can be with or without the addition of curing agents. The pipe shall be formed under pressure and cured. The fin ished pipe shall be free from organic materials. Sec. 2.2--Physical Requirements 2.2.1 Flexural strength. Because only improperly bedded and improp erly installed small diameter pipe is susceptible to adverse flexural loading, there is no tlexural requirement for large diameter pipes. 2.2.2 Bursting strength. Each length of pipe and each coupling sleeve shall have sufficient strength to withstand the design internal pressure indicated for its classification in Table 1 when subjected to the hydrostatic test pro cedure specified in this standard. TABLE 1 Pipe Classification Classification 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 Design Internal Pressure psi 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 9900 CTD000484 L SECTION 3--DESIGN .3 TABLE 2 Design External Load*--Ib/lineal ft Pipe Classification in. JO 35 40 45 so 60 70 80 90 18 2 500 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 500 8 500 11 000 14 000 18 000 20 2 500 3 500 4 500 5 500 7 100 9 500 12 000 15 000 20 000 21 2 500 3 500 4 500 5 800 7 300 9 700 12 500 16 000 21 000 24 2 800 3 800 5 000 6 200 8 100 11 000 15 000 19 000 24 000 27 3 500 4 200 5 500 7 000 8 800 12 500 16 500 20 500 27 000 30 3 500 4 500 6 000 7 500 9 700 13 500 18 000 22 500 30 000 33 3 500 5000 6 500 8 000 10 500 14 500 19 500 24 500 33 000 36 4 000 5000 7 000 9000 11 200 16 000 21 000 26 000 36 000 39 4 200 5 300 7 500 9 700 12 000 17 200 22 500 28 000 39 000 42 4 300 5 700 8 000 10 500 13 000 18 500 24 000 30 000 42 000 * It is necessary to apply a load factor to the above three-edge bearing loads in order to correlate them to the held loads. (See AWWA Standard C40J.) 2.2.3 Crushing strength. Each length of pipe shall have sufficient strength to support the design external load indi cated for its classification in Table 2 when subjected to the crushing-test procedure specified in this standard. Sec. 2.3--Chemical Requirements Pipe shall be designated as either Type I or Type II according to its content of uncombined calcium hy droxide as determined by the test pro cedures in this standard for uncom bined calcium hydroxide. The require ments for each type are Type l--no limit on uncombined cal cium hydroxide Type ll--1.0 per cent or less un combined calcium hydroxide. Section 3--Design Sec. 3.1--Pipe Classifications Pipe supplied under this standard shall be made in one or more of the classifications shown in Table 1. (The numerical value for each classification is equivalent to one tenth of the hvdrostatic lot test pressure.) Sec. 3.2--Pipe Diameters Pipe shall be made with nominal in side diameters of 18. 20, 21. 24. 27. 30. 33. 36. 30. and 42 in. The average inside diameter of a standard or ran dom pipe length shall not he less than the nominal diameter by more than ! a per cent. CTD000485 4 A-C TRANSMISSION PIPE--18 IN'. THROUGH 42 IN'. Sec. 3.3--Pipe Lengths Pipe shall be produced in standard, random, and short lengths. At least 90 per cent of the total footage of pipe of any classification, type, and size, excluding short lengths, shall be fur nished in standard lengths. The re maining 10 per cent may be in random lengths. 3.3.1 Standard length shall be 13 ft 1 in. 3.3.2 Random lengths shall be cut from standard lengths and shall be not less than 7 ft long. 3.3.3 Short lengths for making con nections to valves, fittings, or struc tures, and for making closures shall be furnished as specified by the pur chaser. Sec. 3.4--Couplings A coupling shall consist of an as bestos-cement sleeve of the same type and classification as the pipe and two rubber rings or a device that has equal or better bonding characteristics, strength, and serviceability as that of an asbestos-cement coupling. The man ufacturer shall submit to the purchaser for approval, prior to manufacturing, specifications and drawings of alternate couplings. TABLE 3 Wall Thickness Tolerances Size of Pipe in. 18 20-24 27-30 33-36 39-42 Wall Thickness Tolerance Ml. -0.12 -0.14 -0.17 -0.20 -0.23 3.4.1 One coupling of the same size and classification as the pipe shall be furnished with each standard and ran dom length of pipe. 3.4.2 Rubber rings shall conform to the requirements of the latest edition of ASTM D1869, "Rubber Rings for As bestos-Cement Pipe." Sec. 3.5--Joints Joints shall be capable of withstand ing, without leakage, a hydrostatic pressure test as defined in Section 5.2.2.1. Sec. 3.6--Wall Thickness The wall thickness of the machined portion of any length of pipe shall not be less than the manufacturer's stan dard by the listed tolerance in Table 3. Section 4--Workmanship and Finish Sec. 4.1--Imperfections 4.1.1 Interior surfaces. The inside surface of each length of pipe shall be free from bulges, dents, and tears that result in a variation in diameter of more than 0.20 in. from the diameter of adjacent unaffected portions of the surface. 4.1.2 Coupling areas. The coupling areas of the barrel of each length of pipe shall be free from dents and gouges that could cause leakage from the joint. 4.1.3 Exterior surfaces. Flaking on the exterior surface and edge of ma chined ends shall not extend back by CTD000486 SECTION 5--INSPECTION, TESTING, AND REJECTION 3 more than 0.500 in. from the end, have a depth of more than 0.125 in., and shall not extend around the perimeter for more than 0.500 in. at any one location. 4.1.4 Straightness. Each length of pipe shall not vary in straightness by more than 0.05 in./ft of length when the variation is measured as follows: Measure the maximum ordinate from the exterior surface of the pipe by placing a straightedge that exceeds the pipe length against the exterior surface and measure the maximum distance from the exterior pipe surface to the straightedge. Section 5--Inspection, Testing, and Rejection Sec. 5.1--Inspection 5.1.1 General. Inspection by the pur chaser shall not relieve the manufac turer of the responsibility to furnish material conforming in all respects to the requirements of this standard. 5.1.2 Notification. If inspection is specified under Sec. 5.1.4 by the pur chaser, the manufacturer shall notify the purchaser, in advance, of the date, time, and place of testing of the pipe, so that the purchaser may be repre sented at the test. 5.1.3 Access. The inspector shall have free access to those parts of the manufacturer's plant that are involved in work performed under this standard. The manufacturer shall afford the in spector, without charge, all reasonable facilities for determining whether the pipe meets the requirements of this standard. 5.1.4 Testing. If inspection is speci fied by the purchaser, the purchaser at his option may witness any or all test phases. The pipe to be tested will have passed the routine inspection and test ing of this specification. The number of tests to be conducted for hydrostatic bursting strength (lot test) and, when required, crushing strength shall be limited to one per each 300 standard lengths of each size, type, and classifi cation of pipe on the order. If uncom bined calcium hydroxide tests are re quired, the number of tests will be one for each size, type, and classification of pipe on the order. The purchaser or his authorized inspector may select the pipe to be tested. Retesting and re jection as shown in Sec. 5.3 shall apply. Sec. 5.2--Physical Test Requirements 5.2.1 Test specimens. All pipes and couplings tested under this standard shall be in a normal, air-dried condi tion when tested. CTD000487 6 A-C TRANSMISSION' PIPE--13 IX. THROUGH 42 IX. TABLE 4 Hydrostatic Tests #P P Classification Proof Test psi Lot Test psi 30 225 300 35 263 350 40 300 400 45 338 450 50 375 500 60 450 600 70 525 700 80 600 800 90 675 900 5.2.2 Hydrostatic tests: 5.2.2.1 Each standard, random, or short length of pipe and each coupling sleeve shall be tested under an internal hydrostatic pressure as shown for the routine proof test in Table 4. All air shall be expelled and the water pres sure shall be increased to the test pres sure at a uniform rate of not less than 100 psi/s. The test pressure shall be maintained for at least 5 s. Any pipe length or coupling sleeve that shows leakage, sweating, or other defects shall be rejected. 5.2.2.2 From each lot that has passed the hydrostatic proof test, a 1 -ft, or longer length of pipe shall be cut from the unmachined portion of a pipe. The unmachined sample shall with stand the hydrostatic lot test shown in Table 4 when tested in the manner specified in paragraph 5.2.2.1 except that the test pressure need not be held for 5 s. If inspection by the purchaser has been specified, the length of pipe to be tested may be selected by the in spector. Each length of pipe so tested shall be retested in the manner and at the pressure specified in paragraph 5.2.2.1 5.2.3 Flexural testing. Xo flexural testing is required. Tig. 1. Crashing Test Assembly The diagram at the left shows a side view of the test assembly; that at the right, an end view. P represents load; R, approximately 0.5 in.--the radius of the bearings; D, the nominal diameter of the pipe; and C, the clear space between supports. C should be approximately 1 in./ft of internal pipe diameter, but in no case less than 1 in. 5.2.4 Crushing tests. On lots con taining more than 100 lengths of each size and classification, one length from each 300 lengths or fraction thereof shall be tested for crushing strength. If inspection by the purchaser has been specified, the length of pipe to be tested may be selected by the inspector. From each selected length, one unmachined length of pipe 1 ft long shall be cut. This section shall be tested by the crushing-test method shown in Fig. 1. After 75 per cent of the specified load has been reached, the loading shall be applied at a uniform rate of approxi mately 2 000 lb/min. The test section shall not fail until the total load applied meets or exceeds the applicable value shown in Table 2. 5.2.4.1 For this test, the two lower bearings shall consist of two straight strips with vertical sides, each strip having its interior top edge rounded to a radius of approximately 0.5 in. The t CTD000488 SECTION 5--INSPECTION, TESTING, AND REJECTION strips shall be of hardwood or metal; if metal, a piece of leather belting 3/16 in. in thickness shall be laid over them. The strips shall be securely fastened to a rigid block, with the interior vertical faces parallel and a distance apart of approximately 1 in./ft of internal pipe diameter, but in no case less than 1 in. The upper bearing shall be a rigid wooden block, straight and true from end to end. The upper and lower bearings shall extend the full length of the test section. 5.2.4.2 For those sizes and classifi cations where the specified crushing load exceeds 30 000 lb/linear ft. the test length may be less than 1 ft long. In those cases, the test load shall be such as to produce an equivalent speci fied loading per linear foot. 5.2.5 Machines for testing. 5.2.5.1 The machines used for the hydrostatic proof test shall have gas kets that seal the ends of the pipe, couplings, or pipe and coupling with factory-assembled joint, but exert no end pressure. Couplings also may be hydrostatically proof tested with a rub ber bladder inside of the coupling and, if so tested, each coupling shall have sufficient strength to withstand a test pressure of ten times the classification of the coupling. The machine used for hydrostatic burst testing or lot test shall have gaskets that seal against the inside of the pipe at or near the ends of the test specimen without materially counteracting the hydrostatic test pres sure. 5.2.5.2 The machine used for the crushing test shall be substantial and rigid throughout so that the distribu tion of the load will not be appreciably affected by the deformation or yielding of any part of the machine. Sec. 5.3--Retests (Physical) and Reiection 5.3.1 Crushing strength. The fail ure of any specimen tested for crush ing strength to support 75 per cent of the crushing load required in Ta ble 2 shall be cause for rejection of the entire lot of that size and classifi cation manufactured during the same shift as the test specimen. If any spec imen tested for crushing strength sup ports more than 75 per cent but less than 100 per cent of the crushing load, two additional pipe sections of the same size and classification, manufac tured during the same shift, shall be subjected to the crushing test. The additional lengths may be selected by the inspector, if inspection by the pur chaser has been specified. The failure of one of these additional specimens to meet the full crushing strength require ment shall be cause for rejection of the entire lot of that size and classification manufactured during the same shift as the test specimen. 5.3.2 Hydrostatic tests. If any pipe subjected to the hydrostatic tests spec ified in Sec. 5.2.2.2 fails to withstand the pressure specified in Table 4, two additional lengths of the same size and classification, manufactured during the same shift, shall be subjected to the same hydrostatic test. The additional lengths may be selected by the inspec tor, if inspection by the purchaser has been specified. The failure of one of these additional lengths to withstand the specified pressure shall be cause for rejection of the entire lot of that size and classification manufactured during the same shift as the test lengths. Sec. 5.4--Test for Uncombined Calcium Hydroxide The manufacturer shall perform this test as often as necessary to ensure CTD000489 8 A-C TRANSMISSION1 PIPE--18 IN. THROUGH 42 IN. compliance with the requirements for uncombined calcium hydroxide in Type II pipe. 5.4.1 Reagents. Phenolphthalein indicator. Dissolve 1.0 g of phenolphthalein in 100.0 ml of absolute ethanol.* Glycerol-ethanol solvent. Prepare a solution consisting of glycerol and an hydrous or absolute ethanol.* 1:2 by volume. To each litre of this solution, add 2.0 ml phenolphthalein indicator. Adjust the solvent to slightly basic with either dilute NaOH in absolute ethanol* or standard ammonium ac etate, depending upon the original pH. Strontium nitrate [Sr(NOs)2]. Standard ammonium acetate solu tion. Dissolve 16.0 g dry crystalline ammonium acetate in 1 1 of absolute, or anhydrous, ethanol.* Standardize the ammonium acetate solution by titrating against pure CaO that has been freshly prepared by cal cining pure calcium carbonate or cal cium oxalate to constant weight in a platinum crucible at 1650-1830F (9001000C). When the calcined CaO has cooled in a desiccator, perform the following op erations in rapid succession. Grind it in an agate mortar. Then weigh out 0.05-0.06 g CaO into a clean, dry 250ml Erlenmeyer flask and add 60 ml of the glycerol-ethanol solvent and 2.0 g of anhydrous strontium nitrate to the flask. Place a TFE encapsulated mag netic stirring bar into the flask and attach a reflux condenser. Adjust the heating rate and stirring speed to ob tain a vigorous boiling and complete agitation. Titrate the hot solution with * Specially denatured alcohol No. 30, 3a, or 2b, of the US Bureau of Internal Rev enue, or alcohol consisting of 95 per cent specially denatured alcohol No. 3a plus 5 per cent isopropanoi,'may be substituted. standardized ammonium acetate solu tion every 5 min. The endpoint is reached when no further color appears in the solution after 10 min of boiling. Titration is to be carried out only on a hot solution. Good titration proce dure is evidenced by a change to pink color upon cooling. 5.4.2 Procedure. Step 1. Brush representative pieces of the pipe free of dust and drill with a clean, sharp 0.25-in. carbide-tipped drill inward from the outer surface at a rate of penetration of approximately l ipm until the drill point emerges from the inside wall. Catch the drill ings on a clean sheet of glazed paper. Use a soft brush to collect all drillings. Screen through a 20-mesh screen im mediately, and place in a weighing bottle. Step 2. Place the bottle with top removed into a drying oven at 217F (105C) for 2 hr and then cool to room temperature in a desiccator. Step 3. Weigh out 1 0.010 g of the dried sample to the nearest 0.001 g and place in a clean, dry 250-ml Erlen meyer flask, to which a TFE-encapsulated stirring bar, 60 ml of the glycerolethanol solvent, and 2.0 g Sr(N03)2 have been added. Attach the flask to a water-cooled condenser (with a stan dard 24/40 glass joint) and place on a hot plate with a magnetic stirrer. Boil the solution gently for 30 min, stirring slowly. Then, remove the flask and filter the mixture, under vacuum, through a Buchner funnel. Bring the filtrate to a boil and titrate to a colorless endpoint with the stan dardized ammonium acetate reagent. Determine the endpoint by comparing with a similar mixture containing no phenolphthalein indicator. CTD000490 SECTION 6--MARKING AND DELIVERY 9 5.4.3 Calculations: IKCaO X 1.32 Va where E = the weight in grams of Ca(OH)2 per millilitre of standardized ammonium acetate solution fP'CaO = the weight in grams of CaO in the standardized ammonium acetate solution Va -- the volume in millilitres of standardized ammonium acetate used in titration of the solution. EV Percentage uncombined Ca(OHi) = X 100 where V -- the volume of standardized ammonium acetate solution required by the sample, in millilitres W = the weight of the sample in grams. Sec. 5.5--Test Records The results of all tests shall be re corded and retained for one year, and shall be available to the purchaser at the place of manufacture. Section 6--Marking and Delivery ^^Sec. 6.1--Marking 6.1.1 Standard and random lengths. Each standard or random length of pipe shall be clearly marked on the outside surface with the trade name, nominal inside diameter, classification, type, date, and shift of manufacture, and the word "Transmission." 6.1.2 Short lengths. Each short length of pipe shall be clearly marked on the outside surface with the nom inal inside diameter, the classification, the letter T to indicate that it has been hydrostatically tested, and the word "Transmission." 6.1.3 Couplings. All component parts of each coupling shall be clearly marked for use with the pipe for which they are intended. Each coupling shall also be marked with the letter T to indicate that it has been hydrostatically tested. 6.1.4 Special markings. If factory inspection is made by the purchaser or his authorized inspector, each pipe and each coupling shall receive an addi tional special marking of no more than three letters, as specified by the pur chaser. Sec. 6.2--Preparation for Shipment All pipe and couplings, unless other wise specified, shall be prepared for standard commercial shipment. CTD000491 IP--ISM--7/77--43402 CTD000492