Document beZmD3zn6YBZ8gejKXGbVbGo

PRIVATE LIBRARY OP DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AMERICAN SMELTING * REFINING COMPANY KENNETH M. LYNCH, M.D., and W. ATMAR SMITH, M.D. ( 1 1 J (, Beprinted from The Amkeican Journal or Cancxb, Vol. XXIV, No. 1, May, 1935 HER 0001610 :'p*m TliK Amps!' an .Ioi enai. ok Cani a. V ! ;;r.;cd in l\ . A. XXIV. 1. M:,v. PULMONARY ASBESTOSIS III: CARCINOMA OF LUNG IN ASBESTO-SILICOSLS KENNETH M. LYNCH, M.T>., axd W. ATMAR SMITH. M.D. ,Prom the Department* of Pathology and Metlieine, Hrflieal College of the State of South Carolina) Primary carcinoma of tlie lung has attained a position of major in terest in malignant neoplastic disease, through at least a more common recognition, if not more frequent occurrence, within recent years. Likewise asbestosis has assumed a rank of considerable importance in industrial medicine. "Workers in the mines of the Erz Mountains, on both the Bohemian and the Saxon sides, have suffered heavily for some centuries from pul monary disease now recognized as carcinoma and well known as Sclineeberg and Jachymov (Joachimstal) lung cancer. Pirclian and Sikl (1), in a report upon a series of these cases, state that "there were only moderate degrees of anthraeosis," and they are not inclined to attach any particular importance to the degree of pueumonoconiosis as a cause of the cancer, but consider that "the question may be somewhat different with regard to the quality of the foreign substance deposited in the lung." Chemical analysis in one of their cases revealed "only calcium, magnesium, aluminum, silicic acid, chlo rides, and phosphates; no trace of arsenic, bismuth, cobalt, nickel, or uranium was found." They lay suspicion, as others have done, upon radium emanation and upon arsenic, both factors being encountered in the Sclmeeberg and Jachymov mines. Rostoski, Saupe and Sehmorl (2) found severe "anthraeosis" in Sclmeeberg miners the subjects of lung cancer and are inclined to at tribute the causation of the cancer to the anthraeosis, while Simpson (-3) states that pulmonary cancer is a rare complication of silicosis in South African miners. Schulte (4) has reported lung cancer in pneumonoconiosis among coal miners, and Saupe (5) has recorded two cases in arsenic miners. There appears to be no previous report of its oc currence in asbestos miners or mill workers, although the record of autopsy examinations of cases of asbestosis is not large. As worthy of record in the interest of both diseases, as well as their possible relationship, the following case of pulmonary asbestosis with associated carcinoma of the lung is reported. Case Report A white man, fifty-seven years of age at the time of his death, first came under observation at the Shirras Dispensary of the Roper Hos pital on Jan. 10, 1934, at which time he appeared very old, weak, and &' HER 0001611 57 KEXXETH IT. LYXCH AXD W. ATMAR SMITH emaciated. His chief complaints were pains in the right side of the "stomach," right side of the back and shoulder, and shortness of breath. History: Prior to 1931 the patient's health was good and practically no time was lost from work as a result of illness, although for five years he had noticed some shortness of breath. He had had influenza in 191S, but except for that had always been well. In 1931 he lost three days from work on account of sharp pains in his back, extending down over the three lower ribs. Nine months later intermittent sharp shooting pains occurred involving his right shoulder. These lasted about ten days. Except for the shortness of breath, there were no further symp toms until Nov. 7,1933, when there were renewed attacks of pain involv ing the right shoulder, axilla, and the three lower ribs on the same side. The pain occurred about every hour and lasted about thirty minutes. It seemed to be more severe during the night. The patient also became quite weak and seemed to lose weight. He was now compelled to quit work and seek medical aid. During November and December, under medical care, he grew weaker and lost more weight, his dyspnea was aggravated, and a cough, productive of wiry, white mucoid sputum de veloped. On Jan. 8, during a spell of coughing, he expectorated fresh blood mixed with mucoid material. The family history was not significant. Occupational History: The first exposure to a dusty atmosphere occurred when the patient was about sixteen, when he began to work in a cotton mill as a weaver. He first worked in a place with open doors and windows, and later a humidifying system was installed; he did not consider the atmosphere excessively dust laden. He continued work as a weaver in various cotton mills until 1913, when he obtained a job as a weaver at an asbestos factory, which he held until just prior to hospital admission. During times when his work there was sus pended he did odd jobs, with apparently no occupational hazards. Be ginning in 1913, he worked in an extremely dusty atmosphere, in spire of the fact that windows and doors were kept open as much as possible. About 19`23 a humidifying system was installed, but this he considered very inefficient, though it improved the atmosphere somewhat. In winter the heating system kept the air in the plant too dry to allow settling of dusty particles. In summer, when all doors were kept open, air from the forced draft from the " preparation room," emptying out side the plant, entered the room in which the patient worked. The last five or six months of his employment he was at " wet work " in stead of dry weaving, reducing the exposure to dust. He was accus tomed to work overtime, since he was paid by the yard. This man. then, worked as a cotton mill weaver for approximately twenty-two years and as an asbestos mill weaver for some twenty-one years, which may account for certain features of silicosis in the lungs, in addition to those of asbestosis. Course; Throughout his stay in the hospital the patient continued to complain of persistent pain along the right costal border and right HER 0001612 sidt the elev rem dea pirt the i tliai I'n. ema cya: eqn. ing Bre ties tim ere<sou Tin Tin of the tef f ?t. ly ?rears n 1918. e days n over tooting mt ten sympinvolvle side, .mutes, leeame to quit under ?a was um de1 fresh sphere > work li open cd: he itir-M >ta t t ~kr IS s'tiS- Bo ll spite issihle. ddered Lit. In allow t open, ng ont.. The k inaccus- niately ity-one lungs. ltiuueil d right (5644 PCLMOXARY ASBESTOSIS 58 ide of the abdomen. The cough, with expectoration of a large quantity of mucopurulent sputum, continued and became more aggravated. There was anorexia, with progressive loss of weight and strength. For the first three weeks after admission there was an irregular afternoon elevation of temperature. In the latter weeks of the illness fever of remittent type was constantly present (99:-101:), rising on the day of death to 104The pulse rate ranged between 90 and 100. The res piratory rate was constantly above normal and on the slightest exertion there was dyspnea. Examination: In general appearance the patient looked much older than fifty-seven. He appeared exhausted and was extremely weak and 1 Fig. 1. Roentgenogram Showing Pt/lmonart Asbesto-silicosis and Carcinoma of Lower Bight Lobe emaciated. The finger nails and toe nails were clubbed and somewhat cyanotic. The bony thorax was of the emphysematous type. Expansion was equal but poor. Dullness was present over the bases of both lungs, be ing more marked on the right. The upper levels were resonant. Breath sounds were suppressed over the right base. Rfiles of all varie ties were present in the lower posterior and axillary aspect of the chest, though less numerous over the right base than the left. They were in creased by cough. There were numerous coarse, dry, "squeaking'' sounds over the upper lobes as well. The heart was normal in size and position: the sounds were good. There were no murmurs. The pulmonic second sound was accentuated. The systolic blood pressure was 100, diastolic 60. The superficial ves sels were thickened and tortuous. The abdomen, muscles, bones, joints, extremities and nervous sys- HER 0001613 59 KENNETH M. LYNCH AND W. ATMAR SMITH tem presented no abnormalities except for the clubbing of the fingers previously noted. X-ray examination of the chest was made by Dr. Hillyer Rudisill, who reported as follows: " First examination, Jan. 12, 1934: There is a generalized fibrosis throughout both lungs, particularly in the bases. There is generalized increased density in the right base probably caused by pleural thickening. In addition I believe there are bronchiectatic areas through the lower halves of both lungs. "Impression: Pulmonary fibrosis, pleural thickening (particularly right base), and bronchiectasis, probably the results of inhalation of some irritant material." moi i all ph; tici tov vei ph; Fig. .. Asbesto-silicosis with Carcinoma of Lower Lobe The tuberculin (Mantoux), and Wassermann tests were negative. Xo tubercle bacilli were found in the sputum on numerous examinations. Asbestosis bodies were present in unconcentrated viscid, tough mucopus. Tests for fungi were negative. The urinary findings were nor mal. Blood counts were as follows: Jan. 11, 1934:.hemoglobin SO per cent (Dare), leukocytes 15,525. small and large lymphocytes 11, large mononuclears 3. neutrophils 86; Feb. 20, 1934: hemoglobin 72 per cent (Dare), leukocytes 13.250, small lymphocytes IS, large mononuclears 4, neutrophils 76. eosinophils 2. The admission diagnosis was pulmonary fibrosis and pleurisy with effusion. The final diagnosis was asbestosis and chronic indurative pneumonia. Autnpstj (B.G.) Xo. 30514--34--'>8, March 17,1934: Summary of path ological diagnoses: Fibrosis of lungs; pulmonary asbestosis: epider- HER 0001614 ta' to til. tin eo ba an m mi th gi be f- *rs . -sill, i'lioro is c liases. caused lieofatic ienlui'ly ilion of rtTLMOXAKY ASBESTOSIS 00 moid carcinoma of right lung: bronchiectasis; purulent bronchitis: acute pleurisy; chronic myocarditis. The body is extremely wasted as to adipose tissue and musculature, all muscles, including the interosseous, are quite shrunken. The distal plialances of the fingers and toes are broad and rounded. The chest is quite prominent anteriorly. The right lung is densely adherent over its whole surface, but par ticularly over the lower lobe and at the base, over the diaphragm and toward the spine. The left is adherent rather lightly at the apex and very densely over the lower lobe, particularly over the base and dia phragm. The left pleural cavity over the middle three-fourths eon- legative. illations. ;h mueo-ere norn 80 per 11, large per cent iclears 4, :isy with idurative of patli; epider- 05646 Fig. 3. Silicotic Hyaline and Calcareous Nodule in Lung, with " Asbestosis '' Bodies. X 210 tains about 300 c.c. of turbid fluid and there are no attachments here to the outer pleura. The pleura of the right lung is thickened as a whole and is of car tilaginous and even partly calcareous quality over the base. That of the left lung is likewise thickened, but over the free portion it is rough, congested and " furred," with small nodules in the surface. The apex of the left lung is composed of a globular mass of light balloon-like emphysematous bullae with intervening fibrous trabeculae, and sub-apieallv there is a group of small caseous and calcareous hard nodules. The midportion of this lung is light, spongy, dry, and of a mottled dark slaty bluish-grav color. Beginning at the apposition of the interlobar pleura, the lower part of the lung is densely tough, with gross fibrous trabeculation fusing with the thickened pleura, and at the base honeycombed by rounded cavities about the size of bird shot. HER 0001615 61 KENNETH M. LYNCH AND W. ATMAR SMITH The right lung has a similar group of balloon-like bullae at the apes and in the midportion is similar to its fellow. The lower third of the lung is of nodular, hard, solidified consistence. Occupying the inner lower aspect, at the spine, is a honeycombed cavity containing caseous debris, ruptured in removing the lung because of its dense adherence to the spine. The inner aspect of the cavity is quite rough, nodular, and the surrounding substance lumpy and caseous. This merges more or less into heavy trabeculated fibrous induration and small cavity "pocking," as in the opposite lung. The lymph nodes at the root of the lungs are not conspicuous, a few moderately enlarged black nodes being found. In in' ' v cy. " foan In the? club-sl or met fieult tosis ( Tin Tin lympln The entire hilar and mediastinal tissue is quite fibrous and edematous. The heart is not enlarged, but is of rather small size, the muscle pale and flabby, the right cavity moderately dilated. Other organs and tissues are apparently normal in relations and appearances. PallmloyUal D'utyuoses at Autopsy: Fibrosis of lung; chronic tuherculoMs <>f right lung; chronic fibrous pleurisy; tuberculous pleurisy; bronchiectasis. Mirmsropic Fiit'liiigs: Examination of the heart shows quite marked cellular fibrosis of the myocardium, accompanied by some large and small mononuclear cell infiltration. The muscle fibers are hypertro phied and also degenerated. The histologic diagnosis is chronic myo- t;ud'n" HER 0001616 fatty large conges histob cirrho Th leetiot. cuveri fibrnu- In mo mu in the ! indie- 10 --'OX .10 ? ...iior ;isoou< UTOllOO "dular. > llMl'i- cavity . a few PITLMOXARV ASBESToSIS 02 In the spleen young fibrous elements and largo mononuclear colls increase tlie thickness of the sinus walls. Polymorphonuclear leuko cytes are conspicuous. Here and there are small groups of lanre foam " cells, the cytoplasm full of rather lanre, clear cut vacuoles, fn these and other mononuclear cells is a brown granular pigment. A club-shaped a>bestosis-like body is seen, whether embedded in the tissue or merely upon it. from transfer from other tissue in cutting. it is dif ficult to say. The histological diagnosis is chronic splenitis, asbestosis (.'). The kidney is approximately normal, save for congestion. The liver shows fibrous thickening of the capsule: fibrosis and lymphocytosis of moderate grade in the interlobular framework: patchy 1 tnlOLE. s and muscle is and nic tumrisy; narked re and lertroe myo- 105648 -- Fig. 3. Epidermoid Carcinoma of Bronchus and Lung, x 125 fatty vacuolization of liver cells. Many nuclei of the liver cells are large and eavitated, with a bluish fluid substance within. There are congestion and brown pigmentation of the central venous area. The histological diagnosis is passive congestion, fatty degeneration, portal cirrhosis. There is chronic fibrous thickening of the pleura, with lymphoid col lections, involving both visceral and parietal layers, with an internal covering of leukocytes and fibrin. The histologic diagnosis is chronic fibrous and acute fibrinous pleurisy. In the peribronchial lymph nodes are heavy deposits of large mononuclear cells containing a black and brownish granular substance in the pulp, with moderate associated fibrosis and deposit of asbestosis bodies, generally of shorter clubbed, rod, and dumb-bell forms. There HER 0001617 63 KENNETH M. LYNCH AND W. ATMAR SMITH is engorgement of the sinuses with serous material and polymorphonu clear" leukocytes. The histologic diagnosis is asbestosis and acute lymphadenitis. ^ In the lung there is comparatively heavy*, old interlobular fibrosis. along the bronchi and blood vessels. Broad bands of fibrous tissue, generally old and hyaline, with considerable hyaline laminated nodule formation, are disposed generally in this area, including some adjacent alveoli. Bronchioles here are irregularly and considerably dilated, and there is much deformity of alveoli involved in the fibrosis. In these alveoli are large numbers of asbestosis bodies, generally large, brown, jointed, clubbed, and long dumb-bell shapes, in groups associated with large mononuclear phagocytes. These bodies are also seen embedded in the fibrosed areas, and in some of the bronchioles, while large groups occur in lymph spaces near brouchi. There is only minor small mono- nuclear or lymphocyte infiltration of the fibrosed tissue, with some mucus and leukocytes in some bronchioles. The pleura is very thick, composed of old fibrous tissue, and while collections of asbestosis bodies appear in alveoli near the pleura, none are seen within the pleural fibrosed thickening. There is ail acute ex- udation of fibrin upon the pleura, with some hyperemia, edema, and leukocytosis. There is some black granular material in the same gen eral fibrous area. In the intervening lobules the alveoli are quite deformed by pressure and emphysema, many* large air sacs being seen. Generally these are empty. In the lower left lobe the fibrosis is very heavy, most of the alveolar structure being obliterated, and here there is a marked bronchiectasis, with chronic inflammatory infiltration of the walls of the bronchi, some purulent exudate in these bronchi, and active pyogenic inflammation of the overlying thickened pleura. At the apices there is a remarkable grade of old fibrosis with large numbers of long asbestosis bodies in large giant cells in thick-walled spaces and in fibrosed areas, with hyaline nodule formation, necrosis and calcification, emphysema and bronchiectasis. Sections from the base of the right lung, thought grossly to be tuber culous, show the caseous cavitation and infiltration there to be carci nomatous. On a background of heavy fibrosis and bronchiectasis is extensive infiltration by masses and cords of stratified squamous epi thelium, maturing in considerable degree. This is shown to come from a bronchus, where there is squamous metaplasia of epithelial lining. There are considerable necrosis and purulent leukocytosis of the cavity area. Within and about the carcinoma area there is more active fibro sis than in other portions of the lung, and heavy lymphocytic infiltra tion. The histologic diagnosis is asbesto-silicosis. with fibrosis, emphy sema. bronchiectasis, chronic fibrous and acute pleurisy; epidermoid bronchial carcinoma. 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