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JANUARY-FEBRUARY, 1944 NUMBER ONE Makers of X-ray Tubes Protect Employees ered with thick heavy sheets of lead. Certain types of X-ray tubes have with Lead-Sheathed Equipment protective lead jackets or sleeves in their construction. In some cases a T is a commonly known fact that I X-ra\ equipment which is of great value to the medical profession and to industry can he a source of serious danger to its operators unless much care is taken to protect them from ex cessive exposure to the X-rays. Lead, by reason of its high density, provides greater and more positive protection in less space than does any other material economically feasible to use. It shields operators from ex posures which might cause serious harm. Xearlv all X-ray installations of reasonable high power or which are likely to be used for extended periods of time are enclosed in leadsheathed rooms with even the doors and windows covered with thick sheets of lead. As a result of the care exer cised by the manufacturers and opera tors of X-ray equipment in the use of complete lead shielding. X-ray in juries are today practically unknown. Protection of workers from X-rayradiation is also necessary during the process of manufacture of X-raytubes. If the tubes are to be durable and are to continue to operate with a suitable degree of electrical stability it is necessary that the elements op erate in a very high vacuum. With proper equipment it is not difficult to produce a high initial vacuum but In this oil-filled tank, covered with a ' x-in. thick sheath of lead. X-ray tuber undergo vigorous tests before being sealed in oil-filled lead-lined shells though of low intensity, can be dan gerous to persons exposed for long periods of time. Therefore the tubes undergoing the final exhausting proc ess are placed in lead-covered '-ovens'' or large cabinets with all sides and sliding doors sheathed with lead. The final testing under full current and voltage load is done in tanks cov lead jacket with a small circular win dow to permit the passage of the rays is fitted around the glass of the tube. In other types the entire X-ray tube is enclosed in an oil-filled steel or aluminum shell which is lined with sheet lead. Lead shielded tubes are used in the many field type X-rayunits being supplied to the armed forces which are proving to be of in calculable value in the quick and ac curate location and identification of battle injuries. The photographs shown on this page were taken in the plant of the Machlett Laboratories. Springdale, Connecticut, which is currently mak ing large numbers of X-rav tubes of many types including the "shockproof" or shielded types used in field units. All emploves working in the vicin ity of X-ray tubes which may be emit ting radiation are required to carryon their persons tightly wrapped photographic films which are devel oped at stated intervals and examined for indications of excessive exposure. However, this is merely a checking procedure to make sure that protec tion is adequate and it is upon the shielding power of lead that reliance is placed to minimize the hazards of this vitally important work. since, in operation, an X-ray tube gen erates considerable heat and since the elements in the tube comprise a fairly large volume which may contain cer tain amounts of various gases, the tubes during the manufacturing proc ess are operated with high voltage while they are connected to the vacuum pump. Thus any gases which may be driven out of the construction materials or generated by decomposi tion of minute amounts of impurities which may have been occluded in the tube parts in spite of the meticulous care exercised in preliminary proc essing and assembling, are drawn out before the tube is finally sealed off. During this process X-ray radiation is given off by the tubes which, al PHOTOS BY DAYTON SNYDEI Fined test room in the Machlett Laboratories where finished X-rav tubes are operated under working voltages in the massive lead-covered cabinets shown 2-- -- LIA25780 Simple Lead Ring Seals Machine Guo Package to Exclude Moisture and Dust VERY man who received an issue E rifle in World War I will well re member the thick coating of heavy srease which he was obliged to remove before the gun could even be handled. He will also remember that hours of painstaking work were required to put the rifle into such condition that it could be operated--to say nothing of stand inspection. In the present war which demands great numbers of machine guns which are of necessity more complicated than rifles, the work of removing "cosmoline" is far too tedious a chore to be tolerated in the field where time lost may mean lives sacrificed. For this reason packing procedure has been developed by means of which machine guns in condition to be im DAYTON SNYDEI Lead rings used for sealing plastic bag enclosing machine gun. Approx imately actual size mediately loaded and fired are ade The finished and tested guns are quately protected from the salt air of dipped in lubricant, drained, inserted, a sea voyage, the humidity of jungle with a dessicant carton into a knitted air or the dust of the desert during de bag and then placed in a tubular sec livery to the fighting fronts. tion of transparent plastic material. An important part of this package The ends of the tube are gathered and is a simple lead ring which, when slipped through a small lead ring crimped over the ends of a moisture which is crimped tightly by a small proof transparent envelope, effective hand press thus sealing the envelope ly provides an air and vapor tight seal. against the infiltrations of moisture rxIGIDAUE Draining excess lubricant from machine guns before inserting them in lead sealed plastic envelopes and dust. A second knitted bag and a specially designed wooden box com plete the package. This type of seal is quickly applied with the simplest of equipment and it has the additional advantage that, should it be desirable to reseal the package after it is once opened the ring can be opened up with a screw driver or punch, replaced on the plas tic and recrimped with a blow from a hammer. This package developed by one of the largest manufacturers of caliber .50 machine guns with the cooperation and assistance of the Army Ordnance Department, has been in use for ap proximately one year. Several other manufacturers have, within the past few months, been directed by the Ordnance Department to convert their entire production to this method of packing. The lead ring, inexpensive and easily handled, helps materially in speeding up the safe delivery of these important arms to the military forces. Other government agencies are in vestigating the possibility of using lead seals for similar applications in other fields. This simple, economical sealing process could also be applied to many items for civilian as well as military use. It is adaptable to pack ages of widely varying sizes and articles from watches to machine tools and parts can easily be so protected from damage by air and moisture. --3-- LIA25781 \ Lead Saves Many a Headache in Water Works Extensions LONG with all of the many new calked mains, water-tight and flexible, Al uses to w hich lead has been ap will be serving the city of Schenec plied in solving problems set up bvtady through many years of future war conditions this versatile metal peacetime growth. continues to perform long established In Detroit. Michigan, lead is the prosaic functions in the water works standard required material for water industrv. Large quantities of lead service pipe. Lead is used both for have been and are being used in the the connection from main to curb stop, tremendous extension activities that which is installed bv the city water have been made necessary by the department, and for the line from many war housing projects in indus curb stop to the house which is in try centers. Lead-calked water mains stalled by the plumber. Lead service and lead service pipe are vital details in the great job of providing comfort able and sanitary living conditions Installing shop-prepared lead service pipe on Detroit housing project UC GREGOR Wiping curb stop to lead water sertice in shop speeils up work at instal lation crew for war workers. Illustrated on this page are ex amples of these uses which, w hile they are being installed in these times of emergency, will none the less be permanent, durable investments of lasting value to the cities and to the owners of the properties involved. In Schenectady. New \ork. a new [lumping station and the necessarv mains and connections have recentlv been installed. This job included the laying of nearlv 2.000 ft. of cast-iron pipe in 8-in.. 14-in.. 18-in.. 24-in. and 30-in. sizes. Over 14.000 lbs. of calk ing lead was used. The work was lines provide the necessarv flexibility to compensate for anv possible ground settlement as well as the durability and corrosion resistance which will ensure to the property owner long, trouble-free service and full flow to take care of his maximum demands. Though water department officials like other industrv operators have plenty of troubles and obstacles to overcome thev have been spared the necessity of using untried makeshifts for jointing and service pipe materials by the continued availability of lead for these uses. done by the Stock Construction Com pany of New York Citv. These lead- All-Lead Waste-lent Frames are Economical Pouring a lead joint in water main on Schenectady, .V. 1'. pumping plant extension WHITE STUDIOS N cities where the use of lead pipe I for waste and vent lines is required or generally used builders and ow ners of new or remodelled buildings are realizing both present and future benefits. At the present, in addition to the usual advantages of ease of in stallation and economv. lead is easily obtainable because of the ample sup ply of this durable metal. In the future the owners of buildings in which lead wastes and vents are used will be free from the annoyances and expense which result from rusted out pipes and from stoppages due to ac cumulations of waste at joints and sharp angle fittings. Two recent jobs in midwestern cities serve to illustrate these points clearlv. In expanding the comfort and recreation facilities of the \\ . C. Norris Mfg. Co. of Tulsa. Oklahoma, certain former offices are being con verted to toilet rooms. The waste and vent frame shown in the illustration is entirelv of lead with all joints and connections wiped. It can be noted that, disregarding the connections to the cast iron waste fittings, there are 11 joints in this frame which would have required 33 joints if it had been built up of rigid pipe and fittings. It is also to be noted that a wiped joint joins the parts together in a union which is as strong or stronger than the pipe itself and is also smooth and freely open in the direction of flow. Each joint in a rigid pipe and fitting -4 -- LI A25782 All-lead waste-tent frames in residence under construction in East St. Louis, Illinois Fine example of economy and serviceability of all-lead waste-vent frame in western defense plant frame can be a source of weakness and a potential lodging place for waste and soil if it is not made with unusual care and perfection. Similar economies in installation and advantages in operation are evi dent in the photograph showing the roughing in for one of 35 houses now under construction in East St. Louis, 111. Here again can be seen the econ omy of joints required and the easy gradual changes of direction accom plished bv the use of bends in place of angular fittings. In both of these installations it can be noted that the vents are installed with the same careful regard for free opening in the direction of flow as are the wastes. This is of special sig nificance since the carrying away of dangerous gases is a function of the plumbing system equal in importance to the disposal of waste matter. The smooth graduallv curved bore of lead pipe is therefore an important ad vantage in rent lines as well as in waste pipes. In the many cities throughout the country where lead pipe is required for wastes, vents, and closet bends, little if any change has had to be al lowed in plumbing code requirements as a result of wartime emergencies. Their required materials have re mained available and the quality of their plumbing installations has not had to be reduced. War emergency has not forced the sacrifice of safety. Lead Coated Corrugated Steel Sheets Stand l!p Well in Service I EAD coated steel sheets which are I now showing promise of a wide range of usefulness have been in use for building construction for a num ber of years. An excellent example is furnished by the buildings of the Paxton Mitchell Company of Omaha, Nebraska. This company operating foundries, machine shops, pattern shops and other manufacturing units occupies a building, part of which was con structed in 1928. At that time lead coated corrugated sheets were applied to the exterior walls of the building and to the ends and parts of the side walls of the monitor. These sheets stood up well and when the company built an addition to the building in 1937, lead coated corrugated sheets were again used in the same manner. The lead coated sheets on the orig inal building have now been in service 15 years and according to an official of the Company they "have shown no signs of deterioration except in one --5-- * A25783 small place where cinders accumu lated behind them, and at this point only a small hole rusted through.'' This is an example of excellent per formance under especially severe con ditions. The lead coated sheets are on a building which houses a foundry melting iron and brass and they are therefore subject to the fumes from both cupola and furnace. They have sustained no damage as a result of continuous exposure to those fumes. During the past spring the company had its buildings repainted and. for the sake of uniformitv of appearance, the lead sheets were painted along with the other metal work of the buildings. It is a characteristic of lead coated sheets that they are easily paintahle. In this case, of course, ample time for weathering had elapsed hut such weathering is not necessary for successful painting. Lead coated sheets may he painted immediately upon erection with as surance that the paint will stick to the lead surface. As can be seen from the photo graphs. the lead coated sheets present a neat, clean cut appearance. They are easily erected and they lie to gether well when drawn into place with lead coated bolts or screws. Lead Coaled Sheet Metal Easy to Paint HE general use of hot dip lead- painter as well as the hazard of T alloy coating as a protection of insecure anchorage which usually iron and steel is so new that many ofthreatens painted sheet metal. the advantages are not yet generally All of the metal protective coatings known. Improved methods of apply which have been commonly used on ing lead coatings have only recently iron and steel in the past have re been developed, laigely as a result of quired special preparation either to the almost complete diversion of zinc remove greasy accumulations or to and tin supplies to war industries. roughen the surface so that the paint The term lead coated as used here is could anchor itself. Some commonly intended to mean coated with lead or used metallic coatings must be al an alloy containing 95 per cent or lowed to weather for months or must more of lead and small amounts of be treated with copper sulfate, acid or other metals. some other solution to create a "tooth" Lead alloy coatings on iron and on the surface to which the paint can steel sheets possess so manv points of cling. Also, paints applied over the superiority over other types of surface oxidized surface of certain coating protection that increasing amounts of metals seem to have a tendency to take lead coated sheets may be expected to up metallic compounds which cause appear in many uses. While lead them to become hard and inelastic. A coatings may be expected to possess hard brittle paint tends to crack and great durability when exposed to the scale off as the metal moves as a re weather in their natural state there are sult of thermal expansion. many places where sheet metal parts Lead alloy coated sheets are free of are customarily painted. Gutters, all of these troubles. The process of leaders, roofs, spandrels, flashings, their manufacture entails llie use of corrugated siding and other structural no scum forming material which must and functional details are commonly be removed before painting. The sur included in the parts of buildings face of the hot dip lead coat requires which are decorated with color. For no roughening to provide a secure these parts lead coated sheets in addi anchorage for the paint. If any oxides tion to being highly durable w ill elim or carbonates of lead have formed be inate much disagreeable work for the fore painting they will not have any detrimental effect on the paint after it is applied. Thus it can be seen that lead coated sheets are not only less work to paint but once painted they can be expected to hold the paint bet ter than other types of metallic coated sheets. Any of the standard lead pigments are suitable as priming coats for lead coated sheets. The old standby metal primer, red lead, is excellent. Blue lead or blue basic lead sulfate, an other favorite metal primer, will give excellent results but when a white lead paint is being used throughout a painting job no special primer is re quired. White lead paint will adhere to lead coated sheets with the same tenacity it exhibits when applied to wood or other materials. Thus the number of materials required on a painting job is reduced and the paint er's investment in materials is less. A priming coat for lead coated sheets made from white lead requires no additional materials beyond those that the painter always has on the job for painting wood, stucco or masonry. W hite lead, linseed oil and thinner, alwavs on hand, are sufficient to form ulate a thoroughly satisfactory prim er. The same is true of red lead and blue lead if preference calls for either of these pigments. The following formulas are for priming coats suit able for use on all lead coated sheets. Formulas for Lead Pigment Primers Suitable for Use on Lead Coaled Sheets Red Lead Blue Lead Red lead in oil.............100 lbs. Raw linseed oil............. 2 pals. Gum turpentine........... l'/j. pints Liquid drier ................. 1 Li pints -------------- Blue basic lead sulfate in oil ........................ ::Boiled linseed oil......... Gum turpentine............ Liquid drier................. * If raw linseed oil is used, double the amount of drier. 100 lbs. 23; gals. 1 qt. 1 pint White Lead Soft paste white lead. .100 lbs. Raw linseed oil........... 2 gals. Gum turpentine ........... 2 gals. Liquid drier................. 1 pint --6-- LIA25784 No. 23 Landmarks of the War for Independence ENTRAL New Jersey is rich in C historical landmarks. The state was settled early and was dotted with prosperous farms before the time of the War for Independence. Many of the farmhouses were used by leaders of the Continental Armies as lodging places or official headquarters for varying periods of time as the train ing of soldiers and the movement of troops required their presence in dif irallace House. Somerville, .hew Jersey. Here during the winters oj 1778 and 1779. General and Mrs. IT ashington had a home for a longer period oj time than in any other .New Jersey house. This beautiful old jarmhouse. still in excellent condition has only recently received its latest coating oj pure while leuil paint Irtillerv Hill farm house. Bedminstcr. \ew Jersey. Built about 176n bv Elias tan tier l eer, a sympathiser oj the American Revolution. Pure white lead paint keeps this sturdy old house snow white against the deep green of its surrounding cedars ferent areas. Thus there are ntanv houses in New Jersey with records of having served as shelters for the brave men who led the American forces. Lpon the present owners of these houses falls the responsibility of safe guarding and preserving them so that they may continue to remind us of the patriotism and devotion of the found ers of our nation. Only the best of maintenance materials is good enough for such important service. Many of these historic landmarks have for many years been painted with pure white lead paint at regular intervals. They stand protected today in sound and unweathered condition. PHOTOS BY DAYTON SNYDER The house in Somerville where Gen eral and Mrs. Washington lived dur ing the winters of 177S and 1779 was their home for a longer period than was any other New Jersey house. Artillery Hill Farm is so called be cause General Knox quartered his artillery on the property for a time. Until 1905 the ownership remained in the family of Elias van der Veer. THIS IS NO. 23 OF A SERIES REPRESENTATIVE OF THE MANY AMERICAN LANDMARKS IN VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THE COUNTRY THAT ARE PRESERVED KOR TTIE FUTURE WITH PUKE WHITE LEAD AND OIL TAINT. MANY OK THEM HAVE ALWAYS BEEN PROTECTED WITH THIS RELIABLE MATERIAL ACCORDING TO AVAILABLE RECORDS. -- 7-- LIA25785 Lead Used to Cushion Glass Insulators EW metals are used for so main Fdifferent reasons as is lead. It has uses based on its high resistance to corrosion by chemicals as well as in atmosphere. Other uses are based on its ductility, its ease of casting, its high density and weight, its unrespon siveness to v ibration and even on the softness which is one of leads most noticeable characteristics. The use shown in the accompany ing photograph is based on softness and malleability of lead. In the pic is as it comes from the manufacturer. ture are a glass telephone line insul These sleeves are accurately made to ator and two lead sleeves of a kind close tolerances especially as to di that are used to form a cushion be ameter. taper and wall thickness. In tween the glass and the threaded steel place between the steel pin and the pin which supports it. One of the glass the lead forms a soft protective sleeves has been in place and bears jacket on which the glass can be the form of the threads impressed screwed down tight without breaking. upon it bv the glass. The other sleeve The lead will also serve to retard the Tht following articles and reprints contain information, drawings and specifications on the use of lead products helpful to architects, engineers and others in the construction industry. They are available, free of charge, upon request to the Lead Industries Association. 420 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. PROPERTY PROTECTION W ITH WHITE LEAD PAINT A 28 page booklet on the protectite \aiue. durability anti beamy of purr while lead paint with quantity eMtmatinc table-.. ami mining and linting in-trurtinn* for exterior and interior ue. SOME PAINTING PROBLEMS AND THE ANSWERS By Dr, F, L. Browne, Senior Fore*is Product* Laboratory, W i. riirmixt, Madison, Reptintfd from the National Real Estate journal. Sept., 1939. STAMFORD'S DOI'BLE LIFETIME HOME A complete analysis of hard lead flawing, white lead paint, lead plumbing, plywood and red cedar Certigrade shingle detail-* and in*tallation method*. Reprinted from the American Builder. July. 1939. STOP DEMON RL'ST Leaflet giving concise, simple instructions in the u*e of the ruat preventing qualities of Red Lead Paint in protecting farm machinery. SUMMARY OF NOTES ON LEAD ROOFING A brief description of the use* of lead for roofing and fla-hing purpose* and the proper practice* of its application. Reprinted from "Sheet Metal Worker". LEAD EQLIPMENT USED IN 1NDISTRY By F. E. Wormier, Secretary of Lead In* dustrie* Association A `ummiry of the use* of lead in (he production and handling of corrosive chemicals. Reprinted from "Metal Progress" to be included in the neat edition of "American Society of Metals Handbook." WHITE LEAD PAINT FOR DEFENSE HOUSING Reprint from Bulletin of the Producers' Council in cluding specification* and graphic mixing instruction* for exterior and interior White Lead Paint. COMMERCIAL STANDARDS: Calkins Lead, C594-41 Lead Pipe. C59S41 Lead Traps and Bends, CS9641 Official publications by the Government Printing Of fice of the above Commercial Standard* a* promul gated by ihe U. S. Department of Commerce through (be National Bureau of Standards, effective June 25. 1941. LEAD PLUMBING FOR DEFENSE HOUSING Reprint from Bulletin of the Producers' Council in cluding information no the Emergency Plumbing Standards and the Defense Housing Critical List, NEW LEAD COATINC PROCESS ELIMINATES USE OF ZINC ALLOYS By W. Yonkrnan, Eogincer, Wextern Else* trie Co. A description of a iueceful hot dip lead coating proce with complete instructions for changing over from hot dip galvanizing using the time equipment. Reprinted from Product* Engineering, May. 1943. transmission of vibrations from the w ires to the cross arms and poles. PARTIAL LIST OF USES OF LEAD NOT RESTRICTED BY CONSERVATION ORDER M-38 Anodes Anti-Knock treatment for motor fuels Bearing metals Calking lead, lead wool Ceramics (Exeept as on ingredient of orna mental glass! Chemical equipment--tanks, linings, piping, pumps, valves, filters, evaporator* Coatings on iron, steel and other metals Collapsible tubes Counterweights (exeept sashweights) Die resting for process work Fittings--traps, bends, floor flanges, ferrules Flooring in chemical and explosives plants Gaskets and parkings Inseetieides and chemicals Manufacturing equipment for synthetic fibres Metal pickling tanks, spray noxzlea and piping Mould material for easting plastics Name and instruction plates Paint pigments---while lead, red lead, blue lead, litharge Pipc^ soil, waste, water service and chemical Plating tank lining* Roofing, flashing, gravel slops, damp proofing Safety tread* Scientific and experimental apparatus Sheathing for electric eabtas Shot*--ammunition Shower pans, floor safes, waterproofing Solder Storage batteriee Substitution for more critical metals Varnish making drier* Vulcanising moulds Window eamae--glaxiers lead X-ray and radium protection USE PERMITTED WITH CERTAINRESTRICTIONS Automobile body solder Casket hardware--casket linings Foil Buy that EXTRA War Bond Today UPON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCLATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE. TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS PtINTiD l.V V. S. A. \ 55 BY PUBLISH BBS PRINTS N G COMPANY n e w roar c it y LIA25786