Document babGx89orVyMmXvpJkvLNMJ0

VOLUME FIFTEEN SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1945 NUMBER FIVE UfcfliJLAl. XiCTRlC X-RA* CORP. Dr. Ernest Charlton (left) and Mr. Harry Mesiek adjusting the 2,000,000 volt X-ray unit. The lead cone in foreground surrounds the source of X-rays and is an important part of the arrangement to protect operating and other personnel. Lead Protective Devices In High voltage X-Ray Machines ITH the increase in both are situated and operated. Wmedical and industrial uses of Recent developments in X-rayX-rays and the development of eveqruyipment include 1,000,000 and high voltage X-ray generating units 2,000,000-v. units for therapeutic work has come the necessity for greater at and industrial radiography. In these tention to the protection of persons machines the actual X-ray tube proj working in the vicinity of such units. ects from one end of a steel trans The American Standards Association former tank assembly. The end of the is currently working on a safety code tube is fitted with a massive hollow for the industrial use of X-rays and lead cone which functions as a nozzle radium. to confine the X-rays to a narrow- The provision of adequate general beam which can be directed to the protection near the X-ray generator exact field to be treated or radio can be greatly facilitated if the emis graphed. The cone may be made in sion of rays from the tube can be various forms for different uses or it controlled and directed only to those may be adjustable to supply reflected fields in which the rays will be actu rays at right angles to the axis of the ally useful. The most modern gen main beam. On medical units this erating units are so designed and cone is made to cover the entire length constructed as to provide the greatest of the tube outside of the transformer possible amount of such control. tank assembly. The amount of radia Because of its great density, lead is tion which escapes from the assembly the most efficient material for absorb behind the lead cone is negligible. ing radioactive energy. In relation On certain types of lower voltage to its absorptive capacity, lead is the units the entire tank containing the least bulky and the lightest weight transformers and tube is lined with material generally available. For these sheet lead and fitted with a lead cone reasons lead is an extremely valuable or adjustable lead diaphragm. On still material for use in the construction lower voltage units in which the tube of X-ray generators as well as in the is separate from the transformer as enclosure of areas where such units sembly the tube casing is lined with Placing hollow lead pyramid around path of X-ray beam to confine rays to working area. lead, sprayed with lead on the outside and furnished with caps with lead inserts. There are a number of supplemen tary pieces of lead equipment which are used to control and confine the X-ray beam to the useful area and to improve the result of its work. One of these, a thick walled pyramid shaped box. is used as an extension of the cone to surround the beam. Thick lead plates are also used for this pur pose as well as to provide a barrier back of the film and absorb that part of the beam which penetrates the radiographic subject. Under some conditions it is desirable to surround the object to be radiographed with a tightly fitting pattern or silhouette of thick lead to prevent radiation outside the desired field striking the film. All of these and many other special devices of lead are used for limiting the amount of radioactive energy which may escape during the opera tion of the X-ray generators. They are, however, only primary protection and must be supplemented by protec tive X-ray proof walls or, in case ra diography is done in the field, by the most careful control of the locations of personnel during the time the ma chine is in operation. Great quantities of lead are used also in the construc tion of rooms housing both industrial and medical X-ray equipment. t Lead Services Shew High Survival Rate Id Survey of Water Works Facilities N considering the durability of ma I terials used for water service lines, it is of course possible to draw much more accurate conclusions if data is available which allows comparison of the total number of services which have been installed with the number which have been retired over a long period of time than if only the records of mortality are available. A very valuable study which allows such comparison to be made appears in the August. 1945, issue of the Journal of .American Water Works Association. This study is part of a survey of survival and retirement of water works facilities being conducted by the American Water Works Associa tion. It is made from the files of the Denver Municipal Water Works of Denver, Colorado, by D. D. Gross. Chief Engineer and John Burgess with the cooperation of George F. Hughs. Executive Secretary and member of the comrhittee on Survival and Retire ment Experience With Water Works Facilities. It covers the entire distri bution system and goes back to the original establishment of a public water supply in that city in 1872. Although there have been changes in organization and consolidation of competing companies, the use of lead service pipe has been consistent throughout the system since the very beginning. At the time the study was made in 1940 practically all of the services were of lead. The tabulated results of the study indicate that the Denver Municipal Water Company is wise in continuing to require the use Chart shewing survival percent ages in relation to age of lead water services in Denver, Colorado. of lead pipe in all service installations. The very complete tables included in the published survey make inter esting reading and reflect the condi tions of prosperity and growth of Denver in the number of installations of new services. They also indicate very clearly how well lead service pipe endures through long periods of time. For instance, the records show that of the 75,729 lead services in sizes from V2 in. to 3 in. installed since 1875 only 5,1 per cent have been retired. Retirement does not necessarily mean that failure has occurred. Some in stallations, particularly in the older part of the city where change and development has been greatest, may have been superseded bv new services or larger pipes. In addition the re tirement of 46.4 per cent of 575.759 ft. of galvanized iron mains in sizes of 1 in. to 21'1> in. installed since 1884 may have been the cause of removal of some of the services. This record substantiates the state ment made in connection with our analysis of water service installation costs in the May and September-October. 1944, and January-Februarv. 1945, issues that the very slight excess cost of lead service installations over that of less durable materials is in deed a small price to pay for the years of security provided by lead service pipe. Many other cities also require lead pipe for all water services. --3 -- LIA25861 ,ZJEMMUIUL' 1 UBMIJI A. No. 33 Homes of the Founders of Bennington, Vermont The Parson Dewey House built in 1763, the oldest house in Bennington. Sound and firm as it is beautiful and dignified it is still painted with pure white lead paint. ENNINGTON, in the extreme B southwest corner of the State of Battle of Bennington stopped the ad Vermont, was the first town charteredvance of the British in what is con of the preservation of the homestf with pure white lead paint, the long west of the Connecticut River. It was sidered by some historians to have lasting sure protection upon which the the headquarters of the Green Moun been the turning point of the war. early builders relied and which served tain Boys who under Ethan Allen were Bennington is now a prosperous them so well. first organized to defend the New manufacturing city, but, while its The tw'o lovely homes on this page Hampshire Grants against the "York growth has required much new con are today painted both inside and ers" who were attempting to extend struction, many beautiful architectural out with pure white lead paint which the northern boundaries of New York landmarks remain. Here, as in so is equally effective as a protection State. Later, during the Revolutionary many other historic cities, owners of against rigorous w eather and the w ear War the Green Mountain Boys at the fine old houses continue the tradition and tear of daily use. The General David Robinson house built in 1795, note ouned and occupied by Mr. IT'illiam T. Jerome, Vermont Stale's Attorney, the 7th generation of the family to occupy the house. Detail of the General Robinson house. The delicate caning is still perfect under its protectiie pure uhile lead paint. PHOTOS BY DAYTON SNYDER THIS IS NO. S3 OF A SERIFS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE MANY AMERICAN LANDMARKS IN VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THE COUNTRY THAT ARE PRESERVED FOR THE FUTURE WITH PURE WHITE LEAD AND OIL PAINT. MANY OF THEM HAVE ALWAYS BEEN PROTECTED WITH THIS RELIABLE MATERIAL ACCORDING TO AVAILABLE RECORDS --4-- Pure White Lead L'sed Throughout In Restoration of Historic Vermont Church N Bennington. Vermont, stands a own right. The cost was $7,793.20 I church which is of unusual interest but it is doubtful if it could be repro to students of history as well as to duced for $100,000.00 today. It is architects and all other lovers of the certain that the one piece solid white fine old buildings of the early days pine columns and much of the timber of this country. This building, known structure could not be reproduced at as the Old First Church of Benning any price. ton, was in 1937 faithfully restored to Four separate remodeling and alter its original plan and design through ation operations had effected changes the contributions of citizens through- out the State of Vermont. It has been dieid.icat.edj as an uhis-to.-ric slhri-ne andj its churchyard, where lie many of the outstanding figures of Vermont's Old First Church at BenVermont, is another distinguished landmark protected by pure white lead history, has been made "Vermont's ptunt. Sacred Acre.'' in the building which had eliminated or covered up many of the fine old details and only through painstaking study and research were they discov ered and brought to light. Much of the paneling of the original box pews of the gallery was found built into straight pews in the same location and other original parts which could be used again were located but manv de tails had to be designed and built newaccording to old photographs which fortunately were available. Under the floor in the balcony was The church faces the site of the first meeting house in the New Hampshire Grants which also sheltered the legis lature of the Republic of Vermont until it became a state in the Union on March 4, 1791. The present church building, erected in 1806, was the work of Uavius Fillmore, a second cousin of Millard Fillmore, the thir teenth president of the United States. It shows the unmistakable influence of Asher Benjamin, whose book "The Country Builders Assistant" was pub lished just one year earlier but there are manv fine original details which indicate that Fillmore was an architect of ability and discrimination in his The interior finish has the quiet sheen without glare which is c h ar a r t eristic of pure u hit e leod paint. Detail of the re stored box pews and pulpit stair. Note perfect con dition of pure white lead paint on top rail of box and door, and re production of old pewter candle holder fastened to side of pew. --5-- L IA 2 5 863 found a battered pewter candle holder, one of which had been mounted in each pew in the original building. This fixture was reproduced in antimonial lead by T. F. McGann & Sons of Boston and one hundred of them attached to the sides of the pews make it possible to hold services by candle light on special occasions. The beautiful soft white finish of the original interior could be repro duced only bv the use of pure white lead paint which was so consistently used by the builders of the early American Landmarks. Accordingly, all of the interior walls and wood work, both old and new, are painted with this durable material. The ex terior as well is finished with pure white lead paint which has shown its worthiness of the responsibility it bears of protecting this historical monument by its past performance in protecting the venerable structure from the elements for so many years. The architect for the restoration. Mr. Denison Bingham Hull, and the Minister, Dr. Vincent Ravi-Booth, are to be envied for their experience in planning and executing this project and they and all those who contrib uted their money and services are to be congratulated on the perfection of this historic shrine. The presen ation of this historic building is a service to the entire nation. Lead Calked Cast Iron Fipe in spite of the speed with which it was laid and the cold weather working conditions. Emergency Syphon Around Collapsed Sewer A special advantage of the lead calked joint when used on an emer gency installation of short duration is HE speed with which large size With the pump in operation and the Tair tight pipe lines can be laid throttling valve partially closed, a 19for emergency use by means of leadft. negative head was produced by the the complete salvagability of both the lead and the pipe. Dismantling of the pipeline can be accomplished without calked cast iron pipe was demon syphon action in the pipe. This indi breakage or loss of either of these strated last February in Syracuse. cated that the line was sound and tight valuable materials. New' York, when the collapse of a large masonrv sewer threatened a con siderable area of the city with flooded basements and other damage. When the diversion of two tributarv sewers and the installation of several available 8. 6. and 4-in. pumps 3,50 ft. ion/t 20 in. lead calked cast it on pipe s\phon by-pars ing a break in main sewer hnc while repairs are under uci. failed to stem the rising sewage above the break, it was deemed necessary to provide a bvpass which would convey the waste to a point below the stop page so that repair work could pro ceed. Preliminary studies indicated that a 20-in. pipe 350 ft. long to a manhole below the break would have sufficient differential head to act as a siphon if provided with a suitable priming de vice. The only pipe available was some 20-in. cast iron pipe belonging COl'RTESY ENGINEERING NEWS RTCORd to the water division which was bor Lead Wool Weights in Airplane Propeller Bladesrowed for the emergency and laid bv the water division. Joints were run with lead and calked to insure an air tight line. Aids in Obtaining Precise Balance Through the cooperation of the Worthington Pump and Machinery Co. and their customer, the Nether lands Government, a 24-in. low lift centrifugal pump was borrowed and a motor was provided by a similar ar AX interesting use of lead wool in the structure of the plane. Therefore airplane propeller manufacture every propeller blade must be care is for the addition of small amounftsully checked against a master blade of weight to bring the individual and brought to exact weight. blades to a uniform weight so that the To add weight to dural propeller assembly will be in balance. Propel blades such as those used on the P-38 rangement with the General Crushed lers which rotate at high speed may, Lightning fighter plane, the Curtiss- Stone Co. The pump was installed as a booster in the syphon and was used as a priming device. if only slightly out of balance, pro duce vibration severe enough to dam age themselves, the engine or even Wright Corporation makes use of lead w'ool inserted in a hole in the blade shank and tamped securely into place. --6-- * 2586* Ll CURTISS-WRIGHT CORPORATION Weighting propeller blade with lead wool. Left, inserting ball oj wool in hole in blade shank. Right, compacting lead into solid mass with special tool. Because precision control is exercised throughout the manufacturing process the weight required for balancing is seldom more than a few ounces. For this reason lead wool is especially suitable because the proper amount of lead can be easily plucked from the strand of wool, rolled into a ball and inserted in the hole in the propeller blade shank. A few blows of the ham mer or a suitable tamping tool will compact the lead wool into a solid mass of lead and wedge it tightlv against the sides of the hole. Lead wool is made by pouring mol ten lead through a perforated nozzle from which it emerges as a tow of fine threads or strings. The tow is coiled into hanks or wound on reels for han dling or shipping. Lead wool is used for a variety of purposes, mostly for calking such materials as cast iron pipe, flashing reglets, bolts, and seams in fabricated steel plate work. It is easily handled and can be pulled apart or divided into units of desired sizes by hand without the use of tools. All Lead Installation Plumbers Answer To "Can Plumbing Be Prefabricated" HE use of lead pipe for a soil install the water piping but in the Tstack is familiar to most plumbers meantime the carpenters will have had especially under conditions wheretime to complete the framing and space restrictions make the use of neither workman is in the way of the cast iron difficult, but it is often as other. sumed that high cost makes this use In this case it is planned to continue suitable only in emergencies. This the lead stack out through the roof assumption is not always justified with a flanged wiped joint to serve as because an all lead waste and vent a support for the pipe. It is interest frame properly planned and con ing to note that the plumbing contrac structed can be an economical con tors. The City Plumbing Co. of Port struction detail which will speed up Arthur, after carefully estimating the construction and at the same time enable the workmen to do a large proportion of their work in the shop under conditions that may be more efficient than on the job. The accompanying photograph shows a waste and vent frame for a complete bathroom, which has been fabricated entirely of lead in the shop, ready to be taken to the job and set P r e ! a b lira ! e <! by plumbers hut in cornplianr e uith the plumbing code, this all lead uaste and tent frame is ready for installation uith a minimum of labor to be performed at the site. in place in a house in Port Arthur. Texas. It will be necessarv onlv to calk the brass ferrule into a cast iron fitting below the joint, strap the stack to a vertical support and provide proper support for the lead bend and the drum trap. The stack can be ex tended through the roof immediately or later when the plumber returns to --7-- cost of this all-lead installation com pared with the cost of the same instal lation in cast iron and lead, found little if any difference. Thus the sav ing of time and convenience of the package type of construction were achieved without sacrifice of economy. This all-lead waste and vent frame is a very practical application of the idea of prefabrication to plumbing which is sometimes regarded as the biggest obstacle in the way of the pre fabricated house. Actually it indicates that plumb'rs ar, ready to meet the challenge of prefabrication and at the same time to comply to the letter with the codes which are essential for the protection of the public health. \_UZ Delicate Soil Lead Gasket Dings Made By Die Casting Process HE process of die casting which lem is illu&traLed in the accompanying Thas gained tremendously in im photograph of copper jacketed sealing portance in recent years is particur ings for use in 90-mm. armor pierc larly well adapted to the manufacture ing shells. Attempts were made to of lead articles. One of the most nec make the lead core of this gasket by- essary articles in our daily lives, the other methods but none of them were newspaper, is produced largely by feasible for reasons of excessive cost means of lead alloy linotype slugs or unsatisfactory results. In addition, which are essentially die castings of the thin section of soft lead was too which thousands are made every day. easily bent to allow handling without Linotype metal is a special alloy deformation. designed to have particular properties The die casting method was worked but other alloys of lead as well as pure out by the J. Edward Ogden Company lead can be fabricated economically of New York City, manufacturers of by die casting. An instance in which an extensive line of fastening devices die casting solved a production prob- for which lead sleeves are die cast. The fellowinf articles and reprints contain information. drawing and voecilcatiam on th t* of lood products helpful to architects, engineers and others In the construction industry. TV/ are milafala, free of charge, upon request to the Lead Industries Association, 420 Ltxmjton Avenue, New Yort 17. N. Y. PROPERTY PROTECTION WITH WHITE LEAD PAINT A 28 page booklet on the protective value, durability and beauty of pure white lead paint with quantity estimating table*, formula* and mixing and tinting instructions for exterior and interior use. RED LEAD FOR STRUCTURAL WORK By Dr. L. L. Cnrriek, Director, Red Lead Research, Lead Industrie* Association A discussion of the ru*r inbibitive qualities of red lead paint and the best mean* of making use of those qualities for the protection of structural metal. Reprinted from Engineering .Yeu>i Recurd. April 6. 1943. LEAD CARRIERS ITS WEIGHT By Fred P. Peters An interesting resume of many of tbe long e*t#blished use* of lead flu- information on a number of recently developed adaptation* of tbe properties of lead to special purpose*. Reprinted from S'ien tific American, June. 1944. SOME PAINTING PROBLEMS AND THE ANSWERS By Dr. F. L. Browne, Senior Chemist, Forests Products Laboratory, Madison, Wi*. Reprinted from tbe A'otmnal Real Estate Journal, Sept., 1939. STAMFORD'S DOUBLE LIFETIME HOME A complete analysis of bard lead flabing. white lead paint, lead plumbing, plywood and red cejar CerUgrtd* *hingie details and installation methods. Rrpnnted from American Builder, July. 1939. STOP DEMON RUST LeaHet giving concise, simple inductions in tbe u-e of the rul preventing qualitiea of Red Lead Paint in protecting farm machinery. FEDERAL SPECIFICATION WW.P-32S For Pipe, Bends and Traps, LEAD Part 5 of Section IV of tbe Federal Standards Stock Catalog, official publication by tbe Govern ment Printing Office LEAD EQUIPMENT USED IN INDUSTRY By F. E. Wormier, Secretary of Lead In due trie* Association A summary of tbe u-es of lead in the production and handling of corrosive chemicals. Reprinted from "Metal Progress" to be included in tbe next edition of American Society for Metali Handbook. SUMMARY OF NOTES ON LEAD ROOFING A brief iJe*i rtptioo of the u*e. of It-aJ fur roofing end flashing purposes and tbe propet practices of its application. Reprinted from Sheer Metal H'orker. NEW LEAD COATING PROCESS ELIMINATES USE OF ZINC ALLOYS By W, Yonkman, Engineer, Western Eleetrie Co. A description of a successful bot dip lead coating process with complete instructions fm changing o-efrom bot dip galvanizing using tbe same equipment. Reprinted from Product Engineerin', May. 1944 COMMERCIAL STANDARDS: Calking Lead. CS94-41 Lead Pipe, CS-9S-41 Lead Traps and Bend*, CS96-41 Official publication* by the Government Glinting Of fice of tbe above Commercial Standards a* promul gated by the l . $. Department of Commerce through the National Bureau of Standards, effective June 25. 1941. LEAD COATINGS ON STEEL By Harold A. Knight, News Editor, Metal* and Alloy* A thorough discussion of bot dip and electroplated coatings on steel sheet, wire and fabricated prod ucts including tbe technique of application, thick ness of coatings, uses and advantages. Reprinted from tbe November, 1944 i**ue of Metals and Alloyt, LEAD X-RAY SHIELDING Graphic chart based on recommendations of the International Commission on X-Ray and Radium Protection giving thicknesses of lead for respective voltage* in millimeters, inches and pounds per square foot. Soft lead gasket rings for 90 oiro. shells remain attached to ease to facilitate handling until copper jacket is applied. This company was experienced in the manufacture of soft lead die castings and they have produced over 40 mil lion of the rings in both 75-mm. and 90-mm. sizes. The die casting operation delivered the rings in groups of three or four attached to a gate. Each group could be picked up by the gate without dis torting the rings. The copper jackets were placed on the rings and they were pressed into place with the same operation which sheared the rings free from the gate. The ring with its jacket is stiff enough to be handled without damage. The solution of the problem of eco nomical manufacture of these delicate rings of soft lead is a demonstration that the desirable properties of lead need never be sacrificed for want of a means to make use of them. In this case knowledge and ingenuity found a way around the difficulty set up h\ the verv property, softness, that made lead the most suitable metal for th purpose desired. Buy VICTORY BONDS UPON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL " LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED. AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION UN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS OB* IBS LIA25866 PRINTED IN V. S. A. BY Pl'BI.miFBS J RIMING COMPANY N v\ YORK CITY