Document baVyGNjaN21JoOxRZkeRBEgbo

MAJOR GAS FIELDS AND PIPELINES C---- \, JL or. Vf^ / i. ./ A /Coins*-- w,0` r\ \ L_______ __ ______ i r > I '"ho i & 1---L. I k ( ,v- I^STa,,; a Wlf MAJOR OiL FIELDS AND PIPELINES jfiBS ''WVio.Ij _; i !** `J---------r .J . fejJ1 1 ------1------'III'V, x/ l` wr, 1,^ ---------- !VJ"" i-XjX Ara In which ttallirtd rMr>ln of 9m occur NatvroKgas pIptlliMi ^---- Lr~ UOENP -jgij* Canarol ovttlnai of the (* im|m oil-producing aroo ^ Cnido-oU pipeline* _ Product* pipeline* MOTtSl direction of mo|er root**, not pa cific lino*. Short Haas and food- . on In gathering orooa not shown sixth hydrogen. Puds other than coal may be used; in many parts of the world producer gas is mode from waste. Byproduct Got**. Commercial butane and propane are essentially byproducts of manufacture of natural gasoline and of certain refinery operations. As sup plied, propane (CHs) is essentially pure, while butane (C4H10) usually contains a small amount of propane. Both have high heating values, are easily liquefied at low pressure. They ere widely used as "bottled" fuels. SJut-hwooca got, a byproduct of Iron-making, has the lowest heating value of any commercial gos, about 90 Btu per cu ft. It is close to three-quar ters nitrogen and carbon dioxide, the only important combustible constitu ent being carbon monoxide. Raw gas, which usually contains a high concen tration of solid impurities, is normally washed before use. Unwashed gas, however, has been successfully burned in boiler furnaces (Power, Nov 193B, pp 588-591). In recent years, use of gas produced by digesting sewage sludge has become common practice in disposal plants. Sewage gas, or sewage-sludge gas, runs about' two-thirds methane end one third carbon dioxide, with small amounts of hydrogen, nitrogen and usually some hydrogen sulphide. Heat ing value is about 650 Btu per cu ft Although mostly used in engines, this gas is also burner fired. Petroleum and its byprod'1111 ucts furnish practically all 111 commercially used liquid fuels. Geologists believe decomposition of minute marine growths or possibly, at times, of vegetable motter formed the oil that lies trapped in pools be tween layers of the earth's crust This crude oil consists of 63-87% carbon and tO-14% hydrogen, plus traces of oxygen, nitrogen end sulphur. The hydrogen and carbon are combined os hydrocarbons. Crude oil moves from well to refin ery mainly by pipeline and tanker. Although virtually every state boasts some refining capacity, ten have al most 90% of the nation's total. Fuel oils move from refineries to nearby markets by truck, tank car and barge, with tankers serving seaboard areas. Banning Proca*aa. Since practically all liquid fuels arc either products or byproducts 0! refining, the way they are made hat more to do with their fuel qualities than the source of the crude. Refining consists of separating and, usually, recorabiniag the hydrocarbons of the fuel oil into specialised products like gasoline, fuel oil. etc. Basic process is simple distillation, which separates the hydrocarbons iota groups or "fractions" having the same range of boiling points. Prom Ught to heavy, typical fractions arc: (I) naph tha (3) gasoline (3) kerosene, and (4) gas oil. These are the distillate*! tte remainder, or residua/, is e heavy fad oil. Products of simple distillation ait called straight-run. Simple distillation is sometimes the whole story, but In modern refining is only the beginning. To secure grtsW gasoline yields, fractions heavier thm gasoline arc usually crocked, thsl** decomposed by heat and pressure, or without a catalyst Of the new WT* drocarbons resulting, son and some heavier; these sr* separated according to boiling rsRl** Cracking, unlike simple dUtiU** actually changes the hydrocarbons ture ao crude oil yields more val lighter hydrocarbons (gasoline) proportionately less heavy on** rs (743) 'del Aral Otis. Fuel oils used respect to water (at 60 F) into 141.5 commercially moy be either distillates and subtracting 1314 from the answer. or residuals, and either straight run or Gravity In degrees Baume is found in cracked. Straight-run products become the some way except the numbers are increasingly lets common as refinery 140 and 130, respectively. For practical practice Leons more heavily on crack- engineering work, the two gravity scales lag, and are, in general, premium may be considered the tame. grades. Thus the great bulk of commer- Vlicetlry. The relative ease or diffi dtlfuel oils ere crocked products; dis- culty with which an oil flows Is its ' tiliates form the source for lighter viscos/fy. It is measured by the time trades used in domestic and some com in seconds a stondard amount of oil mercial and industrial burners, whereas takes to flow through a standard orifice residuals supply the heavy oils for In a device called a viscosimeter. The larger commercial and industrial units. usual standard In this country is the > Refinery wastes, which hove little or Saybolt Universal, or the Sayboii 00 commercial value, are usually Purol, for oils of high viscosity. Since *>Umed ot the reAnery or in adjacent viscosity changes with temperature, pUnts. They include aeid sludge, tars tests must be made at a standard tern* . *nd tank cleanings or "bottoms." ' peroture, usually 100 F for Saybolt IpetWc Oroviry. Since hydrogen has Universal and 132 F for Furol. . * much higher heating value and lower Viscosity indicotes how oil behaves atomic weight than the other principal when pumped and, more particularly, - dement In fuel oil. it's easy to sec that shows when preheating is required and . U* proportions of carbon end hydro- what temperature must be held. affect both specific gravity and flash and Pour. Flashpoint represents Noting value. Because of this, specific the temperature at which on oil gives forms o reliable guide to an off enough vapor to make an inflam ' *" heating value (see table on p 77). mable mixture with air. Results of a gravity in degrees API flashpoint test depend on the appara (American Petroleum Institute) is tus, so this is specified as well - as 0u,*l by dividing specific gravity with temperature. Flashpoint measures oil's volatility and Indicates maximum tem perature for safe handling. Pour point represents lowest tem perature at which an oil flows under standard conditions. InetudlAg pour point in a specification insures thst an oil will not give handling trouble at expected low temperature. By centrifuging a sample of oil, amount of water and sediment can be found. These are impurities and while it is not economical to eliminate them, they shoutd not occur in excessive quantities (not more than 2%). In combustible impurities in oil, from natural salts, from chemicals in refin ing operations, or from rust and scale picked up in transit, show up os ash. Some ash-produclng impurities cause rapid wear of refractories and some are abrasive to pumps, valves and burner ports. In the furnace, they may form stag coatings. All tests above are covered by ASTM standards, which should be consulted for details of apparatus and methods (ASTM Standards on Petroleum Prod ucts and Lubricants, American Society for Testing Materials, 1916 Race St, Philadelphia 3, Pa.). Fuel oils have a tendency to deposit * December 1744 (743J 79