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CAPCO JEN 0000264
Asbestos in Water
A hazard to health?
CAPCO JEN 0000265
Introduction
testified: "Scientifically and medically I see no
Water supplies in various sections of the world
evidence for an increased incidence of cancer in
contain infinitesimal amounts of asbestos fiber,
those communities that could be attributed to the
along with other particulate matter. The fibers
presence of asbestos fibers in air or water."10
come primarily from natural sources, and secondly
Early in the trial, the court ordered an extensive
from man's activities, including the mining and mil
study of tissues from deceased persons in the
ling of asbestos-bearing rock and the manufac
Duluth area to determine the presence of asbes-
ture, use, and disposal of some asbestos- -,. tos fibers. The study failed to disclose any asbes-
containing materials.
tiform fibers which could have come from Reserve
Inhalation of excessive quantities of airborne
during the lifetimes of the subjects. The subjects
asbestos fiber in occupational settings is known to
i had been selected by Court witnesses as repre
increase the risk of respiratory disease and cer
sentatives. Only tissues from persons inhaling
tain types of cancer among industrial workers.
Duluth air and ingesting Duluth water in excess of
There is also an indication of an increased inci
15 years were examined.1"
dence of gastrointestinal (Gl) cancer among these
In a summary of medical testimony, before the
workers. This has led to speculation as to whether
Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, it was stated:
the general public is subject to a health risk from
"There is no evidence that ingestion of asbestos
the small amounts of asbestos fiber that may be
in any amount has ever caused disease in anyone.
found occasionally in water. In its report issued in
Thus, there is no evidence that Reserve's dis
1973. the Ad misery Committee co Asbestos Can
charge into Lake Superior (whether or not such
cers to the D rector of the Internet c: A Agency for
discharge contains any asbestos) constitutes a
Research on Cancer, a dr. ision o: fnc- World
present or future likelihood of disease." "
Health Organ!;a;.cn. stated that no evidence
In March 1975, the Court in its final ruling
exists which weerd support the existence of an
ordered the company to comply with all air and
increased risk cf cancer resulting from asbestos
water discharge regulations, but noted, "the evi
fibers present in water, beverages, food or in the
dence is insufficient to support the kind of demon
fluids used in the administration of drugs.
strable danger to the public health that would jus
Since
.: ' : ' - -. 1: ' c~'
tify the immediate closing" of the facility.
unconirc::_.. .
:
. h_.:, com
mitted itself to - >-
: ._ --..-rarkable
mineral in the- r. c:-.place and to control its opera
tions to eliminate the release of free fibers into the
environment A se-pamto AIA i\V- pamphlet dis
cusses asbestos in an T!v~ gemchle! is ad
dressed tc the issue of asbestos <n water.
Asbestos Filters Minute amounts of fiber in some beverages and
parenteral (injectable) drugs filtered through asbestos-containing filters have also been detected. It is difficult to determine whether the minute asbestos fibers in some liquids come from
^ the filter or are already in the water. There is
evidence that asbestos filters remove asbestos
material along with other particulates.
Asbestos Serves the World
k Asbestos-containing filters have been in world
Asbestos, used since antiquity, has widespread
wide use for many years. It is reasonable to
and important applications in our modern tech
inquire if beverages or food containing electron
nological society. Because of its remarkable re
microscope-size mineral fibers, including asbes
sistance to fire, heat, friction, and corrosion,
tos, might expose large populations to a potential
approximately 3.000 different products containing
health hazard. Numerous studies have shown that,
asbestos, ranging from pot holders to brake
despite their long-term use, there is no evidence
linings, from asbestos-cement pipe and building
that anyone has ever contracted gastrointestinal
cancer or mesothelioma from beverages or injec-
CAPCO JEN 0000266
table drugs filtered through asbestos filters. A measurement of the normal "background"
level of asbestos fibers provides a means of com paring the levels in beverages, and drugs filtered through asbestos containing filter pads. Studies in the United States and abroad have consistently shown that the asbestos content of various soft drinks, beers, wines, and parenteral drugs is no more than and, in many cases, less than the natural background level of asbestos detected in water.1113
Preliminary results of a 1973 survey made for the Food and Drug Administration showed that the use of asbestos-containing filters bears no rela tionship to the presence of asbestos fibers in the finished product.1' Thus, it is unlikely that the elimi nation of asbestos filters in the production of par enteral drugs will result in any reduction in asbestos content of the finished product.
Governmental Action The Environmental Protection Agency has
promulgated national waste water effluent stan dards for asbestos manufacturing operations to control the potential discharge of asbestos bearing waste into our nation's waterways and publicly owned treatment works. The asbestos manufacturing industry in the United States par ticipated in the development of these regulations.
In March 1975, the Food and Drug Administra tion published a regulation restricting the utiliza tion of asbestos filters in the manufacture, processing or packaging of components of drug products for parenteral injection in humans. At the same time, however, FDA reaffirmed a previous decision made in September 1973 that "promul gation of regulations on the limitations or prohibi tion of the use of asbestos filters for the prepara tion of foods and non-parenteral drugs ... is unwarranted until more reliable data can be ob tained concerning these matters ""
SUMMARY 1. Asbestos exists naturally in small though
detectable amounts in certain rock formations
materials to packing and gaskets are in daily use throughout the world. In the vast majority of these products, the asbestos is "locked-in" with cement, resins, or other binders which restrict fiber release during normal handling or use. In 1974, nearly 850,000 tons of asbestos, primarily chrysotile from Canada, was used in the United States. Worldwide production is about 5 million tons.
Gl Cancer and Asbestos Exposure Both human evidence and animal experimenta
tion regarding a possible relationship between excessive asbestos exposure and an increased risk of gastrointestinal cancer is scanty and con tradictory.3 Some researchers have reported higher-than-normal rates of Gl cancer among in dustry groups heavily exposed to airborne as bestos.3 Several major animal feeding experi ments, however, produced no tumors in the Gl tracts of the animals, even though the amounts of fiber fed to the animals were massive when com pared with human occupational exposures known to result in respiratory disease.4
While some injection experiments have pro duced site and mesothelial tumors in test animals, the amount of fiber used in each case was so large as to render any attempted translation to human experience inappropriate. The studies strongly suggest that development of cancers in test animals is directly related to dose and. even more importantly, to the size of the fiber used in the experiment. Electron microscope-sized fibers (less than 5 microns in length) did not produce tumors in test animals.3 Medical opinion on the subject of gastrointestinal cancer and heavy occupational exposure is divided. Some experts consider the evidence in conclusive while others believe that only a "small risk" may exist. `
Asbestos-Cement Pipe Asbestos-cement pipe has been used to
convey potable water for more than half a century in North America, Europe and other parts of the world. The question has been raised as to the
CAPCO JEN 0000267
possible health hazard of drinking water conveyed through these pipes.
It can be assumed that, if there is a relationship between gastrointestinal cancer and use of asbestos-cement pipe, there would be an increase in the cancer rate as use of the pipe has increased. U.S. Public Health Service records show, however, that incidence of Gl cancer in the United States has steadily declined though the usage of asbestos-cement pipe has risen signifi cantly.'
In a study of drinking water in nine cities that used asbestos-cement pipe for periods ranging from 8 to 17 years, not one of the water samples, either before or after passing through the asbes tos-cement pipe, contained fibers that were visible under a light microscope. The highest asbestos content found in this study was 6 micrograms per gallon, about one five-millionth of an ounce. This means that if a man were to drink eight glasses of water a day he might swallow a total of twentyseven ten-thousandths of an ounce (.0027) of asbestos in a lifetime of 70 years."''
A special committee of asbestos-health experts convened by The American Water Works Associ ation Research Foundation reviewed all available data and concluded that the "risk to health from the use of (asbestos-cement water pipe) systems is small--approaching zero.""
Reserve Mining Case Perhaps the most widely publicized alleged
health hazard from asbestos in water is the case of the Environmental Protection Agency vs. Reserve Mining Company. The case, involving the disposal of waste taconite tailings into Lake Superior, became a health issue when it was claimed that the tailings contained cummingtonite, said to be a form of asbestos.
Many experts were called for testimony during the proceedings. The court appointed witness, Arnold L. Brown, M.D., Chairman of the Depart ment of Pathology and Anatomy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, stated that there is no evi dence of an excess of cancer in Duluth, Silver Bay, or other North Shore communities and further
throughout the world and for millions of years has been released into the environment through erosion by wind and water.
2. The Advisory Committee on Asbestos Cancers of the International Agency for Research on Cancer has stated that evidence does not indi cate a risk of cancer resulting from asbestos fibers present in water, beverages, food or fluids used in the administration of drugs. Levels of asbestos found in beverages, drugs, etc., have not been demonstrated to be hazardous to human health.
3. The evidence for a relationship between heavy occupational asbestos inhalation and increased risk of gastrointestinal cancer is incon clusive.
4. There is no existing evidence of a relation ship between gastrointestinal cancer and drinking water carried through asbestos-cement pipe.
5. The asbestos content of various soft drinks, beer, wines and parenteral drugs filtered through asbestos containing filter pads is no more than and in many cases less than the natural back ground level of asbestos that may be found in the world's water sources.
REFERENCES 1. "Report of the Advisory Committee on As
bestos Cancers to the Director of the Interna tional Agency for Research on Cancer." British Journal of Ind. Medicine. Vol. 30. pp. 1 80-1 So, 1S73. 2. "Report on Research at St. James' Hospital, Leeds, England" by L.M. Swinburne. Appen dix 4, including report from Asbestos Re search Council. October 1970-October 1971. 3. "Cancer Risk of Insulation Workers in the United States," a paper by I.J. Selikoff and E.C. Hammond presented at IARC Confer ence on the Biological Effects of Asbestos, Lyon, France, 1972. 4. "Feeding of Blue Asbestos to Rats" by F.M. Bonser and D.B. Clayton, 1967, Annual Re port, British Empire Cancer Campaign for Research, p. 242.
CAPCO JEN 0000268
5. "The Locus of Pathogenicity of Asbestos Dust" by P. Gross, Archives of Environmental Health, Vol. 27, p. 240,1973.
6. "Asbestos: The Need for and Feasibility of Air Pollution Controls," National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants, ISBN 0-30901927-3,1971.
7. "Asbestos-Cement Water Pipe and Health" A/C Pipe Producers Association, Washing ton, D C., p. 4,1973.
8. "A Study of the Problem of Asbestos in Water," The American Water Works Re search Foundation, American Water Works Association Journal, Sept. 1974, p. 5.
9. "Asbestos-Cement Water Pipe and Health," A/C Pipe Producers Association, Washing ton, D.C., p. 3,1973.
10. From testimony by Dr. Arnold Brown in Federal District Court as quoted in Con gressional Record, Jan. 29, 1975, p. S11 79.
IT. From testimony in Federal District Court as quoted in Congressional Record, Jan. 29, 1975, P. S1180.
12. "Asbestos Fibers in Beverages and Drinking Water," by A.M. Cunningham and R. Ponte fract, Nature, Vol. 232, p. 332-333,1971.
13. Report to Food and Drug Administration by Mr. Philip McGrath, July 10, 1 973.
14. Report to the Acting Director, Bureau of Drugs by Dr. J. Richard Crout, 1973.
15. Federal Register, March 14,1975, p. 11867.
NORTH AMERICA
Additional copies of this pamphlet are available.
Asbestos Information Association/North America 1660 L Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20036
CAPCO JEN 0000269