Document baEagE1y1xq6YQyJ2D5v1ZMJ1

FILE NAME: Phenolic Resins (PHR) DATE: 1945 Apr 30 DOC#: PHR035 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Unpublished Report - The Carcinogenicity of Bituminous Compounds, Literature Review ft wOV*'wl >"^*''"' ^ TOI CABCINOQXSICITT 07 BITOMIHOOS C0MP0U1DS *# Litr*taro lo ria * A p ril 39, 1913, tM ta lM l * M * m l D lrlalo* ! k t T n i Po m t l r Torli P i t i Za tow o f th# insana# aaooat f pabllaha ln fo sn a tlo a oa Tarlo# phaaaa o f tho acne or probi* i t ahould bo M phaalsod th a t th la llta r a ta r a rari firn # only a rapi sarray f aralopnonta la th# f i a l o f aaaoor raaaaroh aa oppila lr a a tly to th# p a tro la a a , aool t a r , o li ahola oa o lila in atrio # . I h lla l t lo fa r fr a * b a ia * #onpl#tn, yot l t la b allar# th at a o a t o f tho la p o rta a t oorfe la th la p o rtin o la f i a l haa bona aoraro, o lth o r la tho roport l t a a l f or la orno o f tho h lb llo fr n p h la a l r a fa r enaaa c lr a a l a tho appaadlz aa roforro to a t th# bottan o f p ofa 1 . M. P . 80M THI CARClNOQtlICm 07 BITOMICUS COMPOOll* I t baa lo baan W i n d bat tba la .ld a .c a o f abl ( U ,, r i . reatar a orbar 1 a rta ln ln d u atriaa and " tl0Ba tba a tb jo p u latlo n aa b o lo . A ttaatlon f t r r * diraotad 1 17*7 to tb .r y blb dM tb. rat# M u lti ncm M *M 1 o f .h t M .T ... ! t t 1 . o lb t ( U H o r . M -K 1 tb M . ,, r t .r a tba In t b . ( .a r a i oublia U fc lM i, " I t a lt^ l gtataa t b . ra tio o f aaaaar h i h U U n n M ` 1* *m M * t t " ' 9f tua gasara,i p o p a la^atla a ^ . tm a M C tlM llr a ll aaaaa U l> tlMl . r o ta that la attaakadi th ia la ala tha a lta la o l a a p la a w V Mar diaauaaaA la ta r . arhara U othar la ia a trla a aoada U .llr a a t aoataat l t t u w , p lta ta o , ahala a lla , a ta . l i t o l a a i a high laaiAamaa a f ahfta aamaar, fa r a n a d ia , llo r a r a I * W i> hrlgaattaa, ta r roaflag aaa frao arratiraa, r U f U w fta la a a la tla g aearpeaada, ahala prohaat, ata* ; .; Pi U a gita a f tha r ta o p itta a a f tha para a g g ir a ti y tha aaiaa a f mot am til r a la U r a ly raaaatiy th at O to U lahorataiy am im i* t r t h r l h * im a it lg ata ia t a U a a a 1 (ur; ttaalarly airar*!!* rari ava a f th ia M fc * 4t v* 14.29, 3 t - , T i, *71 a f tha I a t i ornai Oamaar Zmmt&tmta aararlm# f ^r- -2 - ^ which 1A9 are T9 .orted to be ca rcin o g e n ic^ !. L . F . F lcaer our knowledge in th in fie ld aa fo llo w s ^ ! Aa Judged b7 e l l ^ liable data fo r the production o f ifcln end auboutasaoua tunora in rata and n ic e , s th y lobolanthrene probably la the co at potent o f the known ohenioal otrcinogans. Systaatatls atudiea o f syn th etic sodel compousda hare shown tha&.the e th y l group la o f no laportanoa to tha fu n ction in g o f the ooupoundt th at much, i f not a l l o f tha e ffie a o y o f cholenthrene la retained In the analogoue hydrocarbon 5 .1 0 -d lciethyl1 .2- bsazanthraeene; and th a t the oat a lg n lfle a n t atru o tarai featu re o f cholenthrene or ethyloholanthreat la tha 1,2-benzanthraoana rin g ayate with a certon su b stitu en t a t the aeso p o e itio a 10 IftrMethy1-1,2 bentan three ene evokes sa re o n a in alee- n early aa rap id ly aa methyl shol anth r e a t, and, though i t la d ia tin a tly la sa a ffe c tiv e In tha production o f skin oanoar, tha aubstanao aonatltutea tha nearest approach in a stap le odal eoapound to a s la a la tlo n o f tho b io lo g ic a l propo rtle e o f tho hydrooarbon o f aoro Duplicated structure A ll twelve p o ssib le ueneuethyl d e riv a tiv e s o f tho in - a o tiv e 1 ,2-bensanthraaona hero boas ayntheaiaed and tested , fo r oaralnogaalo e e t iT lt y , and o f those tho 10*tooaor la * tha oat p o ten t. Tha aao^oabatltuted 9 -ath yl eoapound stands next In order o f potency, follow ed c lo s e ly by tho 5-nethyl d e r iv e tir e , ebloh produced oarooaaa In lo o lth a la te n t period abont tw ice aa lone th a t obaorrod with 10- a t h y l- l ,2-b e**anthreeene. M ethyloholanthreue and benzpyrene earn be recorded aa 1,2-bansenthree anas ab ut1tu t ad a t tha noao p o sitio n s 10 and 9 , r e s p e c tiv e ly , and in w d a l eoupounde the eowblnatlon o f ho two type* o f su b stitu tio n la p a rtia n la rlr favorable nulG-D iuathyl 1 .2- baasenthreaana psodnood akin tuner* In n la a w ith renarkable ra p id ity and In th is te a t aornasaaa n e th y l- cholanthrena In spoed o f a a tlo n , hooch i t la loan ...-- e ffe c t Ir a whan ad n in lstared by anbentaneoua In je c tio n . Tha thlophana la a la cn a o f the hydrooarbon has oonparablO p ro p e rtla a * . bua tro ua attan p ta have bean nadc to lo o la to tho d sfln i# oarelnogacia oanpounds In cool to r by noons o f d is t illa t i o n , solvent extraction , e tc ?*, but c h ile very potent fraetio n a have been obtained, the In d iv id u a l eonpouada have bean d i f f i c u l t to coperato i naavay and Hiagap proaad tba araln ogan ioity o f 1 ,8 ,5 ,6 -4 1 nnxanthpaoeno, tba f i r a t pura oaroinofanio bydoroorbon k s m . Cook, Hiaar and H a a ltt 24ln 1933 ia o la ta d 1,8-banspyrana, 4 ,5-banpyrana and 1,2-banxanthPooana and aatln atad th a t tba o r i* ln a l onl t ir pitoh oontalnad not la a a tban 0.003* o f tho potont 1 ,8-bana- pyrana. savaral in a a a tig a to ra 88 , 84 , 88 bata tU a p U d to acar- ralata oapolnoganaala t l t t fluoraaoanoa. For azan p la, tba aanaop- produolng n o ta r ia l fom ad by tba a a tlo a f A1C1# on tatrah ydro- aapbtbalana abona a b lu a - t ia la t flu araaaaan a, abowia* ttooo banda, 4000. 4180 and 4400 d . ., * l a b ara a ln ila r ta tba flnaraaaanaa apaotpw o f 1, 8-bannantbraoana 44 Kaananay and H iasar mgg*Mt tba p o a a ib ility o f tba uaa o f tba fluoraaoanoa apaatrum fo r tba ppallninary azaoainatloa of atapiala auapaotad o f b a la s auroinogaa. An lapoptant fa a t brousbt oat by aavaral in a a a tig a to ro la tbat tba t --aaratupa to abiob a t a r , abala o l or patralaun o l baa baan aubjaotad datorminoa lt a aapolnogania a a t lT lt y . la ganaral, i t would aam tb a t tanparoturaa ap to 5000. aro w itbout - a ffa e t M but abara tb at tanparotura oortlnogana ara forn ad , tba ________yi , u xTi M t a m a seo u l oooo. " M - S I " * lU H O tr o . u a r t a i n f u i m m *1t. t t u O f . -- m u ** oooountln* fo r T0* o f a l l aaaaa of ta r oanoor ln tba Qnltod Statoa , lis . hila tba aoka oran jrodmat aaaaaa only 04 Wblla patrolaun raalduaa r a m lt ln * fr o nodarata baat traotnant ara ln a a tira 1 ,0 , yat by p arala* an la a a tlv a C a lifo rn ia patrolaua througb a tuba a t 880C. XOnnanay and L o ltab abtalnad o aary .a t it a oaralno*an 60. - InaaU a. d la iu l p ^ a ffln t i l baatad to 380C. undar 50 a t a i. proaaura ..pairad aaaa aaraln a*aala a c tiv ity 101. Kennaway likew ise obtained an ao tive n a tu ria l by pas1*6 .ogrcnc through a tube f i l l e d with w and heated to 8XCC. 115 " * ietaon aohleved e la lla r resu lts with turpentine a t 650C. Aeetylene y ie ld s an a o tiv e produet on being passed threudh a red hot tube 69 but I t au st be pointed out th a t treatment with AICI3 a t room temperature a lso produces an a e tiv e eoapound 61. Ou tbs other head, a ra th e tie lnhriaaeiw * mi\m predueed by AICI3 polym erisation a t temperatures up to 150G. were e n tir e ly iaaetive i t is suggested that the condensation products of acetylene are o f a nore eoaplieated nature and probably sore unsaturated than those obtained fro a ethylene. The oareiaogenio a o t lv it y o f ta rs depends apparently not only on the temperatures at th e ir fo rn a tio a but a ls o an the o h ^ le a l eoapound used as the base stock 100. ?or example, a ta r node f r a PlAM f 350C. was fa r nore a e tiv e than one fro a turpentine made s im ila r ly , the r e la tiv e potencies being 100l i t * Pinoae ta rs nado a t 500, 600, 750, 050 and 950*C. had r e la tiv e potencies o f 0 , IX , 14 , 100 and 04. Q & d jtlff * syn thetic ta r a t 100*0. reduced i t s potency froa 100 to 65, and a t 150-160*0. i t s potency f a l l to 0 . Oxidation with an aoetaue so lu tio n o f O h O | reduoed the potency to 04; with pyridine as a s o lv e n t, almost to 0 . The a e tiv e co n stitu en ts o f aynthetle tars fora cry stallin e ploratca. the r a n a lils t filt r a t e being almost in a c tiv e , and the ptdrate extremely p o ten t. U 1* oareiaogenio, probably as a re su lt of the high temperatures to which o i l shale i s subjected 104. However, temperatures below 400*C. give a r e la t iv e ly in a c tiv e product, 500C and above being required -5- Ia ngland whare high temperature t ip i t used ia iSS manufacture, there ere men? oaaes of skin oanoer aj*>ag th* workmen, whioh i t not the otae in Franoe where the low tcmpereture product ia used. The greatest amount o f in v e stig a tio n o f any type of occupational oanoer haa been carried out on m J,c fp^nnera awnaey in the ootton mi11a o f Lanoaahlme, England. Southern and Wllaon 88 in 1982 f i r s t o alled a tte n tio n to the excessive oeourrenee of oanoer in mule sp in n ers. Women workers are not affeo ted and about j 70* ot 111 n in u le spinners ia o f the eerotam 84, apparently . due to the f a c t th a t a mule spinner at work wnlka to and fro in front of h is machine, leaning over the moving frame fr o tin e to tin e to jo in up broken ende o f the yarn. The base o f the frame i s on lev e l with the groin end the spindlee on the frame ee they rap id ly revolve throw o f f o i l f fo a th e ir bear Inga onto the e lo th e a . In tha hot m ills the aen perspire fr e e ly and eo wash o f f the natural | grease of the ak in , thus allow ing the o i l cLcser ooataot 18 . (' Ir rita tio n by the trousers and o v e ra lls a lso helps the process. I t la in te re stin g to note th a t no trouble of th is so rt was aotioed ia i Sagland u n t il minoral o i l roplaood animal and vegetable o ils as e j v m ^ l lubrioant . Henry estim ates th at 0.20* o f a l l ootton anile spinners in Xnglaad s u ffe r from s e ro ta l oanoer. On the other hand in tha United S ta te s during 1984, fo r s a m p le , there were only 88 deatha from oanoer o f the scrotum, of vhioh only three o f the viotime mmT* t e x t ile workers and three were mule epinmers; four o f the s ix j ere born in England and the other two in Canada * 8, whioh tends to show th at mule pinner oanoer la ra re ly contracted ia the United S ta te s . ^ woolen a l l l in the United S ta te s employing about 800 mule no 0 of norottX o .n o .r m . founi < * . s lll. . , h. Mth04 of op eretlo. t h l . o ^ lp w n t 1. t s . n n l ,, both oountrlo. th is o t r li " * 0atr8St i J * t trlbutod bjr n o a lito a 40 to t k . fo o t th o t ^ o t t l .h *M i * o i l la uood la the Unooohlro 1 1 1 , . Eoooror, the U to ro tu ro i t not e n tir e ly oleor aa to tha o r lo ln end %pe of the o i l need la Lanoajhire in male pinning L eitch 70 brings out a fo o t o f poeaible s ig n ific a n c e , to t * e ffe o t that oanoar i . not known in woolen a n ln n lM m n T. ttiougb the sana maehlnes are used as in tbs otto fa c t o r ie s , but points out th a t tba roon temperatures in tba ootton n i l l s ara mioh bighor, possibly resu ltin g in aura relaxation of tba tlssuas of tba sorotun and perm itting entry of o i l in to tbs sabaoaous f o l l i o l a s . Brookbenk , however, sta ta s th a t in tba woolen industry piaoing of broken nds o f yapn is dons with both bands with a forward le v a l bending ove.ent of tba body and thus tb srs is not tbs Sana f r ic t io n of tba olothea on tha sorotoa as in tbs cotton n i l l s . Ha a d n its , however, that tba sana o i l i s usad in both typos of n i l l s . As a r e s u lt of tbs prelim inary in v e s tig a tio n o f Southan and v.iison mentioned above, tba Manchester Canoer Commiesion, con s is tin g of nor# than f i f t y neabers, waa organimad in 19ts under tba direction of Dr, c . C . Twort to in v e s tig a te the n in e ra l o il s ueed in Manchester ootton n i l l s . Lubricating o i l . from the various fie ld s throughout tbs world wore found to have widely varying degress of a o tiv ity . A aanpla o f Yononuela o i l was very potent while Hnaalaa ad vspj gfl samples were on on average la s s th one-tenth as a c tiv e . P u r ifie d a S & o ln U o i j had no oarcinogenio properties and averal ?ftP9ftj f l afrl f 9l l t . such as sp am , o liv e , rope, oottonseed nd aeatsfoo t o i l , fa ile d to produoe tumora whan applied to a lo e , 7 f ven under the most severe experimental o o n d itio ae. in general lir e i , the more eaturn ted ere the eo astitu e n t hydxooarbwna o f th# lubr lo ttin g o i l , the leee oapable ere the/ of indue in Oftnoer in experimental anim als, the pfeysioal o h arao terletlo e being the ssrne x . This prelim inary report as o r itio ls e d seveM y in an d lta r ia l in the "Petroleum Times" o f London * in th a t while various o il oompanies (Anglo-Aaarioan, :*nglo-Praian and 3fcellgax) had contributed 1,000 fo r two years fo r the support of this in v e s tig a tio n , yet the Menoheeter Saaoer Commieeion had not availed I t s e lf of the eervioee tad advioe of expert from the o il industry r e la tiv e to the o h erao terietio e end methode of t r e a t ment of petroleum o i l s . It s In s titu te o f Petroleum Technologists, bile making no d e fin ite eritlo iam e a t t h is time o f the work of the o o m laeio n , formed a oommittee o f it e on to fo llo w oldeely tha ork in progross W . In 1934 Dr. A . X . Duneta n , D r. 7 . H. Serner and k r . James Kewley of the In s t it u t e of Petroleum Technologists are shown as members o f the Uaaohester Coemission 81 In 1933, Twort and Lyth 104 o f the Uenehsster Sensor Committee reported th at by means of so lv e n ts, en tru sts wore obtained of high r e fr e o t iv lt y and correspondingly high oaroinogan io ity . Their raoonmendations fo r the eeleo tlo n of an o i l o f low oaroinogenioity era ae fo llo w s: '\hn s e le c tin g from several mineral o ila with sim ila r g ra v ity , epeoify th a t with the loweet r e fr a c tiv e index; when sele o tin g from those with sim ila r r e fr a c tiv e index, epeoify that; lt h the h ig h e st g ra v ity ; hen se le o tin g from those with sim ilar r u fr a o tlv ity , sp aeify th at with the high est v is c o s it y ; and hen gflo tlag fro o r ig in alono, ohoooe in tho fo llo w in g ordori gassian, Pennsylvanian, Tazas, xidcoatin aat, koxioaa, C alifornian, Persian, P.ucania, Borneo, Tonozuols^ alalo. However, i t ahould bo emphasized a t th is p oint that tbosa authors s ta te d e fin it e ly th s t "adequate rofln < a o f any of tho o ils haadlod, of no n a tte r what o r ig in , ro a u lta in a produot ............................... only a very low oaroinogenlolty" 104. M ao , that a ainalo oztraotion o f an unroflnod d ia t illa t o with 80, nay profoundly lowor tho a o t lv it y of a p reviously Tory dangerous o i l , hila a aooond o ztra o tio n nay rondar i t a lao a t in a r t . Thoy atato that " i t la probably ooauMroially fo a a lb lo to tro a t o ila of any origin , or o lla of any dagrao of oaroinogonlo a c t i v i t y , so th a t thoy nay bo loaa dangoroua than oran tho Tory boat of tho a tra lg h t o lla used to d ay ". Thoy oTldontly aaauao that untroatod t o z t ilo o lla aro asod in tho Lanoaahiro n i l l a . Lyth of tho Soaniaalqn fu rth er stated 71 that when tho refrsot l v lt y * of an o i l woo lo as than 0.3&00 i t was found to bo non to zio , h ilo ben the value was greater thn 0.5000, tho o il wan highly to z io . Ponnaylvaninn o lla and c e r ta in m ild ly treated o lla were an oxooption. The lo ain o f an o i l soama to a ffo rd an indloatlon of lt a to x lo lty , providing the o i l has not been treated and again the higher the v alu e, the aore potent the o i l . The to x lo lty lnoreaaea in the earns order aa iodine v a lu e , sxpept fo r Peanaylvanian o ils whloh again eeeapy too high a p o a ltle a . The pomanganato values are net regarded a t of any vala in ooanootioa with a a tin a tln g tho to x lo lty of o l i o . *(K fra o tiv ity S 1 ) I .ujfcn Bflu< th at ex tra ct*io n with a lco h o l , oetone, t o ., c l> aau a o iJ treatm ent, lead to * reuaction in iha potanoy, * 9. p aciaily in the oas* of the more potent o il but m corresponding reduotlon in the r e fr a c t iv it y doe not alwaya occur here a narked reduction in the r e fr a c t iv it y doe ooour, there i , without exception, a narked deoreaae la oaroinogenioity; with a narked iaareae in re- fr a e t iv it y , a corresponding iaoraaae la potenoy. 7,here the re fract l v it y ia not nuch a lte r e d , the poteney nay or nay aot be affeoted and further te s ta are neoessaxy type. Ia pite of the eppareat d e fin ite fin d in g and reoonnendationa o the Manchester Canoer Coanlselon, the Canear Research Conn itte e of the In s titu te o t Petrolefcn^Teehnoloalete 81 was aot oonvlnoed that "the s o -c a lle d inoldeaoe of oaaoer is in any sh&pe or fo ra connected * ith the uae of a p ia d e o lla " . So elaboration of th is atatenant wee given , but was p ossibly basad on rsfln e d o i l s only being used as t e x t ile lu b rlo a n ta . An e d it o r ia l in the "Petroleua Tinea" o f London in 1937 onoe again attacked the oonelualons of the Hanoheeter C p a a ltte e , pointing out that only one o i l fro n eaoh o f e nunber o f eountrlee was e x e n in e c . - 10 In 1937 the Federation o f Master Ootton Spinners ooiation sent oat le t t e r to l i e neafcere reoounendlng th at ^jjfO purohasing spindle o ils a guarantee should be obtained g ,st the o il confom a to the a p ecifio a tio n s of the Manoheater Caaeer Conail salo n , and that teete bad ahearn that nany of the oils la use a t th at tin e conformed to the s p e o lflc a tio n . While throughout the reported oork o f the Manchester Caaeer (gaaisaion i t la stated repeatedly th a t aold or solvent treatment o f , potent o i l g re a tly re duoe a or e lin in a te a i t s a o t iv lt y 99 109* *1, yet in 1939 Teort and Lyth in v estig ated aeid and s la y treated d is t illa t e s from a Bourne e l l and found then to bo a o tlv o , tho a a x i- - * - - . -- gm potoney being a t a v ls e e d ity o f 100-380 op a t 180. Molecular d is tilla tio n gave a greater_eoneentrution of tho oaroonogonla n a te ria l t_ha-n was -- obtained ~ by ordinary d i s t i l l a t i o n at fren 3-10 *. a--n-. In oiflrnatlon of previous findings ths niddls fraction s of th is Borneo o i l wore n e a tly responsible fo r p a th o lo gica l changes in tbs organs* a oarelnogenle shale o i l was separated by n o leeu lar d is t illa t io n in to fra c tio n s uhleh were subjected te abronatographis adsorption* Two apparently pure hydrocarbons have been is o la te d and are being in vestigated A recent report (1941) by 0 . 0* Teort o f tbs Kaashaster Caneer Conmlssion 109 s ta te s th at f t a are variable. lsngthy and ao stly and th a t a more r e lia b le e a tln a te o f tho e a re in sg a n lelty of o ils oaa bo obtained fro n tho ro fr a o tlv o index and v is o o a lty . (Tet the data on ehleh s e le c t ion o f thooo boo p roperties was baaed art obtained by naans o f th is v a ria b le akin t o s t .) Woodhouss of ths Blsmiaghau Cancer Basearch Laboratory also sta te s th a t nouae te s ts to dotom ino saro in o gan iaity are d i f f i c u l t -11- I %0 correlate with human tendeaoias to oanoer unless these animal M fta ara strongly p o sitiv e or negntive 121 * fo r example. two o ils *er* taatad (a) from a apinninc: n l l l where no oaaes of male spinners 0^ioar had bean recorded, and (b) from a m ill whera s ix oanoera bid recently been reported. house ta a ta ladloated a lig h t oerolaogenla properties in the oeee of the two o ila but a greater a ctio n on mioe 0f (a} than (b) . Dr. X . M. Brookbenk, ohairman o f the Manchester Cancer Ccamiaein. h* a b r ie fly sunnarixed the in v e s tig a tio n s o f the Coaoiaeiom ia reeent publioation 16. Ha l i a t a the hygien ic precautions to be axeroiaad in mule spinning and urges the adoption o f the o i l s p e o lfi- oatioe given previously by Twort. He a lso makes th is in te re stin g naralizn ti on: "As a general ru le an o i l th at la stron gly d a m a tltla i l l not be stro n gly earolnoganlo and vioa v e rs a ". This la alao ntitioned by Kannnsmy 61 who atetea th a t ayolohexena (which is ncm- earelaoganlo) is axtramaly ir r i t a t i n g to the akin and should pro- daoa oanoar i f ohronio ltr lta tlo m ware an a a a a n tla l f so tor in oaroinogansals. | Aa mentioned p rev io u sly , ih a la o il s are aery oeroinogsulo and in the Sonttiah shale industry the oese incidence o f skin oanoer la about 0. 1% per annum among the e l l workers but 0. 8% >{ the p araffin workers M (th is is baaed on a 8 year reco rd ). Tfcie a c tiv ity o f p a r a ffin is r e s tr ic te d by Schwera and Tulipon to the crude produot, the rfin ed wax being in a c tiv e , whloh view ia supported by Wood who s ta te s that the ao tive components are present only la the crude p araffin o i l s . with regard to the r e fin in g o f petroleum o i l s . Wood 120 ade an In v e stig a tio n o f r e fin e r ie s in Pennsylvania and found no orotol oanoer, whloh waa confirmed by H e lle r However, H eller -IS ***** idea o f oaroinogenio compounds in Mid-Continent o il a r,fin# d in plant in Ohio and In d ian a. Hero o i l b o il aro f a i r l y on and in some o aso . load to kin oanoor. In on o a s . a j a r i f . n n -- prlaanan in th Middlo Woat was troatod fo r "wax b oil fo r thr 7ara when a oanooroua growth dosolopod on tho r ig h t foroarm *ad was romosod, but o ig h t years la to r a ooad sim ila r growth in tb# amo plaoo had to bo romosod. H o lla r a lo found rooord. o f of akin oanoor in anothor re fin e r y , using orudo from tho fio ld ; ight oases had ooourrod in th is r e fin e r y and one waa f a t a l . A ll of the oaneers were preceded by w arta. The length o f exposure before mallgnanoy appeared saried from four to th ir ty four yeara. The part most often affeo ted was the aerotum and a l l but one man worked in the p a r a ffin department. These eases wore oaused by un- rtI n_e<L ? H a and H a m i l t o n s t a t e s that ao fa r there is no proof of the occurrence of akin oanoer in the V *S . from the use o f r e fined lu b r ic a tin g and aplndle o ils which have been a o id -tre a te d . H e lle r bellewes that the r e la tiv e freedom from occu I pational oanoer in the U .S . is due to the m echanization o f in d u s tria l processes, presenting d ir e c t oontaot with the pitoh and bar; the ertansise employment o f negroea, who are apparently leaa subjeot to akin ir r it e n t e than w hitea; the use o f re fin e d lu b riean ts from crudes whieh are peer in eerelnogenlo p ro p e rtie s, and the use of tar from eoke--osens instead of from gaa works. P h illip s ^ reports the p articu lars o f a study oarrisd out by the U . 3 . Publie Health S e rsice >aa to the ineldenoe of oeeu- Patlonal cancer in Texas. The records of 1190 ln d isld u a ls basing nioroaaopieally w erifled skin canoera were analyzed, ooserlnr, the Period 1930 to 1940. The ooeupation of the la rg e s t group of these -13 patients was outdoor work (farming sad ranching); the work of poueewifee oomaa naxt in order, followad by various a e t iv it is s requiring modarata outdoor U f a * The profaaalona vara n axt, followad by laborers and oarpantars. The ra ilro a d and petroleum induetriea furnished faw cutaneous cancera. O afafar and sltgreavee in a U .S . Publio H ealth report i*ued in 1940 S7 analyse 70 eases o f eanaar reoorded fo r the mala weaker o f the elok b a n a fit plan o f an o il anpany during the period 1933h36; there ware 46 deaths. The death rata was 0.76 par 1000 and a frequency o f l . S par 1000 ( a l l U .S . death rata 0.96 par 1000) Almost 70% o f the deaths ware r e la te d to the digestive system and the rata fo r t h ia a it a was higher than in the u h l population. Deaths from eanaar o f the gan lto-u rinary system see t,9% of the t o t a l , eoapared to 16.0$ in the ease of the to ta l papulation. In 1934 Canpbell ** nada laboratory taata on miea with duet obtained from tarred raadn. This duet caused warts and oaneer o f the akin and in a ix months 64 out o f 69 nioe showed tTpieal ta r w arta, h a lf o f whiah developed malignanoy. This fla ilin g was confirmed by X lln g , aeneonow and Beroe, 66 who alao spparated a substance oontaining the bensopyrene naeleus from the t e r . However, Hogouneg 47 ia doubtful o f the danger from road ta r einca it usually takas years of dirsot ooatast of soal tar to the akin to produce akin can cer. (Teutsehlaender c a ll s s tte n tio n to th* fact that almost a l l In d u strial oaoeers require an exposure of about tea years before growth appears, although a fsw easas may a rise anoh la t e r ) . Yalade 111 likew ise is o f the opiniom th a t while p r l- aary lung tm w n can be induoad in mice painted with te r or exposed -14- to inh alation of duat fro a ta r roada, yet that a raa u lta oannot ba tranafer**4 * kUMana. n ia a la other than alo e ahould ba aaployed in axpariaanta and an inquiry ahould ba oarrlad out on workere ax poaed d a ily to auoh duata. Wbila tha Manufacture o f briouattaa in Xngland ia attandad by * bigb oanear r a t a , 88 alnaa hlgh-taaperaturo ta r ia uaad, jrat in the fa a p lan t* in tha U .3 . Making briquattaa oanaar la a n tir a ly ibaent, p a rtly dua to tha laak o f oontaat with tha binder alnoa tha prooeaa bar la a n tir a ly naehanizad and p a rtly dua to tha uaa of pttroleun aaphalt aa a binder, 88 Thia fin d in g vaa oonflm ed by vood in hia in vestigatio n of briquette manufacture in Pennsylvania. Iha ad d itio n o f glyoarldaa 89 radueaa tha oarolnogenlo potenoy o f m inaral o ila but not to aa great an extan t aa gg o ^ jg. ipeakaan and Chamberlain 89 a ta ta that a h lla aleohola bar*not bean uaad fo r th ia purpoae there aan ba l i t t l e doubt that auoh polar ooupounda w ill retuoe tha r ia k o f oaaoer fo rn a tio n by proating u u la lfio a tio n , ainoo an o i l whioh la a a a lly oomplately ranorad froa tha akin m ist carry la a a r ia k than ona which ia d i f f lo u l t to w u la ify . Tha*a in v e stig a to r* alao b a lla ta th a t p olor eonpound* in nixtura with Minaral o i l nay, however, fun etiaa in yet another way. It la known that tha oarainoganlo aganta o f M ineral o i l *ie n aasoolatad with unaaturatad ooupounda era fro a to ooneontrato a t any aurfaoa to *iio h tha o i l la ap p lied , the noa-polar p a r a ffla nolaaulaa o ffe r iag l i t t l a ar no raaiatan o o . However, whan o il-a o lu b lo polar oompounda, auah aa o la y l alaoh ol or w o o l-fa t a th a r, ara Mixed with Mineral o il thay aonoantrata a t tha aurfaoa, axoluding tha laaa polar oaroinogaaie hydrooarbona -15 .,u .l r r a t r a .... tb. ,, ,, ,, U y a r rtl0 lu t< 0f body d c lo th in , tho .p p i m t l o n o f w tto r a l l 5 to anpooid ourfi ~ - l t l ..t i o n . Ttr7 thr. . KJnth. < proiibM kl5 ' I l l t u r * o f i a a u . . - t u m oU . w l l .d to tb . ..V h tdTOOat. t h . . . o f a U . ,, l m t a l( m ,, r , 1^ 1 to t h . .t h .r u ..d U h o .o lt .1 . ln o rd .r to r o T . , u of tb* lu b rican t f r : * tb* 3o r* *3, In n n of th . *u*at,d of lanolin th . fo llo ,!. Oonld b . Of p a r t i ! . , l . t . r , . ,, Dr, . T. C * m . o f t h . ..hln*ton O n ir .r .lt y sohool o f .d m ., s t . t a l l i J<ljt aanoua..d ( . , Harald Tribun. A p ril 19A5 th a t . . U . . , .l t l l to . . . cana.r u , b , tr .a tln * t h . tth , N b | | n | f loh d o ., not . . . . and hlah w ill ,, m ? r ,, m t u .w p ro d u .la i M o t H fro arhlbttlng that prhparty. for .i a .p l ., a * h. p m m .. ,, I n o * . ..t h y lr t o l.t h r . U a lx ^ lth la n o lin I t la lth o u t a a t l h u a p p u n t a t h . hin . f * . although , 1 . . l t a l waya r .a u l t . U a,, ,, ,, ( ^ th ... I o . t h tr a d with . t h y m o l . a . 1 , . . . . . ^ d .lo p l s . a . . r . a o n < ra!tlf and t a . r o o f a m a ta r r l r l l l t y than 1. . h i. had o t I n i t * . w a a . p r m . t l n * tm( W Tl DVS  . -IfRFAR.MICZg 1 . Anon., Caneer froa Spindle O i l . o i l and Color Tradaa 7 . . Xfely 2 , 1937, 38. 9 A la tte r cent out b j the General Comrlttee of the Federation o f Msater Cotton Spinner** Association reooenends that when purchasing anindie o i l aenbers should obtain a guarantee th a t the o i l conforms to a s p e c ific a tio n o f the Haneheater Cancer Committee which recen tly issued a formula elalned to minimis# the so- called oaneer-produelng eleaients o f n ineral o i l . Teats showed that many o f the o il s in use a t present conform to th is s p e c ific a tio n and are obtained a t regular prloes. 2. Anon*. Cancer and Mineral O ils* O il and Color Trades 7 ., 102. 695 (1942) The report vojf twhe M--aiinacuhcees^tecr MCeawmniteteee on Cancer. i Issued fo r the 1F-e--a--r" eJndJed O ctob--er, 1--9--4-1. s ta te s th a t in e ffo r ts to Is o la te and ch a ra cte rise ln d lrld a n l carcin ogen ic hydrocarbons from sh ale o i l , rece n tly appreciable q u an tities o f s r y s ta llln e m aterial bare beam o b tain ed , but i t I s toe e a rly te d iscu ss r e s u lts i s d e t a il. As fa r as asm be Judged, e l l fraetlom e * obtained from Tsnesnelen O il by chromatographic ad* sorption are a e tlT c. F rop rlstary o o llo id s here earyiug e ffe o ta , depending an the condition s o f the experim ent. A c o llo id con tain in g e ehlor-eompound one foaad le e e e ffle e e io u a then an o llr e o ll*la n o llm e M ixture as protection again st the earelnogsnls eetian o f shale o i l , fells the rererse appeared to be the ease Oban the csroln eganle agent used wee bennpyrene. 3. A non., The Froblen o f Cancer. Petroleum Tim es, 23. 99, >X> (1930) (e) The fe lle w in g appeared la a reeeet laana o f the B r itis h M edical Jo u rn al in eoatncation with th e t i e at mlnornl lu b r ic a tin g o ils in the lam ocahire cotton m llls t "The Mancheater Onmeer Ccnm ittee, c h ile etndyiag the p ert played la the produetle a o f M alignant growths hy the ln brleetlm g o ils need in cotton m ills , has obtained inform ation about the eareln ogan etle power o f wnrlone o lio and the eonaantratlon w ithin them o f a cancer psodnelsg p r in c ip le . Za the course o f th is research , two pare compounds at knoen ehsm leal sem pssltlen ham bean prowed capable o f producing tum ors, and e study has bean made of the fa c to r s which change e tos-eeiu lib ogenle la te am e e tlm eerelnogenle eubstanee. Already -19- 0 * the methods fo r ie a t re 1zut th 9= .r c f c e rta in o i l . h ,t. c r o i . f J be t\:ra\ZV^ im a o n with th crude untreated a i l h>vi ++ ? C oom^minttetien f1?thwerefio*r" aiib>l>e " toS ihro.lsds out tS the hooa that u * iofili 0w!?hio1h?" !f*u,1l4f i.*l * 7thb#a naada o f itnodupsuttryonwtihthaomutarbkeeitngan a ajuroe of danger to tha workers." ^ Assuming th at tha uaa o f spindle o i l s bs sush a sourea rlly follows that other with the worker m"ha 1t01b1s s*o*urai*atso ocf lohsigehrepr hpyosticeanltiaolontaet 2h S * ? TM hai\.*?w l i * ht lu b ric a tin g o ils used in hbei proved u of onth?In*v"sat?ig*a**ti*oa tOhttaotn l iItntdluestdryi f. f i cIut l tniiegsh t thansalvas In the production o f a spIndia S! ' Sa tetea.clkS 1!w?ide1n*s l t a a l f to in sluda athdal awshtoletharanpereasaonf tmlaam i i.b r t ti , o n ., u id . .d r t ..b T .i o ^ ; v s s tlg s tlo n o f the most enbraelng ch araatar. AnonT^jinAs *D, e2ng2a, ro3u1e9*3R2e0po(r1t93on2)Labriaants and wCaaanaaaarr.. PPaatt. C r itic !ts a tha report o f the Banehester Canaar ^ th a t tha Committee has aeoapted a o a trl* S ^ r V V 10?0 f r tW 7 # tri fTfm thP^Jnglo-American. l t I a i ? i i r r i r , l a L ? nd th# a # n * * * t has not a v a i l * *?*'* * sdtrlsa o f szp erts from tha ^ d u s tr y r a ls t ir a to tha aharastsr end Methods of treatnsnt o f patrolsnn o ils . AUOni i , l^ 5 h ( li3 7 lCaeiBlttee * Cmn* T H**o r t * Tinas, The 1935-36 report o f tha Manchester Committa a on Cancar alain a th a t "with a kaowladge o f tha r e fr a c tiv e lndaz o f an o i l , and o f tha w la a o sity , ona ean fo m r e lia b le estim ate o f i t a cancar-produelng power * then by tha ap p lication o f tha sanpla to tha s k in ." * h howiT,r that sim ilar soaslusion la 1933-3A report was baasd on in s n f f is is n t arldenaa and th a t sons iis s rs p a n o ia s with animal te s ts wars adm itted, agd th a t in tha 193A-1935 report tha animal taata were rmrarted t o . I t la alaa painted out that tha above conclusion was bassd on tbs sxanlnation o f only on# o i l o f a number o f co u n trie s. ' Ib" *?2" a ^ ^ iMrcaad lo w H1 s .*StTh* * ? ' " ss *rt3t t o ll. Th ok p lan t. ^ P erio d i1 xaolnatlon ln 7* r i r a Ala?JH%?VCaaf tr ; Msrb1y1'PHr7lalrKol*n*i^rya*T-rtant d0* #* * i 1* ? " 1" " * " d 1 *? * 5 , 6 ^ i b S * S t h i . grasira- r& r^ S S L S ^ S S S S S sS S ^ f - S S s ^ lonally IJO ^lB O ydH , w f O ^ U { S f " 1 p lan tatio n o f tfco ______ " a liT r # .* * 7*^ ?**0* * ** * o t " . i y . M A ^ ** *,tiT * Bachaann, . X. t a l . froduotloa o f tannor w 9* ~ srra ^ S L S m STLfr? i?asjB SS a:, b.%"- ^ . `^ ^ r ^ S p ,yr4^ -If- Proo. r j P Par t H jdroo roo n .. " <- ror U . " 4 wallowing oeanot lB**ltio n Th* 3,4-benzopheaanthraieZm 1 a T " 7 tfc* . bparnozpaenrtthireaao, cnanaad inp otakram-tJly; . * 1? , ffor* i* !it lfv! e, , *thwaBnr tihnao* * a l * Oholangiotta. end *l*l*i* tunora, ooapounda apa m o r e ^ c tlr ^ w ith i W I - J hi 1 ** e t i t i tad Compound a a u b s m u te d o i t S J * * " ? *" . earelnogenio than thoa2 a n b 't U u tS Uf * ^ I 7 ror# Aaong tha 1 ,2 -b a n za n th p a n ia a a !? ? * J 7' 8- " * <. - m p i . 1 2 . ^ j v s s s r . p a ,i i T ,, : ^ ,, u o n . Mihfliiillflii SimSTSSS' & & ,, ! f 2`J p o a itio n ? f and*" to lli tf? i ! S anthr! n* ' "^ t l t u t l o n o arcln o gcn ic a c tio n : a o a t ' o ^ t h M * V j i po#J tlo n L r !"" In 1# oronoted h V r ri ^ y bru ^ % ^ ^ w - sr* tumor? could not be aseri>*rf - i* v ^bUe m ultiple o f the BdEiniatfrred eomuiinda o f c u lt lp lic it v oocurred *?! th * aotloB 8 trlk ilis cnsea pubrtltuted o h e n ,n ? h " ,t l " ? J f f r> V " l,? - 5 ,6 - d ib e n z r Cr i d i n i" ' * 56- d i t *azocarb:.z . 1* ,nd P ro c. ^ y I 't S o c f" l l 7 ? At l g 2 o C(?Q ?c)by Pur* ^ ^ ro c a rb o n e . p a n t a i i 2 i i BS S ; i t i i h U f l y t e t r a c y c lic ^nd -20- 12* Agents. r teaor prodoitlan br f t c t lr lt y , X r trr uhat,^*_5?*'50ua^* datanrina it a o lo a tly a gira n *parant" s t o t u !^ B t t mora or la s s i t * b l s a t o L t o s " t r ? " F 8! ? 1" " lao U ths oarolnjgsna a rt adsorbed kw *^a l i rin g s a l i , ` i i f l n l t * adsorption a r a a ^ h i ! B- * * p tor P o iM u lo | fo r ths diasasions o f J a f S 88t8 an B 1W l i n t 11*1t la I r by . J * ! \ l 7# pounds. A losar at e n d in g t u I t 2. " u * r i l l *r r1" ra eoaoalrad as parta o f a ? J * * i ** **} oaralnogana 1 . A oarclnogan o u ha l a m i n a d h ^ a " 1* tru itu * *-' prarant it a propar a d a o ro tl . i 7 d<} t l0 M U fir n 1. S ": #f m . 13. BOn" i . * L ; .I X " 7 7 U h( l|$ 12 * " *. obt* * * with four s a la la , m m - - - - tahs t ip S E r j B" M_ S 1"tho^ugh n4ot sa patant aa l a * for b u i* tin t th i n o r T i i n 1* " * " m z ? : *>* s u- i i S u i o ^ U i ; ? s s 2 r U * . b liir U handaal o r ta r s , and U o s a A a a l l ^ ^ t E ^ l f i E N f c f c I t " ! 1 rt S S i 1 J ! | * i y g ` Alaaaaa. naphthylaslnaa ara Sara f!tt* f ^ y ^*3 * " s r ^ H s S i & y S a ^ r t u t u f t r V ^ L , f f J * * " " > i U m o | lai stto. inte s s m r s : Ba or *d i as la rata hj a' snapa u la * af - - ---- M W IM U o m it n i > * * alasp h tk j] !?sr lajoatlaaa a f a 1. Brookbenic, . m . (4 .3 6 .4 1 ) Mula-Spianar* Canear. B r lt . Mad. J , 6t-3 l d .a . 3* pp. ( m ) ' ***?" - >< K- t wl " **. f lr t t koom eaai t aere ta l , aplanar as reportad in Maaehaatar ln 1687. 37 reara Eo irfo Ert sth^at Stin0a* "t pe"n1 o l * alnn#drsftul tliufbo rolot aotllaghaod lk ^m tha p rin cip a l ln b r ie a n ts . I t l a S I S ' w??4 th. o u , * . tt. r ;? I i t of p ia stra i i cansad bjr oaroinoganle ooaponnds hloh ara presan t la a ln a r a l ln b rla a tln g o ils thonah a o t la luhri J K L f S a 4. ! * - u rl- d aS ? I tkaa o th s r s , tfaat J I 1! d rf * * ^ 4 balag p a r tla n la r ly daagareua. | * to b ^ 1? ^ arparan t t i t u t S U M i S l i k i W ha ?.-i*f kIS?f k i i J J!T! * p lo r a d la 11o ssa slo n a lly atna i. fw a that br aixiaft H M i r ^ r r : ln b r la a a tnninaye rbsel oabl atathda. o arslaacan ls potaar f T|t a uaroiasgaasslsi X^th.a* 5BfrfoKTst ^a f! tha*Be*bantaXnsparlamants la Stt?2 T I*otlon a f Lord, O llra 611 and tthar A. Ikparlaaatal rodnstlaa a f Can w m " .f h" .* ? '" (m ta lM ik ! S " 2 I 2 E S ? *" 1" 1 * " 1. 4y bansaaa sas aot sansa soasar a f tha tfeSa **# i " btlaalataa tha paadnstloa a f l a i t o n la nlaa, bnt aat ta aa graat astaat as shan tha tar la >. Caapbell, J . A. Carelasganla Aguata rasat la tha 1 Zasldaasa a f.lr ia u jr Tnaai la rit. /. P a th .t ltt-s a U v rll 19) fita nabar has aatina ai hla -SS- fro* xhau,t ?iP o f c in ta burnir* -5~ L4hT*- 9*-3V"2 Si"ii! jiri2^a*** ** H Within t h . lim it . e t tent ~S s~= ~i 5TJSW JSrJi 5 j P " ? s . ' . ^ s r t i ^ . '^ n s .\ r ;5 "mi.!a:..srasrLu9^l,*tlJ,*ou* - e ! m .4 .. ss. eook, / . W ., B a v a tt, C . and I I c a r, I* C oal-T ar Conati t a n t a and C an tar. V atn ra, IS O . t f (l i s i ) * 1W* ' * W M i o la ta d fr m t o i l ta r uhi ah ja r a a o tir a In produalac onaara and adii ah had tha ty v le a l naoraaaanea apaotrm o f aaralnocania fr a e tlo a a . Tha o a t a t t ir a hydraoarbm la o la ta d v ia l.t-h a n sa a rra n a ah i ah i* i!? 2 r d,5-banaopyrana vara ala C * k ,i fi? f y * 80 (lo n d a n ), Bi fi lfl .11,45^8-94 lydraaarbooa. JltM h * ^ 2* * T* * _ i14), J 2 J , d85-td u(lSiSS)i * ) le * ad aa n y U . m in a la , and a atady v ia nada a f tha aotion a f SS d iffa ra n t p o lyayalia arava t i a I ? I ? x O B ,,wooatd* w ** i l th a ir raap . n a ia . m A W li d d i ^ a a l n . ta tha intaraaapular rag lan , u aaally tv ia a v a a k ly . O f thaaa pura aanpda. only l,S ,5 ,$ -d ib m thraaana and to r ta la ila a a ly ra la ta d aanpda. praduaad e m ta r; l t vaa a o tlra in d iffa r a n t a a lra n ta , and m a a f f i t t i r ahan appliad in O.OOfrf a a ln . in C B ,. S f t?ll ina!?i UldfinNet T2T api t h a ll ana, *a Pan<d` 8W1 p adpvirllaalonpaaad. tunora, 5aS a! 5ddLa?i.* palparti!! armhamt*i!baaarnnptdxat.andTamdortaa vinaraalaptasoduaad by^4-iioprapyl-1, S-^nsanthraaana, 5,4-tyala-* b-bw i anttua ia n a , phananthraaaanaphthana. m i S4. C M k , . V ., la v a t t , 0 .1 . and i i ^ ( Canair -fr o d a ain e Kydra 8o a ., M 5-405 (19SS) Z . Tha I t a la t i ai a f O t t i T ar. i; Tha praparatlana d arirad fran aoal ta r p lta h b r a r a r ia tj o f a a lrm t a rtra itia n natoda, tha fr u ttim i aaparatad by fo r m a ti o f p ifr a t t a , d i s t i l l a t i and ar ja t a l l i s a t ir a , and tha h yd ro aarb m n .li ` ' and 4 i5 -b m sp y rm a, p arylm a and l,B - ia n bara prorad a a ra ln a c m li and bara Ira n tha am a a m a i apaatrm (banda a t 4000, 4190 and 4400A ) . o rin ln a l a m i ta r pitah am tainad not laaa a f l,S-ban m pyrm a. I .i Coolt' **** M < B io lo g ic a ! Iffa o t s o f Carcinoaonia H7dS ! i P? n! - t t * * " * * * . . W | 1016-3 (1933) # 4. <- fo rV 07 B* to occupatian causas 2 " ? *** o i l o d ta r ami lu b rica tln g I h S S 2 pl07#dl 5 l * h 0 m ahom * ba dua to tha bcnman- fJ 11 f hydrosarboua A is h c ia o in p art flu o re a - obcc to tha o l la . Sha azaat natura o f canaar fo n e t ic a f * 4y i u l Bot Baca enplainad dth ough a sim ila r bensanthraosne hydroearboa has baco fouad to ba produoed by body changas fron subataneas noxnally presant la tha hunan body. I l , Ceok, J . W. Carsinogcnlo lydrosarbons and f h s lr la la tlo n a h lp to tha B ta ro ls . Ghsn. Vaakblad, U , 968-6 (19M) 1 IcTiaw o f h is t o r ia d dsralopuant o f reeogn ltlan o f tha san oar-p roiu eln i co n stitsa n ta o f c o ti t e r and a a r lla r ln rastlgatlo u s} tha l a r a l c p s t o f flaarasesn spaatre- saopy and tha sy a tsn a tla atudy o f syn th a tla aralnegcnla hydrosarboaa In clud in e a tamii17 o f tha r o m ite obtalnad # f aa*Piata s c r ia s a f te tr a - an i p cu ta cy e lle hydraaarbons and a nadarat a ly a l ia ranca f bcnxanthracana dorira t ir a s . fh a sp ecu latlan la adranaai JB st naao K tto a In a ooapistaly aran etl a atruatura StioSn a- Ff ?1V, 8-IbcnI aopyranat yfrtelnM a<c<aill ttafrf aa nmi i.t a tahyantihnaaoillala- -* ara raaountai and an aoceani la g ira n a f tha y e liu t la a * t i l i . M i I n ln U T H , . tk i i ^ t L l I n S i i S r f ; !-- --1 . k j * --r ta a n U M u th s s tc r o ls . x t la in fe r r a i th a t thara la sona m a ja l t t * w l M l Body A l ah la s a p a b le a f a ffa a tin g dshydrognailon a f Iha a ta ro l rin g syatan amA c e n tri bata ta tha producItion* ii*n r it o a f" eXardmn aagaclrnalab U Ooak, 7 . T m _ _ __________ _ ____ w I L * l t - 9i U fi? ) 1 f d l au rtai la giran a f tha eam lnoncnia A m ic a la h l d i S a*^**' *l? hrlnglng togethNer,l aAnt anr hlapll i t-tdr~ATul r l ^ i i l ` H . " '* * 1" f u h llA a i up ta tha u n i a f ^ 7 tha h yiraaarbona n f tha bcnnanthruacna tr p a , Vut a lc a tha ana aaup om ia, c a tr n , tha s ty r y l ^ulnalin a i T ir a tir a d ie sa rarc i by t -- V i' f * } * 1* * Ina d e rd e m d A btb llagrap h y f 14 rufarm aao la sppm dad. Goak, f . I . n i l a u m r , 1. L . O haulad fnnpnmds aa C a r a ln a g a n la n r s t 9*nlamm%*TT corti 11ta r tu ra a f 198?. i n . * . Canaar, 96-69 (1986) n t w i U r * r a r la n a f th la anbjaat y ^ f ^ d d ba a f In te r e s t to a l l in d u stria i pqrelalaae. Zt con tinuas tha a a r lla r rarlan ani A a tua ranarta t a . i*** * Bara b lb llacrap h las to ta lla g 994 r e f arcases. -2419 rvi "* * Charnicel Cercinoganaais. Drucs n** '* ''* T :* S la iio n in c iii a * ` to U * l n t th * hody by in - r cSt ,n * u* P P lie a t io n . He s tr o n g ly ^afnnvy o ra cSl t. a2d?*auchH01a7s d e r"ir a t ir e o f c oeaal rtceinro. getrnuidc a M t . ? i l a * an a a llin dya "in term ediate*, azo dyaa and aatrogaaio cubstances. Tha a n ilin e bladder tumor o f dya ara probably edxt*rTeamloe?lya anfat ai rl Xdalrlya doof aaazap. oaura to what *ha theory la adranoed th at thara aay ba many other carcinogenic aganta aa yat unknown which ara unknowing]r ln * * ! rovtia9 t ^ l l j U f a , and perhapa through tha uaa o f many drug*, patent nadlalnaa and c o n a t le a , r lta n in a , aex hormone, and tha tramandoua H a t o f a n ilin dyaa uaad in tha colorin g o f food a tu ffa ana fa b r ic . SO. Downing, 7 . 0. In d u a trla l Darnatoaaa. 138-168 (1935) 7 . Ind. H yg., 17, A rariaw with 208 referen ces, a sectio n on e h n io a l aganta in cludin g inorganio compounds, hydrooarbona and orude coal ta r produeta and other organio compounds: treatment and le g a l aapaota. p 1 31. f a l l , A. O il Button (Ila lo k o n lo a la ). P ra a a a M a d ., 40. 1541-2 (1932) .e.a,u. ?aaUd CKbylphi leoanrynVin a*ral o*l*la, inincluidnidnuga ttrrleaaltmweonrtkaarnad prophylaxia. 32. f ia s a r , L . I . Carelnoganlo A e t lr it y , S tru ctu re , and Chcnloal R e a c tlr lty o f Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons. " 1 a*L An. 7 . Cancer, 34, 37-1*4 (1936) A long rariaw which include! I , a c r i t i c a l araluation and comparison o f tha aathoda fo r determining eareinoganic a o t ir lt y ; I I , information oonaarnlng tha prepara tio n and p u r ific a tio n and tha commercial aourcea o f tha carcinogenic hydrocarbon} I I I , a c o w r y o f tha work ohcnieal atruatura and carelnoganlo a c t i r i t y , and I T , a aum try o f in ra a tig a tio n a on tha metabolic fa ta o f rarloua a a t lh y d r o o a r b o n a . There la a rry axtanalra bibliography. 88. P la a e r, L . 7 . Produetlon o f Cancer by Polynuclear Hrdro- carbona. U n ir. Poona. B icentennial Conf. Cauaa and Orowth o f Cancer, 1 - 2? (1941) . A rariaw deroted to l-aontaln ing oarcinogana, rela tio n of eareinoganle hydrocarbons to the ste rtld a . caroinoganic a o t ir lt y , chan, atruatura and ohn. ra- -2 5 - carcinogenneaa,tiu* reand f of pthoessnibetleabroelalscatiorne alcetaidoinng* itof hyipooerbom co t>. ,5 d S S d . " In the body by steroid aetabollsm , t h e ir n o s t lik e lv ^ i n i t i a t i n g action of a hydrocarbon in involve aubatltution in the hydrocarbon at It s Boat reaotive center, probably a lin k a L 1^ hydrarbon with an S-S t i ! S i ? f . th#, 0#U P*9* ^ * - Metabolio elim ine- AuZZa * oarcinogan probably la a detoxication pro- * #ohtol>a d iffe re n t fro * that leading to f " 4 i T0lTin d iffe r e n t point o f th it * o1, Ith* r# ao tln o i detoxioatlon and ay lInSvLolfvlel b i o l. hydrotxry?latioPn^ tiot l ar ep.henDoelitcoxdiceartiyion or conversion into derive. of ercapturic a d d . * 34. W ***Sn -i* ?* P le a e r, M. Carcinogenlo Hydrocarbon, Organic Chealatry", 1944, 814-lS 7^ TM n a . Caroinogcnlc a c t iv it y and atru cture; co rre la tio n with c h z io a l rea o tiv ity ; nelhoda of ayntheaizing oarclnogenlo hydrocarbona. 35. flr q u e t , i , and M a lter, M. A . P itch Cancer aa an Occupational Diaeaae. Archive de Medeclne S o c la le a t d'Hygiene n . " X & ; i i 5 S 5 * " * Phjr,l0l0` 1' * ! ? thor! ,r ??o r t th # lr axpartencea node in wedleal w o rki^ P itch worr it a,rr<. inThere wpreorevinfocuendo f twLoie g e , fniy no lung eanoera. T . Henry wade a chcmloal exM iination o f varioua pitohea aa to their content in 1 . banzeneaathracene J l ! b e n z pyrene, (the two moat e ffe c t iv e oaneerogenie eubatancee in an iaala) and he found in the p itch l- g o f the ** P t# 0.4 4 in the second. The examination o f the p itch duet in the two briqu ette fa c to r le e reveal4 or JO-IOOU, in the atorage roona tO i o f 80-50u. nttataiiAM Ik u k na--according to the authora--that 55 1. ? * h *** cane erogenic to aniwala are not i i w S 2 , t ^ t a ? ? iia r J * * er<*h U n *" **r* (* w aterial o i S f . i H r l i i S ? ) #r " r ** ** 3T. O a fa fa r, W M. and 81tg reeve a , 1 . D isablin g M orbidity and s88^ *" 2*1 " a* f c P1y ** o f O il l e f l n - f i,f a r 5 10# * * * 9* ibe and Duration, U#1T- U,S# a *P* , 1B1T- """ S K i c-- r. Bun. <*uhi9e" f . i o r t s Utt0o , tibh# fneon!,5c,rrTs,aof "t*he roofad nbeuailrdinmgi ssyoarttm withoSut r ezla tio ?n to omRcedfam roacadns.cer wee affirm ed but Hamilton, A llo a . Cnnoer fro Tar and Fetroleum. Poisons o f U .E ." , 410-7 ( m s ) "In d u s tr ia l Hamilton, A llo a . "In d u s tr ia l T oxicology", 154, 255-4 Occupational oanear Is rera in Franca. In tha U s 2}? 2 j y PuJlJ h o d ease up to 1980 was the case o f a ia n rt th* ? ,r*ffla * -- 1 the Health C o m lttaa -of tha League o f lationa requested i t s Bombers to aid in a world-wide inquiry Into the ooourrence o f occupational oanear by undertaxing a study o f the question in th e ir own co u n trie s. The Hookef e l l e r Foundation then made i t p o ssib le fo r Imre H e lle r to melee an in te n s ire in T e stig a tio n in th is country, and iImi iprrlelsis?io^n h; ;e?lad P2biyl Al #mhe!r?icalBn 1a9u3t0h`o riHtiteUs#orn*e0a*n^o7er*.* ththaet 0TS * in 8re T*ry T,ry rare in th Tore h o s p ita ls s. Hp#o oflawlltinlng in oratnoeoarrdonolyf 5th7e otawsoesleowf . oprroodduuccttSsC, *22f6tt 5o fi t th!OesUel4opc0cu**rir?inl yg abm#otnrgmmc#edn htoantdalirngandgasta r house ta r or p lte h , only two in coke-oran ta r or p it eh worker*. In a Clereland p lan t making carbon and dry p itc h . * s11*h gas-house p itc h was used up l t " * ! , supplented by American coke-owen P There ware 81 oases o f oanear among the workers Oo iraa^nipilttoehh", a^nd0^tho7s4e w ferWe hnioeht weo#nr*sldlneremdmbhyatnhdelinpghycsoickiea-n ln charge to be indubitable eases. pnyeician 41. H a rtw e ll, J . L . Surrey o f Compounds which hare been Tested 3 ?I P ?f ( lS fl) lo tlT U y * * 8- *b lin Health 8 erriea, ^ h i* b u lle tin represents a surrey o f the fie ld o f ohemleal carol nogmiesls in the higher animalsi the action tissu e s, tissu e e u ltS Is * protoaoa, end b a cte ria la not eonsldered. 4he lite r a tu r e is eerered to 1989, and the com pilation also 22 iFmli ii the work staneest wi th^ 58 ocmpoxmAB from the unpub *** ** 8hr and D r .'H . L . Htowart o f The r e s u lts o f the to s t- M IF reported, w hile * J*1 hole oanear lit e r a t u r e . A ltogether comprises data re fe rrin g to eh l e a l sub- o f th e se , 169 are reported to be earelnogenlo, A *67* pert from ZZ observed as causing p a iilo n e s only, th i fo TM J tro J uJ t o r j d iscu ssio n , the b u lle tin takes ?. t-b u la r review on the follow in g c la s a lfle a ion (figu raa In parentheses show th* number o f rsi* nf0^i #"anCfic 0cfcotm#porufnd5is: AI*, InAoliroghaanticio au(3b6at)a: nIcIaa f i i i n yCl1 1oy,c l i o /^26^ t r ic y c lic ' i 47), te tr a c y c lic ttt* 1 P^ntacycllo ( l i d ) , hexacyolic and higher (BZp.t c y o lic (59); 71, U n c la s s i1fiYe*d (t770)l.4 (96) ' 7 , a t r i- * P und* in d iv id u a lly i tha rouped aooording to prototypes and **b l*e tructural formulae, feraucea, particulars of species, strain , sex, and number o f animals used, preparation, dosage, and route o f adm inistration o f compounds, nature o f s ite s o f tumors induoed, m th d e ta ils o f duration of experiment and tu rv iv a l ra te s and other r n a r k s . The above conditions show the wide range o f inform ation a given compoourn?d*. r The author drawosaraotinteongatinolno atoo ttihveit y o f incompleteness o f the data fo r many o f the compounds " * " ** more ayatn satie in v e stig a tio n o f PS r i < t t f " 4V ilaur4*1a*din*** " o*n*gU *stuab*srtarnefaesshwiohnic, hani td d *iro b le to t e a t . The review i s completed by a bibliography (over 1200 references) and separate i s s '. p U s r a ' t s i S t U . * " 11" *1" - t" ioim> C" " r* (ln ' lBd- pie ohemioal properties o f gas-works, ooke-ovmi. produeer-furnace and b last-fuxn aoe ta rs and p itch are b r ie fly outlined with a view to co rrelatin g these prop ir t ii# to eaneer ineldenoe among workmen in the <duetries Involved. As a resu lt o f extensive surveys and n eelth record eiu sn a. gas-works ta r and pitah^* were reepeneible fo r T O .rf o f the eases w hile ooke-oven te r and pltoh were held responsible fo r only 5. 4%. Coke-oven ta r i s much the le s s in ju rio u s e s p e c ia lly when cognisance is tgkmi o f the fa e t that eoke-ovm& ta r is used much more e x te n s iv e ly . 5he presenoe o f o le fin s ^* .* * * " * ? rlc* , *4ml to bs o f p e r tlc u ls r importanos b* omuas o f o i l oanear. Ooeupational aanosr dost net ooour in the bripuet mfg. in d ustry. Mineral i 1 !TM*"7 ** iaogenio a c t iv it y according to th e ir method ZfoTr* ?th?e* *d!etm^T. **of t*h**esmcto. notfenotl.ofiTmhserien i stheno 2 *121! I f 14! mineral o ils . l f *uoh * e x is te d , i t would cancer-producing power o f Center Is not attrib u tab le to the occusa- the t e r e fu lly refin ed lu b r ie e tin g o ils usedboencauthsee o f n echin es, thus insuring r e la t iv e freedom from o le fin s or unaatd. hydrocarbons. 4 ` H< -23A . Study o f P e ta l Caaes o f Canear o f the 5ero turn. J . An. M ei. A se n ., 109. 1667 (1957) 44. H iag*r, I . , Bpeotra o f Ceaeer-produeing Ters and O il# and o f delated Subetnncec. Bioehec. J . , 24, 505-11 (1950) 4 Hoffman, f . L . Mule 8pinnera Cancer. Monthly Labor Her. o f U .S ., 27, 457-475 (1958) 46 Hoffman, W. J . In d u s tr ia l Canoer. Prevent. M ed., 6, 7-54 (1956) One o f the seven typer o f in d u s tria l canoer"~diacuesad Is cancer o f skin in workers exposed to c o a l, ta r , p itch , so o t, sh a le , petroleum and a rs e n ic . They may cause en epitheliomatous fore of caseer. 47. Hogouneng, L . The Ceneerlgenic Hydrocarbons from Tar end the Terrin* o f Hoads. 4 m . l y * . Pubi. S o c ia le , 57. 1-7 (1959) The cancerigenia hydrocarbons found in ooal ta r produce skin censer in exposed workers u su ally only a ft e r d ireo t eonta c t with the skin fo r lone periods o f tim e. I t is believed that man la mush more r s is te n t to the action o f these m eterais than la b . animala. 4S. Hueper , * . C . Censer in P e la ti to Occupation and Invirom ent. B u ll. da. Se. Control Casar, 16, lo . 6 v/une, 1945) Ovine to induet r i e l development, the cenerei popula tio n end fa cto ry workers in p a r tic u la r , are exposed'to many new m v lr o m c n ta l fa c to r s , many o f ehi oh are diseese producing. Occupational cancers are eeuaed by numerous ohamicai and phya le s i agen ts. Among thmi are the heery m etale, n it r a t e s , aromatic amino compounds, benzol, asbestos, mineral o i l , aoot, ra d io -a ctiv e sub stan ces, u lt r a v io le t ra d ia tio n and X -ra y s . B is author c lte a e t e t i t ie s taken m ainly from the records o f in d u stria l eomeerns, but points out th e ir ahsrteom Jjvs. Cm cer o f the u rin ary tr a c t dua to c o a l-ta r la the moat rasent ad d itio n to the l i s t o f occupational cansera. I t i s meet fragment in the a n ilin a Aya and related industries. 41. Heme O r fic a . Rapt. o f Bapartaontal C o m . to. Om aldor I v i dnoe e> to Occurrence o f ^ p lfK L lm ia to u s Ule a r a ti am Among Mule-Bpinners. (London, 1954) Contains a bibliography on sanasi m m g p o tro la m refnera. * Hunt, I . 8. An In v e st l a s t lem In to the Incidence o f fans crois or Presamoeroua Skin le s io n a Among Tar Yorkere l a l e v South Y a le s . Mod* P . A u s tr a lia , S .A d .53, The general isn M O M a i l a th a t t a r need l a law South Vales fo r lo c a l road-vark la not a sariama danger. -1 9 - X* X. p. T. Career Beseereh Coaaittee. C&rci&ogenielty of Spindle O i l * . J . I n s t . P e t. T e ch ., S3, 803 11937) The I .p .T . CcEElttfr h*s not teen convinced that the so -ca lle d inoidenoc o f cancer la in any shape or fo ra connectec with the uoe o f spindle o i l s . 5f , In t-rn a tio n a l Labour O f f ic e . C arcin o gen icity o f O il* . In d . and Labour In fo r a a tio n , 3, 273 (1330) Tere a t varying temperatures have teem prepared to deteraine at what temperature oarolnogenio compounds are formed, from which experiments i t would appeex that suoh compounds begin to be foamed between 900* and tOO*, the maximum y ie ld ly in g between 800* end 900*C. Attempt is now being made to determine the co n stitu tio n o f e few apparently pure or almost pure oompounde is o la te d from such ta r e . Applying th e ir standard teat fo r determination of osreinogenieity, the s t a ff fount th a t o liv a o i l , n se ta io o t o i l , sperm o i l were non-oaaoer producing and they here reason to suppose th at natural kin f a t i t an important fa c to r in the prevention o f -eanoer. 58. In te rn a tio n a l Labour Off l e a . "Occupation end H e a lth ", Z , 547 (1834); I I , 837, U M (1934) Before m ineral o ils came in to vogue the p ra c tic e in t e x t i le m ills was to use sperm, lord and n e a t'e -fo o t o ils snd to seme extent oastor o i l and eolsa o i l . Henry sta te s that ahale o i l was introduced about 1890 and Amarloan petroleum o i l about 1384, end t h a t , towards 1972, these o ils were being used as eamponants o f spindle o i l ; a lso th a t Bussle a o i l was f i r s t imported about 1839. Btaanlaa o i l about 1900 and Persian o i l about 1909, and a l l theso wore used fo r th is olaos o f lu b r ic a tin g o i l before the war. During the war S c o ttis h hale a l l s n a tu ra lly earns more in to use fo r lu b r ic a tin g purposes. O il r e fin e r s hare th e ir own p riv a te foimulee fo r m ixings, but thero i s no doubt th a t the bulk o f the o il sold fo r lu b ricatin g spindles during the past fo rty years has baem p r in c ip a lly made up o f n atu ral mineral o il. Aaoording to the 1929 report o f the Manehostor Comer Committee, in the d is t illa t io n o f t a r s , the carcinogenic products begin to fo ra a t a temperature ranging from 900 to 600 C. end reach e w l i m a t between 800 end 900 0. The a d d itio n o f s u lfu r ie eeld e t the time o f use s u ffic e s to make the o i l s hmxmleos without in ju r in g or modifying t h e ir lu b r ic a tin g power* 34. In te rn a tio n a l Labour O f f i c e , Occupational Tumora. Buppl. to Oeeupatlon and H a a lth , I . L . O . , Qanera (Oot, 1999) Carcinogenic oubstanoea ere dlearnssad under the headings o f hydrocarbons, ao n -rad lo estive inorganic earn* pounds, ra d io a ctiv e substances and r a d ia tio n , and parenttoo f&L -3 0 - and m icrobes. A tten tio n is c a lle d to the absence o f any ecm on p hysical or ohmnioal c h a r a c te r is tic s shared by there v -rio u s oanoer-produeirg age n ts. I t is suggested th at the cancer problem is e s s e n tia lly biochem ical sad th at i t s so lu tio n w ill ooao w ith tho discovery o f the neture end osus* o f the in t r t -e e llu le r chemical changes which fo llo w the a p p lica tio n o f s oireinogenic agent. . Jordan , E . Experim ental stud ios on tho Production o f Canoer 9 * by Gas-works T er. Z . Xrebsfortahung, 19. 39-55 (1932) Author has corroboreted tho work o f others) in w hits a io e treeted with ts r fo r fou r months or lo s s , 1004 showed e ith e r c a n c e r p r o o a n c e r o u s ohanges. Whan tho ta r was fiie td . a t 400* tho v o la t ile fr a c tio n did not produce these ohsnges but tho residue produced the ty p ic a l p r o life r a tiv e ehsagot in bout 1/1 the time re quired with the whole t e r . lo p r o life r a tio n could be produced w ith anthracene o i l . D iffe r e n t mice showed m narked d iffe re n c e in the ra p id ity w ith whieh they developed p r o life r a tio n w ith tho same emt. o f in ju ry by the t e r . Apparently the work wes not follow ed to a p oint dip d o t. ju s t hew many o f the miee w ith presen ceret:s changes would hove developed a ctu a l carcinom a. 14, Isnacw ey, Z . L . The form ation o f e O aae-r-prodicing Substance from Xsoprene. J . Path* la e t . | , 135-6 (1924) fH . Xawahata, X . Lung Cansor Among Generator-dae lo rk a re im the S te e l M ills . Gann. S t , S4T-68 (1938) ^ During tha peat 6 y e a rs, 31 eesee o f primary l o g cartlgoha. were observed ameng the gsm eretor-ges workers at the Taweta X r s n -fte e l M ills . These workers haw# aw. se rv ice periods o f 13 y e a rs. In me eth er seetlam e e f the m ills has such frequent appearance o f lwmg causer been m otieed. The workers are exposed to the sprayimg o f ges e e a tg . heavy duet The Inhaled gaa eontelaed about 0.74 o f gaseous or d n e t-llk e t a r . Analyaoa showed creosote o i l 3 4 .M ll, phenols 0 .3 1 4 , oreeols 0 .0 7 4 . aaphthol 4.0 0 4 . aathreseme 3.004, p itch o i l 68.173 and water 9.744 D ie m etestaeee may appear v ir y e a rly in the b r a in , sp in a l so rt and ljmph nodes. The duration o f lung sender is w ry a b o rt, about 7 months. IT. Xsmmaway, 1 . 1 . Canaer-Preduoing Comstltwemts e f Goal Tar B r it . Med. 534-7 (1034) Cancer form ation by ta r products wes in v e stig a te d by au thor. Only higher fra c tio n s b o ilin g a t 390-500*6. ware found a c tiv e in inducing emmeer (ereo eo te, gresm o i l , orude antraoeme end p itc h ) . -51iennaway, I . L . Cancer-Producing Tare and Ter fr a c tio n s . J . I n i . Hygiene , 468--J3 (1024) Exjeriments on several thousand ir.ioe and an alysis o f a great msec of o lin io e l records in d loate th at ta r oancer i s cauped by a very n a i l quantity o f an unstable conpound that e x is ts in the h ig h -b o ilin g fr a c tio n (880* to 500*) o f a high-temp, coal t a r , l . e . , creosote o i l and anthraoene o i l . P u r ifie d anthracene, lik e a l l other pure ocapounds t r ie d , did not produce eanoer. Splashing v lth h o t, crude anthracene or creosote o il s seems to be the usual method o f co n ta ct. 8hale o i l produces cancer but i s le ss a c tiv e than gas works ta r ; crude petroleum i s much le s s a c tiv e ; and b la st-fu rn a ce ta r (a low-temp, tar) does not produce eanoer. The briq u ettin g Industry has reported more than h a lf o f the known oases o f ta r eanoer. Tar made by d i s t i l l i n g ooal a t a low temperature (below 550*) produces cancer very slowly or not a t a l l . 59, Kennawey, Z . L . Experimenta on Cencer-Produelng Substances. B r it . Hed. J . , I I , 1-4 (1985) Cancar has been orodueed ln mica by substances obtalned by heatin g C*Ht , isoprano, y e a s t, human akin to tempe, ranging from 700* to 980*. A Petroleum whloh produeed no tumors o f any klnd ln mica in a prolongad experlncnt ahornad very estiva eaneer-produelng properties a fte r exposure to 880*. 10. Kmeway, 1. L . and l e i t e h , A . The Anatcmioal D istrib u tio n o f the Occupational Cancer. J . In d . Hygiene, , 69 (1985) 61. I annaway, A. J . fu rth e r Zxperiments on Caneer-Produelng Substanoes. Biochan. 1 . , 84, 497-504 (1950) Carelnogenie substances were obtained by the a c tio s a t roam temperature o f A1C1 on ao ctylen e, xylen e, naphthalene, naphthalene and bronobcnxane and tetrahydronaphthalene, the la s t two being the most a c t iv e . Two canoero were also obtained in a s e rie s o f 10 mioe painted with a co in , of l,2,7,S*dibM sam thraocne. a-Phenylnaphthalsne was prepared by a ctio n o f A lC lt on CaHt Br and CA#l a . The d i s t i l l a t e s a p t o 548*C . eoa- ta in ln g the hydrocarbon were in a c tiv e but the residue ln the fla s k was h ig h ly eerelnogsnla. Cyclohexane, cyclohexane, styrene, hydrophmaanthrone, hydroohrysene, hydroretene, perylcn e, naphthalsne end i various naphthalene derivatives a l l gave negative re su lts. i 68. Kenneway, X . L . end H leger, I . Carelnogenie Substances and Their fluorescen ce Sp ectra . B r i t . Med. J . , Bo. S68I, 1044-6 (1990) This paper i s a review o f a la rg e amount o f work by the authors in an attempt to co rre la te fluorescence with carcinogenesis. Tar o i l s , spindle and shale o i l s , which show carcimo- genie properties are also strongly fluorescent. J J lew ley, J . Cooperation. J . I n s t . P e t. T e ch ., 13, 242 (1332) Mention of the foim etion o f a committee by the In s t it u t e o f Petroleum Technologists to fo llo w the woric o f the Manchester Cancer Committee. K lln g , A ,, Samasonow, H. and fieros, M. The Tarring o f Highways as a P o ssib le Agent in the Causation o f Pulmonary Cancer. B u ll. Aoad. Med. 120, 130-43 (1938) Expt. in mice showed that the t a r , as used on roads, produoes cutaneous tumors and malignanoy in the lun gs. A substance oontg. the benzo (a) pyrene nucleus o f decidedly canoerogenic properties has been sepd. from the tar. g5. S lin g , A ., Samssonov, I . and Heroa, M. P o ssib le B elatlonshlp t between Tarring o f Highways and the Increase o f Inoldenoe o f Pulmonary Primary Cancer. B u ll. Aead. M ed., 121. 784-91 (1939) Since tar contains benzopyrene, a recognized oanoerlgenic agen t, I t cannot be considered as in o ffe n s iv e . Ixperimente on mice d e fin it e ly co n fix * th is aesvmptlon. 66. Soelech, 7 . Cancer end Occupation. Monataohr. Irebsbekanpf. 5, 7 (1937) " The author, in the form o f an a b s tra c t, presents e surrey o f the r e la tio n between oenoer and occupation. Ha inoludas bone cancer eauaed by rad io a ctiv e substances, aJcln osneer from eoot, t a r , p a ra ffin and lu b rlo a tln g o i l s (o f which those b o ilin g between 250-500* are o f esp ecial im portance), akin cancer from arsenie es w ell as oaneer and sarooma from u lt r a v io le t end s u n lig h t. 67. Eunze, 0 . M ineral O il and Cenoer. Cham. Z t g ., 59. 407-8 (1935) A study o f tho map o f Oexmany in d icated th at the number o f deaths from eanoer was always g re a te st In regions where m ineral o i l wee found, refin ed or usod. While no d e fin ite r e la tio n i s e sta b lish e d , the author suggests the p o s s ib ilit y o f tho existen ce o f aueh a r e la tio n s h ip , fu r th e r research on t h is problem la in d icated . I t is pointed out that mineral o i l by i t s e lf does not eauso eanoer. I t may, however, beocme one o f tho oontrlbutlng fa o to r s , together with o th e rs. M . Lane, C. 0 . Occupational D e zm stltls. Arch. D o a u t o l. and S y p h il. 43, 184 (1941) M 4 Describee the esse o f e 48 y r . old m achinist who fo r i 3 y r e . had a d c x s a t lt is o f the faoe( a n te , a x illa e and lower abdomen. There were soattered areas o f tan-brown hyperkeratotlo f o ll lo l e a and f o l l i c u l a r p lu gs. Keratoses war# present on tho serotwn and thoro were kera to tie areas on tho axma. Autopsy revealed carcinoma o f tho esophagus. D r. Lama believes the akin changes to be due -SS to o i l to which the man wma exposed in h la 40 y re . aa a m achin ist, and th at tha condition ia th a t described by White emong m achin ists, o i l workers end mula spinners in fcxgland. I t apparently is m r w ly seen in th is country, possibly because o ils employed here are le e s carcinogenic. ta u te r , H . J . , Hildebrand, X. and Sehocke, H. P o ssib le Therapeutio A ction o f Ceroinogenlc Hydrooarbona in Treatment o f Cancer. Z . G as. X x p tl. M ed., IP S . STO-94 119 39) X sse n tla lly le ss harmful therapeutio measures are a v a ila b le . The dangers are demonstrated on miee treated with methyloholanthrene. a L elto h , A. Mule plnnera' Cancer and M ineral O i l s . B r it . Med. J . , X, 941-3 (19S4) Benderai an in e rt C a lifo r n ia o i l very a c tiv e by heating i t . (lo d e ta ils as to tem->*r*tur*, a t e .) . Cruda e l l s from Assam, Borneo, Ig y p t, Bums and Badarpur produca malignant growths. G a lic ia n , Ausaian, C a lifo rn ia n and Persian saap lss wars n e g a tiv e . 71. Lyth, A. The Bel at ion o f Carcinog a n ici ty o f M ineral O lla to Certain P h y sical and Chemical C h a ra c te ris tic s o f Those O i l s . J . o f In d . Hyg. 15, ttd-ST (19SS) Tt. Lyth, E. Moleouler D ia t ille t io n o f L ubriesting O i l . S a tu re , 139, S74 (1937) A b r ie fr e p o r t ie given o f the d is tilla tio n of a Scottish ahals o i l , using s spoolally designed molecular s t i l l . The moat s tr ik in g r e s u lt i s the inversion in the change in the physical p roperties going up tho tempera ture s c a le , i . e . , the f i r s t fra c tio n s show higher re fr a c tiv e in d ice s end densit ie s than the o r ig in a l o i l , with grad u ally descending values from fr a c tio n four as the temperature i s r a is e d . Bate on the properties o f the shale o i l d i s t i l l a t e s are tabu lated. These experiment* ere part o f an in v e s tig a tio n o f the in te r r e la tio n o f r e fr a c tiv e index and v la e o s lty to a o t lv lt y on in je c t io n , end thereby oarolnoganlolty when applied to the s k in . 73. M issch sr, O ., Almasy, V . and Zahondar, Z . I s Thera a Connection Between the Benzpyrene Content end tho Ceroinogenlc X ffe c t o f Text ich w eis. Med. Wohnsohr. 71, 1001-7 (1941) The authors have e x n ln e d th* benzpyrene content o f gae ta r in various towns in Bw ltsarland, using s method devised by Almasy. Then tho tare were p u rified and th e ir eareinogenle e ffe c t determined by p ain tin g on m iee. The in v e stig a to rs trie d to evaluate the r e s u lts by means o f s s t e t ls t le e l method in order to overcome the d i f f i c u l t y o ffered by the fa c t thet many mice die in the long period needed fo r the experiments. They fin d a s ta p le , regular rela tio n sh ip between the benzpyrene content and the ca rcin o g e n icity Of the t a r . ql' Murray, J . a . , et a l . D iscussion on -Toeri&entel Production o f M alignant Tumors. Proc. Boy. Soc. (London) BU S . 268-92 ( 1933) A symposium in eftiich some a tte n tio n i s paid to oarcinogenlc ehsm. compounds, and to the immunochemistry of cancer. ^3. O 'B rien, H. I , The Problem o f Canoer and O i l . Petroleum Time*, 27, 462 (1922) An open le t t e r to the e d ito r o f the Petroleum Times (London) in answer to an e d ito r ia l in the issue o f March 19th. The w riter points out the humanitarian and s c ie n t if ic values derived from the cancer research o f the Manchester Committee end o r ltic lx e d the teohnolo g lo e l viewpoint o f the e d ito r ia l. 76. O'Donovan, V. J . Cancer from Handling Anthnoene Coke in the Dye In d u stry. B r. J . Dezmat. and S y p h ., Three oases o f cancer in a fa cto ry employing only 29 man. 77. P h illip s , C. R elationship between Skin Cancer and Occupation in Texas: Review o f 1569 T e rifle d Lesions Occurring in 1190 P e tle n ts . Texas S ta ts J . M ed., 36. 613-16 (1941) 78. P r o s s e r -lh ite , . "The Dezmatergoees" 195-236 (1934) . D erm atitis and canosr from petroleus produota, shale end t a r s . Ix e e lle n t rsvisw . 88, R o ffo , * . h . Ixperim sntsl Research on the Production o f Pulmonary Tumors by the D is t illa t e s o f Pual O i l . Press# M ad., 538 (1940) The author demonstrated an o i l , taken from the stre e ts o f Buenos A ire e , id e n tic a l to th a t from motor car exhaust, wfaiah sonta in s carol nogenic substances. Roffo had n i f K in h alo the combustion gases o f fu e l o i l end ls t e r found e mmsber o f pulmonary saneers among the anim als. By in jectin g e d is t illa te o f the fu el o il into the au ricle o f r a b b its , he produced tumors in QOi, 81. Rousay, 0 . and O b erlin g, C. Can Tarring o f Roads be Con sidered as s Cause o f Pulmonary Caneer? B u ll. Aocd. Med. 120, 161-90 (1936) The danger i s not eonsldared to be o f slg n iflo a n e e although the p o ssib ility is admitted. 88, Schreue, H. T. and Z u rh e lle , X. Xxperlmental Produotion o f Tmeors with Tars from Verioue ouroas and with P a r a ffin . Deut. Med. Tochachr. 49, 633-4 (1923) Author investigated the poisonous eetiom o f p araffin -3 5 - o i l and ta r constituen ts by painting lo a twice a weak. A ft r s ix month a a ta ta o f malignancy aa obtainad with p e re ffln o i l . Coal ta r read ily develops melignant tumors. Varioua p u rifia d acid and baaio frao tio n a from ooal tar glTe negative r e a u lta . The n aatral t ix o i l ! moat e ffe c tiv e na a tumor induoar. 85* Sohwarts, L . Skin Diseases in O il k e fin e r ie a . efaty I n .. 210 (Bov. 1324) I t haa baan found that workers in o i l r a fin a ria a have a parcantaga above tha average fo r oarcinone o f tha cheek and o f tha l i p . An unusual prevalence o f pigmantad p a p il loma t* on tha hands, forearm and la g s o f workers in o il r a fin e r ia a and among m achinists in oontaot with o il and greaaa was also notad. About 10$ o f such workers wara found to have thasa growths. Tha usa o f t o t a lly anelosad manufacturing systems and o f proteotlra ointments is suggested. 84. Sohwarts, L . and T ullpan , L . Occupational Diseases o f tha Skin f 1939, 14 85. S c o tt, A . Occupational Dermatoses o f tha P a r a ffin dorters in S c o ttis h Shale O il s . B r i t . Med. J . , 3 .2 8 .2 1 , 301-5 86. Scq u cira, J . H. Cancer and other Diseases o f tha Skin Caused U 929)erl 0 i l ** * * * * * * A frica n Mad. J . , 6, 18-13 87. Smyth, H. J . Review o f L ita ra tu ra fo r 1916-1934, in e . Report o f Coanlttec on In d u s tr ia l Skin I r r it a n t s to Am. P u b lic Health Assn. 88. Southern and W ilson. Cancer o f the Scrotum. B r i t . Med. J . ,, 1, 971-3 (1911) 1 8. Speeknan, J . B. and Chamberlain, I . I . Trans. Psrsdsy So.,. 19, 367-8 (1933) * In s study o f tha eeroinogenlo potency o f mineral o i l s , Twart has ahovn th a t tha ad d itio n o f glyeerldea raduoaa th e ir potency, although no o i l aurpaaaea lanolin in this respeot. 10. io lo k y , L . Ooeupational Cancar. A cts d . In te r n a t. Te r . f . Krebsbekmpfung, 3, 133-75 (193B) Several is o la te d aaaaa o f lung cancer among generator wort ora hero boon reported and aatong worts sxpoaod to coal d u st, ta r and ta r d i s t i l l a t e s , but tha number la a s a ll. t l . Teutaohlaender, 0 . In d u s tr ia l Canoe r, e s p e s la lly the Typaa Occurring in Germany. Z . fu s r K rebiforaeh. 31, 614-29 (1930) --^ Dleousses x-ray aanear, oanear o f brlquotto workora, -35mule pinner' cancer, which h** not appeared in Germany, 2nd p a ra ffin cenoer among those who work in the petroleum industry. o l. Tutsohlndr, 0 . Oocupational Cancer, with S p ecia l Con- 9 * sid aretlo n o f it Prsvention and L e g is la tio n on th S u b je c t, ed. b e lt , 11, 1867-78, 1341-5 (1937) Occupation in whioh there 1 danger o f development o f cancer are reviewed; many data are given regarding ubatane ' considered eareinogenie, the lo o a tlo r of malignant tumors, th e ir la te n t period, protective measure o f an in d u s tria l-h y g ie n ic typ e, g e s t io n s o f insurance, e to . There i s no so. agent common to a l l cerclnoger.lo substances as a promoter o f oanoer growth. g( Teusohlaender, 0. Does Ter Baqulre Ultra V iolet Light to Produce Skin Cancers K lin . Wohnsehr., 16. 1884-5 (1937) White mice were painted with t e r . Canoers developed not only in the irradiated animals but also in those kept in a dark chamber so th at not only a preparatory but also an independent caneerogenic e ffe c t must be ascribed to ta r. 94, Teutsehlaender, 0 . L ig h t and Skin Cancer. Z tse h r. f . Krebsforsoh, 50, 81-98 (1940) The author in v e s tig a te s the p robloi o f whether or not a photodynamic in flu en ce ls a p e s s e r y in the geneals o f te r oaneer. He eondueted experiments on tarred mice kept in e darkroom. Sinee akin oaneer developed on the painted kin, i t la evident that u ltr a -v io la t lig h t la not a re q u is ite in ta r oaneer gen eaie. The seme i s shown by the development o f apontaneoua akin eaneere in two wild grey house n ice that lived in e briquet faotory. levertheleea there la e widescreed b e lie f that both oanoer o f radiant soures and ta r oaneer o f the ekln are caused by a y e lle hydrocarbons. According to B o ffo , both types ere o rigin ated by o xidation and decomposition o f e h o ls sts ro l in tha tls s u s s which may be eaueed by ra d ia tio n as w ell ee by ehemleal in flu e n ce -- eanoerprovoking oyelle hydroearbona are f la e lly generated. Prophylaxis mmst, th a re fo re , guard again st the in fluence o f one or both fa c to r s . 99. Touraine, A . end Bout, H. Cancer from L a b rioating O lle . B er. Med. yran c. 80, 885-98 (1989) A very eomplete review o f eenoer from lu b r ic a tin g o l la , i t e oeourrenee, c li n i c a l symptoms and the a e d lo o -la g a l apeote o f amah caeca. 96. Twort, C .C . end l a g , H .B . Mula Bplnnsrs* Cancer and Mineral O lla . Lanest 1 , 758 (1988) -37- Twort, C .C . and F ulton , F . B. Experiments on the Mature of ' th Carcinogenic Agents in * in e r e l O il s . F . P rth . an4 B a c t e r io l., 32, 149-161 (1929) From a consideration o f th chemical reaction involved, th authors are of th opinion that i t is to benezenoid hydrocarbons that c e rta in mineral o i l s ow th e ir cerelnogenio p roperties. Treatment o f th o ils with sulphuric acid ld to almost to ta l ab olition o f th ir oeroinogenle p ro p erties, and sim ila r r e s u lts war obtained by the adoption o f methods o f oxidation and reduction. 99. Twort, C .C . and Twort, F . K . Studies or. the O rigin ot Career. Z tsch r. f . K reb efo rach ., 32, 491 (1930) This i s ' a general surrey o f the work o f the Tworts, *nfi is based on experiments on 43,000 a lo e , a sm aller number o f r a te , gu in e a -p ig s, and r s b b its , end on the use o f some hundred o f v a r ie tie s o f tar? end o i l s o f various c a p a c itie s to cause oaneer. There i s but l i t t l e pro b a b ilit y that an acquired p h y sio lo gio al immunity against oaneer-producing substances e x is t s . The authors' various substances are divided according to th eir osnosr-fonalng capacity in m ice, to that every group has about ten times the power o f the preceding one. 99. Twort, C. C. and Twort, F . M. U g a s ifio a t io n o f Four Thousand Sxperlmental O il and Tar Skin Tumours o f M ice. The study from which th is c la s s if ic a t io n was mads was bsssd upon 9,100 anim als. 100. Twort, C. C. and F u lto n , F . &. Further Experiment on the C arcin o gen icity o f Syn th etic Tara and Their F rco tlo n s. F . Path. B eet. 33, 119-42 (1930) 101. Twort, C . C. and Twort, F . M. The Cerelnogenio Potency o f M ineral O i l s . F . In d . Eyg. 13. 204-22# (1931) P ainting miee with refined aEsle o i l indueee cancer more re a d ily than p ain tin g with refin e d petroleum w ell e l l . The moet potent frs o tlo n from shale o i l le un fin ish e d lu b r ic a tin g o i l from which moet o f the p a r a ffin wax hae been removed but which had not been treated with Ha804 end f i l t e r e d . The heavier grade o i l s ere lees potent than spindle o i l s . The oanoerpreducing property o f o i l s appear to be related to fluoreecenoe. O ils having e blue fluoreseenoe eeem more a c tiv e than those having a green fluoresoenoe. Chrysene dissolved In o le le sold possesses oarelnogcnlo properties. Twort, C . C. and Twort, J . X . The B e la tlv e Potency, o f Cerelnogenio Tara and O i l s . F . H y g ., 29, 273-9 (1931) A method has been devised vftiereby tKe potency o f any given oerolnogenle agent can be compared with that o f e standard agent. A unit o f earelnogenloity- U .C .- T 103. : 104. : '1 -3 J- has been e stab lish e d , and a concentration o f 600 carcinogenic u n it3 per cubic centimeter la considered to Induce the maximum r e le tlT e response in anineLa when the agent la applied twice a weex. The c rcinogenic cowers of o ils rate aa fo llo w s, in descending order: Shale, Venezuelan, Borneo, Rumanian, Paraian, C a lifo r n ia n , Mexioan, Mid-oon- tin e n ta l, Texan, Penns/Iranian, and iu a a ia n . Hypothetical standard agent 100.0 Penn, o i l 0.1 Cal. pet. o il 3.0 O il Ho. 3 0.6 Shale O il 48.0 Pitch 25.0 Gas ta r 94.0 Pinene synthetic ta r 706.0 Effect of refining Penn, o il 0 .1 Methyl s u lfit e extraot 22.0 O il Ho. 3 0 .6 D is t i l la t e 300-380*C./lmm 12.0 Methyl s u lfit e extraot 53.0 Shale o il 46.0 Oxidized st 150-160*C. 0 .3 Pinene syn th etic ta r concentrate 3746.0 Oxidized at 100*C. 2369.0 Oxidized a t 150-16C'C. 68.0 Twort, C .C . and F ulton , J . 3 . Concentration o f the Carcinogenic P rin c ip le in O ils and T ars. J . fuer Xrebaforseh. 36, 643-73 (1932) In the attempt to assess U .C . by phyaleal and chssilcal ch a ra cte ristics, the sp e cific g ra v ity , re fr a c tiv e index and iodine number appeared most pro mi sin g , though other featu res may also u ltim a te ly prove to^of v alu e. Twort, C . C. and Iyth, K. The S e le c tio n o f Kon-oareinogenic from Carcinogenic O i l s . f . H y g ., 33, 464-73 (1933) A l l the animal end vegetable o i l s teated by the euthors on animale have proved to be lnoapable o f in ducing tumor formation during the l i f e o f th e ir anim als. On ths other hand, o le ic a d d and lin o le ie a e ld , unsaturated f a t t y s o ld i which may be present in ocomerelal sap on ifiable o i l s , have frequently Induced txraor form ation; obaervatlone which in th e ir opinion ars o f the h igh est importance in r e la tio n to many oaneara othar than thoea o f tha akin , and p o ssib ly aven o f thosa o f tha skin i t s e l f . I t has baen found th a t tha earclnoganlo o o n stltu ccts o f a given crude are not equally distributed in the various products o f d l s t ll le t l o n obtained from th is crude. The a c t iv it y o f tha f i r s t product! to coma over -39 in th* t i l l , th# no to r p ir it a , e t c ., is n e g lig ib le , end that o f th# lamp o i l * , burning o i l s , l ig h t f u e l, e t c ., 1* also o f l i t t l * account} but when w# roach th* b o ilin g range o f th* lu b ricatin g o il* a d e fin ite CTroinogsnio -.ictivity mry become m a n ifest. Among th* la t t e r t.i* most a ctiv e grad** era, on th* whole, th* swindle ,' r a l i s , c lo se ly followed by o i l * o f a Redwood v is c o s ity of 500 to 1500 at 7 0 * ? ., with a gradual decreae* in a c t iv it y as on* approach** th* in te rn a l combustion engine (motor car) grades. Th* crudo o il* themselves, as a r u le , ar* somewhat l* s * ootant than th* motor oer o i l * , but o f ooura. I t w ill n*ceaaarily depend upon th* amount o f re fin in g to whioh th* la t t e r have been subjected before being marketed. 105* Twort, C .C . end Twort, J . M. Ceroinogenicity o f Spindle O il* . O il end Colour Xrndea J . , 9, 1193-4 (1937) A physical and an animal- t e s t f e r ca rcin o g en icity and e p hysical *nd an animal t e s t fo r d e r a a tie ity o f mineral t e x t i le o il* .a r e described. The average re su lt* o f the** te s ts on 64 o i l * (gxeludlng *h sl* o il* ) ( co lle cte d 5-10 y rt.a g o end on 66 o i l * o o ll*o t*d recen tly are tabu lated . (Th* animal te s t fo r earolnogenieity is not yet completed fo r the reeent o i l * .) These resu lt ia d ie a t* that tn * o r ig in a l o i l * are d a fin lt a ly wora* than tha recent o il* In both th* dazm atltl* t* * ta , w hile in tha canoar p h ysical te s t there la no s i g n i f i cant d ifferen ce. I t is expeoted that tha figu res for tha UI reoent o ils in tha animal te s t o f earolnogenlolty w ill, ba lo v er than those o f the o r ig in a l o i l . I t i s concluded, however that l i t t l e la being done to improve au le spindle o il * from tha b io lo g ic a l stand p o in t. zfcare aro also in d ica tio n s th a t tha average o i l uaod in some o f the codton*#pinning town* is more dangerous than that used In e th e rs. \06* 01 Teort, C . C. and Twort, J . M. lo ta a on Soma o f tho Procedures Adopted fo r Assessing the B io lo g ic a l A o tiv ity o f M ineral O i l s . O il Colour Tredoa J . , 94, 861-6 (1930) M ineral o i l s may induce derm atitle or cancer o f tho kin. In dotg. tho carolnogenle aenaet 3 e ssen tial data*, ar* mads: d . , n and k ln e tlo v ia o o s lty ( iT ) . The data ooU eeted ar* based on tho u t ilis a t io n o f formulas fo r assessin g th* M o l . a c t i v i t y , o a p a a la lly from i t s oar** oinogania sap aet. In formula A , ! (n -l)/ d ehara Mm sp. r * f r a c t i v i t y , xw re fre o tiv a index and d d e n sity . In Formula B, 1 n -( d / f) . formula A I s used in o b t a in !^ tha aanoor r a fr a e t lv lt y C l from formula C which la C l B*S( d-0*900)/K). In formula 9 tha refin ed eanoar re - fr e a tiv ity (ST/50) . B aa u lta , where these mineral o i l s have been employed, aro shown in ta b le * in which m ineral o i l * ar* grouped aooordlng to t o x ic it y and A \T S * -4 0 aeoording to the n drop, The s ig n ific a n c e o f d . in r e la tio n to th n drop among o ils o f lm llir to x io ity and th sig n ifie e n o e o f v ieo o eity in r e la tio n to th n drop among o ils o f apparently sim ila r t o x ic it y ar ahown. Ihe real d i f f i c u l t y in rrriv in g a t the true b io l. a c tiv ity with greater accuracy la th lac*; o f uniform ity o f the imrt fu lly hydrogenated constitu ent. Eiero is qu ite good co rre la tio n between car c in o g e n ic ity , r e f r a c t !v it y , n drop ad t o r i c i t y . joy. Twort, J . M. and L yth , R. Th Conoentretion of Ci.ro inogenio M aterials in M ineral 011 by D ie t illa t io n Process. J . Hyg. S9, 161-9 (1989) Twelve a cid -tre a ted lu b r ic a tin g cut o f a erud, Borneo mineral o i l , were tested fo r oarcir.ogenlc o t i i l t y . The whole range was b io lo g ic a lly s a t ir e , which a c t iv it y had bon foreseen from ar examination o f th p hysical c h a r a c te r is tic !:. The peak a c t l r l t y was around a v is c o s ity o f 800-250 Cantlpolses at 88*C. M olecular d ia t llla t lo n gave a greater concentration o f the carcino genic m ateriel than ordinary d is t illa t io n * a t from 5-10 am. In confirm ation o f previous fin d in g , the middle fra ctio n o f e Borneo crude o i l ware m ostly responsible fo r pathological changes in the organa-- fa tty in f ilt r a tio n o f the liv e r and h yalin e degeneration o f the spleen. Lung tumors were more prevalent then i s usual when th is type o f agent ia used fo r te s tin g earelnogealty fo r the k in . Their ineidenee was rath er higher in the more viscous fra c tio n s} th is incidence was apparently not correlated with eareinogenity fo r the skin* 106. T vort, J . M. end L yth , S. Skin Cancer due to Handling Coal Tars C6d fo r Preservation o f Pishing 1 s t . Mature, 144. 446 (1989) Several fishexmen contracted osneer o f the akin a fte r handling the t a r s . Mouse exp ts. showed th a t d iffe r e n t oosl tars d iffe re d in th e ir oaroizxogenie a c t iv it y , although a l l produeed eons eaneera. Creosote o i l and anthracene o i l were a lso oareinogenlc. Only ooal t a r made in v e rt le a l lo w - t a p . r e to r ts should be used on n e ts . Twort, c . C. Mule-Bpixmere' Canoar: The food fo r Using the Correot O i l s . O il-C o lo u r Trades ? . , 8 .2 9 .4 1 , 386 The oanoer-prodnoing powers o f minorai o lio used in tha cotton industry from d iffe r e n t f ie ld s o f o r ig in , in the orude and refin ed s t a t e s , were thoroughly exanlned and the r e s u lts showed th at there la a danger o f any one producing oar-car o f the skin i f applied long enough but the o i l s from certa in f ie ld s are the more l ik e l y to do s o . S p e c ia l a tte n tio n was paid to the examination o f tha physloal eharaete r i tie s o f various m ineral o l l a , and i t was proved th a t e knowl edge o f th e ir refrn o tiv o index and v is c o s it y provides T -41- a more r e lia b le estim ate o f th e ir canoer-produolng powers then the a p p licatio n o f the sample to the akin. Thie te s t is accurate, rapid and inexpensive, while that v-ith the eicir. la v a r ia b le , lengthy and c o s tly . h e c h ie f iin a o f in v ^ t lg a t lo n hs been a continua tion of tta Aork or tha o le c t ls r d i s t i l l a t i o n o f mineral o i l s Aitr. th*i ob ject of is o la tin g the substenc&a respon- lb la for th e ir carcinogenic a c t i v i t i e s . Animal experi ments itn fr a c tio n a l d ie t llla t e e fro * a Venezuelan o i l are in progress, fra c tio n obtained by moleculer d is t i l l a t i o n o f a cerclnogenio ahele o i l huve bean eubjacted to chromatographic absorption and two apparently ouro hydrocarbon* have bean 1 d a te d in s n a il quantity} thaea are being investigated e h ca ica lly . Painting experiments with fr a c tio n s obtained by th is method have shown that many o f the* are h ig h ly to x ic fo r n ic e . lone o f the subetanoea so fc r tested has been shown to possess s high cercinogenlo a c tiv ity . > few spin dls grade o il * and three o ils intended ss v e h icle s fo r in s e o tlc ld e s have been tested fo r oercino- g e n lc lty . A c o llo id a l m aterial intended aa a p rotective against oarcinogenio o ils has been te s te d . There are indioatlona that i t has some p ro tective a c tio n . the oarcinogtmlc a c t iv it y o f two products formed during the p u r ific a tio n o f carbonisation gas been te ste d , and found to be le a s than th at o f the averege gas ta r . 110. Ullmann, K ., Oppenheim, M. and K i l l s , J . fi. J . In d . Hygiene, 8 , *88, 304 11926) the le s io n * caused by crude petroleum ere the s u e as those oaused by erude ooel t a r , showing the analogous substances must be present in both. The f in a l oroduots o f d is t illa t i o n are tne most a c tiv o , e s p e o la lly 'p a ra ffin o i l . The earoinogenlc agent I s present in fra c tio n s free 300*C. to 4S0*C., but i t is net oertain that the Afxc substance causes both d e z s a tltls end epitheliom a. Ill Talade, P. Canoor o f the Human Lung from Lust from Tarred Roade. P re e o e U e d ., 2 .1 .5 9 , 161 U l . Tan Ihmaisofee, M. JL Chmoleal Cnnoo M936) In g . C h in ., 2^, 50-5 Mors than twioe as many aasaa o f oanoer due to soot were found among sweepers then among any other occupa tio n . Personal claan lin eaa and clo th in g th a t f i t s t ig h t ly around tha axtrami t ie s and around the neok are tho best prevanbi.tlvea. S im ila r care w ill do muoh to ward preventing cancer due to exposure to gaaolln e tad i t s d e r iv a tiv e s , p a r a ffin s , o i l s , and gre a a ss. Such precautions are even more necessary in cases exposed to ta r , p itc h , rosin or a n ilin e dyes. S t r ic t medloal super v is io n and the use o f prooesees nhioh avoid oenteet o f the workers with h a product wfljffl. fu rth e r reduce the danger. -42- - Wam3l*fi * Occupational Diseases o f the Skin (by i l 5, ' L . Schtrorz). "In d u e tria l M edicine", 1343, 317-9 Chimney sweep?' oer.cir hes been rerorted in Ingland more f r ^ v c n t ly t'r.^n in j n/ other country. I t is s jid . tb it the in ri-irn ci vT C T .o ir wrong cr.lmr.ey sweep* ia e isn t time* sore common then among the general popula tio n . Cvicor of tbs i;rot*a o f chiamsy sweeps, ho'.vever, la- on the decline in Ingl-tnd w i t i * resorted ss being preotioelly non-existent in other countries, except for an Iso la ted caee or tvo in Germany. The lo c a l ir r it a t io n and rubbing in o f the soot as the sweep is croupe! in descending t.he chiimsy is said to be tae o*ue. Tar ia used in buildin g roads, in making roofin g nsner and f e l t . P itc h i s used fo r making oonduits, lec'juersi in su la tin g m a te r ia l, greases, and ?dnerdl cements, ar.d workers at theca occupations are a ffe cte d with conedonec, timiors, w crts, keratoses, and epifche- lia n a , s o s t ly o f the scrotum. l i p , fa ce and hands. No oases o f mule epinnero* canoer hare been reported from Prance, Germany, B u s 'i f , or Poland. The author made exoarinstions o f thousands o f mule spinners eaoloyed in the United S ta te s and did not fin d any oases o f soTotal eanoer, although there were many eases o f f o l l l - o u lit l s and keratoses o f the thighs eoused by o i l - - soaked tro u se rs. X14. Wanlek, H. Melanoderma and Keratoses from the Aotign o f A sp h alt. A r x t l. 8*ohverst. Z t g ., 6., 49 (1340). In the preparation o f oork plutes (h eat-in su latio n p late o f asohelt and oork) much dust develops under ery unfayorable working oon dltion s. Two workers, who had been working fo r three months, su ffered from pigm entation, i n f l '.tnmatory changes and hyperkeratoses o f the fa c e , fo re a rm and hands. The h yp erp lartie prooeaaos mere in te n s ifie d in the older workers* The syaotona were aggravate! by l i g h t . The in te n siv e eotlom o f asp h alt dust i s considered to be the oause. 118. Watson, a . 7 . Tar Cnnoer In M ice. I I I . An Apparatus fo r the Preparation under Standard Conditions o f a Highly Potent Carcinogenic Agent o f Lew T o x io ity . B r i t . Jo u r . ? e r . sath., 11, 441-7 (1951) With an adaptation o f the apparatus o f H-.gue and Wheeler the author has suaoeeded in making from p u rifie d tu rp en tin e, at *5 0 *C ., e r e la t iv e ly n on-torio war whiah e lic it e d tu to rs a ft e r 210 days in 90jt o f the survivors from * group o f 37 r^ioe; most o f theee growths *?*re m align an t. Welwnrt. Ceneer fr a r ? r a ffin Wax end M ineral 011a. r>eifena. 2 t g ., 52, ^92-3 (1935) Most chemists rnd derm atologists b e lie v e that workers in p a ra ffin fa c to r ie s G'-'t cenoar fron the p a ra ffin l t u e l f w^ l v _ 49- a h la Seherber and Teuteehlaender e la ln th at oanear Aoaa net eene fron p a ra if i t , but fror. nixieral e l l a . .*, Windaus, A. ei. KewJ-akt E . Tsao D erivativer o f 3,4-Ben>- ** pyrena. 2. Phyuiol. Chan. 849. 25$-* ( i 7 ) By oneioy tc x-raya ("x-rv produce and x-r*ys ire ot.ncer*' carcinotat*ic hydxocarbju should b te a te i fo r paeaible thexapeutio r a lu e j. 8u*atiT* ro m ita hart been obteined Ith 3 ,4 -boaropyrena (X). i, leo d , Fr C , The Bon-Caroinogsnio la tu r e o f P u b ified M ineral O lla . J . Aa. Mttd. A s m ., 94, 1541 (1930) Ihe general e lln lo a l tvTdence that thare exlata no relation beteeen th therapeutio uaa o f reflned petroleun producta and the eoeurrenca o f cancar la eoztflxBod by experinan ta l tudies. 10. Weed, K. B. P araffin l e i ProdacVir c f ,Canear, f . canear B e s., J 8, 97-108 (1921) 110 *** E . B. Sein lesiona Anong Tar toxicara, f . Canear lo a ;. J S , 4-9 (1919) * D ifferen t types and oonpoaltian o f tara ara ila , eaaaed. Only ta r obtainod fron th d ia te , o f aoel et ] tarpa. oontaina a sbatenos oarainecan&a to #artel lab w inala Mortasa Handling co ti tar tweed ta r erta ae a rosalt , bat no other affaat Bo Ir r lta s t aotion o the hunan bin ana fotmd f h t lo te n ; d is t illa te ta r or fron petroloum tar * UU Woodhtuao, D. 1. Caroiaoceniolty o f Bynthetle Labriatine O lla . J . Znat P e t. T ech ., Q 1087-43 (1094) ltt T--agi os and I ehi Mar e. Experimental Study o f o f C a r s l m . f . Conaer l a a ., m , 1-11 . ln 1919 predaaad sanear by the experimental m U t f W i i o f tar te th acr e f laboretory a s in a i. * V / A