Document baEJ4QRpY7yJE0xMZRjVpk6dD

'l 5 k W PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT ll(T7tm.CP PROCEEDINGS of All Ohio Safety Congress Held under the auspices of THE INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION OF OHIO and the direct management of THE DIVISION OF SAFETY AND HYGIENE Published under the authority of The Industrial Commission of Ohio Deshler-Wallick Hotel Columbus, Ohio May to, it. 12 1938 THE F. J. HEER PRINTING CO. Columbus, Ohio -XMI ____ ft w PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT 3r Xrt- \ it) AHIOOH jUNVUil^NI LIST OF HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS O. B. Chapman, Director, Department of Industrial Relations, State of Ohio.- John E. Ryder, President, Columbus Chamber of Commerce, Columbus, Ohio. Don K. Martin, Secretary, Ohio Manufacturers' Association, Columbus, Ohio. Taos. J. Donnelly, Secretary, Ohio Federation of Labor, Columbus, Ohio. Taos. J. Dotty, former Chairman, Industrial Commission of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio Judge Led E. Skeh, President, Cleveland Safety Council, Cleveland, Ohio. Feans A. PtrRNru, President, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, Youngs town, Ohio. Charles R. Hook, President, The American Rolling Mill Company, Middletown, O. Major Nosman A. Imrxe, President, Columbus Safety Council, Columbus, Ohio. Ben W. Marx, President and General Manager, CoL and So. Ohio Electric Gx, Columbus, Ohio. S. P. Bush, Columbus, Ohio. C C Slussee, Vice President, Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, Akron, Ohia Lewis M. Cbosley, Vice President and General Manager, The Crosley Radio Cor poration, Cincinnati, Ohio. Charles L Keu.ee, Vice President, The Richardson Company, Lockland, Ohio. J. A. Voss, Vice President in charge of Industrial Relations. Republic Steel Corpora tion, Youngstown, Ohio. E. M. Bland, President, Zanesville Industrial Safety Council, Zanesville, Ohio. George W. Smith, Jr., Vice President, White Motor Company, Cleveland, Ohia C E. Toerey, General Manager, Ohio Power Company, Canton, Ohia Donald P. Hess, Assistant to the President, Timken Roller Bearing Company, Can ton, Ohia Dr. 0. P. Geiex, Director of Employee Relations, The Gncinnati Milling Machine Company, Gncinnati, Ohia_____________________________ --- --------- C. H.T,uinjiT1 President, Middletown Safety Council, Middletown, Ohio. C R. Stoner, President, Lancaster Safety Council, LancaterpOhia-=r^=.--~ -------- =7^ -rrrr:' -tiARRY Ehrtch: President, Marion"SafeTy Council.- MarionTOhia ' ' D.~S. XuiiTi, President, Scrap Iron and Steel Institute, Canton, Ohio.------------- G A. Helser, President, Newark Safety Council, Newark, Ohia Earl Troll, President MansficWVSafety Council, Mansfield, Ohio. D. M. CaoNiN, President, Croi7J|China Co., Minerva, Ohio. Deceased . * V: . - \m V. n! W < ENTS State of Ohio. Columbus, Ohio, lolumims, Ohio, ambus, Ohiou hio, Columbus, Ohio, eland, Ohio, e Company, Youngs* any, Middletown, O. Columbus, Qfckx Ohio Electric Ox, ' iy, Altrom Ohio. Crosley Radio Cor- LockJand, Ohio, ihltc Steel Corpora* tesnUe, Ohio. Geveland, Ohio. Ohio. mg Company, Can* tt Milling Machine i. Ohio. *hia COMMITTEES Arrangements Chairman: Thos. P. Keains, Superintendent, Division of Safety and Hygiene, In* dustrial Commission of Ohio, Columbus, Ohia P. A. Albesty, Secretary, Ohio Fuel Gas Co, Columbus, Ohhx William Atkinson, Wheeling Steel Corp, Portsmouth, Ohia Ebnest Augustus, Safety Director, Mead Corpt, Chillicothe, Ohia Claude Bawdcn, Underwriters Laboratories, Youngstown, Ohia Fees G. Bennett, Safety Director, Buckeye Steel Castings Ca, Columbus, Ohio. Askold Bill, Secretary-Treasurer, Ohio State Council of Carpenters and Joiners of America, North Olmsted, Ohia Geobge V. Bolger, Cleveland Plain Dealer, Cleveland, Ohia C S. Bowden, Ohio Public Service Co, Alliance, Ohio. John Breiddibach, Gty Commissioner, Dayton, Ohia F. G. Brucklacher, Ohio Oil Co, Findlay, Ohia W. S. Bucklew, Chief, Upper Arlington Fire Department, Columbus, Ohia James R. Byrum, Safety Advisor, American Rolling Mill Co, Middletown, Ohio. Harry E. Cameron, General Superntendent, Cambridge Collieries Ca, Cambridge, Ohia A. Clark, The Safety Clothing Co, Cleveland, Ohkx ~ R. J. Clark, Crosley Radio Corp, Cincinnati, Ohkx S. H. Clouse, Springfield Purity Dairy, Springfield, Ohkx A. C Cook, Superintendent Safety, Welfare and Claims, Carnegie Steel Ca, Youngs town, Ohkx H. E. Crain, Safety Director, Ohio Power Co, Canton, Ohia David Crooks, Kroger Grocery & Baking Co, Gncinnati, Ohkx R, J. Deaves, Safety Inspector, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co, Zanesville, Ohio. Thos. J. Donnellt, Secretary, Ohio Federation of Labor, Columbus, Ohia H. G. Ehret, Division of Factory & Building Inspection, Department of Industrial Relations, Columbus, Ohkx E. A. Ellis, EXrector of Welfare, Wheeling Steel Corp, Wheeling, W. Va. L. L. Evert, Ohio Bell Telephone Co, Geveland, Ohia Robert Feathbuncham, Warner Collieries Co, Wolf Run, Ohio. R. H. Ferguson, Manager of Safety, Republic Steel Corp, Geveland, Ohio. W. T. Filmer, Supervisor of Safety, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co, Youngstown, Ohia D. K. Finley, Secretary, Columbus Safety Council, Chamber of Commerce, Colum bus, Ohia Harley J. Gould, Ferro Concrete Construction Co, Gncinnati, Ohio. E. E. Grant, Vice President, Crystal Tissue Co, Middletown, Ohia D. H. Grothaus. Subscription Manager, The McCall Co, Dayton, Ohio. E. E. Grover, Columbus & Southern Ohio Electric Co, Columbus, Ohio. G. E. Hart, National Refining Co, Findlay, Ohio. R. T. Henderson, Safety Engineer, Standard Oil Co, Geveland, Ohio. H. H. Henry, Safety Director, Otis Steel Co, Geveland. Ohio. Don C. Hunter, Personnel Department, Oxford Miami Paper Co, West Carrollton. Ohia John W. Jockel, Ohio Conference of Bricklayers, Masons & P. I. U, East Geve land, Ohia J. T. Kidney, Manager, Employees Service Division, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co, Akron, Ohkx R. H. Krone, Safety Director. Union Gas & Electric Co, Cincinnati, Ohio. 0. S. Legg, Federal Printing Co, Columbus, Ohio. I . 1 : :;S i .* SC 'A 1 ii * } i* TT it e George J. Lebdux, Assistant Manager, National Malleable & Steel Castings Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Chairman: Carl L. Smi J. 0. Lyle, Personnel Director, Fisher Body Cleveland Division, Cleveland, Ohio. Don K. Martin, Secretary, Ohio Manufacturers Association, Columbus, Ohio. W. J. McCarter, Superintendent of Employment & Training, Cleveland Railways Co., Cleveland, Ohio. J. M. McCloy, James B. Gow & Sons, Newcomcrstown, Ohio. GfiOHCE H. McConaiiy, American Steel Foundries, Alliance, Ohio. F. R. McLean, Safety & Insurance Department, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Detroit, Chairman: Buell W. N land, Ohio. Chairman: H. G. Eukl Inspection, Dcpartnu j i jII Mich. E. E. McPqzkson, Pure Oil Co., Heath Refinery, Newark, Ohio. Ray S. Metzger, Director of Claims & Safety. Toledo Edison Co., Toledo, Ohio. UauAN L. Moleb, Inland Manufacturing Co., Dayton, Ohio. Chairman: H. M. Paul, j and Hygiene, liulusti R. W. Moose, Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., Akroa,-OhiOr- ................................ Buell W. Nutt, President, Safety Equipment Service Co., Cleveland, Ohio. S. R. Olsen, Champion Paper & Fiber Co., Hamilton, Ohio. A. W. Olvst, Fairfield Paper Co., llaltmnrc, Ohio. Quintan: A. L Ruse, Industrial Cormuissic I I t% John Owens, President, District No. <1, United Mine Workers of America, Columbui, Ohio. H. W. Paine, Director, Vocational Teacher Improvement Service, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio. Chairman: G G Beasi Commission of Ohio. J. G. Polm, Safety Director, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. F. S. Pope, The Mead Corp, Chillicothe, Ohio. Industrial C i W. W. Reis, Ohio Fuel Gas Co., Springfield, Ohio. Kathbyn B. Reynolds, American Education Press. Columbus, Ohio. Gilbekt M. Ricketts, Valet Geaners & Storage, Columbus, Ohio. BURE, C Fro I. Rowe, W. L. Johnson Construction Co., Hicksville, Ohio. William Roy, Safety Director, Hanna Coal Co., St Clairsville, Ohio. W. M. Sails, New Method Laundry Co., Columbus, Ohio. W. L. Schneider, Safety Engineer, B. F. Goodrich Co., Akron. Ohio. Chairman: George P. M Staff of < J. L StVAJto, Safety Director, Wheeling Steel Corp., Steubenville, Ohio. E. C Skottowe, H. H. Meyer Packing Co., Gncinnati, Ohio. U. S. Slimmer, American Telephone St Telegraph Co., Geveland. Ohio. Carl L Smith, Managing Director, Geveland Safety Council, Geveland, Ohio. C G. Barth................... H. P. Hkyne................. Mackin Kelly ........... i FraNx G. Smith, Asst General Superintendent. Sunday Creek Coal Co., Nelsonville, P. B. Martens............. Ohio. R. M. Anuerson........... Russell D. Squibb, Y & O Coal Co., Martins Ferry, Ohio. George P. Meehan___ J. P. Sutton, Manager of Industrial Relations, Ohio Oil Co., Findlay, Ohio. Lewis G Lewis............. B. H. Taylor, Personnel Director, Diamond Alkali Co., Painesville, Ohio. D. M. Ryan................... W. S. Taylob, Franklin-American Laundry & Zoric Dry Gcaning Co., Columbus, Ohio. H. L Sain.................. W. E. Obetz................. S. Trainer, Sebring Fire Department, Sebring, Ohio. P. V. Waddell............. R. Rsa Vance, Secretary, Graphic Arts Federation, Columbus, Ohio. James Flukex............. J. A. Voss, Vice President in Charge of Industrial Relations, Republic Steel Corp, Ode J. Grubb............... Youngstown, Ohio. Cable Wagner, Secretary, Wagner Manufacturing Co., Sidney, Ohio. R. G Jones.................. James P. Scanlon -- F. W. Weber, Standard Lime & Stone Co., Woodville, Ohio. Sidney Smith........... R. M. Weimer, Dayton Rubber Mfg. Co., Dayton, Ohio. A. R. Taubman........ Homer J. WeiRs, Manager, Safety, Sanitation & Welfare, American Steel & Wire Ben T. Godfrey........ 'Co., Geveland, Ohio. S. F. Whitesel, Franklin Board St Paper Co., Franklin, Ohio. O. W. Wiswell. Executive Secretary, Ohio Coal Conference, Inc, Columbus, Ohio. Robt. W. Nott. Su Frederick D. Witmeb, Jr., Ohio Hydrate & Supply Co., Woodville Ohio. Joseph H. Zuckeb, Geveland Plain Dealer, Geveland, Ohia eafde & Steel Castings CoI DrVision, Cleveland, Ohio, nation, Columbus, Ohio, raini ing, Cleveland Railways .Ohio, mce. Ohio. -Vacuum Oil Co_ Detroit fc. Ohio. fison Co.. Toledo. Ohio, a c, Cleveland, Ohio, tio. rrs of America. Columbus, it Service. University of Akron. Ohio. A Ohio. . Ohio. Ohio. ville. OIrio. mn. Ohio. tville. Ohio. i. eland. Ohio, al, Cleveland, Ohio. k Coal Co, Nelsomrilte. . Findlay, Ohm. esvillc, Otiin. leaning Ctx, Columbus, . Ohio. . Republic Steel Corp, y. Ohio. meriean Steel & Wire J Ine., Columbus, Ohio dville, Ohia Prsfna Otairman: Carl L. Smith, Managing Director, Geveland Safety Council. Exhibits Qtairman: Bow. W. Non, President, Safety Equipment Service Company, Cleve land, Ohia Eptftsinmwnt Chairman: H. G. Ehbet, Safety Director. Division of Factory and Building and Inspection, Department of Industrial Relations of Ohio. Publicity Chairman: H. M. Paul, Supervisor of Printing and Publications, Division of Safety and Hygiene, Industrial Commission of Ohia Reception Chairman: A. L. Rose, Assistant Superintendent, Division of Safety and Hygiene, Industrial Commission of Ohio. Registration Chairman: C C Beasor, Statistician, Division of Safety and Hygiene, Industrial Commission of Ohia Industrial Commission Booths 4 and S In Safaty Exhibit BUREAU OF INFORMATION ON SAFETY. COMPENSATION AND CLAIMS SAFETY Chairman: George P. Meehan, Mechanical Engineer. Staff of the Division of Safety and Hygiena of the Industrial Commission of Ohio G G Barth........... ...............Safety Engineer H. P. Heyne.......... ...............Safety Engineer Mackin Kelly ... ...............Safety Engineer P. B. Martens.... ...............Safety Engineer R. M. Anderson... ....... Structural Engineer George P. Meehan ....... Mechanical Engineer Lewis G Lewis....... ............. Mining Engineer D. M. Rtan............ ..............Mining Engineer H. L. Sain............. . -- Special Representative W. E. Obetz........... ..............Medical Director P. V. Waddell........ Examiner (Professional) James Flueee........ ......... Special Investigator Ode J. Grubb......... ......... Special Investigator R. G Jones............. ......... Special Investigator James P. Scanlon. ......... Special Investigator Sidney Smith........ ......... Special Investigator A. R. Taudman... ......... Special Investigator Ben T. Godfrey... ......... Special Investigator COMPENSATION Robt. W. Nott, Supervisor of Information, Industrial Commission ol Ohia EXHIBITORS Ninth All Ohio Safety Congress Deahler-WaHick Hotel Columbus, Ohio May 10, 11, 12, 1938 Porter Cable Machine Co, Syracuse, Nifw Ynrlt---------------------------------------------- Safway Steel Scaffold of Ohio, Fostoria, Ohio. C H. Dockson Co, Detroit, Mich. The Kimball Safety Products Co, Cleve land. Ohio. The Industrial Commission of Ohio, Di vision of Safety and Hygiene. Safety Engineering Magazine, Division of Alfred M. Best Co, Inc, New York, N. Y. Chicago Eye Shield Co., Oticagn, 111. The Geo. L. Williams Co., Geveland, Ohm. M- E. Cunningham Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. The Strauss Co* Pittsburgh, Pa. Willson Products, Inc., Reading, Pa. Acme Safety Products Co., Akron, Ohio. Safety First Shoe Go* Holliston. Mass. Mine Safety Appliances Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. American Optical Co, Geveland, Ohia Burroughs Wellcome & Co, Inc, New York, N. Y. Harry L. Morgan Co, Columbus, Ohio. Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. Industrial Gloves Co, Danville, 111. Davis Emergency Equipment Co, Inc, New York, N. Y. The Safety Clothing Co, Geveland, Ohia Wiesman Mfg. Co, Dayton, Ohia W. S. Schuyler Mfg. Co, Springfield, Ohio. SaMy'&quipment Service Co, Geveland. Ohia Elliott Service Co, New York, N. Y. The Governor's Safety Coordinating Bu reau, Columbus, Ohia Melflex Products Co, Akron, Ohia Panther-Panco Co.i Chelsea. Masr-----------H. W. Peters Co, Columbus, Ohia The M. F. Murdock Co, Akron, Ohia Pyrene Mfg. Co, Chicago, III. Bauer Mfg. Co, Wooster, Ohia Lehigh Safety Shoe Co, Allentown, Pa. Safeguard Electric Co, Inc, Brooklyn. N. Y. Brown Shoe Co, St Louis, Ma Burroughs Adding Machine Co, Detroit, " Mich. The Positive Safety Mfg. Co, Geveland. Ohia Surty Mfg. Co, Chicago, 111. The Fyr-Fyter Co, Dayton, Ohio. Keystone View Co, Meadville, Pa. Flohr Mfg. Co, Buffalo, N. Y. H. Childs & Co, Inc, Pittsburgh, Pa. The Dayton Safety Ladder Co, Cincin nati, Ohia Chas- B. Timmons, Middletowa Ohia Shepherd Safety Shoe Corp., Chicago, IU. GerSite Co, New York, N. Y. Sugar Beet Products Co, Saginaw, Mich. A. Schrader's Son, Brooklyn, N. Y. International Shoe Co, St. Louis, Mo. Columbus Glove Mfg. Ca, Columbus, Ohio. Guardian Chemicals, Inc, Columbus, Ohia Youngstown Safety Supply Ca, Youngs town, Ohia Williams & Co, Inc, Pittsburgh, Pa. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co, New York, N. Y. The Surety Rubber Co, Carrollton, Ohia Standard Safety Equipment Co, Chi cago, I1L Thos. W. Ruff & Co, Columbus, Ohia It) Cyril Ainsworth H. \V. Arlin... Ernest Augusta L E. Bailey___ Charles G. Bart Claude Bawdea J. W. Beall.... Erneit W. Deck R. H. Bennett. Thomas Bentley James Berry .. George Btechier Arnold Bill ... Col. Lynn Blac Will T. Blake. Walter J. Btoo W. R. Botkins C B. Boulet.. Otto W. Brae! H. A. Bradley John Breideab; Arthur F. Bri James R. Byre James G. Caff Harry J. Calla Charles J. Car O. B. Chapma J. Leo Child.. William P. C. S. H. Clouse 0. R. Cornelii David Crooks A1 Dalton .. Governor Ma: Homer A. D: Kenneth L. E W. R Elliot. H. S. Ernst. L L. Evert.. Joseph E. Fa Kenneth L. 1 W. L. Faulk* Robert Feath R. Fenner ... R. H. Fergus W. T. Filme; D. Knight F Glenn Gardir pacx r . 318 . 328 . 329 . 331 . 338 . 342 - - -.348 _ .. 334 334 s .. 358 ~ ..-363--?-== ** .. 373 ---i= ! 4 .1 PUBLIC UTILITIES Chairman: W. W. Reis, The Ohio Fuel Gas Co., Springfield, Ohio........... . Viet Chairman: C S. Bowden, Ohio Public Service Co., Alliance, Ohio. Pack 383 "Do Barricades Barricade:" :..................................................................................... 383 Robert Radbone. The Ohio Fuel Gas Ok, Toledo, Ohio. Discussion:................................................................................................................... 387 "Dos Bites Man":....................................................................................................... 389 C N. Rakestraw, The Geveland Electric Illuminating Co., Geveland, Ohio. Discussion: .................................................................................................................... 393 "Intangibles to Safety":.......................................................................................... 31*7 Paul G Martin, Attorney at Law, Springfield, Ohio. RUBBER Chairman: R. M. Weimer, Dayton Rubber Manufacturing Co- Dayton, Ohio... 408 Vice Chairman: R. W. Morse, Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. Secretary: Ubban L. Moler, Inland Manufacturing Co., Dayton, Ohio. Refokt of Nominating Committee:.......................................................................... 408 "Safeguarding the Woieu's Health":................................................................. 40:* E. H. Gilman, Manager, Health Laboratory, Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co- Akron, Ohio. Discussion of Previous Address:.............................................................................. 413 Led by J. G. Polm, Safety Director, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co- Akron, Ohio. "Safety Progress in the Rubber Industry During the Past Twenty Years": ............................................................................................................... 422 E. W. Beck, Safety Supervisor, United States Rubber Products, Inc., New York, N. Y. QUARRIES, CEMENT AND LIME Chairman: Frederick D. Wither, Jr- Ohio Hydrate & Supply Co., Woodville Ohio ................................................ 429 "Hazards and the Prevention of Accidents in Quarry Operations:............. 429 G. H. Rutherford, Personnel Manager, Basic Dolomite, Inc- Maple Grove, Ohio. 432. William C James, Safety Engineer, Ponland Cement Association,' Cfiicagor Ilt - - -------- * -- - . Ro'usd' -TxnxrDiscussioN.: .~r--. -- "Our Most Serious Accident Hazards." 437 PETROLEUM ~-------------- CAoirUju: F. R. McLean. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co- Detroit, Mich.................... 44: Vice Jhirman: E. E. McPherson, Pure Oil Co., Heath, Ohio. __ Sccrr<7y: G. E. Hart, National Refining Co., Findlay, Ohio. INHALATION OF DUST AND CONTROL OF DUST HAZARDS Ma. William C James, Safety Engineer, Portland Cement Association, Chicago, IU. Mr. Chairman, gentlemen: Confusion still seems to be the dominant keynote outside the research laboratory m this question of occupational "dusty-lung" diseases. Terms such as pneumoconio sis, silicosis, siderosis, chalicosis and even silicatosis are bandied about indiscriminately and often without meaning. Usually, the mere mention of dust in a conversation inspires visions of high mortality, high sickness rates and a long trail of serious hazards. The term "pneumoconiosis" is often interpreted to mean a disease of the lungs, resulting from dust inhalation. Actually, it means simply "dusty lung." In the early history of lung disease it was thought that all dusts caused the same disease reaction and this term was applied to that disease. Modern research has demon* strafed that most dusts are harmless. The term "pneumoconiosis" therefore should assume its primary meaning and when applied to an individual can rightly be inter preted only as indicating that .the person has inhaled dust Dr. Leroy U. Gardner, referring to non-specific pneumoconiosis says, "Such changes have no clinical'signifi cance and produce neither symptoms nor interference with working capacity. They are of no more importance than the callouses on the palms of the hands." Any person in any environment may develop this condition. Even office workers in large industrial communities may show X-ray evidence of having inhaled dust, but such evidence is meaningless as far as health is concerned. Of the various strictly industrial dusts, coal and iron ore are perhaps most spectacular in their appearance in the lung. Early investigators, and by this I mean investigators in the first 16 or 17 centuries of the Christian era, were so impressed by the lung pigmentation of workers in iron ore and coal that they credited these substances with a prominent part in the development of lung disease. Modern re search has demonstrated that this coloring of the lung tissue is, in itself, of no significance. Only two substances are now known to cause a definite lung disease, namely, asbestos and uncombined silica. Research men who have dealt specifically with dust diseases have long recognized that dusts with a low silica content are free from health hazards. Compensation insurance actuaries are also accepting the fact, as is demonstrated by the rates they have set for the cement industry. Cement quarries contain mostly limestone, in which quartz constitutes less than 10% of the total rock formation. In California, cement plants and quarries have been entirety excluded from __the. occupational - disease rate-schedule;--Indiana and Illinois both have1 iH-iirriushv occupational diseaselawsl Ih'tFese states'. Trite of only five cents'has berifseiTTor both cement mills and quarry operations. That this rate is based_on a. known I . absence o'f hazard is'evident'when it isiconsidered that quarries .other -than -cement -^Sc=r--: - rquarriesihave been-assignedja. rate'-of <rn'~?n~Indiana "and <1.20. -which is 24 -times the cement rate, Jn Illinois.. ____________ In Michigan, which has a schedule type law, thc_cementJndustry's ?< -two--------- --- cents. Other quarries have been assessed at the rate of forty cents in this state. g New York State, which has a liberal combined schedule, and all-inclusive law. has set a rate of Utven cents fr *be cement quarries. Quarries other than cement have been giveqjp rate of 11.07. Inhalation 'Jj free silicon dioxide (usually quartz) in excessive quantities aver a long period v * time causes the disease, silicosis. You will- note particulariy'that "' three factors ai necessary to the causation orthis disease: * 1. Frt *re 2. Exc 3. Lor Particu con dioxide, says--not c (which is c confusion b: honored prr oxides of t cement will this silica is been cosclu: exposure to of free sili< common for and chert n be less seve: The Km this do not terial will v: at Saranac per cent qua cent quartz v Dr. Gar does not fra elusions as t dence on an ing zone of - [ i The see quartz that easily deterrr quartz confer Dr. A. J Company, an mary of wha fore The Ar 1937. He sa ~ "JS'thfj limits of dus dust content: working cone . industry* if. tf with the help and applicable right direction This recc The Nan million panic, siliceous dusts by different i j recommended' !ARD3 4 h laboratory neumocoeria. .iscriminattiy * conversation ;l of serious if the lam g." In the same disease has demos, efore should tly be inter* U. Gardner. meal aigsifi* adty. They ands." Aqy workers in ed dost, bat erhaps most this I mean so impressed' ~ -edited fine Modern retself; of no I k ase, nameir. It with dost : free from e fact, as is >.eat quarries ;e tool rock eluded from -- been set for ~ n i_known_ll than cental is times- rate is two-sr-- j this state. g :ve law, has__ _ than cement intitles over qularly that 1. Free silicon dioxide (usually quartz), in particles less than 10 microns in greatest diameter. 2. Excessive concentration. 3. Long period of exposure. Particular emphasis should be given to these limiting factors: First, "free sQi- .-.n dioxide, less than 10 microns in greatest diameter." This means exactly what it -ays--not calcium carbonates, not iron oxides, not silicates, not even silicon carbide which is carborundum) but free silicon dioxide. It seems probable that no little . >nfusion has arisen in the minds of plant superintendents and engineers of the time* `-'nored practice by industrial chemists of reporting an analysis in terms of the sides of the components. For example, a typical reported analysis of Portland cement will show a total silica content of about twenty per cent Actually, all of this silica is combined in the form of entirely harmless calcium silicates, and it has been conclusively demonstrated that it is utterly impossible to acquire silicosis from exposure to cement dust It should be mentioned that quartz is not the only form of free silica, though it is apparently the most dangerous and certainly the most common form. The various amorphous forms of the compound, such as flint tripoli and chert, may also produce the silicotic reaction in the lung, but they are known to he less severe in their effect The limiting size of ten microns is also of importance. Particles larger than this do not reach the lungs. Furthermore, the percentage of quartz in a given ma terial will vary greatly with the particle size. A petrographic examination of shale at Saranac Laboratory under Dr. L. U. Gardner's direction, recently revealed 20 per cent quartz. In a special fraction containing only large particles, 40 to 80 per cent quartz was found. Dr. Gardner writes, "this is obviously due to the fact that quartz is so hard it does not fracture into fine particles." It must, therefore,-be emphasized that con clusions as to the hazard existent in a dusty operation cannot be based with confi dence on an analysis of the parent rock. Only an analysis of the dust in the breath ing zone of the operator will give an accurate picture of conditions. The second limiting factor Is concentration. The exact amount of air-home quartz that constitutes a dangerous concentration in any particular industry is not easily determined, nor is there as yet any substantial agreement as to what limits of quartz content should be observed. Dr. A. J. Lanza, Assistant Medical Director of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, an outstanding authority on the silicosis problem, gave an excellent sum mary of what needs to be known about dust concentration in his paper presented be fore The American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, in February, 1937._ He said: "In thenresent state of our knowlcdgc.-ft- Is not possible to establish -permissible limits of dustiness for all dusty Industries or~processes as"the'variation bothin-thedust content and in external modifying conditions is so extreme. In mining, however, working conditions are -fairly-constant and it wouid he extremely valuable to .the industry if -the various ^mining companies that-face-a'-silfca hazard would establish, - with the help of the proper governmental authorities, tentative standards practicable and applicable for.their .own mines... .Some ,have_done so and.it is a long step in the right direction." ___ ... _____ This recommendation might well be extended to other industries. The National Silicosis Conference tentatively established a maximum of five million particles per cubic foot as a safe quartz concentration in the ease of highly siliceous dusts. This standard is subject to modification as more data are developed by different industries." 'The National Silicosis_ Conference report also-says, "It is recommended that clinical and engineering studies'he..carried'oQt as 'rapidly'.as pos- 484 sible to establish the necessary scientific data upon which we may base practical and effective regulatory standards." The report then states that knowledge of three factors is necessary for establishing safe concentration of atmospheric dost: \ Hours per day a 2 L The relative number and sire of the free silica and the other particles tus- - 3 pended at breathing levels in the different parts of the industrial atmosphere. 21 2. The proportion of the workmen's time actually spent in the various dust ` concentrations. 3. The effects of exposure to environment, as revealed by the occupational and 4 v * Total Hours 8 medical histories of old employees, by physical examination and by the roentgenologi cal appearances of their lungs. 800 panicle hours in tr Through a knowledge of these three factors, any industry can discover what, if I Tho any, hazard it has and what preventive measures are needed. For the past two years, under the direction of Dr. Leroy U. Gardner of the Saranac Laboratory for the The application o: Study of Tuberculosis, the cement industry has been making a careful estimate of from a study of. cone the health of its workers, according to the plan just outlined. Many of the state plant atmospheric dus- ments in this paper regarding the effect of mixed or non-siliceous dusts have been * by the P. H. S. met! based on the findings of these studies. greatest. One of the outstinding conclusions a student of these researches in the cement industry will reach is that concentrations of free silica appreciably higher than the maximum specified by the Silicosis Conference are safe if the silica constitutes a moderate proportion of the total dust Apparently, a mixture of silica with other minerals, if the other minerals are predominant, tends to inhibit the effect of the silica in the lung. It is not yet possible to recommend, without reservation, the flulion of silica with other dusts as a protective measure. It is far better to remove die dust from the atmosphere. Nevertheless, it is significant that in the Portland | < How long does it be equivocal. Much < respiratory passages : usual protective mec normal nasal and bre by pneumonia or tub all familiar with the resistance against tui cement indnstry, where.a high concentration of raw material dust containing up to 10 per cent of free silica is sometimes found, the X-rays and physical examinations K. reveal no pathological lung condition attributable to dust dentally, suggests one other dusts. Medica lung resemble the let Although no agreement has been reached as to the maximum safe concentration of free silica in the presence of harmless dusts, agreement as to good housekeeping limits is practically unanimous. Industries with a dusty process, even though dusts are harmless, should endeavor to reach a concentration in the neighborhood of 100 million particles per cubic foot of air in the breathing zone of the workers, in the interests of comfort and increased efficiency. The third factor in the development of silicosis is duration of exposure. The problem of exposure resolves itself into two parts. First, what proportion of the workers' time is actually spent in the dusty atmosphere? It is evident that a hazard ous dust will not affect a man unless he is actually exposed to it and will not have ~as ~ertat~aH~effect~qn~a~mag-who is cxposed-to it one hour a day as on -e-man con- tjnuously gxpdnid. ' "" .................. -- - . The-United .States Public Health Service has developed a formula for calculating _ the actual exposure in terms, of particle hours. They recommend, in Bulletin 217, Uhc : Determination and Control of Industrial Dust," that the particle concentration, in any . area be multiplied by the number of hours an employee-works in that-area; that .this, product be calculated for each hour of the working day and that the total of these products be divided by the number of working hours to give the equivalent of con tinuous exposure during the day. For example, a man may spend two hours a day in a .concentration of 200 m3lion particles per cubic foot; three hours in a concentration of 10 mOlion particles: one and three-quarter hours in a concentration of 40 million particles and 15 minutes . in concentration L?00 million particles. The man's exposure would be calculate*!: I < tuberculosis and, at The seriousness of : significant quantities nostic symptoms are reveal the presence o the Metals Sections c from silicosis is not silicosis, uncomplica seldom pronounced e deprived of an oppo; shows some signs o -iteering- -methods,--QJ simply because of a fied out of all prop 1 So not produccthej; to-tuberculosis. In 1700 employees reve or quiescent. Studi of mills in the inc tuberculosis of 0.0' mortality rate of 0 cuIosis'Association The various fa - silicosis, if . we ma> it dust `I ttratfan keeping h dusts of 100 in the hat this ! f -theseof con-: 00 m3rtides minutes listed: 439 Particle-hours (millions) aandb 400 80 110 260 Total Honrs 8 % ' 800 *00 particle hours in millions per cubic foot 8 hours ~s 100 million paftides per cubic foot daily exposure The application of this formula in a practical problem is apparent If you find, from a study of concentration and silica content that in two or three areas in your plant atmospheric dust exceeds safe limits, you will make an analysis of the exposure by the P. H. S. method and attack first that point where employee exposure is the , greatest How long does it take silicosis to devdop? The answer to such a question must be equivocal. Much depends on the physical condition of the worker. A man whose respiratory passages have been damaged so that dust is not readily exduded by the usual protective mechanism, may contract silicosis more readily than a man with normal nasal and bronchial passages. Also a man whose lungs have been damaged by pneumonia or tuberculosis may devdop silicosis more quickly. We are probably all familiar with the reverse of this; Le, that the man with silicosis has much less resistance against tuberculosis than a man with unaffected lungs. This fact, inci dentally, suggests one of the outstanding differences between the action of silica and other dusts. Medical authorities state that not only does the silicotic lesion in the lung resemble the lesion in tuberculosis, the silica actually stimulates the activity of tuberculosis and, at the same time, conceals its symptoms until it is far advanced. The seriousness of such a condition may readily be imagined. A tubercular with significant quantities of silica in his lungs may be rapidly getting worse, yet diag nostic symptoms are often lacking. Frequently only a careful X-ray examination can reveal the presence of tuberculosis in a silicotic Mr. P. N. Bushnell, speaking before the Metals Sections of this Congress last year, emphasized the fact that the real danger from silicosis is not silicosis at all, but tuberculosis. First or even second degree silicosis, uncomplicated by tuberculosis, usually causes relatively slight disability, seldom pronounced enough to interfere with working capacity. No worker should be deprived of an opportunity to earn a living at his regular job just because his X-ray shows some signs of nodulation. The job should be cleaned up by approved enginwring methods, of course, but discharge of workers who are perfectly capable, simply "betause ~of~a~non-symptomatic-conditjon-which-hystetiral opinion has magnis, fied out of all proportion, is certainly not.the solution of the problem. Inert dusts da not produce'the typical nodular lesion, nor do they-cause any increased susceptibility ~tu tube uTlosis. ~~In the,cement- industry, for example, .only. 1% of ~the~X-ray Of 1700 employees revealed old tuberculosis lesions and 96% of these lesions -were-healedor quiescent! Studies oTabsenteeism o'ver'a"two-year period, covering the majority of "T1 in the industry, confirms the X-ray evidence. The mortality rate from tuberculosis of 0.07 per 1000 employees in 1937 is only 6% of the tuberculosis mortality rate of 0.87 per 1000 employed males ^tablished by the National Tuber culosis Association in a comprehensive survey 930. The various factors which may influence the' [tgth of time required to develop silicosis, if we may recapitulate, are (1) .intent^' 'of dust concentration, (2) pro-- El *I t, j-. Ml serins * :n]rn:r w w n B jia u w m H M i n i i i M iw i w e a a f f BLn 1 a ira a 1 portion of free silica in the dust, (3) proportion of working time employees spend in the dusty atmosphere, (4) condition of employee's upper respiratory tract, and (3) condition of employee's lungs. In any case, it is extremely doubtful that first-stage silicosis will develop in less than seven years, except in the presence of active tuberculosis. Dr. Gardner says that for silicosis to develop in five years, the exposure must be intense. The i of the dust nuisance a programs. The advant: ' addition, the atmospher Medical control is does not exist is the ca employment examinatic ' National Silicosis Conference report, to which we have previously referred, says with admirable skepticism, "There are reports of a few cases of the disease develop ; applicants. In this paper we ing in as short a period as one and one-half years. In these instances, the individuals problem. We have, fir: were exposed to excessive concentrations of extremely fine silica in almost a pure diseases, silicosis and a state." The report then states that exposures to low concentrations of silica may sometimes continue for thirty years before the condition develops to the stage where We have pointed < three must be present ; it can be called silicosis. In such cases, possibly another 15 or 20 years would be needed before any disability would be noticed. A great majority of the have had at least seven years' exposure. Thus it will be seen that silicosis is a very slowly developing disease, which, in the absence of infection, is not especially danger ous. In the presence of infection, however, the picture may be different. No attempt has been made to separate the two sections of this paper, as indicated by the title, since the discussion of the problem is too intimately bound up with the methods of solving it. There are, however, some details of prevention which, for the sake of completeness, should be mentioned. It might be worth while to think about the methods of determining dust con centrations. The quick sampling, easy counting devices on the market now probably fill a definite need, but their use is not altogether an unmixed blessing. The standards mentioned in this paper are all based on the United States Public Health Service's impinger technique with light field count. It is a complex technique requiring M1 and experience to operate successfully, but it is the standard counting method in the United States and results of short-cut methods have not been shown to be correlative with it. After dust control has been instituted and the impinger technique has shown that concentrations are within safe limits, a simpler technique might be permitted for periodic checks on the efficiency of the control system. But don't be surprised if your counts with the simplified technique soar way above the impinger counts. The 1. Uncombined sl ably quartz. 2. Sufficiently int< centration is set at fiv< microns in greatest d. material. Studies in t appreciably higher cone or limestone, are interr I 3. Exposure by t trations of silica of tk The influence of : effect on this disease, stages, usually results If the working enviror as long as he is free f: < Methods of contrc examinations, removal < and the use of respir; atmosphere is not possi dark field illumination will uncover a large number of particles, apparently too small It should be emph to have any effect, that are screened out by light field methods. The result is similar cosis hazard is the ph; to` the effect of a strong beam of light in a dark room. This difficulty can be over us who are interested : come to some extent by taking impinger samples and samples by the other technique Dr. A. R. Riddell simultaneously, as soon as dust control equipment is installed, thus getting as much fields of Ontario has correlation as possible between the two techniques at the beginning. squarely up to the eng A general paper of this type is not a suitable place to discuss the relative merits dining in importance, of different types of dust control systems. There are, though, a few principles whidi dusively through the -can .be-properly-mentioned. -Whcrever-poswblc, dust-should-be-fcmoved at-its-sourecr the elimination ~duy before it reaches the workroom atmosphere. Methods of accomplishing this vary engineer. Engineers ha .with- the-process and should be decided upon by competent engineers-after a careful that the occurrence o: ~Study.~rTsrmillitig processes, .'dosed.~3usUtight 'tyslrmt [with- adi-iyiiate separators, and cease entirely during t collectors -may be adequate' Water sprays are sometimes effective' where they cair~ (Applause.) - beared. In the quarry-wet drilling is often air that if necessary'" toTiring cdncdjDV tioris down to safe* limits. Sometimes more elaborate dust traps are needed, either independently or conjunctly with wet drills. -Some processes are not amenable to control at the source. In such cases em ployees Should be required to use respirators or masks of approved type. All of these methods have their place. The right one for each location must be determined By a thorough engineering survey..-- --" ~ Chairman Witm"; will you please take O' Dr. Obetz.< Medic anything to addjlr di: questions that nu hazards that are^rese. The importance of good housekeeping cannot be too strongly-emphasized. Much . Mr. Kieh/|*; I foyees spend y tract, and I develop Dr. Gardner atense. The ferred, aayt are devdopi individuals aost a pare i silica may stage where yean would A the m very ally danger* at. ns indicated op with the ueh, for the g dost con>w probably ic standard* -b Service's tiring skill .tfaod in the r correlative has shown e permitted surprised if rants. The y too snail It is similar- an be over* r technique i si moth itive merits iples which e they can concealra*ded, either cases cm* pe. AH of determined zed. Much ! 43?7 ; of the dust nuisance can be eliminated by systematic routine and thorough clean-up programs. The advantages are obvious. The plant is much better looking and, in addition, the atmospheric dust is reduced. Medical control is equally important. The only sure way to know that a hazard does not exist is the careful observation of the'workers over a period of years. Preemployment examinations are, of course, also important for proper placement of applicants. In this paper we have presented some of the salient features of the silicosis problem. We have, first of all, emphasized that only two pneumoconioses are actual diseases, silicosis and asbestosis. We have pointed out that there are three causative factors of silicosis and all three must be present simultaneously to produce the disease. L Uncombined silica in small particles, of which the most dangerous is prob ably quartz. 2. Sufficiently intense concentrations of the dust to be hazardous. This con* centration is set at five million particles (light field count) of quartz less than ten microns in greatest diameter, if the quartz constitutes a high percentage of .the material. Studies in the cement industry have demonstrated that, in many cases, appreciably higher concentrations of quartz can be tolerated when inert dusts, as clay or limestone, are intermixed with the silica. 3. Exposure by the employees over a sufficiently long period to high concen trations of silica of the necessary fineness. The influence of silica on tuberculosis is strong, whereas inert dusts have no effect on this disease. Serious disability from silicosis, especially in the first two stages, usually results from infection, rather than from the uncomplicated disease. If the working environment is adequately dean, a silicotic need not be denied work as long as he is free from infection and is capable of doing his job. Methods of control of the disease indude pre-employment and periodic medical examinations, removal of dust at point of origin, emphasis on good housekeeping and the use of respiratory protective equipment where removal of dust from the atmosphere is not possible. It should be emphasized th.it control, especially engineering control, of the sili cosis hazard is the phase of the problem that is of greatest importance to those of us who are interested in the practical methods of eradicating the disease. Dr. A. R. Ridddl of the Ontario Department of Health, whose work in the gold fields of Ontario has won for him an international reputation, put the problem squardy up to the engineers when he said: "Silicosis is an occupational disease de clining in importance. Its prevention is not a medical problem. As it occurs ex- clusivdy through the inhalation of dust containing silica, its prevention depends on . the cTiguriaTiornaf 7lusU^dnCTrtgtly"prodnccdr~Ttris is a pioblem for the industrial- engineer. Engineers have met the problem so energetically and with- such intelligence that the.occurrence, qf -silicosis, jn;many operations now. considered hazardous will , cease entirdy during the next-fifteen-or twenty years.** --- ' -'(Applause)-'----------------- - - -- ---------- - Chairman Withe*: Has anyone any questions to ask Mr. James? Dr. Obetz, will you please take over the meeting now to"dijcuss-thij_Subj ect ?..................... ............. Dy Obetz, Medical Director, Industrial Commission: I don't know that I have 'to add or discuss. I would like to have anyone here ask Mr. James any that they may have in mind in order that they may fully understand the khat are present in the quarry, industry. _ .. . Njemax: I understood the.speaker to say' something abobf Ssbestosis. - * t; i !i i i: t H K!, :; }! fa: 44 a ** * * ! fc'i. \ ,,} V* j* i-. sr- I i IE.'. '/ ' * - r. V I I I 438 If*. James: Aj I understand it asbestosis in magnesium silicate--it has been developed that the appearance, as I understand it of a long affected with asbestosis isn't quite the same as silicosis, but at the same time it has been definitely shown to be a progressive disease in case of magnesium silicate, and that is the only one that has been established as being harmful. Its effect is not as great as silica. Mb. Niemaw: It struck me particularly, h not being harmful. Mb. Jambs: It is a surprise to a great many people, I believe. Do you care to discuss that any further. Dr. 0betaI Da. Obrx: No. I can't, I can't give the reason for it, but I know that it is true. Cbaomak Wmm: Anyone else have any questions at this time? If not we will go on to the next subject which is a round table discussion of our most serious accident hazards. Anyone here going to open the subject in an informal round table discussion? Mr. Adams, do you have anything to say on that subject? . Mb. Adams: I don't think so. Csaxbman Witmeb: Well of course we have been talking all along here about serious things like the handling of dynamite, transportation, and so forth, but from reports sent out by the Industrial Commission I note that the major, accident rate and the index to the accident figures for the industry, all three of these industries, lime, cement and quarries, has been in the handling of small tools, and that's true m almost every industry, I think. I know last year the subject of mH tools was not discussed very fully and I think that some suggestions along those lines in the prevention of that class of accident should be discussed. Has anyone any com* ments to make? Dr. Obetz, probably you can give us some of those industrial figures on that. Da. Obetz: I am sorry, but Mr. Meehan was to be here and conduct that part of the meeting, he was called to another section. Anyone have any noughts along that line? Mb. Rutherford : I might say that I had missed that in one of the haiards that I had listed there, but in my excitement I overlooked it We have bad some, in talking of small tools, especially -in the quarry, from claw bars and mallets, spawls flying off of those striking the men working, and we have eliminated that to a great extent by tool inspection and repair, in other words keep the spike maul so h isn't flattened out and corners breaking off; the same way with the daw bar, where you are driving a claw bar under the head of a spike, you have some trouble there. I think tool inspection goes a long ways in eliminating hand tool injuries. Mll'AnAMST I might ask one question. lt_l may. Mime ni nnr arrident_rjgr 'read for particle in left eye, or for a particle in right eye. I wonder if we are an exception or .whether we are more careless.than someone else, iu the wearing .of .goggle^ qr dp .the. rest of the people have the same thing?.- -------- ~ ' "Mb. L. C Lewis, of the Industrial Commission; 'Division of'Safety and Hygiene :J TTQffijlc' about'every industry TTiave come "in* eontact'with has the same complaint that you have just mentioned, particularly the coal mining industry. They take a pick, strike a piece of coal, piece of steel, the first thing you know something in the eye, and the proper wearing of goggles, that is the proper kind of goggles, naturally would eliminate that condition. There is *no question about it Some mines now are one hundred per cent in the reports of their accidents that they have been sending m to the Industrial Commission; one-fourth or twenty-five per cent of the accidents occurred were, from the eye. That one firm has totally eliminated the eye accidents. that's the Akron Co are quite a number Rutherford suggest t and with the hand men would take it; drive a nail; I hav> hold it with their b: an injured finger. I your hand tools are frost, picked up by take his gloves off, know what happenc thawed free. I sawmoved his cigarette in there, that man v on his upper lip bet were put in the pro you would eliminat< the eye trouble, tha a rigid enforcement Cbaxbmas Wr but I would like to regard to the freqi experience? Mb. F. W. Wi had quite a few act was a lost eye, am course we tried to gram that all gogg of goggles, and I work out very sat: of rim glasses with don't think we hav wear them. Of co blowing a lot, but to wear goggles, e on. I have a pair t j got that a hundred shoes, when they : . put a. piece_flt_ iron " " out different, fust . if thry didn't fit y We finally got art have got so many such as respirator: our dust as much but we are a whoi Ma. Lewis: outside, if. they ha the head that will hat ^ with asbestm* nitdy shown la e only one tta :Qia. Too cut to 3mv that h fe *1 If not we u- most serioa tal round tMf 4 ng here about rth, but from accident rate ate Industrie*, nd that's true all tool* ns e lines in the e any eon* ate industrial net that part , oughts aloof A# laxsxdt e had tome, and intuit.------ruinated that : spike nanl te daw bar, ante trouble sol injuries.__ dentwe are an - wearing of.:. d Hygiene --I t eomplauirriS;'.' hey tike a '=*t* Sing hi the " ^ s, naturally a now are -en sending-7 e accidents I : accidents, j. hat's the Akron Coal Company over in Guernsey County. Now, hand tools, there are quite a number of injuries come from hand tools, and I am giaa to hear Mr. Rutherford suggest that proper inspection of tools. I have gone into different plants, and with the hand tools, even the hammer, the hatchet was loose on the men would take h; I have seen the hatchet fly right off when they were trying to drive a nail; I have seen h move sufficiently when they were driving a nail and hold it with their hand, the hammer would hit the wrong nail, consequently it was an injured finger. I think one of the best suggestions that you made is to see that -our hand tools arc inspected. I have seen crow bars set out in the winter, full of frost, picked up by a man, and to my surprise one day I saw a man, he wanted to take his gloves off, change his gloves, he put the small bar right in his mouth, you know what happened, his tongue was stuck on the bar, he had to wait until it thawed free. I saw another man putting his bar up to his mouth, just that way. moved his cigarette or cigar, whatever it was, and the bar touched; infection set in there, that man was laid up for six weeks just because of an infection that dune on his upper lip because of the contact with the frosted steel bar. So if the tools were put in the proper place, kept in the right condition, properly inspected, I think you would eliminate many injuries. Using the goggles, naturally would eliminate the eye trouble, that is at least ninety per cent of h, and I .think there should be a rigid enforcement of the proper use of goggles. Chairmax Wmos: I think Mr. Lewis has very ably answered your question, but I would like to call on Mr. Weber to give you a little more detailed answer with regard to the frequency of that same accident. Mr. Weber, what has been your experience? Ml F. W. Won (Standard Lime & Stone Co, Woodville, Ohio): We have had quite a few accidents, in fact we had our last one about seven years ago, which was a lost eye, and since that we gradually got the men to wear goggles, and of course we tried to make them wear them at first, and we found out during the pro gram that all goggles didn't fit everybody alike, but we finally got the right kind of goggles, and I think we have about four kinds that we use, and they seem to work out very satisfactorily. Some of these goggles are just ordinary large pairs of rim glasses with a shatter-proof glass in it, where they are using the lime, and I don't think we have had any trouble of anybody getting lime in his eye. where they wear them. Of course they wouldn't be much good out doors where the wind was blowing a lot, but I must say we have eliminated our eye accidents. Everybody has to wear goggles, even myself, when I get in a bad place I have got to put them on. I have a pair to fit over these glasses, although I wear them lots of places where -glasses are pcrmawMei -And-that also applies-to -safety -shoes, -although-we-haven't got that a hundre3~per emit, we hope to'have before"the year is over. Take saiety' shoes, when they first came out you thought you had to build a pair of -shoes and put a Piece of iron in-the-foot and everybody could wear.them,-but they soon found " 5ur different, just_Iike you-go in.a shop andTSOy-a pair-of -Show for "Sunday wearz .if. they didn't fit you didn't take them. That was.the same, way..with safetyJstioes.' We finally got around where we could -fit most of the men very nicely now, they have got so many good shoes on the market. The same way with other equipment such as respirators, although we don't use those so much any more. We eliminate our dust, as much as we can. We don't say we are a hundred per cent free of but we are a whole lot different than we used to be. Ml-Lzwis: Just one-question. You mention about the goggles not being usa<' outsidh, if they have tb_wire gauze protection from the helmet back to the sid^J the had .that will protect all right*- --- > 440 \ Ml Wars: The wise gauze Is all right, we have men who wear them now. have got judgment enoug and the next morning ih They wear them under their helmet and then they use them for chipping only, they fore he came. So somet .are not much protection for dust, I wouldn't rely on them. Ml Lewis : They don't protect from the wind. \ Chairman Witmer minor injuries? If not Ml Wans: Not where you have dust around a cement or lime plant for next year. We have Ml Lawn: That question was discussed by a goggle salesman the other day. time, might as well get t Thereupon Mr. Rail Ml Waaat: The reason we use that one kind for the welder, be used to have a burning goggles and welding helmet and also another pair for chipping, he was Ma. Cornelius : 11 not going to stop to put them on so we got this other type which fits on just like Chairman Witmef a pair of glasses does, and the minute be tips his helmet back those chipping goggles are right on hand, he goes right on with his work. dosed. In view of that next year signify by say Ml Cornelius, Southwestern Cement Company: We use a sun-right shade on our goggles. It is a transparent material something like celluloid, otherwise no open Motion carried. Chairman Wither ing there whatever, we find it very effective and helpful under dust conditions. In past years it has bee: iMl Lewis: That protects against the wind dust? - Ml Cornelius : Oh yes. They are open around the inside here, but the sides he passes the buck onto for the important office, Vice Chairman? are closed up entirely, that gives a little ventilation around the nose, but it closes up and protects very well against winds blowing dust around like that We went through a stage a couple of years ago of eye injuries. In one year I think our eye Ml RoTBEaroao: I Ml Weaver : I bel injuries were about seventy-five per cent of our medical eases, foreign particles in Chairman Witmer the eye. We went through what we call education or the conscious movement, we tions for Vice Chairman tried to make all the fellows feel that the eyes were important enouga to protea Thereupon Mr. Corr and did everything we could do to make them wear their goggles and follow their helpers, where they had been doing work that there might not be the least re quirement for goggles, put them on, there might be a remote chance of having \ Ml Weaver: I me Motion seconded anc something get in their eye, give themselves the benefit of the douot and put their Chairman Witmer goggles on. For the last year and a half or two years pur eye cases have been my gratitude to Mr. Ru' practically nothing. I don't think we had a case last year, a medical case of some here today, and I am ru thing in the eye. business to come before Ml Lewis: And yet prior to the use of goggles h ran as high as seventy per -- Ml Corneuus: We had goggles at that tune, but the fellows didn't use them, but we had to get them to see it, that they absolutely needed the goggles, and we furnished them to them and all they had to do was go to the storeroom and get them and put them on, we made them available at all points where there wouldn't be any excuse that they couldn't get goggles, we eliminated that part of it. then we out it up to-themr~Wc~ got gpod resulfs-Jrom-that. So far-we-have-got-uur eve condition' Qnder control.................... Ml Lawis-s--One statement I would' like jo--niake.abgat_J.ohn_Rigby,--show=you -how; he"went about, fb Oifonce file use obgogHles in~mthes. -They had heen-Wearing ~ them one hundred per cent He'watt away oni_g coal sales trip with the ---------------------- ager, he came back, he saw the goggles piled in the office, 310 pairs of them. The next morning he met the men at the mine. He says, "What is the matter with these ^ goggles?" "We are not going to wear them any more," "Aren't you? All right, it is up to you." They walked over to the gate to go down the shaft, they -said:------;------ "When are you going to open the gates ?" "The gates .are not going to be opened,--------a not until those goggles are in you men's possession, and you agree to_wear them. -1 You mefi are going to be technical,, so am-T. Your eyes are getting hurt, not .mine. If you haven't got judgment enough to -protect your own eyes, I* don't feel you I ] Ml Lewis: I woult There are quite a man: would make a suggestion division of Safety and '. we possibly can. Mr. K list, your President, Sec the Industrial Commissio -It sent out if you wish,-- quarrymen of the State you can't make this one ---are bigger here- today tl can get more next year Ml Weber : I think Mr. Lewis: Don't Industrial Commission i work except type the lw Ml Weses : We 1. here at these meetings.'' * unless you-drag them in- -- \ '- V . - /* ( t. rrear them now. 'Pin* only, they plant the other day. c wed to have ippin*. he eras ts on jnst 10k tipping goggles right shade on -wise no open* iditions. but the sides but it doses .at We went think oar eye n particles in novemem, we u to protea . and follow the least rex of having ind pot their ts have been ase of sonie- seventy per -- n't nse then, ties, and we tnd get them ildn't be any en we put it ye-conditi 3*, -show youcefTweanniP sales, man*____ them. The _r with these All right they said: be opened, __ , wear them. not mine. :'t feel# you 441 have got judgment enough to work for the Akron Coal Company.'' They went home and the next morning they came back and all the glasses were out of the office be* fore he came. So sometimes it takes discipline to handle the problem. CsAlaitan Withe*: Any more comments oh this problem of small .tools and minor injuries? If not I will call for nominations for chairman for the committee for next year. We have got to nominate a chairman for next years' session some* time, might as well get up and nominate a chairman. Thereupon Mr. Rutherford was nominated as chairman. ' Mb. Cconzucs : I move to dose the nomination. Chaibman Wrmia: It is moved by Mr. Cornelius that the nomination is dosed. In view of that fact all those in favor of Mr. Rutherford for chairman of next year signify by saying ''Aye". Motion carried. Chaibman Wmrza: Mr. Rutherford has been elected chairman for next year. In past years it has been the experience that the Chairman never acts as chairman, he passes the buck onto the Vice Chairman. Therefore we now hold nominations for the important office, that of Vice Chairman. Do I hear any nominations for Vice Chairman? Ma. RuTHaaroan: I nominate J. R. Weaver. Mb. Weave* : I believe I will decline to accept that nomination. Chaibman Wmna: It is still open for nomination. Do I hear any nomina tions for Vice Chairman? Thereupon Mr. Cornelius was nominated as Vice Chairman. Mb. Weaveb: I move the nomination be dosed and Mr. Corndius be elected. Motion seconded and carried. Chairman Witmes: Mr. Cornelius elected Vice Chairman. I again express my gratitude to Mr. Rutherford and Mr. James who gave us such wonderful talks here today, and I am sure that we all profited measurably by it Is there any more business to come before the meeting, or any other remarks? Mb. Lewis: I would like to say something before the new president takes office. There are quite a number of quarries in Ohio that never send anyone here. I would make a suggestion, it is only a suggestion, I want yon to understand that our division of Safety and Hygiene is instructed to help and assist in every way that we possibly can. Mr. Kearns gave me this order, I would suggest that you get a list, your President, Secretary and Vice President get a list of the quarries from the Industrial Commission and write a letter, and if you write a letter we will have -it -sent-oulrif-you-wishr-mimeographed -and lent out-fronijaiir=afficejlo.she.riifferent- quarrymen of the State of Ohio requesting them to get into this section and see if jroujean't- make ihis_onc~.-of-the real- big-sections. -T compliment-you- here today, you are'bigger here today than you-were last year. Now it you go after it.'right:you : can get more next year ihairybtT&ilVtrThls year: * .'--MjuWebwuI thmk so-_____________ ___________ ____ Mb. Lewis: Don't you think it would be? In orderto get that*list from the Industrial Commission and have them type the letter, they wouldn't hare to do the work except type the letter. Mb. Webeb: We have a man four miles from us, still we don't see anybody' here*at these meetipgsTl have been over to see them, but I can't get_them to come uhliss-you drag them in here. '. _ IS llii 1 i X. \- t* i. tr- 442 Chahmak Wmai: I might explain that this week the National lime Con* vention was held down at Cincinnati and h is still in progress today, in fact at ten o'clock this morning there was a safety meeting down there, and many of the men were attending that convention and stayed down there for the meeting this morning rather than come np here. That's one reason why there are so many of the lime manufacturers there. Ml Lewis: Can yon tell me if the Alpha Portland Cement Company had representatives down there from Ironton? Csaducan Wmm: I don't know. If there is no other business the meeting is adjourned. i a. .4 The Petroleum S at nine o'clock A. M, pany, Detroit, Michiga Chairman McLeto order, and I would certainly very pleasing Marketing problems a; interest, I think, to th Before we really hame*Graham is in th experience, we found the stories they told w speakers to be embair tain on that point befc I think those of greater appreciation c analogy in our own i grasp some of the lar know when we are sc pound of grease, but vehicle transportation, thing goes wrong wit page occurs, there is facilities, and possSd; with the efficiency aac while, as you know, placed, the stopping c accidents are sympto: only the fact that th* entire organization o: let-down of efficiency, plpyee has to be repl Investigation by penses through stopf four times as expens the little analogy wit Safety, in fact, what -moffity.that keeps 'otr do for the machinery It is very fitting, _ thing -of-the -sales-i unnecessary to.intro - first -place, -I-am -a casual visitor now a in this town, went Business Administra an accountant, he betion, in Philadelphia i there. sal; y"'5B5 of dU; had ^ te aed;? 5 1926, a cent j lectio* ^L -b' ... ClB 391^33 ' Chirter Member # Associated Business Paper* Concrete, with which has been com* bined Cement Age, New York, and Concrete Engineering, Cleveland, is devoted to the Proper Use of Concrete and the Manufacture of Cement. Volume 46 CEMENTMILI ------ ---- -I July, 1938 Number 7 PubtU/uJ Monthly b Concrete Publishing Corporation 400 West Madison Street Chicago, Illinois Telephone CENtral 8822 Louis Brookman, Jr, Buanese Manager L Moeller, Circulation Manager Harold 0. Hares, Promotion Manager Kepretenteshea New York Gty E. Macdonald Bacoa 17 West 45th--Room 909 Loagscrt 3-5260 Detroit Parker k.TarbcB 419 Curtis Bid*. 2842 W. Grand Bird. Madison 1540* San Francisco: Deo Harway Room 1009,155 Montgomery St. Ezbrook 6029 Los Angeles: Don Harway 5 Co. 318 West Ninth Street Tucker 9706 The Cement Mill Edition of Concrete The Cement Mill Edition of Conotrrr io edited exclusively for those interested in the manufacture of Portland cement and related products. Its pages are devoted to discustiont of plant design, management, operation, production effi ciency. chemical research and control, quarry op* oration. progress and news o{ the industry. The Cement Mill Edition also contains aO the material published in the corresponding Regular Edition and to provides news of the uses and merchandising of the materials whose manufacture is discussed in the Mill Edition. The Regular Section furnishes mill operating officials and mill executives valuable points of con* tact with the users of the materials they produce. The subscription price is 54j00 a year in the United States and its possessions, and Mexico. One dollar additional for postage in all other countries. Current copies. 50 cents each. Charter Member Norman M. Stdtzmak, Editor J. C Witt, Consulting Editor A. C Bambercer, Assistant Editor CONTENTS Dlied Ritas at Rotary US High-Alumlaa Comoat ta f*T** Iff fahalatfan of Dost and Control of Dost Hinnfa ly W. C. iamoa 200 How fapanoao Comonl Manufacturers Diversify Their AcSeUoo --ly Tanlrhl Mosul * 202 tohlqh ta Coaploto BohablBlaOoa of Two Eastern Ptanta_____ 204 Combine Cement and Quarry Socllsns of Safety *---*_____ go* Methods of Protection Aqalnst SUcaala 20S Editorial Juno Campaign* Do Pay More Diversified Production Then the Accident Curve Dropped _ 207 No Bids on rodent Cement far Ohio. Waal Virginia tad How Jersey -- 10* find Hlqh Degree of Accuracy ta Wagner Turbidimeter_______200 Argentina's Comonl Production Expanded Beyond Nation's Hoods _______________ 210 Mill Equipment _______________________ 211 Meo and Min gjg ty Copyright 1938. by Concern Publishing Corp. CONCRE7E is indexed in INDUSTRIAL ARTS INDEX which may bo consulted in any Technical or Public Library. Audit Bureau of Circulations CONCBETE -- Cement Mill Section --July, 1938 Page 197 Inhalation of Dust and Control of Dust Hazards By W. C JAMES Stinr Enqin--r Portland Cament AuocUttac CONFUSION still seems (o be the impressed by the lung pigmentation of dominant keynote outside the re* workers in iron ore and coal that they search laboratory in this question of ocredited these substances with a promi cupational "dusty-lung" diseases. Terms nent part in the development of lung such as pneumoconiosis, silicosis, sidero- disease. Modern research has demon sis, chalicosis and even silicatosis are strated that this coloring of the lung bandied about indiscriminately and often tissue is, in itself, of no significance. without meaning. Usually, the mere Only two substances are now known to mention of dust in a conversation in | cause a definite lung disease--namely, spires visions of high mortality, high [ asbestos and uncombined silica. sickness rates and a long trail of serious Inhalation of free silicon dioxide hazards. (usually quartz! in excessive quantities Confusion of Terms The term "pneumoconiosis'* is often interpreted to mean a disease of the lungs, resulting from dust inhalation. Actually, it means simply "dusty lung." In the early history of lung disease it was thought that all dusts caused the same disease reaction, and this term was applied to that disease. Modern research over a long period of time causes the disease, silicosis. You will note particu larly that three factors are necessary to the causation of this disease: 1. Free silicon dioxide (usually quartz), in particles less than 10 microns in greatest diameter. 2. Excessive concentrations. 3. Long period of exposure. has demonstrated that most dusts are harmless. The term "pneumoconiosis'* therefore should assume its primary meaning, and when applied to an indi vidual it can rightly be interpreted only as indicating that the person has inhaled dust. Or Leroy U. Gardner, referring to non-specific pneumoconiosis says, "Such ^changes have no clinical significance and produce neither symptoms nor interfer ence with working capacity. They are of no more importance than the callouses on the palms of the hands.** Any person in any environment may develop this condition. Even office workers in large industrial communities may show X-ray evidence of having inhaled dust, but such evidence is meaningless as far as health is concerned. Of the various strictly industrial dusts, coal and iron ore are perhaps the most spectacular in their appearance in the lung. Early investigators--and by this I mean investigators in the first 16 or 17 centuries of the Christian era--were so No Silicosis from Cement Dust Particular emphasis should be given to these limiting factors. First, "free silicon dioxide, less than 10 microns in greatest diameter." This means exactly what it says--not calcium carbonates, not iron oxides, not silicates, not even silicon carbide i which is carborundum), but free silicon dioxide. It seems prob able that no little confusion has arisen in the minds of plant superintendents and engineers because of the timehonored practice by industrial chemists of reporting an analysis in terms of the oxides of the components. For example, a typical reported analysis of portland cement will show a total silica content of about 20 per cent. Actually, all of this silica is combined in the forms of en tirely harmless calcium silicates; and it has been conclusively demonstrated that it is utterly impossible to acquire silicosis from exposure to cement dust. It should be mentioned that quartz is not the only form of free silica, though it is appar ently the most dangerous, and certainly Paper read before ihe Ouarrv Ser'ien of the All-Ohio Safely Cnnpre-*. May II. 1938. the most common, form. The various W. C. JAKES amorphous forms of the compound, such as flint, tripoli and tthert, may also pro duce the silicotic reaction in the lung, but they are known to-be less severe in their effect. The limiting size of ten microns is also of importance. Particles larger than this do not reach the lungs. Further more the percentage of quartz in a given material will vary greatly with the par ticle size. A petrographic examination of shale at Saranac Laboratory under Dr. L. U. Gardner's direction, recently re vealed 20 per cent quartz. In a special fraction containing only Urge parti- If*. 40 to 50 per cent quartz was found. Dr. Gardner writes, "this is obviously due to the fact that quartz is so hard it does not fracture into fine particles." It must, therefore, be emphasized that conclusions as to the hazard existent in a dusty operation can not be based w ith confidence on an analysis of the parent rock. Only an analysis of the du*t in the breathing zone of the operator will give an accurate picture of condition*. Question of Concentration The second limiting factor is concen tration. The exact amount of air-borne quartz that constitutes a dangerous con centration in any particular industry i* not easily determined, nor is then- a* ?et any substantial agreement a* "hat limits of quartz content should If "h- served. Dr. A. J. Lanza, assistant medhal di rector of the Metropolitan Life Insur anee Company, an outstanding authority on the silicosis problem, gave an cxce lent summary of what needs to be known about dust concentration in hi- P*l*r presented before The American ln-til",e Paqe 200 July- 1938 --CONCRETE --Cement Mu) Section CEMENTMIL of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, in February, 1937. He said: "In the present state of our knowl edge. it is not possible to establish permissible limits of dustiness for all dusty industries or processes, as the variation both in the dust content and in external modifying conditions is so extreme. In mining, however, work ing conditions are fairly constant and it would be extremely valuable to the industry if the various mining com panies that face a silica hazard would establish, with the help of the proper governmental authorities, tentative standards practicable and applicable for their own mines. Some nave done so and it is a long step in the right direction.'* This recommendation might well be extended to other industries. More Knowledge Is Needed The National Silicosis Conference ten Dull umpDaq it tatively established a maximum of five million particles per cubic foot as a safe quartz concentration in the case of highly siliceous dusts. This standard is subject to modification as more data are devel ops! by different industries. The Na tional Silicosis Conference report also says, "It is recommended that clinical and engineering studies be carried out as rapidly as possible to establish the neces sary scientific data upon which we may base practical and effective regulatory standards.*' The report, then states that knowledge of three factors is necessary for establishing safe concentrations of atmospheric dust: the effect of mixed or non-siliceous dusts have been based on the findings of these studies. One of the outstanding conclusions a student of these researches in the cement industry will reach is that concentrations of free silica appreciably higher than the maximum specified by the Silicosis Con ference are safe if the silica constitutes a moderate proportion of the total dust Apparently a mixture of silica with other minerals, if the other minerals are pre dominant. tends to inhibit the effect of the silica in the lung. It is not yet pos sible to recommend, without reservation, the dilution of silica with other dusts as 1. The relative number and size of a protective measure. It is far better to the free silica and the other particles remove the dust from the atmosphere. suspended at breathing levels in the Nevertheless, it is significant that in the different parts of the industrial at mosphere. Portland cement industry, where a high concentration of raw material dust con- 2. The proportion of the workmen's .taining up to 10 per cent of free silica time actually spent in the various dust concentrations. is sometimes found, the X-rays and phys ical examinations reveal no pathological 3. The effects of exposure to envir lung condition attributable to dust. onment. as revealed by the occupa tional and medical histories of old em The Practical Limit ployees. by physical examination and by the roentgenological appearance of their lungs. Although no agreement has been reached as to the maximum safe concen tration of free silica in the presence of Through a knowledge of these three harmless dusts, agreement as to good factors, any industry can discover what, housekeeping limits is practically unan if any. hazard it has and what preventive imous. Industries with a dusty process, measures are needed. For the past two even though dusts are harmless, should years, under the direction of Dr. Leroy endeavor to reach a concentration in the L. Cardner of the Saranac Laboratory neighborhood of 100 million particles for the Study of Tuberculosis, the ce per cubic foot of air in the breathing ment industry has been making a care zone of the workers, in the interests of ful estimate of the health of its workers, comfort and increased efficiency. according to the plan just outlined. Many The third factor in the development of of the statements in this paper regarding silicosis is duration of exposure. The CONCRETE --Cement Mill Section -- July, 1938 mlTli hit and problem of Exposure resolves itself into two parts. First, what proportion of the workers' time is actually spent in the dusty atmosphere? It is evident that a hazardous dust will not affect a man unless he is actually exposed to it and will not have as great an effect on a man who is exposed to it one hour a day as on a man continuously exposed. [The remaining part of this paper Kill ductus the effect ofduration of exposure, follotced by a discussion of preventive measures.---Editor.} Plan New Cement Plant for Turkey According to a report to the u. s. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce from the office of the Ameri can Commercial Attache at Istanbul, the Turkish Government has awarded a con tract to a European equipment manufac turer for cement mill machinery to be installed in a new plant at Sivas. Installation of the machinery is ex pected to start in October of this year, and the plant should enter into operation in July. 1939. with a daily production capacity of 300 tons, or 90.000 tons per year. In view of the abundance of raw material in the surrounding district, it is hoped that the factory will soon be able to double its production. The quarries will be connected with the plant by an aerial line of 3.100 meters. It is antici pated that when this factory enters into production the Eastern Vilayets and Cen tral Anatolia will be supplied with ce ment at considerably lower prices. Page 201 Urn. if artificial* Jj! r with arma v " nda on ih* " 1 bring hisk weight tf od. the op- I ptrtiTwm thod, it baa' ace for the., is'being re-', able weight."4 *- much direct if the victim ; Kanaaa way athtr. he was tees of Sixth - was setivcly . at Cairo. Gil Section .2 I .! C" *--3 C1B 391434 ' Charter Member CEMENT MILL SECTION of Associated Business Papers Concrete, with which has been com bined Cement Age, New York, and Concrete Engineering, Cleveland, is devoted to the Proper Use of Concrete and the Manufacture of Cement. Volume 46 August, 1938 Number 8 Published Monthly by Concrete Publishing Corporation 400 West Madison Street Chicago. Illinois Telephone CENtral 8822 Louis Brookman. Jr. Business Manager L Moeller. Circulation Manager Harold 0. Hayes, Promotion Manager Representatives New York City E. Macdonald Bacon 17 West 45th--Room 909 Longacrc 3-5269 Detroit Parker 4 Tarbefl 419 Curtis Bldg. 2842 W. Grand Bled. Madison 1540 Sxn Francisco: Don Harwsy Room 1009.155 Montgomery St. Exhrook 6029 Los Angeles: Don Harwsy 4 Co. 313 West Ninth Street Tucker 9706 The Cement Mill Edition of Concrete The Cement MiU Edition of CoNcacrt is edited exclusively for those interested in the manufacture of Portland cement and relsted products. Itt pages are devoted to discussions of plant design, management, operation, production effi ciency. chemical research tad control, quarry op eration. progress and news of the industry. The Cement MiU Edition also contains aU the material published in the corresponding Regular Edition and so provides news of the uses and merchandising of the materials whose manufacture is discussed in the MQl Edition. The Regular Section furnishes mOl operating officials and mill executives valuable points of con tact with the users of the materials they produce. The subscription price is $4X10 a year in the United States and its possessions, end Mexico. One dollar additional for postage in aU other countries. Current copies. 30 cents each. * . "v _ * Charter Member Norman M. Stineman, Editor }. C Witt, Consulting Editor A. C Bambercer, Assistant Editor CONTENTS RaadSaq and Fracasaisq Baw Katarials at Psarlaaa' Detroit Plant 214 How a Tasaa Ploaaas Produced Cement211 InhaliSoa af Dual and Costal of Dual Hsurds By W. C. lamas 21S Cabs Plant la PMBpptaes Is Double Us finailti 21S Baladan ot Corneal CeapocUlea to Quality el ........ ala __ 21S Proroutine SUteosIs--Seas Results ot Recent Reaoeseh _____ 219 P.CJl Holds Spring Meeting la Atlantic Oty 220 lone Sees Tow Accidents lot Four Ars Fatal ______ 221 Rlq Frpanslnn el Pmductnq Capacity la India !a 192S_________221 Huron EsubUahee Distrlbutlag Plant at Green Bey 222 Andreaaea's Method tor Determination si rtnenema 222 Heats el Hydration and Transition at Calcium Su'Jate_________ 222 Editorial222 The Jur.e Campaign Direct Firing of Rotary Kilns Dust and Machinery Row Welding la Applied Is Plant Malntananca asd Repairs__224 Award lory Selecting Winning Papers____221 MIS Equipment __________ ___ ____________________________ 227 Man asd Mills2 %3 I Se Copyright 1933. Concrete Publishing Carp. CONCRETE is indexed r. INDUSTRIAL ARTS INDEX, which may = -suited in any Tecmuni cr Pa ;x Library. Audit Bureau of Circulations - -- CONCRETE -- Cement Mill Section -- August 1938 Page 213 Inhalation of Dust and Control of Dust Hazards By W.C. JAMES Safety Enqtooor Panland Cement AxsocUnaa ChiSSQO* flH****^t THE first part of this article, published in the July issue, discusses the concentration of industrial dusts and points out the harmless character of cement dust; but the need for more knowledge about dust is emphasized. The present concluding part takes up matters such as the effect of duration of exposure, and the adoption of preventive measures.----Editor. THE United States Public Health The spplicstion of this formula in a Service has developed a formula for practical problem is apparent. If you calculating the actual exposure in termfisnd, from a study of concentration and of particle hours. They recommend in silica content, that in two or three areas Bulletin 217. "The Determination and in your plant atmospheric dust exceeds Control of Industrial Dust," that the par safe limits, you will make an analysis of ticle concentration in any area be multi the exposure by the P.H.S. method and plied by the number of hours an em attack that point where employee ex ployee works in that area: that this prod posure is the greatest uct be calculated for each hour of the working day and that the total of these How Long in Developing products be divided by the number of How long does it take silicosis to de working hours to give the equivalent of velop? The answer to such a question continuous exposure during the day. must be equivocal. Much depends on the Equivalent Exposure physical condition of the worker. A man whose respiratory passages have been For example, a man may spend two damaged so that dust is not readily ex hours a day in a concentration of 200 cluded by the usual protective mechan million particles per cubic foot; three ism, may contract silicosis more readily hours in a concentration of 10 million than a man with normal nasal and bron- particles: one and three-quarter hours chial passages. Also a man whose lungs in a concentration of 40 million particles and 15 minutes in concentration of 1200 million particles. The man's exposure would be cslculated: hive been damaged by pneumonia or tuberculosis may develop silicosis more quickly. We are probably all familiar with the reverse of this: Le- that a man with silicosis has much less resistance against tuberculosis than a man with un affected lungs. This fact, incidentally, suggests one of the outstanding differ ences between the action of silica and other dusts. Medical authorities state that not only does the silicotic lesion in the lung resemble the lesion in tuber culosis, the silica actually stimulates the activity of tuberculosis and, at the same time, conceals its symptoms until it is far advanced. The seriousness of such a condition may readily be imagined. A tubercular with significant quantities of silica in bis lungs may be rapidly getting worse, yet diagnostic symptoms are often lacking. Frequently only a careful X-ray examination can reveal the presence of tuberculosis in s silicotic. Mr. P. X. Bushnell, speaking ttpfore the Metals Sec tions of this Congress last year, empha sized the fact that the real danger from silicosis is not silicosis at all. but tu berculosis. First or even second degree silicosis, uncomplicated by tuberculosis, usually causes relatively slight disability, .seldom pronounced enough to interfere with workingcapacity. No worker should be deprived of an opportunity to earn a living at his regular job because his Xray shows some signs of nodulation. Tinjob should be cleaned up by appro*.-1 engineering methods, of course, but ui-charge of workers who are perfectly capable, simply because of a nonsymptomatic condition which hysterical opinion has magnified out of all propor tion, is certainly not the solution of the problem. Inert dusts do not produce the typical nodular lesion, nor do they cause any increased susceptibility to tubercu losis. In the cement industrv. for evirn- Hour* per da* a o 3 2\ >4 Oust Concentration b 200 10 40 1040 Panicle-hours (millions > a and b 400 30 no 260 8 Total Hons * 800 800 partidc hours io million! per cubic foot s 8 hour* 100 million particle* per m. ft. daily expnrore. The dravflas conveyee it a prolific sonic# of doit PiOff read before the Quarry Section nf the .All-Ohio Safety ConpreM. May 11. 1933. Page 215 August 1938 -- CONCRETE -- Cement Mill Section pie. only 4 per cent of the X-rmyt of 1700 It might be worth while to think about The importance of good housekeeping employees revealed old tuberculous the methods of determining dust concen can not be too strongly emphasized. lesions and 96 per cent of these lesions trations. The quick sampling, easy count Much of the dust nuisance can be elimi were healed or quiescent Studies of ab ing devices on the market now probably nated by systematic, routine and thor senteeism over a two-year period, cover fill a definite need, but their use is not ough clean-up programs. The advan ing the majority of mills in the industry, altogether an unmixed blessing. The tages are obvious. The plant is much confirms the X-ray evidence. The mor standards mentioned in this paper are all better looking and, in addition, the at tality rate from tuberculosis of 0.07 per based on the United States Public Health mospheric dust is reduced. 1000 employees in 1937 is only 8 per Service's impinger technique with light Medical control is equally important. cent of the tuberculosis mortality rate of field count. It is a complex technique The only sure way to know that a hazard 0.87 per 1,000 employed males estab requiring skill and experience to operate does not exist is the careful observation lished by the National Tuberculosis successfully, but it is the standard count of the workers over a period of years. Association in a comprehensive survey ing method in the United States and re Pre-employment examinations are. of in 193a sults of short-cut methods have not been course, also important for proper place shown to be correlative with it After dust ment of applicants. Factors That Control control has been instituted and the im The various factors which may influ pinger technique has shown that concen Salient Features of Problem ence the length of time required to de trations are within safe limits, a simpler In this papier we have presented some velop silicosis, if we may recapitulate, technique might be permitted for periodic of the salient features of the silicosis are ! (1) intensity of dust concentration, checks on the efficiency of the control problem. We have, first of all, empha *2) proportion of free silica in the dust, system. But don't be surprised if your sized that only two pneumoconioses are *31 proportion of working time em counts with the simplified technique soar actual diseases, silicosis and asbestosis. ployees spend in the dusty atmosphere, way above the impinger counts. The We have pointed out that there are i4V condition of employee's upper respi dark field illumination will uncover a three causative factors of silicosis and all ratory tract, and (5) condition of em large number of particles, apparently too three must be present simultaneously to ployee's lungs. small to have any effect, that are screened produce the disease. In any case, it is extremely doubtful out by light field methods. `Hie result is 1. Uncombined silica in small par that first-stage silicosis will develop in similar to the effect of a strong beam of ticles, of which the most danger less than seven years, except in the pres light in a dark room. This difficulty can ous is probably quartz. ence of active tuberculosis. Dr. Gardner be overcome to some extent by taking im 2. Sufficiently intense concentrations says that for silicosis to develop in five pinger samples and samples by the other of the dust to be hazardous. This years, the exposure must be intense. The technique simultaneously, as soon as dust concentration is set at five million National Silicosis Conference report, to control equipment is installed, thus get particles (light field count) of which we have previously referred, says ting as much correlation as possible be with admirable skepticism. "There are tween two techniques at the beginning. quartz less than ten microns in greatest diameter, if the quartz reports of a few cases of the disease de veloping in as short a period as one and R.mor. Dust at Source constitutes a high percentage of the ' material. Studies in the cement in one-half years. In these instances, the A general paper of this type is not a dustry have demonstrated that, in individuals were exposed to excessive suitable place to discuss the relative cases, appreciably higher concen concentrations of extremely fine silica merits of different types of dust control trations of quartz can be tolerated in almost a pure state." The report then systems. There are, though, a few prin when inert dusts, as clay or lime states that exposure to low concentrations ciples which can be properly mentioned. stone, are intermixed with silica. of silica may sometimes continue for Wherever possible, dust should be re 3. Exposure by the employees over a thirty years before the condition devel moved at its source, before it reaches the sufficiently long period to high ops to the stage where it can be called workroom atmosphere. Methods of ac concentrations of silica of the nec silicosis. In such cases, possibly another complishing this vary with the process essary fineness. 15 or 20 years would be needed before and should be decided upon by competent The influence of silica on tuberculosis any disability would be noticed. A great engineers after a careful study. In mill is strong, whereas inert dusts have no majority of the cases have had at least ing processes, closed, dust-tight systems effect on this disease. Serious disability seven years* exposure. Thus it will be with adequate separators and collectors from silicosis, especially in the first two seen that silicosis is a very slowly de may be adequate. Water sprays are some stages, usually results from infection, veloping disease, which, in the absence times effective where they can be used. rather than from the uncomplicated di of infection, is not especially dangerous. In the quarry wet drilling is often all that sease. If the working environment is ade In the presence of infection, however, the is necessary to bring concentrations down quately clean, a silicotic need not be de picture may be different. to safe limits. Sometimes more elaborate nied work as long as he is free from in Control of Dust Hazards dust traps are needed, either independ fection and is capable of doing his job. ently or conjunctly with wet drills. No attempt has been made to separate Some processes are not amenable to Medical Control Is Important the tu-o sections of this paper, as indi* control at the source. In such cases em Methods of control of the disease in cated by the title, since the discussion of ployees should be required to use respira clude pre-employment and periodic med the problem is too intimately bound up tors or masks of approved type. All of ical examinations, removal of dust at with the methods of solving it. There are. these methods have their place. The right point of origin, emphasis on good house however, some details of prevention one for each location must be determined keeping and the use of respiratory pro- which should be mentioned. by a thorough engineering survey. (Continued on page 2--1 CONCRETE--Cement Mill Sectior -- August. 1938 Pag. 217 INHALATION OF DUST (Continued from page 217) Huron Establishes Distributing Plant at Green Bay HURON Portland Cement Company the work is completed the floating "ware ha* put into operation that com house" can be moved further in. thereby pany's twelfth packing and distributinegnabling other boats to dock directly plant at the Leicht dock at Green Bay. back of it. to unload their cargo. Wisconsin. Previously-built distributing A cement packing machine having a plant* owned by Huron are located at capacity of 1.000 sacks an hour has been Detroit. Oswego. Buffalo. Cleveland. To installed on the dock alongside the ledo, Wyandotte. Saginaw. Alpena. Mus Samuel Mitchell. From the hold of the kegon. Milwaukee, and Duluth. ship, cement is pumped into a steel bin Cement for the Creen Bay packing and over the packing machine, and is fed to distributing plant is brought from the the packer for sacking as required, to fill Huron's Alpena cement plant in the com orders from the trade, the cement being pany's own bulk-cement lake steamer*, forwarded either by rail or by motor the largest of which has a cargo capacitv truck. Cement can also be shipped from of 40.000 bbL the Green Bay distributing plant in bulk- At Green Bay the bulk cement is trans cement railway hopper cars, although ferred to the cement company's boat this type of railway rolling stock is not, Samuel Mitchell, which is lashed to the as yet. generally available. Only a few dock and will serve temporarily as a railways have supplied themselves with `warehouse" until the necessary con such rolling stock, and they have only a struction and installations on shore can small number of these special cars. be completed. The Samuel Mitchell With twelve packing and distributing brought the first cargo of bulk cement plants operating at ports on the Great totalling 15.000 bbl. Dredging opera Lakes, the cement company's bulk-cement tions are enlarging the slip in which this carriers will make regular stops and un boat is docked, and when this phase of load whatever cement is required. Andreasen's Method for Determination of Fineness IN a report presented to the Twenty- control, and explained about the prin Second General Meeting of the Asso ciples, apparatus and manipulation, and ciation of Japanese Portland Cement Enconcluded that this method would be gineers. Prof. Toosaku Yoshioka, of the worth attention for cement chemists be Imperial University at Kyoto, gave con cause of the simplicity of the apparatus, firmation to the correctness of results easiness of manipulation and correctness. from the use of Andreasen's pipette He also mentioned a few points neces method for the determination of fineness sary to get fair results; i.e. complete of powdered materials. elimination of bubbles adhering to the From his experience in the fineness particles, by placing the suspension in a determination of Japanese clayey mate vacuum vessel, placing the whole ap rials for the last three years, he has come paratus into a thermostat to prevent tem to recognize the value of Prof. Andrea perature fluctuations and avoid convec sen's pipette method as one of the best tion disturbances, and recovery of solv of present methods for scientific as well ents when ethyleneglycol, alcohol, etc. as technical determination of fineness of are used. powdered materials.- The Association of Japanese Portland He tried to introduce this method to Cement Engineers has its offices in the the field of cement research and factory Teikoku Building, in Osaka. Japan. tective equipment where removal of dust from the atmosphere is not possible. It should be emphasized that control, especially engineering control, of the silicosis hazard is the phase of the prob lem that it of greater importance to those of us who are interested in the practical methods of eradicating the disease. Dr. A. A. Riddell of the Ontario De partment of Health, whose work in the gold fields of Ontario has won for him an international reputation, put the prob lem squarely up to the engineers when he said; "Silicosis is an occupational disease declining in importance. Its pre vention is not a medical problem. As it occurs exclusively through the inhala tion of dust containing silica, its preven tion depends on the eliminaton of dusts industrially produced. This is a problem for the industrial engineer. Engineers have met the problem so energetically and with such intelligence that the occur rence of silicosis in many operations now considered hazardous will cease entirely during the next fifteen or twenty years." Heats of Hydration and Transition of Calcium Sulfate HEATS of hydration and transition of calcium sulfate are discussed in a detailed report by Edwin S. Newman and Lansing S. Wells, published by the National Bureau of Standards a* Re search Paper RP-1107, and appearing also in the June 119381 issue of the Journal of Research of the National Bu reau of Standards. The heats evolved in the hvdraiion to CaS0^H,-0 at 25* C of CaS0.l/2H:0 prepared by treating gypsum with stean' in the autoclave, and of CaSO pre pared by heating gypsum at 1,0<H): C, have been determined and found to be 4,100 plus or minus 30 and 3.900 plus or minus 20 cal/mole, respec tively. The heat evolved in the hydration to CaS042H0 of soluble anhydrite pre pared by dehydrating gypsum at 75' C is not less than 6.990 cal/mole. Dunne the progress of this work no indicatiouwere found of more than two anhydrnuforms of calcium sulfate; soluble anhy drite. and a modification formed rapidly at high temperatures, the latter being, identical with natural anhydrite. The heat evolved in the transition of soluble anhydrite to natural anhydrite is not less than 3.000 cal/mole. Page 222 August 1938 -- CONCRETE -- Consent Mill Section A 1 ? r* V- a Pns ,v