Document ba31M5oYEY8eKKOonbN9nDpJD

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S a g E = S rS 2US IuV -- c>N *-a9 "tf'x = 5 I 0 - ^ H u * P x3 3S E4, V wX ;h0- o C 2 no j -.it** iSi . u *S w to *9 C s. i s g a **k< 3 e II Q S 5 ~ S -9 8 g g . to 1-S S 52 W .E > iil .3 . * = i K_ * . fi 1 o *9 3S b E W bp E - 2 s ' T9 b. C 5S-S S = 5 C 2 S * ? J J e i'^E 3 w wtCo. S&c *, ^*' Us * t * ^ "ts*S3 to S 3 " to vv Q n S i. 5 P B g a Ti to = >23 - x l "-* `5 M *39 I'isl -! to two W5 5O ^ 2 ^ E o A to c = ?to: B Og t9o Sr I i g v p 3 .s o g *8 -X w ^ to g s bb. c. c fj g E ttoo 2*8 e E y eS. T2> t>t> cg c 1; og >s H | " to >to X" X w r b Xmm X E to Wc to c *, ` ,*,' to W 9to m bo o e -9 s /, /u .5 to 9 xv x2 xo H .1 x ft J 5 | J C 9w Jg 0 X^ E 5 5 -o --X = 2 u2 J I*2 & 5 11 JS x-S ego IEI -co* K 2 - U II E C^ M =v; e m *o E V 4i 8 S ^ e *r v ci 5 5 o o e 22 n 5 be N ~ c *N S 2 > X cO 4i U 1 ^ 2 > X 9 V) H 2 2* S E 8* j: u 2 4, sN b J{- - if mm S >i o ~ if o E ' u C if w s* g -- ;I.r *5 m 3. O . ** X Es vc ** ^ * *S o 22 Xu 'mc ~c s o g X > O = 1 I E -ec ^ b" a n > E .> v . -c 1*3 -- E -- .2 c "x 8 *- O -- O O , oW= S||8 a " u 'oS|l | E f v e Js ts -2.5- > 2 w - =1 * & i E E o If *4#' ? *5 a ,, 8 Mx *j 9 w- r ^v s <wIf x ' fpt 55s?n2 E o " * c i i- S "= 5 - X O M4> *0 9 * o b. e t>:1 S Sf g2 2 = o *e 5 - u- .is s St % e 5 J o S I* E 2 O b. -s-l 4 n c eE o . _ c *0 2 i 5 hi E :*> O M 2 2 E * M g Cb Sf sCl s! o c ? Cb If " 41 -- M e mm If C 9 J* r2if ? S-5 V *0 2 e --** 4411 J=* .c o 3 2o -- O ft S -- w "x5 *ar * it 5 * E if E x e V S o EC* * t.l E c K s g * 0 S2 -ft S 41 w 9 -o ID 9 MM V C-- o, * 9 % E ? ^ > .H E 9 = 2 = 5 g^a-c*'5 u c 4 4i 3 oo fu-b=xHcC-J ? ^ ^ ^ *9 9 ^ > -- 2 i f O _ 9 5 9 1 If J 4# C ft _o X 8 XC u ie fi c < iI5f If X4# C XO S 4* ' 41 >> MSu < nl "- ES ^ ^W V>*8 3*41 >C2j H * o c 5 2 s .2.2- ^ c = ;.; S S E *5 ' VK ----- g c fe. 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If c _ X V o E " vo V u . = < S g E o j M1 J 2= c M S" X - = 0*0 = If TM c = a -- c C 3 .2 s .s ummOH - _ 4# e 2 u IB o E = 5 5 E If ~ ; e 5 J 8 c = ,, B tl S _x "lx* 2 2" o x 2* f*S ^g | 8- S S: J-: xk- ,, :>s 2 "^ M S -O g S J! 3 o 3l ,, S g. c w x e * P V E 2 S g 1 "8 g " fSa t * 8 0.3 H *9 5 ^ 9 . o If C *9 If X " c o ^ g w U -- * X *x 0 E * .2 2 -S 2 - s`-S o < c -- * J S I 3 *? *s be f -- J 6 X -- V J3 X ! s> I -5 0 -- o2 .2 8 2 3 *2 2 v SJ 0j * -s ecx ovvv e-S5 * - V 9 a c eO o ^ ft If UIf JS " .41 Hf ! E . 5a<_ m 2 * < 2 3 . *3 W || H b B ^ ZjM:i V B -- ftX i3"s. " 2 3 i* SSi ft U w l ~u G 2 - M E 0 g - g8 x0 j: x Js U W -- x= 0.S " O 0 O. .* S 3 &J I ?o|8 3 5s5S E .*"= "So m 3 w&gi3 c vw R ^ & if X -- ts S x 3 n*5 2 . *u E V Q 4* 1# 4# x ftX x u O CM 01 C is: 1 -! w 2x -- X -- m g w0 - tS o 0 -- If If v SJ ^ "10 g l m &.4"1Z -* *"OS 6 A 1 i *K "_ K V2 U g f egg x B b U IX -ft 0 ^ I S 3 2 er if e 8 * V J S 9 V M z --v O 41 8*0 V * 3 P ^ m c , X " X ---. 00 e 2- o > 0 0 K X E 0 0 0 2 Rs 3 0 M *9* * Ss 3 s V : x "C ** -- j# -- "c 7 3 11m V -- E 4 E8 I5S X b. x< 0 E E go Si S 3 X "O 0 0-- b m a M ^C 2 cj - y -9 XS e 2 o- * CkJt 0 01 g _ E 8 0 X * ^ _ " 0" g -c x E ^Mo *5 xV ^ 4# a gs * E 9% v * 9 *9 bi __ V ,, juH-w . S - 9 M *2 o 5^*0 2 x S 0 H ij-S .2005 I " 41 If C.X ^8 ^ V If 2 5 ^e *08 e .5 O *I5f ^V --c m*> 8 41 5 -- " W *9 If w m R 0 '5x0 e n U b H *= a V 0v V *9 V 3 >> E ! e -- c n V X . > - E^ S O If 9 ~ xU 3 -O 0 i 3 0 .2 ** cr s Ex* 0X 0 x 2 0 j: 0 - suo := x x E 0 9 4 ; = x " g X e =! ^ 41 v m eIsj a u 0 if w PS 0 s V4J * 02 _c o ur*4# .9 X X X 8 0 C' > <M {2} X x O0 3V1 " E a 0 "Z 5 U " g> ft A w P* 1 K 3< X-- JJ *0 2 o 5- =1 ) i" " 5 =" f v e e 5 I 1 S-S 8 . <s o 2 * = 0 w |ft> Ob* ft o o S |2^ ~ <f b. ,, 9 E U. S O X X " : -- x i 0 E "O o g m ) S3 -2m2 --12 2 um "9 W 4* .= Q > = 3 X b v EX X *9 v X o M_ fe * 5S .02 ^ " b A -5 0 E * 3 s ' V35 z o > - o X V 14 X _ ts 4# ft v 2 *5* X *9 5 v Of .5M .t: C 8 E - `i 3 3 9 ~ V *> S 8 I - i M3 WH X V = "-551 2 .j 2? O W0 J0C 0 0 -- 0 be s* - ft o0 " it V e V X ^ X "VS X 8 ^ ^ b 9 V 0 b* v41 -- +* If fit"3 j! _=_ 4O 5 * *> g 2 h M 9M 'f V 9 2L~ -JS 41 -- .0 X -s * = X. 'O if -S &s &X 93 ----0 * ^ 3 I " > S a 29 *f t X 4# _ ^ 0 ^0 - be c be -- u *f - x * J! &= O * V 41 - X V C.X- 0 E 0 11 ^.E ?5 5.1 x -- If -1 i 8 4*8 -g * o 5 > B - g E c X c x s r E 5 u o -- *9 X .2 h C 9 2* t 2 v. Z E X' ?7 w Cf Cf -r z, .5 s --- A 5 *2 C * *0 5 X M ^ c 2 w ir. 5c r Z -- X -r* 2g -- '2 IH2 J| * _- o Xa Z*i - - .tt 2- * x X Cl 2 w ; o & .2 n xS X e " S 2 * cw -- ~ 2 1 S'Ji-" 9 5 - _ *9 so 2 2 -- b X . o *- -o X X *, s =^x 9 "* " wo --2 9. ** *" 5 .1 3 5 hi* 3 5 c 2 c 9 C - c. X 1c c S X c -- vs X a-s ? VE *"o> nZ ** " * MM.-gC-E- =7 o E .(2Ai _* X 9 w J5 xr J ***_ ZgX,VI*--* X Z is I s I - V o A l >S f Ssr-sis ? X 2 ? _ = * * * .E *" *9 .9 i X o * *9 2 >t i i***--2 " 8 g i i- * *" A t! ~ ll| 9(I -92 i " : v c - n C -." Cl ff jj - "9 #u -o s " 8 a? *A *. e ,, E 2 !5- 9 E "" 2 te g g.s O S Cl E s 2 M O -o 2 * . e o1- cu >C . v2 ^^3 S --9 VS'oiS ^ 9 .2 .5 Si S " x ~ c. q s z 6 e * e A s a t = * - ax 1 i Z u C. Cl *3-- 2 s* ~ * "3 a.u a E v 3 E^ " c > 9 tl 2" ft x v u tt ; a .2 x - E .9 ^ C S. = = = * s s 3: 11* s -* ,= seo o - c e * s g. S & x yt 5 *5 : < A a > . O s 2 .OvL t2 ^ g A ** I M. o * . *o -* ao 2a 2 s= vVi S i * y H g v g 0 JKi "" te c c s ** E ** 5 l! = __je i.x 9 x o .= u o u G. Cl E = x 0 J5- O 9 A O X 9 S _ ux ev E | *Ss5 > -A = $ - ci " S.= s JZ J> 5 0 :i if 2 x A " 2 vT X -- X r 9 T3 X c Z 9 S'S 8 9 "X 2 a = " C .E " A bfi .2 (V - s* a*9A "O N 9 -SOO X X" - w Etd T* S|i ll X 2 ^ u e aV S C = a S -C .5 J5 P a XX * ** * 'T* 9A s r ! a< II X -- A. 9 A X Z H ^ o >* fi2-2.= Z-9 0 *C * > J E 0,S * 9 b * t `S C 2 U ** A * 9 O 2 5 t; W v }r x &S 2 J 2 >. a CJ 5 .5 g O *9 Ei I > .2 S.-S 2 c> X _ c .- >% A X .2 ci 2 z X Cl .9. 5 1 E 9-- A U *99 S bp i: x V O * o A t5 A v O o* 9S >^, o * . o ^ t m n r j 9 ! i _x v -- .i: be frf 2 U *VI e* Cl Cl h u .2 JS A 9 *b X V 9 D. -- -- .5 Z I.& V x V 5 Cl t.E A -- 9X v " A ** i* x ti Cl *= l Cl 1 ti -O , o 9 E u e *9 ti > = J < Cl M .E u - ^ s T3 ^9 2 9 W A 9 X cr V o gX = X _ C u X X .S = U a9 a A -- - T E -8 S X A ? * ? O. e b j= c ^ s = l! JS M M Ci O A 9 2 0 C. U C K X Cl s ^ X K Cl b E S ~ = 2 "3 9 n5 g 1 Cl U Cl 9 A 3.5 I X ^ 9c ? = x "a i O E x `2 s-e A X E X *2 AA k A - 2 " V --- " H 5 k> o A"O O * ? 2 = Aat S'0 a a = E >ce O-- .-=a xo s 2 v A U X Jt ~ o V " A 5 A W -a A" Ati .2 ti ; S s " 9 je Cl 9 Cl x T 2g* o J! A ^ AX A 2 c 2 _= x * 9 i- o Js 12 :s " v Eh A o > il * .5 A x O A A Z *9 U 5 S AS) B " - X a " -- tr S * = = a M S: 3 0 A *. w Cl T 2 2 v -- * X 2 f E S O 5 .2 * .2 a -Z 2 a -- *m " ti " A tO 99 x o E s>t1 *2* . - o A t. Z o M A x 8 A K 9 a* X O i2 C. A z * 2 J Zo *ci W O E aV P ft-9 X CC 9 T5 ** Cl ~ X X 9 a8 X * bC *9 llai W * = i " V ha A 9 o *3U o. x M " C _ ACl XA 9- X S * ei V x wO Bb A & B-- 9 9~ B 73 "*- c5 eE S 2 ,2 S A" A" * 6 a .. .Si .. - IIS XA A % Si | E A Cl A A 9 0 2 A Cl A S X o A B9, SZAZ v mm .x aw a a c i = 2. w = 'i O ie A U Sig ^ O A 21 c Cl J 5 O Z CAl V w w 2 = - ? .9 x a fe * X .a s s s ' 2 I s s 9 A J JS *5 S -Z X o = c -- = - 2 C X 3^ ^ O af " "5 * w h - ^ ax x s w a &-o*s w 1-I" S* s M s m t .2 S A Cl o* c ** "S a X x X -- A A 0 X .8 U x Z O 1 -B * > is * sli - O X X " M-C --0_ - Sf U. o V 3 6 *> -- " -O J A *O- s &u - 2 be * E S M S?c = Sax 00 C *, * 2 A Z C *A O 3 9 s: s ^ w E* A 9 9 X V? ? *9 in r ?. m 9Z j; - v* | a* A a ^ A e o >A C S - *a A E A ** A n r n 1 21 8 " W mm o r A w ,3 >s A 9 IE M V U Z. o a o J< > -- 6C > ** ^1E 2 S" Cl x!? A 9 *w Ei1 | I 2 -- c a 9 B = " U A i lijilu ^- E S' Cl -- A "0 2 X ci a 5-3 5 2 > E; O "a a E --x a A a w I * s? o Cl "a t t S & a. A ^ Co1" c *A*- AM aAa -- z a Ea 3 ** g3 ma E 2: - S*^ S i s S I ; s -^^ X 9 A A-- 25* . a. !S 9 a - i a I .2 A --A 9 A -- X xU5~|i X X Cl Cl " u be a * * X a S? a 1 s! 9 2 2 5-S S -o ' .8 A Cl B X X A E i a a . 2 S s - ~ -o < E z 2 - a Ci e 5 E 8 t a = X c 9 - .1 -'Z.i S'= " 5 ^ E I J5 > _ Xo X 2 - ,, a " fe Jg X c H * 2 e 2 _ *a ^3? 2 Z " -- 9 Z Cl II E ant; E E <2 2 A & "5 -5 E _ a a -a "* a H o u. E -Z s 3 2 2 S U. .2 9 o 'g `ft R Z 9 t. A a 9 O e oo& U oifi be vT 9 X - u O A Z2 xK 9 * X H '--* A Minimum Air Velocities Required to Captor* Certain Industrial Dusts Industry Ptbiwh Required air vaincity At point oi origin At face oi hood Criterion i 1 2 or 3 to less than 0.5 m illigram per cubic meter, otherwise the occupants complain and the engineer is held responsible. There Granite cutting Graia elevator* Paint Spraying Sand pulventing Electric welding Quarrying and mining Hand pneumatic tool Surfacing machine AH took EUvator boot ft head pmr Spraying booth Bagging machine Horiaoatal drUUng with Kelly-Hatch trap 220 PPM ISM PPM 400 FPM 100-200 PPM 60* ISM FPM SM FPM S0-2M PPM Reduced coacentratioa to aaio level. Reduced caacantration to aaio ItveL Reduced coaceatraticn to aaia level. Viaual teat. Reduced conceutratiou to aaio level Reduced coacentratioa to aaio level. Viaual tost. to tale kvtL Electric plating Hattara' For Vertical drilling with Kally-Hatch trap Chromium plating .. Steam to acid tonka B making Cutting mechinaa Blowera 200* 75-100 FPM 200* uo* 2000* ISM FPM Seduced concentration to aaio levoL Reduced concentration to oaid level. Bodncod concentration to aaio level. Uenal Practice. Uaual Practice. Venal Ptactica. Cubic feet per mia. Cubic (tet per mia. per feet at slot (common practice). Recommendations as to hood design, requisition velocities, and the like, can now be obtained from the ap propriate departments of many states, some of which embody these recommendations in codes. = s 1 -- A jf 5 tS 3 ^ 5V. .ZJ3 2 , ._ 2 h .. *2 5 E Jj X ,C "C- ^ > o o * " JZ A 2 * *- r JK M U s S bu M --S tJ 5 5 >% r 3 * = c *s ^ ~ So N v .HA A W W "* x "& o2E o X *2 M-C g ow a 5^ w .g g. o. J*g2 o g 3 * 3 M *55 e U .O 2 _o -- x*ox X - g. "E. m X Cl a -- > h a y v Vm e 6 x g e 2 JS* y o *5, c "o t E.S S $ .* M Z -- a go a a X JB g a y 3 )K V m C Js1 I o M (fl Si y 1 y - S Si o 2 2" i xS M k * 3 J! .2 o E a i -o tti o S" "c x! S s o u Jju?K iAi fi 5 u c 2 x o e E m ea .2 X 4t o2*AabVxe _ *c:>ifs ** h> x m * 2 " A^ #* u -- i I 2 --x U V, ,4|X c . o w X XSr " 5 a>5 --A VW XV ---S 2M > 2 H *"3 rt A & _ V = SL S - -5 o ---= ~ cu 5P "2 c 00 .s 3 & i a ;&! six E & j w -o 5 E o & c 3 3 V A X_ w > * *SO - . -- J5 x -M2 O .2 i E * -- be e O 3 3o V w c - S .5 S3 *" O Sr i " o 2 - 2 ^ * ' I S 2 S^r t y J s g- O -- If o. 3 be 1 2 x b. 1" 2 eo * s 3 *" O *V w u e Z - .2H MX I<c3 s | I ` ^ & o c Si .2 S * i i- .2 c Z v 8 - g S S C O A a 4/ If # X Cl M M s .2 C 8 2 is A a o ** b X n 3 e 4., .. A * E X < .= > 3 n X A it = e S S .1 2 2, | - V .s|5 e *.2 s o m V a Z = S -g u " . ! v c .2 " s s* *j .2 a k ' S s g " J, * ttr s s H " s - gp c e S S gi E >2 s .-S- 3 -o B 2 ^ a a Jes VW >" " A m t u C. &V. 2B X g it w A H Cl " t e S ** i A S * - = 5 s U (j b s U V &.s s: Vr. .5p T--3 > VI t S K V 3 .2 U c .= 3 .S Is" A 3 C v: bbe n> x- be u Aw*" be .. w #e e C 3 = M -B S s'gl o y = 4C%.t Ob E xU ' ? X A< ,j 2g " *Cj a K St -a * x _5 _3 E u O X e o * >b cta 2 4J A A = 2 c V -^0c \3= be *- E o s lie c OJ;*- 4J im x c o i 1| to- E S* ^it u e 41 C 1? * o " o * "n - TS | 1- X o.2 s S y e " -| vi 3c ao .--v ut .M2 O V 51 =k u 2c *ww .*1 s s S .5 Si 2H? >s kCa > % c | O ~ g ? Sfc -- wi g ~ 8 e S - =5 3 5 J 2: s i .y So ! T" _ 7 * IS ij ! g g .2 oc ~ jr o -c v s e m * V) C m V ss' ^ JS I s= a H = 0.i C .n "flu & * *w <1 "O .2 -- e "y 2 g o y I *g Pis J ** B w ^ wv if Aci *3 Jvi w w Cu "u Cl *-- A r x ^ w s g| 5 U *Al cXl S o S x"J 55 S -- Jr -a a- c A x t* y u e e i i r s > a .*=SCw Ow H = 2x J4U1 o ^ - 5.2 - fl a . y V S E 3u SrsS u be -^ AV a mZ >k!1 x XX Eo^41 o x *f e 41 A . o 1V. U *W> '-- c 4> = g g A H * g a j? w 2^S 3 ^S 2A Ct X e .2 C va A O ^ be - uit E41 ~ > 3 g w v* 2Cl * US ~ S M 2 !# * .s'" -l! s Si V > oX O > be o X ^3 *1 E. 3 * t JS 4> !xEti2M j 5 3 41 Xx rb. 5 g N ~ E S x |x N x o S >> 5 g = B X A u - E *A= 02 g S - S* w.~r a2 * r 3 .k "O ^ u _ wo*-S- E= . ffi .5 W o 3 <1 u ^0 I v e S 4/ .: -g *5 jc a c 4 c -- ^x > s to sa ^^ ^ S -s 3 -!- ,A v *Ae -- IA A A U K O1 -- a -5 2 2 x E e a v a v* Is ^3 "> O S | -g E sf V v |SS SI'S lu 01 *? ;3 s a ^ U 4 - I 2 x _ a o x O r2 2 A2 *2 - *S a - * v S E c 2 w -r - s E jt S U 41 = 3 * 3 ^ J T5-S 5 to c 5 s.s a & H" 2 S" M A o js A w 2 X -- Xr~ it E 2_ X A A u Oo x = w g o ^ J 115 ^ e * 2 *a , E c 41 *;* |5 i* "** .2 0 S x *a a *r u > - o -O. t X S = .2 O 2 .a 55 "SOj-e55SSa"s' H . 5X3 AS k ill ~ 41 S V *- A a T * -- E i i |h=> a u ti a eE aE 2 2be Bs be ti " be ci 1 e b. u B A o . x e x a c/3 6. * v A ^ .X2 J^X *t-i -- = o. Sea S a ^WH g| u ^ u X c i % V a 3 4i u .. b ii o 3 g --< 8i' X- J*2S C C =,l E ^ a o r jA j" si ^ o v .; 22 ** u S X A * v O c ii is " S 8 " y. * C x A Aa 1 p ii *0 S 4y b1 =t*:2 *>* a= 2E X-! >x- E w i E be *5 a x X 2 *S ? So> =X= - f If & E " x 2 o c *>-aO.iaa lSax tA b -- ** u V X* 41 B 5 > E 8v E 5 x2 2 w 3 a -S v *1. 1 -S g> s * 2 w " - 2 -O O S * M JS - L I=- A CA 51 c *-- 41 ^ ^ g - X O " A3 a R E 2 2 3 > O A C/3 X ~ a "b o _ -- a 1 c g S Z* v a >s b A X Z M = -g S3 .2 *2 o* X*6 41 JS *1 S 23; wa cP^S*a" A 5X 3? i v i l . u - i1 _ 2 --vW 1* v^.5c ^ -Va - -T s'6 ~^ -- >1 A V k. 00 o 0 3 .S^x ,?Ss U lii^ . S JS V .> 2 3 9 X> -z Ax O 3 v 2 .2 X X uS V teSf .5 g *c 2 A -- 3 -!S!8 si-? H 3be V*E - A , A O 2 a cw> a .y 41 -- V Bb Si <7 a JJ X v 2 v X SP *o it X -- ` t- A V e Z >V X3 tot E 2 ^ 2 S A -- C 1 - V*= = VAX i e * &O o ^ V5 " M OS's _ & 2 o 2 - ff 3 A a vx X A A X X it X V 41 v A M 2V x .5 v _ . .SP c N .S w v 0> *25 x-- s w .-- ^= xv r c 5- s'5 it ^-- >r ** x w ts O V SH SgJI .2 S, w B w js $ SH x o 51 J- U O X a be xo x x2 i *o X2 x " - 3- A X s > a c vr. * h. uu A Z** s 5.8 O TM .2C X-- ! XIf t: ^ baB - * 1 u Oo g- - . 9 O O _ iof vos S 3 * o . ft *3 X - * o.- .5 * X s i > *M a. e .s e aiS O 2& S 3 . If = V X _ s s = w W a v X 5^ O 2 tc 2 _i C ^ t; f * I g l_ wV ** 2A* o i ! a-5 C 3 u --m 2i s E m * * X M xU (I- (E; o ! gjf i> '3 g *> T E = o JS m :S Is * i 3 _ e >v"*" .3 i o _ o a x 9 S J w - e a o3 Us x 9 w *3 = ~ * c? o i * O X = 5 I V > Z tO. c * ,i '5 e E i -.Es =-- " v S O 4M X* X2* XV Cm 24V, 3 ,, a .2 - Z v A-- 9 _ v </> X o K o ft of ~ A B = * -5 jSi -S<95._ fOi. X9 B 9X E O c y b 'S S <V 7 Vs X V * -9 1 3 U g c Ji S J C k u v X a S 5 B .5 g JS 9 *g " X i:H 2 301 bo - n S *- X if .E o x (t 9 .5 fi 3 tv % 9 o .2 x w to g . a - * MC Eh Ox O XtBo ts ~^ e . -- o 2 ^ V (/) 2c oe * - 2 V .. S> x 3 2 0 wV S SU 2 S 1 - *9 3 " - 8 iSlM--A0*S- m. X w -- 2 e 11 2 A2 * S 5 mX 9 A Tw? u vff x Is *3 X w V 9X x to x c -- ^v --e '* x --3 tO *9 > 3 -- * 9 X X w b o *e tv3 jc A A ^A O EA *A9 -3 C .2 3 X * o * 3 B ^O * e 3 . 4, -9 wx S 53 g s-g xx g I o ~ | * ? * --v xO C -- - 9ft* ieAJ ao--e e '"xVx l '-'O-i--S9o S -- X mS vO vO &V 6 A 'Z 3 P 5 A 3 ! X X c b> 5 9 9 g-9 *&2 w .2* 5 S V . I s ; A * * A A S 3 V < cr x o X 6* SSou-3 U M w g V W g J2 X V o A , `m - ^ X I OS & i i 9 o gt VI : x * p I M -1 A J* ^ O " S & V *# 3 MX fi > n u *22 e .5 a n 4u 4" 3 . 5 s - M f-SAs s< o a g ~ 2 i. 2 a. * * I *o y ii o -s 2 B ' V V 2 S >is * 5 c S 2 a c g 0 .a o .2 " o o "o C m # 3 _ X -S5 ** X *9 V^ log - o *> M~c a S E so c X gi " s I Is g M -2 s 2 ^ S <t u S" i 5 &> 2 gti S g g m v _*5?9 .X9Cs V x a - u* A x o 5 i I a 1 3 2 mm iaJol m 2 E A^3 *2 to ^5 e ~ --ai gB - s BO fC k s -- jj a m V _ S 2 V u 3 c _ -2P*2 _AN a * A 9 .3 2 bO is A -Io I*B98|Si>>= . * 3 -- -- ^hV o J**! w 22Ss ,S ^e? x 2 V E A Z Z &* 5 ,, a. S h as a I >x "O - *9 o 5 m -s V> ^K A9 cO iXA te A B e o* ns4^-o -o og a jLs's's .a x-g s 5 8 A Q|X : a m '3a J E SSf5=-S_ S " Zi = op aa a E = w 2M .2*o A w A K > e * S "g -w 5! T uO w -p ge ou J;! g ^s5*9 u X *9 S'S E S X 5 -a r~ X i |s X 3 V <-; == 5 ~ < * m s 2 5 a i! H 2S E v A *A 2 s s V -- Si V * u C ^ -Aff 2A 2 2 O 9 -- -CA .SCM? 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" a > -a I5 x ^ 2 -S 3 3 b ^ A3 bo! 2b. 3 O s. . 3a Xb 5* Su 2is js 3 E a ft 5 3 0) 2 jsu 3ot c tv. is 6 * t . <s ^ S V Iv s Uei >* f! u s? t! c < <5 " ?i *s a * '~t=.HT k.__ T3 U 73 C O fCBi --C = O = >- 0 .2 W A S 0 0 S I"i 9 5 * SifS 2 0 55 U. 5 j= *2 ~ -9 B .5 Q o * 41 0 *9 j c IS --- S . i? > s .* c - `<2 9 +* m +* c 0 .2 -- O A ^ c -- JUo c * g E o c ^ 0 i S 3 t* jjt V u . 2M u -- "*> X v b 0 C ^g V 9 b 9 a o c D.J= * b 41 ; 9 44 4 v 3 O 0 *0 C C Si O 41 O S j? 15 "9 fl!s 3 B X1*-e g r c> ! ^i 3 - , e i c <m " <1 O ' eg . TS * S g 8 a 4) E s" o X 5 11* 0 9 0 M IE > o 9 5 0 B 0 -C 5 3 3 " X 2 25 B X* x 41 b > ' 4) C 3 B g e c E j: o o c *4 ex 5 3-5 fit 41 *i ox be "s be d o w b cn Z a< * -- te V CI be - W . 5 9 C c* e b 4 b 4 .at d s 0 3-c 5 *5 o x: E J S 4te/ b. * t-e* tea e - e " 2*2 > J Cl . f .2 x <= CO ~ Z E 2-g C = 5e o 0 ci C 41 ^ p 5 X ? L*l * b Scj 2 o a 5 a a 1 U *> go c 0be c4L> -c -2C * * -- SJ 41 . c CB * b >k c Cl " o > . m B ^ o m os *z 3toel M Ub J = f! *4 9 b te CI -- ti lt- S ISI a O <o X ** f 8 -5 "1 be 0 c ? c. o g ^3 ^ S p 2 4 g 3 -C *5 2* 4i c -o -C b g " C 4i ci r U- t 4 C 0m 4* 3 * V4 3 0 = =1 1 bc a X * i ! ft E E S * i J 3 O u Z 4i aO ^ V) - 2 o IK|| = u 4 fa 'I' #c TS S B g "5 xe 4i = tel b te b ^ * X* t (M , 41 C O be b 5 41 , u 41 H fc - g " B X .3 CB *- 8 9 = 5 CB b 41 B * C 0 E o. c w * s e5E .. 41 41 JZ W w 41 d a I be X B *C E JS > jg c O 0 be 'P Be b M g g OO *3. t- 41 ? i b *6 c *9 Ci ,, 41 ** 2 2 **" 4 &* ~ ee b --- " o d 3 = 8 ,0 ^ 9 te v 5 o *2 2 s 4i *; " ao o c v w S ^ be 2 Cm o *O* *M d ~ H j* S* ^ O Xm. a T3 coo a r b Cl b E -e d xe 3 o _ z _ 41 *9 2 5 bd O^ O Jr 2 o B 3 E f 8 -4l gW J& ob B Xu * c BC 4) *9 *4 O B e 4T P 9 3 c S S s :s O - g u .s = S .2 t. qj o *U -5 tej 3 H g > o 5 x p ss = s x - be g a 4) m JC 41 CB * B E ^ > S g d te N a l - o -c o E 2 O o' C. 3 *2 9 J s d s 5 o ^O o " j: 8 -S CB CO si* CB *o ^ CB 4* .. 2 ^ 9 41 ^ s * 4> c_ XS 2 tel J -1 B !2 S be 5 o -X be ft 2 -2 s be c c ** C 13 o u (2 - N X Q e H i c ao f = CO 3 2 b. 2 3 = CB o g *= b* a o vj4i1 & cr e -a .s O te> 41 ci 2 h 5 p d c 2o ^ 41 df :5 S B be e P *" P B.-- G. B _ be 9 B O d c^ 4i ?d ci ** C ^ *9 cB *CSB ^ te -- O d ^ 41 2 41 O > = S _ be c A 2 8 S 8 o l 9 l *9 r 4i - xi x 5 t B H d 4 4) d 2 g a-S 1 * O .2 x B xe B C * s 15 *9 D c ^ o Z CB X* O CO a X O >k 4411 ~ 2** VS S H P * M O < =5 o > o 5 d O 9 0 X *9 * d 32 3 0 5 M> = 5 B 5 5 o s X X 41 u 9 ^ E 2J *J '-1* OQ B P B be 9 | *9 B g *0 C B 2 S * 2 3* U 9 ^ P 00 S A 9 H "| 0 o * B I! i I5 1 9 0 4b1e 9 w * . 9 "9 2 3 0 04 C E o w 8 Cl o egV a-t* ?| 2 9 d s 3 sb 9 o 5 * < J 9 "h9e O a c *9 to I * r_ ?5,3|u " "i 2. l!= 3 " s JS 2 J o' S 13 -=3 B E SI o u 9 O <2 - a 8 g ft2 _ N Ub i^n BN - a5 u I 9 O S b< O a d *9 ^ t39e X ^ * is 4S00 ^ = _ 4' 2 0 0 a m > M _ >. i-6 S3 ^3 . to N e 4i *1 9 - 3 i 0 0 a1 a 2 ? s o -6 3 a -g O "9 B i X P B 9 9 555 SZ'-o 9 .t 9 9 5 ^ s 9 * xe V m x* d fc 2 E 4i 0 M 33-| d ^S h g-= o * CB P 13 M CM 0 o * C. E g ^*b * O E X > _ 3> 3 y cc 5 Bi 4i ^ 2 *6 1 9 Com cC "R? H I m3 ,, 3 a = 3 ~ E o 2 irK S J 9 to 9 O ~ -1 o *. !S5 O ^ B 3 *1 Cld i it! 3 8 9 0 ^5 PtJi 9 JJ " 9 2 . ~ M 4 P . *- O 9 *c 3 0 A 41 A * 2 E 5 *> S * 8 c T 0 -- * t; 2 6*8 S Is 2 | * ! _ Q.S 3 d to E *o -9 g 8 2* 3 C A B c g e, d 2 -- = - w a >. c -O 41 S C) " to (9 -o ~ 0 e to_& 6 S ^ 2O * d E B B 9 "S3S&S3 2 h- T-^`Segl! M'S o s V 9 0 lh o,s = 41 S 5 3 i! ja p B 0 9 0 ^ t> . -- S -- 9 B "O 3 ^ :5 M E5 d d 0 >,0 ** _ 0 *9 *9 M s u _ B 0 3 3 ~ 4b)e cci s o ft er b 3 u K >* _ 3 JB to S O M JQ ftJB J E be 0 u *u 5 0 2 o *S =9 B B 9 --x II I H co O N ^ 03 CQ o o 03 CO o p 3 > a S H co ee SS^ _ 0 0 > . C d fc S- a JS3 a H 25 E g ts -- f M S ** _ b "a a 5 e g a o s "5 b b3 e a g " s 5 3 " _ tl _ B . _a iP =5<a 3 * a B * 3g 5 2 a s3 8 "o B * D 2 =5 3 S ao I's B . & * > ai E g I 3F c4 I: 0 0 B fttg * S0*0^6P Jt m & 2f be e tS H E 3 z aw* ? M SS > ^ M * s 3 g. -8 E| 1 E * o | s=: Eu ' i g 88 u a a. sw s *e ZB 0.3 i e ? . a Ji a g. I i a !S S3 f\ w u V ,, J!e U U J! h | a Z(E;< e ^<z = s -i s a e_ V u 5 **!< 2 2 I i a a =S E tfe * J V J * *< e Z * -- c ;: sg K II _. ' B . E g a J! M ZJ E E OIot e r > wi > II II _ w J T> wK wM 2<e :s : o 7 O i P Ls e| o e sSz z al if` 0..2 IIII t^ ^ V S= = 1!= e B o P i + -s m u * n d + V + * 0 B 2 d w U 5 M "' V II uo -* B _ O. S ii 2 z B z E5 =" p; u e 2 + f"U -o V u . jcb p tc. Sc E to B =3 r o & c go g kao < " & Z *; ej ^ . c < H K hO C "V 4 t o ! *5 *9 *9 - J =5 :e E 3 B ct O *ss ,.* o S -- v 8 JuS ~ Z ^ a CO ma -o 11 -- o Iv *1 X B | 8 2 S* E s5 - e- g'S s s o> -r . .8 * . "9_*_r -S ho> juj J22 .l* *B* 9 ** aBQ k* r o *9 5-gs 0) B tc s J5 C- T3 . s* u _-- usl 2 S ?5 (it 8 o a -- h si >i -'' 8s-"r g 1 & * 8 *g B a o a ** O *9% m ** o E 3| 3 -o 2-S^ *35 s -o c 5 ^ Jtf * c e E S S'g o -- ci O_ V 2 *9 -- je o. CSIO e g c c -5 w is sw'?5! K . S E. = -3 , C ? ^ J! J!C -- jg -c H s O O.N *U e 4 i .j ,5 a oT ^ g g ^ * g JSo-2 3 * >1 " 6^0*" =_ -a --a>tf e 5 c = ? 5 Jj S3-S av^a 5-S a 8 = * g a s s S ji = = 3^g- ^V 9 S JS^^-g Ji 2 . S JS 9 *9 o 9 ^ *K 491 UW *K* a*2* TO HYDROGEN GENERATOR Figure 2. Storage Reservoir fo r Titanium Trichloride. . Qfnm. -at 7 GROUND GLASS CONNECTION * N E o Ai 4mm. -A .14mm. SO mm. SCC NITRATING ACID lo mm. fritted glass 2t" Figure 1. Apparatus for Taking Air Sample. Ifc CAGE HALF HARO ALUMINUM i if**. A IT IT S B I'IK ill, I'BNNS^ lA 'A N tA P K IIK U A H Y , I'.WH -I j<Sv1 x x e ft 3 X X " * S3 S 22 . 6 > 9 2 = 8 X x If C 3 *5 e *9 g* 9 A 9 * Te9 x* 9 * **3 3 5 s 2 Cm bce Z ~ o u - s S -5 o J u S *1 s11 9i 3 V * = E * S x *S 9 I ^ 3 9 9" 6 ^ 9 00 k 9 5H - C 9 9 ^ 9 9 x 9 s 3 (9 g m geC e n i 5 g JS e | ft 9o* HB c ntl * *9 h e *11 82 3 9 * a 9 e s 9 2 X 9 X li 1 5 u *> 9 ^ O * S 3 "5 9 M s9 *e* i s * ft * -. *4 - o 5e t_._ I* 1 c. ft So* c t.| l> c c 9 0 9 3 "55-,5 3 8*. 9.. o0 9 e 3 :* e gx E > s *9 9 <92 "-Oa * o 2*5 Ego E 2 " a3 S x? 9 js Q V -o *55 _ = a9 h r*. E * 62 9 ^ *> x e 5 9 x x e - 3 o 2 = - 3 ft 5 m9 9e b 5r! M 39 2 M a 8 *s 9x o >i _a J= e.2 -- S o g v E i a * "S x B w - - ^ -o a # ssg| a*S2 S 22 * - e 9 > e 82 S aE S 3 is: MS "X X 'S'sa aw 3 9 <5 g 9 g a 5 w $x 5x* > i s xls S d 9 9 9 "^S c S X a i! ei = *2 >. E 5l 5 &JS : 3 IIsX I te S e- swa "* 9 9 *9 3 5 g "1 -- o 3 u si tS; I " s e E * a-w ** _ i "2 fi-*sSl o s x "0 o 12 isi ft ^ i -sC E c 9 . : x f if ^ u k2 c c fc = x a^ w e< se 5 >*18 a i. 44 O * 3 .. 5 TSE 5 3 >* * t* if M 3 i > *r >x - o * t, E sk xx 1 E " Itl 3 c . > s 6g = 9* o 9 9 S -C 3 O 3 -- --__-- 2 3 2c To .ft* 9 " fc j n . 5 * {> e x * t> Mo SS t' 1 * III5 g-S - 5 M . 9 9* 9 S 9 9 ft *w * w s^pS 9 s 3 ^g >v x TU cEB *^ cg --. o ; H E| ft s 2 E - o jl * E** o _g CC 2 aE S 5 = 1% m S} ft 9 9 IB 9 JZ ofr- a 0e - s < E a c s 9 IS g > < a 3 ox = a. * 9 S 2 9 E E fe x* cg *3< *1 i S 9 u J- J " X^ 1 ^ 3 -o ^ ^ - . o 11 - u is! 9 2 850; * o,*c ft 3 II i g ? = - & *0 X < as al a c 2 I t ij 9 S = 9SS > 1 > 9 9 X 9 -- 9 i < 9 9 In 5 & E 315 e a 9 JZ S o fi * jo e 9 9 9 X 9 OX _ 9 E 2 5 9 _5 r t. 9- ^ Is P J *ft g M 9 |h4> S5! > " x 9B g a * E 5 S J?"e +* Z 3 ft| c . 6 9 > 93 9 g ft g 9 - *s* ft 3 >4 a o * g S E 6 iH 9 1 S -o 9 9 sil tziz O n to *5 ** c 3, 9 fi 9 e IS 9S <* *g C *. g o ooS?xol gSS. 2 g Si 3 S S 9 E __ 0 a 2 * V 9< J 9 V O as 9 9 X %: b | 9 * 3 9 *5 JS >W c|i six ftcS s o 9 | s c c k 9 09 . ` > 9 >>X 9 > 94 3 5 C 9 ^ j 9 +a* *Ir v- J b ai 9 x " 1 H 2 c ; S = 9 C 9 2? ^ 9 H =JS ** %22 I a 3 3 X * 9 9a "J b 3* 3 * c S -3 "3 3 11 9 T 1 . ** a a 9 * OX CO 9 -- *9 C ' CMi 1 8 s c 2^ t 5 *C * 3 ? x c I 8-1 8 II 2 = i? " 5 si Es -6 3 oZ 9^ -- >> a< E S5 fe o ^9 9 ^ft M -- E * 0 c e ^ a 'O x * s * li 3In 3B --2 If B N be ^1 * - ^ x I be 9 9 i 5 c* " S Z s g-s >*^ = t: 5S .e ft - c 8 9 2 C ft " 3 2 * c g* *g c -x| *6 S ft 3 be c s o c s g S3 O "n S-* s -o -e o o ft 9 a S s x * t t * &2 1 9 li O c .5f 9 3_ 9 9S 9 il O *0 g 9 9 S - S '& ft 6 e 9 *3 9 At >| EE9 5 S 2 t a | g-S " s 2 n ft s c 9 2 *> S -Eg 9 9e *0- * *c* E 9 9 9 9 i- * 2 C = 39. 0 9 9 3 3 - * S-o g. a JS-g ii lo -- - 3 > 9 9 3 $ a . 99t.9 TJ 3 , o f g E - "a-3 > o 39 3 fe -ft * ** 9 9 9 3 c 9 X ft x 2 *<91 ci a o c c 9 S ^ e S>2 TJ O -- - T3 a S c X *< k ^ u o 9 9 _X o 3 23 ? 8 & 3 -- T3 e g 15 o c oZ w e 9 ,, 4 . 9 1. X n Z > -- C 9 3 0 <kJ a g S 3 *2 5 3 9 S W 3 - r|e g-f N M % x W 2 3 ft 9 9 I^X 9 3 9 3 9 9 X< -- H ^s g BE *9 9 9 2 * 6 9 S 9 SS 9 3s 9 -- ft 5 s .S wX 3 3 ^ M^ NN-> X9M X +* LS3 9 bs X 3 9* 9 1 b x 1m " a 3 w C *4 - - E 6 3 2 si S3 C S3 9 9 S ^ A 9 _a 8 M T- >* 9 S 1 1 X b -- t"C ^ e 3 *d i s-s X B ohi 0^3 * g s 9 -- *2 C X >. 215 5 a*4 ^ n- 9 ma ft 9 9 9 Jg 00 ^ 44 9 3 9 |l B * 9 * *3 -C C -- _ 9 ^ 3 a2 2 -d- be aj ? a *C .ft -- ^ 9 s r- p e . 1 9 9 * 3 !S ^ Vt _ ^ ot e- 5- < a g 9 C 94 9o 94 9 3 3X > E ^ > 2 94 be 9 g . ax > 9 3 3 9 59X *9g 2 E *0a sM H = =3 s ^ 11 c O 0 9 5 9 9 >X m fc* !> O X (B - r if o B -- ^ >*3 H 2 3 5 a. ** 9 3 S 9 9 *t; g> 2 ft X 9 " 9 9 . s.- S . 'i - 2 3 9 -Q ? C E 7^ 8 9 8 m H a a* S o >. s 9 ft S 9 g c 9 > 3 3 X ** s e w 8 >,`5 lx 3 9c `E'3 2 A4 > II g-o 8 "be . 3 -O a 51 | .i I ^ -- ^ G S9 V9l S* Sv ,;c x i g* E'c M S3 9 9 e ^ 2 a m g 3 9 s a - *3 9 jg 6 > 44 M fe 0 9 2 -- O 9 9 9 gS x a *o E -2 9 C 3 m E X > f ^o i- a C 2 | * kb 9J 9 T3 3 x a- " X 4- *>n> r, ? *+ a. ** H ~ ? g 3 isg ? o - *7 O 2 9 IB 9 99w -V3n4 ^ 3 E x H o e ^ O 9 9 O 9 U 9 9 *5 > * x- E^ C9 8 3 b x e 9 ft 3 M ft 9 aft 9 9 a --> s e 8 e 9Hk e k X oO 9 *3 ft 3 t & ft 9 e . 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I s -- OO 2 f a a& . ^ e ** 2`i^ 1 Mg s .22 S3* o` o > 2 >f e 3nu *> tsj is c s a a x * a x CM X e Es* e-sI_m *a g 2J ll = - a Mm X a u^a b a mJ o a ft 2 < II X z a c g 5 5 JS 8 J 2 a g 2 JS g c 155,0 I 2 | " fat xa x -1 8 |Sfg ? a u E 60 w x t g| > X= ^ z X X E ** Za Im ; "a fatxZ- TM fc- "a a a a ax a * x x ab a a M fKt 2 *- M s A2 ^ B S XX a& = g j: t a " ~ E - 5 s = s a - > s5 S-J s " o- |3 E Jr eo 4 gx 2 x^ 2 -g 2 Z a z* "-I 2 S = c * x o O m " i-a S g a 60 M *2 E g b* a b a a k Jr o> jo H 3Ax Drinker, Philip, end Hatch, Theodore--Industrial Dust. M cGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1B36. ' ..I a / Vi J3 # i n \ < t | . l, \ < l\!il< ).l MN!::I ir A 11 311V DESIGN OF DUCT WORK FOR EXH AU ST SYSTEMS* S . 5 a u 0 * X >. sr ; s g * V r -- o C* s | s! j e.f I'M it M s 2V. ?W Mw ji z z - jr. -- * & 0 o 0 0 0 2 0 I r. .S K k a -2 5 c bw * S 3 O >> a 3r3 . s C * 0 s 5 0 "5 b ~ " J .~ e & Z <r. = - c s -0 * B I -j Ve 2.5 | 8 e ! 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C E . * H fa " *9 C g S hi k be B O X C e !K X 0 -c t0 9 c s 0 *9 *2 E 2 X Vb 9 B C fa_j ko " e *4 _ f a Js *> _ H a> 3 fa *u B afa s = B* fsa g .a ^ a E *0" SEE !k s *8 3 - v a & S5 0 B " fi. 1 I-s d f - - --- 0 *4 B *4 B"S 2 g k aJ 5- J * k b C-5 J0I B *2 0 0 k W Ji 3 k X lo --s 00 fcjg s 5-fi 0 s o * x 5 ** , E 6 |S - H -2 * 5-1 k 0 * S3 w 15 SB *1g fa*g = >. 00 0 s s?-g g Q E S S 5fa 5 5 -3 B 2 a 3 B 3 0 _ 2 fi. 9 ^0 *0 = E 3 0 0 0 >0 J! o x k N J ?a sJf << 2 0; 0 3 v * Eb 3 0 *9 S 1 0 H ^ 0 X +B=J* k S 2 3a . I^E I | a 35 - =3 P 9 k. H ISm Iu ro be E 9 w ao A0 DCO) + m O J* 2 co , CM + g/?' + c t) 03 o X a ! ^00 o CO 04 3 + "g be E Ax 09 C- O be fi CO o' + * fa n." sCeD ok a " i 11 o 55 rf S o + ** oft C ` 0 + CO U A 0 ?a- fa2 -* co 2 co --O0J 2 X -a I 11 ~ a * g " *O09i 0 x$ + + ; + .. J5 O o fa 3 E 2 o *0 X JCOfa a fiu CM * E ,, 8 CQ 3 0 0fa 2 * E k a o s g a w 0?. = t So B O o Ji H 2 H H B JO cj S 11 l< S C CO|e E II 0 CO WO B 3 X J I * 3 ^9 w n fa 9 *09 O B0 a bE S X g ^ be c a " S S CM vi cu " o c 3-f-a-----O-O-J-SI ffaa o B o fa O . 5 c , - * i -31 ? go I 1 e S I o S I'll?8 , ifa s . Cl O i! 3 3 i b fa 3 -- `3 ^ Z2* g .1 S "g O fa t ia ax S-g "S S5 -- - f s - g fa E = - -5 E - ^ A Ifai >1. a: wz be 3d iCM Oo CM 6 c: u - d i I d j) "a E 9 S - E .2 - i- fl o g H O U ja Q be be tCM i O c- oo d a be 3 b6 CB 10 CO o be o o-> *3 a a* 3 o * v* Z -Q 0 W u cd 3 d e * to 5* 9 V d A "i-o be S w 11 I lls fc .2 eo 3 2 X o CM X oo e oo u * & cr. " .,5 d --- & *3 o - 3 I I a f&a. - O K 9 ^ " o -r .0 5 - E &S' -- -- * - e. s u ^ " d S 2 o 0S " -- d 0 C d d E *" s * *3 wft) e = c. E .S o w E" | S ^ c fa- zz cd J TJ s. fa. t. 3 is d d c 5 5 *= ! _ .0 ,r es P d o d d '3 fa. _ * ^ o d ^ * d , 0 o - 'S S * fa- M Q. J S S C d 3 2 o * 3 o ! j i ,B29 Sf 5 I if 8 a S is d d *3 !2_ 'i 99 s d eft "oGi d ft) tri fa. 3 & d *2 E ss -g^"g ft St " _ . s-g-g E~ a -g .2 * c _ o His * c c o e E ' 11 < s be * 3 & bC d c c i . a = to js c. -- -Eg J* ft . ft) to; 3 o ** e. * be " i e o ft) 0 3 c X d 3 -- 3 0 2 " 5 d^ d o 0 2 fi. 3.2 a S 5 o d C "O (ft 0 3 ** o fa. d o o s fa* c fa. d e ~ 0 d d -i -5i 1 g E fa. >d *M S eo w to 0 a o c. a <5 s 0 sf o *d O o 0 CM d u = 3 d o d -3 O d d 0 f-a. ? ^ d be be c c *. & -- fa. d E o 0 3 ^ w d > ` -- * e 3 ^ d g-^i 0 fa. 0 o d *5 a1" a 2 c d a :=' 6 c c. .*3 s. -2 _ C *3 d ** ^ Si 3 C d *3 3 *5 o d .e. 5 M ,* 3 3 *2 *d *3 d c 0-- d-- 0 0 .2 d *c1 .*fa2. ^c 8? d ^ <y be 2. d < 0 d c 3 '* o8 C d c| - bT *s d 0 B- 1 in CQ d _ d -a c "E. 0 0 = -3 C 0 2 ^ d o -- O O0 0 d d o' K fa. o o 3 o JS o " c CD fa. o 2 d -3.ii ,,S = 2 3 3 = *m r d Cm cot* d o fa , k H 03 o0 d 40 *3 * d d 2 *d ^ d JK B K 8 ; 0 1 fc d 3 0^ . . x c- be c.,2 A p jy S? 3 ^ * d 3d Ifi *3 g t5 -I d *b * if * c c n S9 3 d 2 " * fa. *3 0 M 2 fa. t0o O It 2 e 3 S >t o is S d o -3 d * jn O 9 3 ~ d _ 3^bbe 5-S S C C C-M- 0 0 d c ^ 3O a. fa- 1 * d *d -- O 0w0 d s fc, 0 c ~ 0 g -- Bn H HI W 0 w .S *c 3 0 X *d 3*? X i J'B > | ** o >> E E | 0 i c ^ 03. COM 2 <8 ;5 n 3 ft - g! 2 fa 8 -a d ft* JC 0 E o ' "i & - d s*i5 g o ^ E! j= . JS *3 0 _d h d a & s 5 s d 5 d . IO 5 x is- Xt 3 eca'L .d 0 5 -- 0^ 3 Q. 3 5 Sz d 2i -o ^ _ 0 C 0 *3 ^ ft) 0 CM *3 e li >**0 = 5 . 9 a g e ___ - mj; g a C d0 Eh. ) e o fa. {f b- 2 d * 3 E vV.. ' d "" " d. 'Sgs-gfil * 5-: s ft) 4* og 2* _ 0 3 . -- d g = |8 S3 S S w -g ^6 g-g I 8Sl| I a d -- - e. ; 5 c c e| d fa. i > TO *3 c t> 2 gj* a o t fa. * fa. t2i ge 0- " s s S d - r J-H ? S 3 d c fc. c a E 0 * fte ft 8 > I e * E -d d M fa. d E Eo .- __ *3 " S - *po W sis** O u C C O 5 0 JX a X E -S S 3 a- d 3 e ST -- " fa. e i -Mg 3*0 B* O d-- * -g- J c e "* be 3 o EE u e o - 5 E * -- -- u d a a B eg *3 0 V 8 3 bO d a 0 0 b > c E a. -- -- K jj -- o 3 * d *3 't lc 3 l, S2S a tig 3-- fSa. A fa. ^ 1*8 * t <S = - 2 K CO Z O *533 O ^ 0 * = o r E 9 o -- CB -- & fc. a on 0) X > 5 -5 ft w ^ a CM 00 X -- 2 c K u 2 e a x o 1 CS O rr. CO a a *5* J -2 N e8 = v k CB .. X u. jj _o * Tc3 IS: 0 ^ A s o " * *c a O g *0 X B ~*S be Eii? c " o *C 5 u r a 0 * 5 <= -OO Mw v e t> 2^5 B 3i 3 C = 2? |2 i* > * > > ** 1 .2 * CQ C ** . c m "s***! A ^ JS a = 1-8 c s j: "c9 ? > o -5 . -Si 8 -^B #c -3 if S < Cl .2 2U 9 b S~ c D.t9 2 "8 *8 w J5 w a -- ? ee u 3 gs ll ti ; * 3 . 6 S3 S b t! a * CQ JS m 2 .2 13 a. 8 * O v t 8 B'S In . " > .o e h a a e. s e S OO v u 0 o a -- _ 5 > *D * A E 0 -- * 5- js u i. S. -2 0 > 0. 2. S -c 9. 0 i *5 . be 3 T3 -O n 4+ w A r >S 2J = s 5 1 2 u *< = 2 ** *53 0x * S2 - I O C |l 5i u a MS S *. * S 6 c c ^ =M - e S ^ g -0 0 o - BS o 3 -- - `S &J: 8 S. - 3 "2 . 2 .S J 2. 5 . B2w w M ee C - m ft A 3*11 0.3 nils- 0 c 0 B0 8 $$ S -j "S cT J = H_.CC 5 fc-S aa o x 5 ;sa>* A A 0S k ** BO 2.5 * . 0 5* 0 *r a * E N a = e 5 - c " O g ^"" 0 - e s*: ft 3 -g O Jt01 9 "B o * S A A ^ 0 ^3 - 5 -9 * "a 11=11 a a pI. btse c g tnt 3* "0 TS *S 8 A A 3-0 0 ejS 2 Is' <* b r %- js 5 if u a* ^2 = . o. j? v. o - fa &-B g> g g *5 3 o. * a e c c u or u O ** |) A 5 a 0 A s 0 J* 0 _ E 3 *a ss b * -- a o -- "5 C H A JS h!aJ >. o ^ js 5 * -- -- CQ +* *m 5 s=? S 2 ~ - Si -3 8 ^ *s g B "5 * ^ * 5 fti e b *s M0 3 c O C V sc - t &j= e f?t"34) -Ho 0 0 0 e CI w = 15 " 0 s ** 5 0 ~ K 3 JS 0 fi- ,_ O 3 b C 0 0 0 - w _ 3 S- E " "s pv. i A - 0 0 0 _ , 9 JC ^ E H E ft. 5^ E 00 r* a o :j h a be JD * 3 0o . MAM 0CM8 m O c 0 ^ 0 CO 2 gS ft. <s c as -g *0 .. &.' *9 * .0B > g- K 42 * o 2 O h 2 s^ *0 ^ A A E 2 A X u A S M O . *8 s o J8 e -H B ^o fT t. ^ag -- O - E" 0 A E A S w I . 0 i! 2 o CAS E c " S-g* b A A X, cc g-sc T; CQ r_- "a e* s -- J I" SI ... a . o s. S .oi |s 2 0 o 8 s5 El ^ (0 S- w SC . B O 2M Ei fe S E >- B JC ** fc. A B*3 b. I \ 't M .l.\ 41\! i H ).l '. I V M I I H I I SI IV V _ P $ IDENTIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL DUSTS* Chemical Examination I f a sample belongs either to grdtip (a) or (b), the amount K 3 5 2 J 2-b V B 18 t -i S g * C | a * s * M S cS !I i s ! = 5 | 2 c .2 os -2T-i sh ' v* &j: u s 5g o3 h ^ X *o 0 eB E C 5 5* TJ E 4^5 45 O ft*9 s a9t *O 5S bv U JS o S * a*J s **.3 &8 2 = * 2 "J x] S m s.4* e s'?'*' te*t 5 s -1 JS o> " ~ -o 5 S 0 .2E o g - 81 H "2lll _ o E* a c *** o S -- 5 Sfc i |5 s > 2 ftX 0 ^-g S 2 -*- t> i S ft oX * i --3 J | _ S o-' o 2 S fi A 5 "S K ^ cSa *c^ o V IS S-2'S fco, S hC fc. u O 5 g 2 S 2 "-s - J 2 o o O.JS E J! 3 AX c Ss" %#i" -c00 -g X 9 2xe ff e < Si x` >* 2 X>* O 3 K ' *M * x x t; *4 V Al x p c *< 5 85 9C_* Sv_ o -- * .: > u C - 5 fitf 6t w -- 3w c ? *r SS ^ 2e S-S x ^ 2 *5, B V- 0 " m p o 2 v. is 2x=S X 2 * x - M B X X ** 9 o eJ 7-3 S C O ISO a 5 "o Z 2^2 3 B sfi *- 5 .ytJ S B E 5 " - i 9 U Xb g s 0M W S3 m ,*Z 9 2 t =2 2 0 ft c E 2 2 5 2 5F.-S-SV H C i 2 -- ^,"9 Q, E x u^ e Sw Cx h ^ 01 . &01 0 2 8 Z* w V4 2 9 C %On o mSS 3 s " E 4 - (2 u A 2 I I w M ^ e >> s" i 2 S c 0 0 B JS X Vo X oa ^ 2 B <S -- O e ! B - m * *,,. x a >> "n, o * tl = n C X X -** -9 " S X 2 0 O X E o S t! ^ ? 2 te o j. _ *8 | S3 O E w * 2 27- 3 g * ft = *i x O0. JJ- ^ E E _ 8 u * 33 2"*3 2 o 2; 2 "3 *s x 2 t o % = C Sw t =- - B9 i 9 lS 9 ^ 5 c he B 7 X X* * c U C 2 E 0 c W *. T5 B u o I--S-8 c = E m * -- a 1 B *- *t O JJ " S M *WX 22 2 7C3 > Bb2 5' ?a C -B 0) * M 0) n o> t s Jgs -3 V _ T ca > o b V "fls ,, - s,'** E C E E ft to le * ^ x ^ iVo X * JS B 9 8 a X ^ - s g as S 0 r a o ^ *9. . 0 *mJ m. < E mb Hi BO _ S 0 4* <- ! g x _X >* 5 " B X >>- s e ^ 18 - Sa 5 o - wg xa-g go S 9 0) > 2 = <** *9 X X 2 5 ^ ^ 4 8-Bi ft c!* X * 0 m Z g; s fa 0 0 4 ^ 2 fc s 4 c : o c <j -= *- X 5 E2 > 0 o H x g = _5* i! = s E=* |5 .1^ s 2 S & * .X a 5* s x = 3 vo * fc. ii a tl M e I & W H c - =- s E g(2 O * *5 ts x w 5 * o fa ' -e X vo *2 3 E 2 ? *5 o B 2 a b *rs 73 O 3S 35 2m': E S & B fa 2O. c9 ^ b - .^ Hr rx f *4 X s3' JSTi o> E 8 *! M J =x _ 2 -3 E=is w 18 S o - Z 5 ^ c 6 X 4 2y O V4 g VO 73 --. 8 vx2 S'ss 0 9 B 5 S s E ^ 0 -- - 9s eE o - w mm 5 J-lt > S< s i 5 0 ft o* Si e -- v b S V E = J s e o t-> 5 E1 5 X H 3 g 5 l&S&k E 0 X 0 B * B0 E" 0V _ = 0 8 8 E S2 x * bb 73 o b Figure 1 FIGURE 1 Index of Refraction (a) grains of quartz (Q) and feldspar (F) in focus in a 1.540 liquid. 91 (b) quartz (Q) and feldspar (F) in 1.540 liquid with microscope tube raised slightly. The halo of light has moved in toward the grain in (Q) indicating that its index is higher than that of the liquid, while in (F) the halo has moved away from the grain toward the liquid, showing the grain to have an index of refraction lower than that of the liquid. * * i! -i c # 6 H is J5 " t* * 9 Si e| * V =Sl^*i = S *a v a ^ B B. B S M *g 6 E c5" a o ! -a ^ -- b a S sfl" -2*11 o S g s S-ag'0*-- "o *o a, b -5 2 S fe E a " o-S * S g E o 3 "S W w" & -S fc- M Q ?! II S3 .5 *5 1c sNiilll s m J! 9 e FIGURE 2 Diagram Shoving Relation Between Birefringence (ng-np). Thickness of Grain and Interference Color A grain of quartz (birefringence .009) 20 microns thick will have an interference color between bluish-gray and white. This is determined by Allowing the diagonal line from .009 to the lower left-hand corner of the diagram until it intersects the horizontal line representing 20 microns; then projecting a vertical line from the point of intersection to the interference color scale above. (Adapted from Winchell's Derivation of Newton's Color Scale, 8 p. 112.) \ \ e Figure 3 FIGURE 3 Parallel Extinction and Extinction Angle A shows the direction of vibration of light emerging from the ana lyzer; P the direction of vibration of light emerging from the polarizer; (a), (b), and (c) represent the rotation of a grain of talc under crossed ( Nicols. As the long axis of the grain becomes parallel to the direction of one Nicol prism, the grain becomes dark. Thus, the mineral has parallel extinction. In (d), (e), (f), a grain of tremolite rotated does not become extinct in the parallel position, but does so 17* beyond. Tremolite has an extinction angle of 17*. <* x e xbex ** Sc -2<J- s o Sll x x *5 -- c a -5 3 A -*T oa e fi JS 5 i ' *3 > ^ . x 'o 0 _ N 0 O *X3 : n C 5 w = s 5^ 5 S V 'Q .O 4) 2 - 2 o - _- .5 s s .1 8 8* 1- 5 -1 2 a.._ - = o .2 V 3 -^ js .2 *5 -o 3 c 5 ao 2 fc S1 w J J| 3 "b 15 c k = 4S 8 ga E S*8 8X .. 4e) slt * to C B5 n IS v t*oo -- _ 3c X- *c .a to^ N C 3 u 4, " - *^o 2 rr C o h> e 1 A J-E s cwfs: 0 , MM 3 - w *K *3 |t.S 2S c> -ga > e " I S 2 -.*< *sT o to ^ ii 3 _J < es C. - ~ C c fi2- ^ & g.-3 3 *5 5 a c5-.o2 p X 8 **| . *3 > f. a . ^ "> c -0** G*-l * c o *^*2 ** C X _ a * x S --0 0 a o " 22 *n ^o ,S .J o ** S- * G >. Js-s Si x e o "o c E , | 3is* S ** A Ti o 2 3 ex M * Ml s ^ c* :- s-s 2=5 +* n- 2 . *g e! -- ox 0 ,, be .3CS on oof ^ E w x o e> Hi Si** txeS a X to > 8 Im -- =a e ? H t) " s > PS .N- C o x JS 0 mX a av be x Q 4) E-S I a U2 o " 73 x .2 s s gj!^ S 2*5 = ' a -- <^ 10 * 3 g .to b" V t! be |ltooI a. in ^ jf . W O X B, E -1 a 80 _ SS K a O 3 be " ~ to 'S.Egn. 3 c O v h s e -- *o %* JS c ^ ^ jb2e -- j-s 2*2 sE ".8 8 e *5 8 gOB .H4=1 I5O ~ -n E o *oo x h B (sI .o5cxi*CE 2K 5 g'2O "2E 05 5* 2a2.*1 5-- I ** m-t t* c r* to J3 ..JS f. c x xh u. x n 2 - s -5 e> x > is = a i: 4J -* *5* --e a N *3 C5 V- *^3 C,t?i *" a ^*sfa 2' -- "=" *Xi5i h E X *-* ?E? aE S-o a o w *^>^- ^Jgx S H a -eo 8 c to*o X V - O2.J3 5 0 o e *5 _ ^ 0 ii V W = J5 - S B w E E ~ K -3 > 3 M * = S S 3: 1" "O ka e:^ ^ " -S > o = a > * _ X VI a = X s g # g " * ic f3 3 " O* JS e S > c E G < <H hi Sg 5 . gb.5 H g = 2 w 0 _ 5-5" ^ e. t. 2 .2 a g *2 "o ^ 5 s H E % n g'S x-g *j c 8 8 -- t_"M x^X gw2 B4. 0O E x g ? *. O S JE . * *3 Vi ^25 ~ cr.a E . 52 *3 a. m t? g -- J2 * n {Me 2 `S e X A**- 4 " - -2 -- 5. o o* S oC . S g g S be ^-i 63e *- 2= g5 *o g. = 2 c e 0 ew ^f*; 2V X^B >S steo m*3^ *wc3 ag Ta3 e22 S s III P ft s _*2 B. 3S * *3 0 S V< M B X 0 O X ^ A ** CP +* f 5 = -S E c g * ts E * ei? * E 09 W V -5 8 8 * k w eo 5 es * <--c o k ^ s E 5 4* 3 i = > CL 0 0 -- * X -- !l ^> 0) iE o e S0 -*fra o5 i * ft Si 5 5 S' M C rc? .oo .CO s0 C *wo s-S 0 w s 35 * 8 c 2 0 -c 2 -- E ^5 fed B ii i-2`c c a 15 C 0 fa 2 45 S iS w ^ 0 Xm M s b s O s > s * s ~ i 0 >. fa Ex*- -- 0 ^ s52 < 3 o 0 -- *55 E I i Ml C i '= g - fa ^ M S S **5 * B c a --E 0 3 f"c. X2 Vw g* --* Xa s S c 23 fa n 0 X fa *B X ** 0 HI .0^ a s a 5 X w* - 5 ~ x e *^M 00*fSa g ^ s S jc aS | 4> c - " 11 4C4 *0fa S w X -fa * A j* M B 0 0 w ; 0Di := * J s. 0 0 ^e ffaa ^0 ^ 0 V --J0- 0 S e J= 2 O *5 --** H II fa e o *S \ 0* fa 1 *3 So. v E Vl ft Sf fa * 5 X E cf" a C 0 " ti g c. 5 fa ^ 0 3 v- o -g 0 a tj a c X 3L fa si"s 0 b-- ts s 8" Is 1 s a &_ 0 0 s 5 * oo .s 3 `Si S j2 3 x 35 fSc a 2 ** * E O *9 5 * ?o S s 6 w 9 0 jo m JO ^ s . 0 a. 3 J! x e * ft 4* o -22 2**1 35 0 -fa f b < s-a . 5c bii S vo.5" ^ c ** Z *c2* ~m x 5 0 3 ^ fa M JS ii ^ a s fa T3 a -B ft " * s^s U e e bS s S -** E 2 C >*-$ " 0 = 0 C -< 0 0 ,0 0 S-8 ss #41 b5 "5a o. ' a* 0 C *z* 8 8lS =2 2 o 0 a h ti 8 " c o 8 *g * * . -*? 5- *o . 0 0 0 .2 I V 5i| il> = 5 0 ja " 2 3 c ? a 85 .': -- K -- * - s Z 00 E -- w <- JS O -- _ o A fa -2 0 fi. fa E So 0 0 0 0 JS *5 "o S ^ it b OU < a> si i o 0 IS 2 e s e 'S c n 0 ft Sex x *5 s 85 fa| fa ^5 c 5 V -- B ,, u * g (oj si 3 -S *. a s oi? 23?S *3O*K - *U*c S f1 t. *_0 0 c *" S Jl* M w j o -- -g S _ SO. 0 5 -g 5i-5 0 0 B 0 S.OJ S S"w 5 e o 5l & g 5 Eti J03 0 ,, i 0 *0 . N 2 0 fa 8i1 s s a. 3-8 B C B g -- *fa 2 ^ > ^ TS * *-* O B S - Ww ^ w o ,, s fii 0 O ,5 "eg 3 TJ gfa 0 0 _ C 0l -c M fa 0^ cC ** a J See ^ J5 o "5 H .5 .2MP c" ^ gS e ,^ ^2 -Sis E2| i s: 0 *>> M *0 >. 0 *" 2 ^ ** b^ > - C4 > 4 ^ B " 2 u -5 9 3 B a - g-- 0 tS 0 4* s cOfa ^ JK. -as o s! = s .5 -si >* 0 S' C 0 a, > 0 29 fWa. 5 it -d ^ | 2 "f5 X Co c ^ -- c u 55^ 0e s o a* S - W fa 11 -- e 0 -2 E fa ^ *S A ^ a e *o ^ JS js . S !ti" sS "2 fa js E _ >% gs K 0 K S 5 0 x2 *>*-2*= E ^ o ^ fa .ft b.t 93 s - 5S = j> S 3 3 s-8 s JJ f0a 0 -fa r. P 3 *C C 0 5 b B 0 B *" J53 5. S t is g El -- a . J a - 1* B|a sT o 2 b S g ; o * i o 3 S g --x 3 eJ 2s *; ? e.= O 3 0 2 3 0 1 ES fa U ^ E5 *C ^ g "e 0 0 a 0= &SS55 <00 er b 44 3 3 S O.S 3 S.S.. E s: 0 0 a S < fsa ?" * _ ww *s a4i & s mM* u &&3l S L 4 3 T5 e o g s .5 E X o-- WS 5-S *i * X fkt fa* X a O <2 B 2 S B e0 0 Oft< i X fa* o M 4o4 00 A 01 W o 04 5 eo 0<4 eo M &X X id 44 W 04 dX 00 o id 44 28.0 80.2 01 44 ^0 X o44 0 00 1 Ol X 44 t** 04 44 CO X X 8.2 XoX d d01 id X 00 XX 305 ^3 " m a X OQ 40* 0 i Eo O 0 3K s & S 9 -o ^ S - e S SS-ag B 0 . 0 M 1C. S -- X w 0 . uS't t a E 5 * 0*5 <c S m I o > a s e & _--g o ^ &g SB S -- e* *?*< g*-1 "5 S 8 > *s j= C v? -c ? E g - E g < bn B - i_2 J*ao>! v ~_ _ = ^-a8Ii*&S'S a*io> S > 0 X s s &-s| 5ft 4sJ f-ll U * 1 - 6 u a B 2 " * 3 ts C s -s i- j10!2 S gtf ES'SgS- *g J * J< 2 ls-lE!i H --B v" ^5 - -- S5 5S b E 4 9 o 2 3 Ci 2. = g * a 2ft. fOt* M S M 8-y fsr- p ? 09 E. 4 3*" O. a B.-S s? e c 5 4 S' s?a aa -a at s-- a a-- 9= a c ft O ft Baa ft 9 9 a a a "`S if o o^ o 3 ff 11 ffi8r 3 3 3 e 3 ft * 9 a, ft I. cr s sr* S. C as 9 3r? T " 5. a 2: sr = ^ 9 ar a. ~3 3 ^ 9 ft S3 5 2 j a 2 3 3 I"3* Is i=3 |3 f s- s 5 S * " S ft c |?2 2. a a aM ? & 9 9 C 3-3" a2. a g 3 e " m 3 5 ii a. 3 *3 g 2: - 2 i* a m. *o 3 3 I? S3 3 3 A ? 3 a a a-5 8-?! 1.3 s? =:*$ as3 g m i r i- S |? ai fct " o e5 99 o * 3 a O 3 P s| I- g 3 ft 15 3* * = 5 s-g-8 *a a < >< A ft ft S' " S`-5 ?a -ft O. X _ B ft a 5: * 2. * 9 o' 2. A ft 9 a Q. 5 5 Uf n 5* s'? ff|s| ft g r* JJ s" g-Q ? 3*. fftt" S' 2 3 3 Q. -3 ft 3 2 3 9 c 3 cS 9 ft ft 9 2.1 ff S: = ft rt 0 ft a -- 3* ^ -AM 0 a 5* 3 9 3* ft rtf o 2* iff 3o S' "5 3 f a-jr a." a 3- o < S 5 - S . a2 yft " c g H -- A sii 9 a a cl ; 9 ?-ff 2 ft 3 3If 2 9 09 c * ^ a. h ^3e A 3 g a a 2 9 9 m 5 Oa 8 5-3 3 I3 a* 5 ? 31 SS-ff s> a g-3 5 * a?- 1 **m ar 9 3 v 3 o or R 3 * a, < ft i ? ft* a S' = 3 9* 2.3- if s S.I3 H 3 2. 3 * ft ft ft A P "3 A a. 3 S. * 3 r? S'!;? o M 9 -I M 9 8 3 - 3 to 2 9 - 3 3 2 3* ' a 0 S' O H|a S ft s4 S w a a ff ^ S.B 8 i. 5 s. -S-Ii 8 II I? * . > * --a aa 2 2* a ** m 3 a *1 3 2 w-S A A ilf 3 s-5 i B 9 ?5 S* 2: 2 3. -- ft 9 O jT a. a. 1 r a* *9" i arffi 5 00 j a 3 2 .** S B 9 3* 9- * . li UH>I5 2 r ft ft 2 a 5 3- * A A, 3 A. ft 8 I 8 -? 2. S' 8 | 2. a o .ft* 3 31 Q. S' * 3 a % 3' J 3 ft 00 9 ft O ft 5929 w _. 4 a A 2.3 s = A a g - ^a a 2.3 ff S 3 1 O ft <- 2.S 3 253 5i-i* I* s?R S-13 S y o .. 4o g.8 i?3 . < 8* a. ST ? s O A o. 3 A 9s fStL S-Al^SI* " s3 09 ft ? < f2f. A3 ? S a. 9* ft |o a at ff i? 2 S 5 9 3 3 8 a Sc 2. 2 9 3 2. e H =Oi " si n? s* s: ft 9 ft O. 9^ _ A O ft 2 ft s-s ' a! ao',a2 S ag o* 2 3 &. B^ MP .3 ar n 3 h3 3 X Q. " A 2 ft 3 3 ft* >2 = ffS -5 5 S s * g 8 i a ^ z s s| b o _ aa 2A s n. 9 e Is-- O 3 2 = 09 3 ft ft a e a a 2 9 ft = si 1 3 X 4 Sat :a?3^S C sr 9 " i 2. s. a 3:5 3 a ? sr 1 3 1 * 2. I I 1. S8' aP t SHL| aft* fat. fot. 1 S 9S ft ft 9 3 i 3 5* ff -- >i S' f X Calcite* . Dolomite* Magnesite* Quartz . Corundum Carborundum Orthoclase Gypsum* Albite . Talc . . , Asbestos (chrysotile) Muscovite Clay (kaolin) Anorthite . . Tremolite . . Biotite .... CaCOj Ca,Mg(C0s) MgCOj SiO, AljOj SiC CaSO^H.O NaAlSijOg H.Mg3(Si03)4 H4Mg3Si:00 H4Ks(Al.Fe)8Si,0:i H4Al,,Si.09 CaAl,Si:0s H:Ca:Mg3SisO:4 H4K.(Fe,Mg) ,Al4Si30:4 1.552 1.561 1.575 1.599 1.616 .172 pastel colon--very high .178 pastel colon--very high .202 pastel colon--very high .009 light gray--low .008 light gny--low .043 light colon--strong .006 light gray--low 1.530 1.536 .009 light gray--low .011 light gny--low .050 light colors--strong 1.582 1.565 1.583 1.613 1.670 1.588 1.567 1.588 1 1.624 | ! 1.670 1 .013 light gray--low I | .036 bright colon--medium ! .006 light gray--low i .013 light gny--low ^ .025 bright colon--medium : .054 light colon--strong RIho*mbohedral Rhombohedral Rrh3 ombohednl Irregular Irregular Irregular Prismatic to irreg ular Prismatic Prismatic to imguiar Plates or needles-- panllel extinction Fibrous Plates & needles-- panllel extinction Platy to irregular Prismatic to irreg olar Prisms & needle extinct'n angle 17* Plates & needles-- parallel extinction --pleochroic Soluble in hydrochloric acid. Thr Denartment "t Industrial Hygiene. Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, will supply half-gram samples > Hillebrand and Lundell. Applied Inorganic analyst*. John W iley A Sons, New York, 1020. 11. Drinker, P.; and Hatch, T. Industrial dust. McGraw- H ill Book Company, New York, 1936. $0 16M0 o o | Ip E Jg * s4> c E ?S si e s 0 6 &00 Ig o5o! g Ss * c r 3: "CrS W tff * 0 0 > w c U 3 Ea a* a 15 0 o* 0 Xi gc o*_ Sa ftis S to 4-)IS-{ -tf ;S *._ s ia5&,,Vt f0 t* 00 p fjt "z * ^ ffS B. 0*g 0 l,g I 11-^ & S |1 8 S - - uc 0a5 gj J* j=g5 Eg .S 52 S * I seo *_5 E, j>i _. <Ei. a ^ Jm_S J^a ** . E a^ J jj~ = 2? g c *. E "l - & 82 OQ .g . & S M* " O 5 ^ 3 a*4o IS "<* a bs SB .S^ 1* * JSi I B 5 -a 6SJ 7 -ft8* .2 e> O m t Kr * g4l M * S V S ri d JOS b. sl a J . *;J:-5^| lo-S S'Sh <5 S 0a 0 s fOt*) 5 *c 2S fCO *0 A 33 H Sa B< O * s * H g Ji'S ii* p. ii-t; ill 5_ 0 04 CZ a** *0 e.^-S g E e "a J5g s S sA- a iws *> a w CD 1 "* (O a e 04 . -C WH " ^ * o'5: 0 S 0 *or M 5H _ | J S' UI0 .eO2 55 Es 0 0 0 8 8 <** .2 ft* OQ aa 0 * t-* tOK 00 ^ s i5=i -<> -- S M > 8^ & - 9 B P C - fO e0| 5 e 5 >S 1*0 f 3f 0 k E eiOj g 8-8 & o J38 Is s v .a * 8 &o s_ ns -aP . g s. Iw * 4* M 8t> S -Sg ? E 0 O * S w^ a 0 S'8 J te 2 *Szc ^CO w <^ = PN a B c:SSB u ? j 0 PW &>* s 5 !- 5 " |S J o 4S 11 FOREWORD Upon recommendation of its Preventive Engineering Committee, Industrial Hygiene Foundation authorized a comprehensive study of exhaust ventilation. A grant was made to the University of Pennsyl vania, where work is now being carried on under supervision of Professor Theodore Hatch, ably assisted by Robert H. Walpole, Jr. Reports will be issued from time to time, so that members of the Foundation may benefit while the study is in progress. The reports will be in the form of bulletins in the Preventive Engineering Series; the first is on AIR FLOW MEASUREMENTS. The fundamental factor which determines the rate of exhaust ventilation for certain industrial processes is the rate of air displace ment produced by the process itself. As a starting point, therefore, in the development of a basic approach to the design of exhaust sys tems, it is desirable to measure the rate of air displacement produced by the process which is to be ventilated. In, general, the air displacement occurring in a given process takes place in such a way that the ordinary air flow meters are not appli cable. It becomes necessary, therefore, to utilize a different method of measuring air flow. The method described in this bulletin was developed to meet these needs, and is capable of measuring the rate of air flow in a complex system which has multiple air inlets and outlets. A major advantage of the method is that it is not necessary to measure the amount of air escaping from every opening. Practical field tests have indicated that the technique offers a useful and practical approach to the determination of basic exhaust ventilation requirements for those industrial processes which by their operation cause air displacement. 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. June 1, 1942. H. B. MELLER, Managing Director. AIR FLOW MEASUREMENT BY THE DILUTION METHOD By THEODORE HATCH* and ROBERT H. WALPOLE, JR.* Problems in air flow measurement are encountered in which it is not possible to confine the air stream entirely and force it through a meter or past a definite velocity>medsuring station. Under these conditions, the rate of air flow may be determined by the dilution method wherein a test gas is fed into the air stream at a known rate and, after uniform mixing is established, its concentration is determined in a unit volume of air. The rate of feed of the gas divided by its resulting concentration equals the rate of air flow. The test gas must be one that is not absorbed either chemically or physically in the system and, for general use, it must not be'toxic or explos ive. It should lend itself to collection and measurement by means of simple sampling apparatus and analysis. Carbon dioxide meets these requirements. It is readily available in pressure cylinders and may be fed at a constant rate through a standard pressure-reducing valve and flow-meter. It is easily absorbed in an alkaline solution and is quickly determined by simple titration with as high an accuracy as may be desired. For approximate tests, a portable C02 analysis apparatus of the volumetric type may be employed. v It is, of course, necessary to subtract from the total amount of CO. in the sample that amount which is normally present in the air in order to determine the concentrations of the added gas. The basic apparatus required for air flow measurement by the dilution method is shown in Figure 1 and the various parts are enumerated below: 1. Cylinder of CO.. 2. Constant pressure valve. 3. Flow-meter, calibrated in grams of C02 per minute at 760 mm. Hg and 0* C. Correction values for other pressures and tem peratures are arranged in a convenient table. 4. Gas-feeding tube, arranged to insure uniform mixing of the test gas with the air stream. 5. Sampling tube. 6. Dust filter (when required). 7. Sampling apparatus, including absorption flask and flow-meter. 8. Source of suction. Many combinations of feeding and sampling equipment will suggest themselves. The apparatus should be simple, rugged, and positive in opera- * Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine. University of Pennsylvania. 3 1 o *6 c 5 w I Z e -5 a w o > * w " c . o ID 2 0 E d o a 4w1 0 > : >* o J-o E -o 25 3 3 C3 *m 12 s o * 0 45 S 5 u -E 8 c cO M to oO = > = >,= " ? C7, SI % 0 cT* u be = r 0 %- 5 -- > OA X T, 2 - . * 5 > S B! := SH h ! `E. s a *0 S R . c e ` *"- X > 0 a -- i: a -- SU * c- a 0 & JS h * $ Cm . ? ** f*ci* ** s" * 2 0 " 0 < & 3 cs * a0ti _ s < s so <= -J a "5 5 0 S ej P " jUw. 6 j 0 jcSB 5 c 2 *5. *" 2 +1 2 fiS C -- Cfi 5 -2 00 0 0 0 00 -2 M e 0 m 0.2 | > fc- 0 0 s .2 0 c g 0 2 -- 2 0 ri ss 0 CS 09 0 5 H C 0 I Jli E X 5 c* *-o o r*. j2 v 0 c c 3 g C- XI e: m M 3 -I o >. E g scg J;" e Ts "S S 2 J 09 ^ ? S C w 0 I* . 0h . * g09 & IJ 3 0 S Su - >* J! J= M m 0 -j o fc. c *3 0 3 05 -*751.-3 *3 0 " Eia 09 +12 o ^ > c 3 V -- 3 0 ^ ^ ai Q. S.& ** ai S -e ** 5 * 0 " i ** c >k u S g ^ S c 01 0 +9* J*0S* 0 > H J-X 2 0 ._ o c a i> ft10. 0 5* g" -n C5 -- : 3 ^ T0 --.i2 0 "J i fuec**a<o .i -=i `J -U . 0 0 0-37Hs?'-52 0 _ a a s - *> w ^ 5 jj6> .2 3 u; JC E g S~ 09 bfb. -- 0 o > >v ^ os a 5 s *9 m S O e$ X - Ofc 0 c a P Sa 2 - g O a-S1? E = . Is! ^ s 0 e~-S S a 5.S 6 iJflS : s = - 0 a e cb 5^ w .* 5 75 g008 ^ S5 c o 0 bN O 2 -- 3 * 3 2 S- l Ji a0 *S a. = I i 1 Sali 0 -S3 c| 2 -j J "gc 0 o.2T5- 5-a = 0 - S cr. : K" gw 2. c.5 s 2 g 2 53 8 S j 3 ; >1 .2 5 _ c. c 02 s oH M fc. J3S o 0 O.** J g o5 0= 2 ^ 0 & > tc -- a0: b9c --a e a tea % a C < n ua jos> 1e. s j o JK.e r r-r 0 0 *03 --^00^ d S - ^o-*0L Cl if * = 039 *3 0 2 a-- 09 0 5 = .2 - - S 2 v . a -J C .C v* 0 > .** __ 16 -- --ci&- Mb '= c 0 2 ! = = S -SJ --*e1 S1n)iJ obEgK.<=m Ec ao xif *>? % O 0 0 ^a |m j v* e o I O *0'0= h> >"% > 9 >f 0^>E g| 0 ? w 2 g 3*J o `5-g --= H --g --0 9 g 0 S g o x ^ u a 0 he 0 a *3 s S ! - 2a8=2 "3 . *2^ "3^ a > c -0 c 0 . C)-- - 3- 5 =3 Soo -- o1" Sm _ 0 C c.2 S 1 2*5 a b cij x - w .fc a -- a b2x 5 8 Ei o> 0 2 b t- 5 g-5 .be 3a a 0 *m-> ^ ^ 3 dzj d ^-Sa as f S ? i 0 ^ ^ Ww 2 C a +* ftS W a v 2 2 ..w gP-Dw-ab- Xw* 0 0 g- 9U ^ tt ,ilS| c K c 5 O g 5 >000 0 S.Sot-J= bc--w 3 X___ o5 s 5.2 0 cS.5 g oa 0 o W5 0. w u< a 2= c302^-c2^2-' 3= 3 .2 Oe 5 J * b ^ 15 5'" o C <5 C C i ~I a x ^ 1 = s O S *- 3- Jg o 0 5-3 C O 8 t CQ 3 -a a ~ O e C " i is s 5 1 ss s 0 * C e0 JSg- w **" e " s :s js t3c a g -- 0 2 Seix- c *- S -S 0 P h -c a 3 S a > 0 " *5 3< 3H ^ w 3 .C3 -- 0 im 0 c Ki 0S *^0 aT Cr m c 3 ** 0 7 z sc 0 0a us p ei 2 0 -- c . .** O k a, w K 0 0 ? 5|| "Ss Z v F ig u re -!. D iagram m atic la y o u t o f apparatus employed fo r a ir flow m easurem ent by the d ilu tio n method. Sa m p le s T e s r s 3 + * Figure 3. Measurement o f n ir flow in an clevutor by llio dilution method. Figure 2. Error in air flow measurement in relation to the ratio of added to normal CO. concentration in the air. t WA E-* 5 * " -r. <4y>rv * r. -- - - -- 4t ' ` b*.sr**~ . i : .>v^ ?pi ; -.5* : - L:> INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA, Inc. . . - Preventive Engineering Series, Bulletin No. 3, Part 2 . (reviseduinok)' ' . * -:-X- -* 'V;.* VI -. . .- v,. .&:*. mm * ' * U< '*>'V'.' . tr: i * * _ *jU?V43:- - 2fe!vv 'AajV . ./ '' w. . ... .* MEASUREMENT OF AIR-FLOW RATE -IN INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION ' \ ' By W. C, L. HEMEON ; " / r I-H-F tffead industrial Health Engineer - \ ' **t:A i i*' Mc% e. : \ PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA 1946 ' V w- >1 * ji . >.,, *AV*C/.a^:-!A':$&& J& l-.r SEE eC S' . cmS< sS 0) tSg So= c - * *2 !-5 A C 9.TS C 2 *tl -- m ^ 9 9 .2 9 g u J= - SI -o.te E o.tS S'.c5 ?! u 30 ** --SSS gs E e *o v fi o -- _r? oi 6 t> * -J- w *-* Ok c"e jaw <-c T .2o 2.4* E2 C_ss&5a -3 r> -- 7 i*._ s -(j 0 ^ Ji"S eE - **co9 ! v 5 o T !. hc u g^a-S s ,, E si S S 5 *, g C C. 1- T93) ** m x o 15 = s c c O -sJS^i 9bc_ fe O 6S *9 c 0 C 0 4i g=5 *-** " 3 s e6S - c. --'S*a.?v^E-^S 5 O .o .2 *0 -- E -- e Si -- a a *3 cgE*"*c &oe=g x ee5* - Q. S Ej= B o 2 .. v Ej3 8 j= Sx*is2 66 _ 'S -? oU<.5;5 k 8e S gU f k- . & C --o m> * k* 0 ^ *2 J""5-4cJ ? * 0 *9 >--. 2 * uv w ieSJ2 _ ft ** - C " ** S " i m6. " B V 6s-- . _ S -- 5 es:* -- .aiicso -- -p2 fSSf5cSmCOSog to*5 E C S g . 2 -- -r > c ) 8 | -| " " . |5 ii' * wi. --' .. rj K"": FI*. 2: Tapered cone, or rectangular to round. C. = 0ito0.95 . Sm Table I. .' ; *.. * /- Ui-S - _ . , Hr. 3: Flanged tapered . cone, or rectangular :to round. 0.82 to 0.96 Table I. Vsr'JSf* iHg. <x Samira' Kg^*: ^ ^except eknadbaw^ - -v? C._ ... '^rvalue found1in.Table! .. .;_ ,, slFlg. 5: Samo.ai'Fig.' ^except eloee dhow.. LGL = deduct 0.08 froi ae found in Table'll) frjggjs*gf - Op. a< *3* w*> ?i V- .Fig. 6: Plain end of pipe. . ^ *' --'Cl = 0.72 t J5 Fif. T: Flanj^d end of pipe. 0.82 * *f A< !^'Fir/fr: -- end:' of pipe plna. dose ettoer. fpP- 0.62. :r i! I=Vv3 ar** 3&c >>. rt 3w*f S>f 7*ri7V. -SVi ;VV -if >Zfiri * XT> "SK*' C^ri - - A'-t-v f i~ ' ,, - f.-v t, ^ . .*+% w, 1**' ~/l ~Si t--* ; tv: ,'%2 , ' > w . c.^*Fig. 11: Exhaust booth, fun damentally same as Fig. 7. c. = oj2 \ \~7b .-. , ,v. "^ayv;j Fig. 12: Endosed chamber;*, - and negligible pressure inside.- 0.82 :: V-.. ..* a7*-<.S Mg/tlfr&hi^ edge " .Tv-'" yo. <: .13: .Encioseif. chamber, under'measurable nega> i pressure.' Nfaet h. = nee of 2 reading Fig. 14: Hood as over lead pot, low face ve locity, low stack temperature. Ca = same as Fig. 2 Fig. 15: Bench exhaust grill with taper connections. C,, = same as Fig. 5 ;,V\* Fig. 16: Double hood with inner cone. , C, = 0.70 (approx.) Figures 2 to 17. Coefficients of entry (Ct) for various hood shapes. Use in formula: Q = 4000 x Area X C. Vh, Fig. 17: Grinding wheel hood. C( = 0.80 1* s M ^ *3 * V-* .*' ** TM. ~ -' * %Vv-. >.v-r..?2 ->-**' *>- .* ; ' * -p* ct 5 M e `*-c,g S,,ft ..-. - X* ":?- ':* . '<*- aop ot*o xc ifl 00 i-r O O'' * r-'v* :-V - n e eo 'ioeo cno o e e ` *` * ^ -* ' 9 A `9 O ' oSp CtpB 0N0 o o e b p. ^ i 1 > ` a C* < V <a8 g V too MO A00 t0-0 Nop o o o o o v . -5* ,r*. *"'. * *o e a.* . ^ A *^ o . .w * o o *> s SOopI ' flp o. sj W * 3 5 8 -- ~:r ii 'i! /. ',.11 M II > ------- -S 5 : >i \s 5.2 i 5 > I M o-c i -' .2 si f i i *t> a s-- *w . s - .?- #: -V ` -tf---* i-: ! E- xi -2a *? g w u | ) *4 ^ M C ,, '*? * * 5 J*1 J * S' *1 -- lx O >3 >X O o o o o -51- ^* 0 to to Ok D eo IO o to e> eo 3 <r a eo CO eo 00 CO CO t1 o > " X * . T) 3 m . > > Ok IO o M f 0- 00 00 00 e b obo o| g - > - 1 . < o c -- ,, * * - " * s - Ax to 00 CD `*0 *0 -to * c o -00 00 b * g E" *x : js .* * * - *- IL c * ' * . -O. _ % -; . ^ e -- *3 0 < J- (Z \ r:'-= ' 1 ' ** eo 00 > kO CD !* e t- c 04 * E * S e. i E o ** I1" 5 g . j) Ih M E wEAl S * ki > * Ok X x- fc'SSfc s&g -.V %WTI &c i& |l - 1. 1 1 1 ___ u 2 I2, 2 3 13 3 J 2 - 5" ~6" 7' 4.56 P G . . 4 3 8` - 3 gr IT 5 4 ^ ' - - ^ . 6 ^ - 4: 5 |6 - V" . Is v. . . * v: 6 |2 3 10" I4 ' 5 Figure 20. - Wood scale to facilitate proper positioning of the Pitot tnbe in pipe, for a 6-point traverse. Shown are scales for pipe sizes 5'-10' inclusive. Positions may be interpolated for pipes of intermediate diameters, e. g., 6%", use 6" and 7" scales. * lfe o ** X 5 _ *5 ^ 0 o J5 e S ' 1 3- s E.. t S-S"" M 2 e 8- 8 E 8 S * g5 e-S 2-gs s-c - w S :-i s c St!-* S s .?>S l^SI a -- _ o> 5 S S o! 2 B 9 B c ?- O _* Se Js -s a 2 Z S * JS~ E- 1? X a 4# S u *i M 0 3jS- 3 I E-EgS 9. c O B --a *29 <9p > J5 3 S? o eii-f 9 Ae m > e i 9 -o e x o fi be S ? e ,92 J*=5 - -* *"w .6=C B 9 CO 9 Ct *9 * E > 00 ss o ^ c ^_ 9 4) " B s 5 "9 ^ j a ^9 s -a 3 o B 5gm>?7*>. c 4) IC 4> j0rm* ** to I s B _ E-' JS "" CB 3 25 H - 9 c B. c c I-Sf x3n P~g & 9 s* u* bfl JS e 8a a e`C . 9 B* a< = a <a *3 5o> O 9U t0? 09 3. U ac"aa 3 .2 s o ll 5" ft u9 .*9- e at I o X 9 ----* c -- * X *S a e 8 3.2 9 c *2 n at few W o> o rill JE-= at <0 fiS V9 B S2E 5 Jp Oe --9 9e k*>.Q B *ft 3 e <*o S U 9 fe 0) B M 5S fa a . s* 2sS S 4 <xk 3 Z C -- US-22 E *5 few = 9 9 x -35 B -- B A * O K ** Is5* a 4^ - 'Q &sf <9 .9 *> * >t a^ - cHg = 9-g o U E la m 3SS -O W Sgc 8 o S-S &*S< c"teo*u* . ^ ** IS^ 1 I " 33 g r !* M 9 9 c n C"D ?S mo *l- foc S 00 III91 - ^ 9J n4) SE is*2L 9 -?. e fei a <s < ft* 91 s<< fcffCfQl ZUS s > M 9 09 9 B 9la 9 a e B 2 9 & S feS 9 B lo be 9 9 O Z at *sE S1 E c w Ao 9 be 0 at B u u9 9H e CQ > B 9 a. E 6 9 be 9 c 9 ft* P B 9 H 9 B H * * o 5.S 2 ^ -B 9 -2 9 fea- >C ft* O >. 9 -O C 9 9 E B. 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