Document bO9M8798Kx02ewyxqYGZzNeO6

FILE NAME Brakes BRK DATE 1948 Feb DOC BRK013 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Journal Article - National Safety News - Fume and Dust Exposure NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS Published Monthly by the National Safety Council FEBRUARY 1948 Vol 57 No. ARTICLES THE COVER To remind employees that the office has its hazards too the Wisconsin Power and Light Company Madison Wis staged this scene The victim of the accident is Miss Margaret Kelly receptionist in the company's Sales Department Posters with Three Dimensions R. Dougherty ... * Fume and Dust Exposures J. Castrop .. 8 The Man for the Morris S. Viteles 8s 2 2 . Modern Is the Word for it 2 . Fatigue Sidney A. Portis M.D .. 26 The Diary of a Safety Engineer The Sandbag Andrews .. 23 Fire Fighting Revolution W. Kearney 23 The Industrial Safety Panel Prizes for Safe Workers 34 The Illuminating Address Davis and Bill Midgely.. 36 Safety's Place in Ceramic Plant Engineering L. Carruthers 37 Inside Goil of Capt Aylmer R. Hatch 38 Protection for FreedomTrain Documents W. Eberhardt 44 Handling Handling and Storage of Industrial Data Sheet PP 540 540 DEPARTMENTS - 17 . cue. The Safety Valve 0. 31 That Smaller Plant ........... . 32 Cease and Cure .. 33 Asked and Answered ...... . 54 Industrial Health 0.00.0... .. 56 The Accident Barometer .. 58 - . Coming Events Personals a The Safety Library The Honor Roll 808 ... 808 . 808 . . 72 Program Tools for Your Safety Safety Posters 2... ... 97 oe 98 New Products. . 110 : CARMAN FISH Editor NORVAL BURCH Associate Editor C. H. MILLER Advertising Manager RALPH MOSES Art Director BILL ANDREWS Editorial Director Statements and opinions advanced in signed articles are the personal expres sions of their authors not necessarily those of the National Safety Council by National Copyright 1948 Safety Council Inc. Printed in U. S. A. Entered as second class matter Jane 1 1921 at the Post Office at Chicago Illinois under the Act of March 3 1879. Subscription rate To members 4.50 per year single 45 cents to members 6.75 per year single copies 67 cents Quan- copies tity prices for yearly subscriptions and single issues on request Audit Member Bureau of Circulation Indexed in Industrial Arts Index 26.400 copies of thisissue were printed In This Issue Many a poster idea can be blown up mto a size animated display -- on that people simply can't ignore Here are some excellent examples that are outstandin br cause the cleverness of the idea hasn't scured the safety message Page Fume and dust exposures en in many industries The artic 18 prob ise sae. some of the more common exj res with an appraisal of the hazards Page 201 Placement tests like all procedures in volving the human element are not intal lible but they do prevent many sccupational misfits some of whom would be seriou3s, hazards in certain jobs Here is a summary of recent developments in this field by a known authority Page 221 Fatigue may result from one or more of a vast number of causes concerning both the individual and his environment Her are some new angles to the subject pro sented from the medical point of view Page 26 More problems confront the hero of on safety engineer's diary as an unsympatheti boss reminds him that the deadline for showing results is getting closer Page 29 Improvised firefighting equipment sup plementing standard apparatus gave a good account of itself in the forest fires in Mame last October The idea is applicable in many locations Page 30 Rewarding employees for safe work 1 sometimes considered in the same class an paying a youngster to be good But in bot cases incentives can be used to advantag and recognition means more than the casi value of the reward The Industrial Safety Panel discusses this old and controversial subject Page 34 NatSi afeo ty n Coua ncil l ~ 20 North Wacker Drive ' Chicag6o Illinois Bldg New York Office Chrysler 1 *- New York 17. Western Office- 111 Sutter Street San Francisco WILLIAM A. IRVIN Chairman Board of Trustees CLEO F. CRAIG Chairman Board of Di rectors NED H. DEARBORN President GUY L. NOBLE president for Farms O. GRESSENS president for Finance and Treasurer DR D. B. ARMSTRONG president for Homes GEORGE A. JACOBY president for Industry KENNETH B. COLMAN president for Local Safety Organizations E. W. KEMPTON president for Membership W. EARL HALL president for Public Information DR HENRY T. HEALD president for Schools and Colleges LESLIE J. SORENSON president for Traffic and Transportation MRS L. K. NICHOLSON president for Women's Activities Dust Exposure 1 By V. J. CASTROP for employee health RESPOiNsSRIESBPOINSLIBIILTITYY by management to the medical director while the safety director is charged with accident pre- vention activities For the smooth functioning of either department it is necessary that these individuals work in harmony The safety engineer spends much of his time in the plant and usually is well informed about working conditions The doctor on the other hand must spend most of his time tending to the medical needs of the employee Head V. J. CASTROP is Assistant Head Indus- trial Hygiene Department Research Lab- oratories Division General Motors Corp. Detroit Mich This article has been con- densed from a paper presented at the Automotive and Machine Shop Section 35th National Safety Congress and to the administrative work of his department As a result he has in- _ sufficient time for plant surveys This is particularly true in plants where the doctor is employed on a time basis A safety engineer who is capable of recognizing conditions which may be detrimental to health is an excel- lent team mate for the doctor in a health maintenance program The safety engineer need not be capable of actually sampling air in the environment or designing a ventilation system for the control of toxic ma- terials He should however have knowledge of the materials which have been proved harmful and should have some understanding of basic - . control measures The safety engineer as well as the doctor should be informed a to should where he obtain the technical per sonnel to do the sampling de tailed study of the environment and engineering personnel to render as sistance in the control of exposure Such assistance may be obtained from the industrial hygiene divisions of either the health or labor departments of many states Some city governments likewise have industrial hv governmental giene bureaus In addition to these agencies have on many insurance carriers their staffs men who are capable of sampling and rendering engineering assistance Private consultants are also available or you may find that an industrial hygienist is employed by your own organiza tion 1948 National Safety News February 20 and outside views of vapor blasting ipment Fine silica and water under presgareare used Cabinets must be maintained gqthat leakage of mist does not occur Local exhaust ventilation of soldering ar operations The discussion will be limited to e_ principles of industrial hygiene relate fume and dust ex- to indicate what control are available or used to + the employee's health and to attention to operations and maals which are commonly used in , at the same time indicating nerally accepted opinion as to their iy ing For this discussion fume may be considered to be particulate matter in size 125,400 microns are equiva- lent to one inch es conditions are improved for formed by the condensation of a va- Generally speaking there are two sons other than their effect upon por A molten bath of lead at a high means of entrance of toxic com- alth Better products better emplayee relationship reduction in intenanceof equipment may be intenance as justification for manage ment's decisions for such correction temperature causes the metal to vola- tilize and form a vapor Upon contact with the cooler surrounding atmosphere condensation occurs and the physical state changes from vapor to pounds into the human body ingestion or via the respiratory tract through inhalation of fumes dusts mists or gases Ingestion is of im- portance if toxic materials which | Definitions a solid metallic particle have a systemic effect are used and a While dust is also a solid particle adequate washing facilities are not Laymen " frequently designate as it is formed by the disintegration of provided or where the employees any vapor fog gas etc. they solid materials by grinding crushing are slovenly in personal habits encounter In industry the plat- abrasion or similar action Inhalation is considered and the most mist over a chrome tank the Fume particles generally small importaponrtatl of entry of fumes or gases at a cleaning . in diameter with the size dependent or dusts and the particle size there- ration or the exhaust gases from upon the type of fume extent of fore becomes significant in evaluat- uck frequently referred as - flocculation and other factors Dust ing exposure The particles which - the To industrial hygienist particles of hygienic significance are cause the physiological changes are :. sa more definite mean- those beteween one and ten microns those which are small enough to re- main suspended in the air and not those which immediately fall to the floor Flying particles which may cause eye injuries are not of hygienic significance since they are not of respirable sie To judge the serious- ness of an exposure by the quantity of detritus adjacent to an operation is often misleading This is especially true where mechanical ventilation re- moves the fine material but is inade quate to trap or convey the larger particles In evaluating an exposure it is nec- essary to consider the toxicity of the material the duration of the expo- sure the average concentration of the contaminant with special attention being paid to those operations which produce high concentrations at some phase of an operating cycle and the measures which have been provided -To page 52 Safety News February 1948 21 : Fume and Dust Exposure -From-From page 21 to control the exposure Medical rec- ords of the individuals subjected to the exposure may be of value if the examinations are thorough and fre- quent and not of a cursory type It must be remembered that occupa- tional diseases are slow in develop ment and in some instances lasting in effect Slow changes may not be The mere fact that these limits are exceeded does not necessarily mean that someone will become definitely ill But there is a good probability that someone will suffer ill effects if the limit is greatly exceeded for a considerable period There remains much to be learned regarding the toxicity of many substances used in with resultant failure of the respiratory system While welding in large open areas these toxic gases are nor mally not present in sufficient quan- tities to cause harmful effects How ever when welding is done in oonfined areas the nitrogen oxides may reach a concentration which will be harmful Gas welding generally is not pro- ductive of harmful fumes There are however in brazing two potentially harmful exposures While boric acid Te / : vb ca EAtans t -_ y detected and the mere fact that cases industry or borates generally are used in braz have not occurred does not mean that So much for the general picture ing fluxes some metals require fluxes exposures to known toxic materials Now let's look at some specific opera- containing significant quantities of may be ignored tions fluoride compounds and fumes from Determination of the concentration these fluxes have been known to pro- of the toxic material in the air is im- Welding duce significant nasal irritation commonly portant in evaluating the exposure Welding processes most Fluorides in general are looked up | Tests of this type are indicative not used can be divided into three types with suspicion since they may pi only of the degree of contamination arc gas and resistance The safety duce harmful effects upon the bone but also in some instances which measures pertaining to clothing gog- structure A limit of 2.5 mg per * : operation is the major offender gles and helmets are of common cubic meter has been suggested for knowledge and will not be considered fluorides but no standard has been The apparatus used in collecting here agreed upon Most industrial hygien the contaminant and the method used in estimating the amount present in Arc welding when performed on ists attempt to keep them as low as the atmosphere vary with the type of uncoated steel does not produce a practicable condition considered harmful to the Silver solder is one of the more material Tests of this type are specialized in nature and are beset with welder provided it is done in a com- common alloys used in brazing Sold many pitfalls which can lead to er- paratively large open area The fumes ers of this type vary in composition roneous conclusions if done by in- which result from welding consist es- and may in some instances contain sentially of the oxides of iron and cadmium which if volatilized in suf experienced personnel oxides of metals which may comprise ficient quantities is considered harm Permissible Limits the steel or coating of the welding or rod Some investigators have found In a discussion pertaining to toxic characteristic markings on chest materials it is generally necessary to of men who have welded under quote permissible concentrations - r seavy erse conditions for long periods of prolonged period as it is sometimes expressed mum allowable concentrations missible limits or threshold limits These terms are used extensively by industrial hygienists to indicate con- centrations of a substance in the air which are considered compatible with good health The limit usually applies to exposures of eight hours duration for a time These markings are presumably due to the deposition of iron fumes within the lungs but it has not been demonstrated that such fumes have - caused physical impairment A limit A frequently suggested limit for welding fume is 15 milligrams of iron oxide per cubic meter of air Con- centrations of this magnitude existing The limits are for the most part advisory standards or bench marks . which are practical to meet In gen- eral these limits are derived from three types of evidence all of which have value and limitations in the workroom would materially re- duce visibility and thereby become a nuisance or an unsafe condition re- . quiring correction Welding within confined areas such as tanks inside machinery or equip- ment or in small rooms presents a 1. Animals have been exposed at dif- ferent concentrations and the effects noted condition which can be of concern The concentration of fume is materi- 2. A few experiments have been made on human subjects for short periods ally higher under these conditions as there is little opportunity for dilution of time 3. Safe limits have been arrived at by measuring the concentrations of sub- stance in the workroom air and cor- relating this information with results of medical examinations of workmen by natural air currents normally pres ent in a large shop Nitrogen oxides formed by the electric arc when in- haled in sufficient quantities causes fluids to form in the edema- ful At present the suggested limit for cadmium fume in air is 1 milligram - per 10 cubic meters air Resistance spot or welding of plain steel of no concern from the - physiological standpoint fume- - ~ arising from such operations general ly are caused by the volatilized - which has come upon the metal stock during previous operations or - has been placed upon the metal rust ~ preventive The preceding discussion of welding operations has been based upon the assumption that the metals being welded are of plain steel The performance of welding operations ei- ther arc gas or resistance upon metals which have been coated with such toxic materials as lead cadmi- um or mercury may cause harmful exposures The heat of the flame or of the arc causes volatilization of these metals Welding or cutting of terne plate or other metals containing significant quantities of lead can re- sult in the volatilization of lead fume which if inhaled for a sufficient peri od of time may result in lead absorp 6 , _ we Lee ^' teey 5 qe ge Ye 1948 National Safety News February 52 Carlington Mills Corp. S Bristol Weaving Co. Bristol Tenn 19 1940 to date 360 em- January6,218,430 hours as of December 17 1947. A plaque and December ng are awarded for each million ae hours without a disabling in- jury jury Rayon weaving The Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. Akron Mechanical Novem12 19t4 o da6 te 2,000,000 man- as of December 22 1947 Service Inc. New Orleans La Mechanical Operation Section Power Division Electric Department 17 1944 date 51 employees 500,000 man- as of December 31 1947 By Using SKIDMASTER 2 tion and ultimate poisoning The cut- ting or welding of surfaces which have been coated with paint contain- * Welding of cadmium plated mater- Welding was attributed as the cause of ill- individuals and even death to a number of Whenever there's a slipping hazard there's a possible time lost accident a possible compensa- tion claim and a need for sure wear SKIDMASTERS curred comparatively in short time } - boa zg after the exposure of galvanized metal causes }- ale TeTmpeomrapryorary 3oe volatilizatidoinscoofmftohretzinacsscoocaitaitnegd - StaSafe SKIDMASTERS assure safe footing slick floors ~ bd or other slippery surfaces Indoors or out SKIDMASTERS . metal fume fever result- bAdoi-tbs!0dnt 2c such exposure offer economical protection against slipping hazards Lind Where warranted control of weld- 4 - Write for Bulletin No. 104 Wherefumesis generally accomplished f : providing a mechanical ventilation i system The type of ventilation used | Pag Bes deledpienngdentWheun ponthe the nature of the object to be weld- STANDARD SAFETY EQUIPMENT COMPANY coe Lad West 232 ens NEWARK Ontario Street Chicago 10 Illinois - CLEVELAND - . LOS ANGELES possibtlhee fumes positionedin a fixture or jig it i possible to obtain effective control wes. by the use of a grill dehood or flexible duct near the ce KEEP IT CLEAN Histo of fume If the parts are large And it is necessary to weld more than Specialists in Powdered Hand Cleaners foot to from a fixed point it is difficult 7 obtain good control of the fume withreasonable air volumes through System using flexible ducts Since effective range of most ductsis ible approximately eight from the dust opening it is for the welder to move the the arc is outside this DY @ beaded soaps and vegetable scrubber @ STEROPAC 7.0 LANOPAC lanolin BOROPAC scrubber A Wee Bit Goes a Long Way WE INVITE AN OPPORTUNITY TO SERVE YOU SKOTCH PRODUCTS CORPORATION 2710-12 Detroit Ave. Cleveland 13 Ohio practical result is that February 1948 73 a cians echae ies 0 acets dale Te Ow den neh AA F most ducts are normally not moved welding Circulating fans directed a respirator It is sufficient in most and the ventilation system does not from the side help to dilute the fume welding for the employee to wear an eR remove the fumes According to re- which may be concentrated in the ordinary helmet and to arrange the Areata ports this type of system has been breathing zone of the welder position of the work so as to prevent page + effectively used in shipyards for the control of welding fumes in confined Another means of control is the use of personal respiratory equip the concentrated fume from flowing under the helmet areas In view of this experience it should therefore be a satisfactory ment Air line respirators and fume respirators have been developed Dry Grinding mears of control for welding fumes which will provide adequate protec- Dust resulting from the grinding in tanks However supervision and tion Some manufacturers have on of nontoxic metals which are free of education are necessary to make such systems effective Where the room volume per welder is large natural ventilation within the plant is usually sufficient to prevent accumulation of excessive conventration of fumes from plain steel the market welders helmets with fa- cilities for providing fresh air to the wearer Use of this type of equip ment has been limited Since the welder is already burdened with helmet goggles and protective clothing he probably will not be receptive to sand is generally considered a nui- sance and is not harmful per se Despite this fact some state laws require grinding operations to be ventilated This requirement has probably been a holdover from the days when sandstone wheels were prevalent and also to prevent the creation of a nuisance condition Grinding wheels in use in industry have arti ficial abrasives such as aluminum o Safetti SHOES DO YOU GET THESE EXCLUSIVE FEATURES | |S BECAUSE SAFE has straight ridges of mixed cord and rubber in the Tread ide or silicon carbide Emery a natural product composed essentially of aluminum and magnetic oxide of iron may also be used A permissible limit of 50 million particles per cubic foot of air for aluminum oxide and silicon carbide was recently accepted by the members of the American Conference of Governmental Indu- trial Hygienists Such a limit is lil eral and concentrations of such mag nitude are normally not encountered When lead silica or some similar toxic material comes in contact with For smooth dry surfaces you must @ 3 have rubber ~~. because rubber - holds firmly DRY surfaces but --- would slip on wet surfaces the grinding wheel the exposure to the abrasive may be ignored and the exposure evaluated on the basis the toxic material If this - For wet slippery surfaces you must have beca becu auss e ce ord fi holds securely on wet surfaces latter material is controlled the nui- sance will also be eliminated Ventilation systems for grinding . ! wheels have been fairly well stand- For greasy soapy surfaces you must have straight ridges . . . because ridges cut thru and scrape off foreign matter and grip the surface itself ardized and generally are satisfactory to prevent a nuisance Hoods should enclose the wheel as completely as is practicable Air volumes shouldbe- sufficient to cause an inward flow into : the hood when using the smallest especially wheel This is toxic materials involved true toxic materials are involved where icy For snowy surfaces you must have a spike - and a sharp one . + because dull spikes are a @ hazard The SAFE spike is self- sharpening ... ... ... always sharp SAUL) V5 i Ask your safety dealer or write us ROSE MANUFACTURING CO 1731 Arapahoe St. Danver 2 Colo Wet Grinding Baffles hoods and guards are generally located near wet grinding wheels to prevent dispersion of the liquid used as a coolant These devices are usually sufficient to control the dust if it is nontoxic in nature If the dust liberated is toxic mechanical exhaust ventilation may be required Buffing and Polishing Buffing compounds applied 74 National Safety News February 1948 st . an he ent ng en- ing the derol ire nc to 948 wheels used for buffing and polishing Mary in composition Waxes and various types of abrasives are the major components These materials plus lint and fibers from the wheel are the ingredients essential of the air- St borne dust The toxicity is dependent aa upon the type of abrasive Generally deventilation is provided to improve 3% nousekeeping and reduce the number this figure with Hearing Testing gf. of complaints and not because of the ie hazard to health en 7 Machining| Audiometer | e parts Smoke from oily is the pre- wha wailing source of air contamination Se" at machining operations Illness has a 1G not been attributed to this type of exposure As is the case with most ~ fumes and dusts of the nuisance vari- ety little is known as to what effect such materials have on existing hat physical abnormalities 345.. Machining operations on steel pro- duce large chips or turnings con- sequently dust is not a problem Op- erations involving the machining of high lead alloys have been studied avi and significant quantities of airborne The 16,500 occupational death toll reported in 1946 by the National Safety Councilis in- dustry's challenge to provide greater safety forits employees Working hand in hand with science industry can reduce this Hearing tests with a precision + ADC Audiometer will furnish you with valuable data for permanent records Give pre- employment hearing tests to- determine applicant's fitness for specific jobs and periodic tests . . lead have not been demonstrated staggering figure to detect need for occupation *: Graphite which becomes airborne during the machining of cast iron is _ not considered physiologically signifi- = cant and therefore is classified as a * New scientific techniques for checking physical fitness of employees now include periodic hearing tests with a pure tone adjustments EQUIP your doctor nurse or clinic with the latest development in scientific hearing testing nuisance dust Frequently manage- audiometer -an ADC Audiometer Oper- . ment considers advisable to pro- Avoid accidents caused by faulty | vide ventilation for the machines =. which are productive of the most- - dust graphite * as onthe clothing and | person and surrounding machineryis | hearingyour plant Check your- employees hearing regularly regularly with a precision ADC Audiometerwith -ation is easy with factory- provided instructions =e WRITE TODAY for' informative Bulletin 100 Age conducive to complaints + Cleaning mostAbrasive Since silica is recognized as the wa most harmful of mineral dusts eG, ekwee adequate ventilation system is nor- provided at the time of instal- | a mally xlation of commercially built sand blast : equipment Continuous usage and lack of maintenance resultin a breakdown of adequate control Visi- ble escape of dustis the best evidence g:That this has occurred and it is ad- visable to correct such a condition j- without = undue delay &,-.Employees who are stationed in blast rooms are dependent upon per- respiratory equipment the Devices a. this type are of supplied E FIRE taminants ^'s Air compressors should be in an area free of contamina- tam#iEnanttis otherwise the contaminant will | ontransmitted to the helmet HOSE DRYING MADEMADE EASY WITH : RCULES i The Air Conditioning Hose Dryer service - Saves save savs es space eliminates man hours keeps all hose in service hose dries in a few hours Makes good hose last prev- eprnevtensts mildew and rot USED BY MOST OF AMERICA'S LARGEST INDUSTRIES Free Free i* CATALOG THETHE 575 East IRCUL Milwaukee Ave. CORPORATION Detroit 8 Michigas it! National Safetu News Fahruary 1948 75 Normally ventilation within the room is provided so as to improve visibility and to help prevent the escape of dust to the surrounding areas not to reduce the concentration of silica dust to a safe level Tumblast or rotating table type of sand blast units should be provided with sufficient ventilation to prevent the escape of silica dust Leakage due to excessive wear should should be remedied remedied . Small sandblet abinets where the operator controls the blast nozzles from outside the cabinet frequently have faulty seals around the doors or the rubber gauntlets are loose or torn The dust which escapes from the cabinet through these openings is in close proximity to the breathing zone of the employee and in many instances exceeds the permissible lim- it for silica This leakage should be corrected and the men should not be required to use respirators If the articles being blasted are free Vapor blasting a variation of sand blasting is a comparatively recent development This procedure in- volves the use of fine silica and water of silica or other toxic material the dust resulting from grit or shot blast- under pressure The silica used in vapor blast units varies in size and ' ing is classified in the nuisance cate- may even be as small as 1250 mesh gory It follows that the maintenance of ventilating systems for grit blast- approximately 10 microns It is generally believed that airborne silica ing although desirable is not always particles below 5 microns are mo- so necessary as for sand blasting The use of steel grit or shot in blasting rooms produces excessively significant in causing silicosis 1 then follows that operations involving the use of silica abrasive whose ini- high concentrations of dust within the enclosure It is therefore necessary tial particle size approaches that order of magnitude are more hazard - to protect the worker within the room The remarks concerning sand- ous and require continual vigilance in maintaining good control It is blasting rooms are therefore pertinent when considering rooms in therefore essential that the vapor blast cabinets be maintained so that which steel grit or shot are used as the abrasive leakage of mist does not occur Good housekeeping is also essen- tial as spillage of the sand and water . 3 } nad elas e peer . }I \d ry e ) ups SMIT = p)) ri / 3 La ee: pS 7 aw a, a sludge upon the floor will create a source for dust dissemination when the water evaporates Likewise con- tainers of the dried sludge should not be allowed to stand in the factory where they can be influenced by air currents of high velocity SJ ee t ( Practically all industrial plants have operations which involve the Ne ; . iwr (f STANDARD | 3 use of lead base bearing metal or . - i a) ma an heetae a Ante Im Abrasive dusts irritate workmen and be a slow production Eliminate them with reaLAErrr DUST COLLECTOR|S ptieanir pTiera TORIT Dust Collectors are completely con- SS rd Fie: <n tained units that are attached at the machine a Abrasive dusts pass through proof filters wanes { and the cleaned air is recirculated angen TORIT Dust Collectors are easy to install eco- H = nomical to operate and may be moved as t F are production layouts are changed hat Sizes ranging from HP to 3 HP and fitting all standard grind- ing cut and polishing wheels are available for immediate de- livery For details and latest TORIT catalog writer TORIT y MANUFACTURING CO 291 WALNUT ST , ST PAUL2 MINN STANDARD SIGNS INC 5 National Safety News February 1948 a yae7,, solder Babbitt bearing metal contain- Ssing approximately 75 per cent lead have been encountered The composi tion of solder metal is variable and dependent _ upon the purpose for S which it is used with ordinary soft solder containing a comparatively i high percentage of lead a ; - Assuming that the bablitt or slder slder ie significant eecontains a amount of lead "the question then arises as to whether : or not employees working with this uld be given by a qualified indus- 3 considered trial hygienist after he had seen the operation and such factors higher temperature the metal is more readily oxidized to produce a dross consisting of a high percentage of lead oxide The dross may provide a protective coating to reduce the vola- tilization of the lead however disturbance of this coating will create an exposure As a safeguard against excessive contamination pots containing solder or babbitt are usually ventilated Wherever possible it is advisable to enclose the pot as completely as possible and provide sufficient air vol- ume to overcome the thermal effects of the molten metal Attempts have been made to use natural draft ventilation systems to control these fumes and in those instances where the ducts were not of sufficient diameter the system was inadequate A preferable method is the use of mechanical sys- tems The removal of excess solder with driven tools such as grinding wheels discs or wire wheels creates airborne dust which may contamin- ate large areas if the operation is extensive Diligent use of abrasive cloth will also result in excessive concen- i measures effectiveness : causes h is a well known fact that lead "<causes illness if absorbedin excessive =< amounts and therefore operations where leadis used have received con- Xe siderable study Out of this experi- >s'% ence certain practices are known to + 'S* produce excessive exposure whereas other practices have been proved not y - to be harmful It is generally con- : ceded that excessive concentrations do not result from operations where solder is applied by means of an elec- tric soldering iron This is probably due to the small amounts of solder * used and the comparatively low heat "., of the metal When theironheatedin a small |- fired furnace exposure may " be of greater consequence Solder {- which remains iron coming - 7; into contact with flame or heatis = = for volatilization Small vulnerable ==amounts of solder drop from the iron amounts the hot floor the furnace ae ( where it is readily volatilized or oxi- dised material = The oxidized airborne may be- or placing : createdby the flame or by removing 93 the soldering iron in the 3 Frequntly Frequently industrial hygienists recommend that ventilation be pro- vided for heating units of this type thereby removing lead fumes and from the environment This is . yes particularly true in small rooms or where many units are in use *, Atmospheric contamination occa- onsioned by use of either gas or the heated pots containing f factors LoElder isWdietphendheingtheo r ntenmpuemrbaetrureofs | fq h^revolatilization will occanu d tr he i grwater grwater will be the exposure With the NationalNational Safety News February 1948 WHEN DANGER TIPS THE SCALE WORKERS ARE SAFER IN SAFE Dermititis burns and injuries threaten workers not properly protected from the materials they use StaSafe Protective Garments are designed to give the worker maximum protection | Oils andGrease == Acids andCaustics' ae Paints and Creosote Lacquers NaphthaNaphtha and Solvents - Each of these represents a potentia_l- by- lost time accident Protect yourby- workers against these hazards standardizing on StaSafe Protective Garments Stock models solve many problems Standard's free design service will develop new model special or modify an existing one to solve your safety problem Write for Bulletin No. 106 StaSafe Products are manufactured by STANDARD SAFETY EQUIPMENT COMPANY 232 West Ontario Street Chicago 16 Illinois NEWARK . - CLEVELAND - - LOS ANGELES ras Muir trations of lead dust Filing however is not productive of small particles and is preferred over the use of pow driven tools V If filing is not practicable it will be necessary to provide some type of mechanical ventilation system for the solder removal operations involving the use of power tools Since the per- missible limit generally accepted for lead is 1.5 milligrams per 10 cubic meters of air 353 cubic feet it will be necessary to have an effective sys- tem to provide adequate control Engineers experienced in designing ven- tilation systems to control toxic materials should be consulted otherwise a costly system might be erected and later found entirely ineffective Frequently solder removal opera tions require the use of portable tools on large objects and a local exhaust system would not be effective as is the case in the fabrication of auto- mobile bodies General contamination of the factory with lead dust has been eliminated by enclosing the entire operation in a large booth and exhausting a sufficient quantity of air from the enclosure to insure a constant in- ward flow of air from the factory into the booth Under these circumstances no practical amount of air could be removed from the booth to reduce the lead concentration to a safe level and therefore it is necessary that the men working therein be provided with adequate personal protective de- vices Heat Treating High temperatures are a frequent source of complaint from employees in heat treat departments but such conditions and their control are not within the subject under discussion Fumes from cyanide pots are often associated with cyanides used as fumigants or as the lethal agent in death chambers and supervision as well as the employee becomes ap- prehensive Fumes from such a source are irritating and because of this property should be adequately ven- tilated The irritant nature of the fume is caused by alkali forined upon nS decomposition of the cyanide Molten lead is sometimes used as nt a hardening medium for metals Fre- eT) quently charcoal or some similar material is placed on the surface of the metal to conserve heat and prevent H. THIS IS THE NEW ANTI TOE CLIP SANKEY Foot Guards are now available witha rubber skid toe dip inch longer formerly used SANKEY FOOT- ~ GUARDS consist essentially of a metal shield to be worn over the - ~T sh he oe whenever the foot is in danger of being crushed or cut - metal | shield is designed to furnish a maximum amount of pro- Handy STAIR STAND tection to the entire front of the foot merely the toes alone speeds work climbing probleamnsd answer but also to the instep against hazards from falling rolling or flying e objects or from accidental tool blows Write for literature or a trial pair work is more efficient with no fear of falling or strain Stand is ideal for ELLWOOD SAFETY APPLIANCE COMPANY 219 SIXTH STREET ELLWOOD CITY PENNA cleaning servicing reaching and handling stock in and out of bins and shelving Features include strength light weight ample platform space waist high guard rail stability plus HANDY JACKS for a rigid stand Built of steel tubing and selected wood painted with two coats machinery enamel with neoprene wheels it is available in various models Write for further information Patants applied for Fibre Shin Guard R. W. FIEROH CO INC 3401 S. Hayne Ave. Chicago 8 Illinois Natiment Entatu Mawe Cahernow 1040 oxidation A covering of this type tions transfer points of dry sand air cooling ducts directed in such a reduces the volatilization of lead abrasive blasting operations and all manner as to create cross drafts aig . while the bath is quiescent but has grinding operations performed on which interfere with the efficient re- no effect while the bath is in use castings containing appreciable quan- moval of dust Better placement of a Adequate ventilation should therefore tities of sand these fans or ducts will go far in re- bat be provided for baths of this type As Maintenance of ventilation equip- ducing dust concentrations in the complete an enclosure as is practical ment is a major item in foundries areas where they are used for the operation being performed is because of the abrasive action of the Respiratory Protective Devices advisable with air quantities depend- dust It is imperative that a good After the obvious has been correct- ent upon the open areas in the hood program be maintained so as to keep ed it is advisable that a survey of To prevent contamination resulting the equipment functioning at maxi the foundry be made by an industrial from volatilization of lead accumu- lating in the combustion chambers mum efficiency Because of the heat associated with hygienist so that an accurate evalua- tion of the exposure may be ob- the products of combustion from gas fired lead pots should be vented to the * outdoors and not be allowed to disai- large scale foundry activities it is a common sight to see pedestal fans or tained As has been stated the atmospheric pate into the workroom Asbestos Safe the goggles that workers will wear Asbestos used in the formulation of brake lining is a potentially harmful compound This material is the offending agent in the production of - the lung ailment known as asbestosis The harmful effect is comparable to that of silica and a permissible limit of 5,000.000 particles of asbestos dust per cubic foot of air is generally because they're Light recognized Dust exposures to asbestos and other ingredients of the brake lining exist when the dry materials are handled and emptied into the mixers and in the subsequent operations of slitting grinding or surfacing Compounds of lead are sometimes used in brake linings and contamination from this source should not be ig nored Local exhaust systems with properly designed hoods or enclo- |: | sures are used to remove the dust from these operations Iron Foundries The principal ingredients of foundry dusts are silica sea coal clays |, and parting compounds The predominant material will be dependent upon which phase of the foundry op- . eratioins being studied and what operation is being performed The - control of dust is the major problem "; whereas fume is of secondary impor- tance A discussion of all the aspects of the industrial hygiene problems in . such plants would require a separate treatise For the present discussion it . should be sufficient to state that all No the glamor gal's catchall and the upper right hand cache may be full with the accumulation of years the pocket may bulge you won't find lightweight Safe- vis there Not during working hours you won't The weight of two Safe lenses made from a new allyl casting resin is approximately the same as that of one case hardened glass lens of the same size HOUR Comfort Workers find Safe lightweight attractive and comfortable What a change from old type goggles whose weight causes workers to remove them chancing ex- posure to hazard HOUR Protection Real protection comes only when goggles are worn throughout the period of exposure And complete protection is the only function of any safety goggle And they are SAFE Standard drop tests prove Safe superiority over ordinary eye protection Safe offers greater resistance abrasion than do other plastic lenses It re- sists the stresses of high velocity im- pact corrosion and other causes of industrial eye injury to the most exacting specifications Write for booklet giving complete details obvious - sources of dust dispersion *: should be reduced to a minimum by * _ adequate localized exhaust systems Ae 3 In a mechanized foundry such places * HU would be sand conditioning and mix- _ ing equipment tumbling mills shake- 4" * outs core removal and knockout sta- Safe Lightweight protective spectacles A product of THE UNIVIS LENS COMPANY Dayton 1 Ohio National Safety News February 1948 79 s . go. oe ' if; HG & &i i WHERE TO GET THE PROTECTIVE AP- PAREL DESIGNED to FIT THE MAN AS WELL AS THE NEED %a Sere YOU WA 7 IT- M MAREN NERA SE RRR TRER UTR Ae RAR other materials may be reduced GANS to a safe level by adequate exhaust ventilation In some cases it is possible to correct the condition by substitut- ing a less toxic material If these measures are not practical respiratory protective devices may be used They may also prove valuable in giving protection during an emergen- meeeconstructi ed pment must he designed and constructed for safety as well as for processing requirements Protective equipment should be provided for use in case of power failure or faulty combustion conditions 6. It is hardly necessary to say that moving parts of machinery should be guarded Wherever prac- ticable such guards should be built 2Bad cahe, }|" 2 ee a WHEELER PROTECTIVE APPAREL . cy or to provide protection for intermittent exposures or to supplement other methods of control They in to the machinery 7. In general building structures and equipment used in the ceramic es should however not be considered industry are subjected to rigorous FEM 6 she Write or phone BALTIMORE as the desirable means of controlling a health hazard use Fumes heat dust and heavy loads create problems consequently Sk . cya . Fa ee Re 4 Tare ee, FO Pa ~ ae . a e_ we A waeial : au wer ~~ * . hs CAREY MCHY & SUPPLY CO BIRMINGHAM SAFETY ENG & SUPPLY CO BUFFALO THE ELWOOD COMPANY CAMBRIDGE MASS CUTTER WOOD & SANDERSON CO CHARLESTON W. VA SAFETY FIRST SUPPLY CO CHICAGO PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT CINCINNATI THE E. A. KINSEY CO CLEVELAND INC SAFETY FIRST SUPPLY COLUMBUS O. THE E. A. KINSEY CO DAYTON COMPANY THE E. A. KINSEY CO DENVER Ceramic Plant -From page 37 - Handling materials is recognized as a prolific source of accidents in in- dustry consequently it is a fundamental that handling should be kept at a minimum to avoid accidents as well as to keep down operating costs 3. Nearly every ceramic plant must store large quantities of finely ground material Many storage systems are of the deep bin type Some of the materials do not flow freely and because of forces developed in deep granular material arching takes a relatively high factor of safety or factor of uncertainty should be incorporated in the design The solution of many of these problems will require the cooperation of the safety production and engin eering departments Compromises if required should be those necessary for process reasons since it is ac- knowledged that the process is the prime reason for the plant Planning the original design and layout and selecting equipment with the safety angle in mind will safe guard the investment as well as re- duce the accident risks INDIANAPOLIS TOO LATE WHEN Seon E. D. BULLARD COMPANY place Often devices are not provided : HOUSTON to keep material moving to the bot- ew ALLIED SAFETY EQUIPMENTEQUIPMENT CO. tom of the bin As a result a worker . . =con THE E. A. KINSEY CO must enter the bin from the top to get IT'S . LOS ANGELES . d E. D. COMPANY >= ~ the material moving This is a dangerous operation but when necessary | ' ai vs 3 4 ol i re : Ata Re i Pot mayenOS, at SETA ORBNag OSs pat ATOR eee hee A ee EX Fo PORES fareln et feane re > . m " MILWPRAOUTKEECETIVE EQUIPMEINNTG NEW YORK CITY W. =a. S. WILSON CORP >>. -. PHILADELPHIA _:..- INDUSTRIAL ~ PRODUCTS COMPANY PITTSBURGH -~ SAFETY -ROCHESTER _=_- THE ELWOOD COMPANY LOUIS ____ SAFETY INCORPORATED SALT LAKE CITY CO UNIVERSAL SAFETY APPLIANCE CO- - SAN FRANCISCO SEATTLE BULLARD COMPANY / 4 E. D. BULLARD COMPANY {| SYRACUSE . ; SYRACUSE SUPPLY COMPANY WHEELING . SAFETY FIRST SUPPLY COMPANY WHEELER PROTECTIVE APPAREL Inc. Formerly known as F. H. Wheeler Mfg Co. 224 W. Huron St. Chicago 19 M. ta zg safety harness should {--_.... NEED_S__ MEDICAL be used and attendants stationed where they can help in an emergency MEDICAL CARE - =~ 4. Silicates and silica or quartz 1 are primary materials in nearly all of the ceramic industries Also these materials are generally used in a |- Strike at the -: Cause with | DERMA Hand Cleanser finely ground state As a result there are many dust problems When the free silica in these dusts is finely di- Derma gets into those tiny cuts and abrasions to thoroughly vided workers exposed to them are potential victims of silicosis Either workers must wear respirators or dust must be removed from the work place by exhaust ventilation with a system of dust collectors cleanse .. .. removes dirt all grease paint tar ink and grit of all kinds without harming the most delicate hands It's a chap powdered cleanser carefully blended of 7 elements each with a specific function scrubbing without abrading skin combating dermatitis restoring natural skin olls fluffing to last up to 1/3 longer Meets Control of dust should be a major consideration in the ceramic plant Not only is dust injurious to workers but it is also harmful to machinery Federal and State requirements for hand soap Passes every test in over powdered 150 major industrial plants Available in 100 300 drums cartons of twenty lb boxes Write for information complicates housekeeping and produces generally unsatisfactory work- Guarding the Hands of Industry pa 4 ing conditions he ae apes ~e ara aren redasp: bie | = | 5. Operation of kilns tanks and furnaces presents other hazards Oft- en there is the possibility of explosions and refractory failures All . eo L.E. HICKS & SON INC 509 S. GROVE AVE OAK PARK ILL National Safety News February 1948 SORTA MSC Uy SOIT man = erae Vey al l Ae Wen i Nan eh alta tee? Ge ak ein ag =* e K Sht gee SY ae