Document bO5MDoErDom830dQd1369rY2O

FILE NAME: BF Goodrich (BFG) DATE: 1939 DOC#: BFG004 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Trade Journal Article - Compounding Materials the Rubber Industry Part II--Dry Inorganic Substances; Gums, Oils, Resinous Materials and Waxes; Liquids and Gases Industrial Safety Series No. RU-3 Published by the National Safety Council 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago 1. 'Phis pamphlet is the second hi a series of two on "Compounding .Materials I'sed in the Rubber Indus try " The first pamphlet, Xo. RP-1, i- routined to the classification of or ganic accelerators, anti-oxidants and dry oigallic compounds. This pam phlet is confined to the following three groups of compounding mate rials: ! >1 \ t n o i g a l l i c M i l l ' d , I I H C S (>uni'. niK, rc'-inoii's malcnaU ami \\,i\t' 1jijimK itu1 sgc'C'' 2 An attempt has been made to list herein alphabetically, in the three, above gioups, practically all of lhe usual compounding ingredients used m the maim act ure oi rubber which are not covered in Pamphlet Xo. RP-1. It should be realized, bow er er. that ni`w compounding ingredi ents arc constantly lining developed and in some cases new and unusual uses are being made of the present mgredients A brief description of cadi compounding ingredient is givn. logelher with it- use in the rub ier industry, its relative health haz.o `Is and reeimimendations lor its sale handling from a health view- "int. Many of the solvents used in ..impounding rubber aie flammable, M'llain ol liu' dry substances used icscni a dusi explosion hazard, and the use of various oils involves the ii.inner ol .-puniani-ous ignition. How ever. the lire hazard- of the sul>-'.unces listed are not discussed in de e as those hazards are fully cov eted in other publications. This pamphlet is a compilation of cxpeiicnec in acciclciu prevention. It should not he assumed, however, that it includes everv acceptable procedure in the field covered. It must not tie confused with federal, stale or insurance requirements, or with American standard safety codes. Dry Inorganic Compounds i. Most of tile compounds in this group are of a soft mineral powder type, of a particle size loss than two hundred mesh, many' of less than three hundred mesh, or liner, Few of them contain hard or abrasive par ticles such as silica or corundum. Only a few are toxic. On the whole they arc comparatively free from health hazards. However, they are all more or less dusty when handled carelessly, and the ordinary dust haz ard is always present. Oood storage bins, conveyors, hooded mills, and efficient exhaust systems will readily' eliminate the dust hazards and in most cases prevent harm from the toxic or silica-bearing compounds. (See also Xational Safety Council Health Practices Pamphlet No. 4. " Oust," and Sale Practices Pam phlet- Xo. 32, " Rxliausl System-," and Xo. 64, " Respiratory Protective Equipment.") 4. There are several compounds, however, that should receive special consideration, such as lead or silica bearing compounds. These am so designated in the following list of materials. Aluminum Flake T A fine cream-tolon d powder, consisting primarily of aluminum siii cate, Used as a fiber in raiibcr. i ` is non-gritty and non-tout but rtithci dusty' in handling. Ammonium Carbonate o A white cry'.-taiine lunipv powder having a pungent odor of am nionia. It readily decompose- an. give- off an irritating o.i,.. during mixing. It is Used in sp. ngc ra ,brrIt is slightly toxic, hut them - Inti, health hazard as it is ,,mow., m the rubber indiisirv. Antimony Sulphides 7. There are two type.-, die gold en and the red antimony sulphide-, used for coloring rubber articleSome grades contain a considerable percentage of tree sulphur and cal fiiini sulphate. They at slightly toxic, irritating to the ska, and h, mucous membrane- Caivfu! handling is required, fSec also Indu.-'rial data Slice! D-Chrai. 21. "Antmom eon Its ( '(impounds Asbestine S. A fibrous vai.ety of niagne-iui:. silicate Used in rubhc; as a idle; especially ;n pat kings and gaskets It is wh.it e powdir. non-grit tv uri non-iO\ic. It -nould oe borne i:t nimd, however, that many of tiies.- s'-lic.e.e.s, when not .wire, may Contain trace.- o; silica, and tilts', shoi.al la- kept down. . (( tifiyni/li/, IO.i.1, Xa/U'iitil S a fc ly Caitiinl, ln< .III ni/hly /.-i.'/vet/ ` rh.h'tt in l! A .! / INDUSTRIAL SAFETY SERIES NO. RU-3 0 ,V liorous magnesium silicate u-ed in many type- of rubber goods, especially or the packing and gasket ;ync. and where the rubber must wuii-.'and considerable heat. It may T .)(.iMH'il In many lengths of filter, m.'r an inch long to almost a powdi". and .s usually grayish white in .oca'-ance Suitable exhaust sys, , 'ms nr re--! liratm \ protective equip ment are usually needed to prevent the inhalation of dust by the workers. H.uium Dust 0. A trade name for barium sid'ihnte. Barium Sulphate ' 1 \ hetivy white powder used i.n- leuit'oremg ruliber and also as a . her It i- insoluble in most solm ' i'-. it i- non-tibstirbable and nonm , There is no hazard in handling, le trom that (>f dust. But vtex 1 ' Commercial name lor natural Cmn-dt o1 ba'dum su'phate. 'Vckton White ' ' \ '".tde name for lithopone. Bentonite ' : Bentonite is a fine colloidal \ nb.ained irem na.tura! deposits, o ennsis's ie' a tine grayish-white 'nvder, suivdar in many charactcr- tn oMh" elavs Bentonite, how : r, hti'- 'lie peculiar property of cadi's hydrolysing when brought in o enntr.ci w'th water ttnd swelling n imi'i a ielly-like structure. Small amounts cniNo ;t tremendous thick ening n| water solutions. On acmui't of these properties it is used S' a thickening agent and stabilizer w water dispersions ol rubber. Be c a u s e ni '.s activity and absorptive "ropertfs v.hen brought into eon mat with water, care should be taken v pi event inhalation or swallowing b the dust. Blanc Bi.xt I r \ : i ade lit-me -for precipitated bai m|: so mate, Btue j.cad '< A gravish-blue powder used a- a mih' accelerator and for com"I'undiiu: \ mixture of active lead a-i"imi ni s, and vet\' n-xir (See lettd (n i p v niiK. i Cadmium Yellow 17. A line light-vellow powder of cadmium sulphide, used for coloring rubber. It is slightly toxic. H can cause irritation of mucous mem branes and also gastritis. Careful handling is required; hands must be kept clean and dust at a minimum in the workplace. Calcined Magnesia IS. (See magnesium oxide.) Calcium Chloride 1!). White lo brownish deliques cent crystals or lumps which tic eas ily soluble in Witter. This material is mil added lo the rubber, lint is dissolved in water and used as a bath for vulcanizing rubber articles. It is irritating to the skin but non-toxic. Carbon Black 20. An exceedingly fine dusty black powder. U is used in quan tities for tires and many lines of rubber goods as a reinforcing ingredi ent. The dust is difficult to cope with but is non-toxic. Carbonate of Ammonia 2 1 . (See ammonium carbonate.) Carbonate of Magnesia 22. (See magnesium carbonated Caustic Soda 2,'. Same as sodium hydroxide. It is a white moisture absorbent sub stance, usually in the fonn of sticks, flakes or lumps, and easily soluble in water. It is used as a bath or wash for ruliber articles to cleanse, remove bloom, and gtcase. It is very caustic, disintegrates organic tissue, and should be handled with great care to keep it from contact with the skin and eves. (See also National Safety Council Safe Practices Pam phlet No. 25, " Acids and Caustics," and Industrial Onto Sheet D-Cbcm. 2, " Handling Caustic Soda.'') Chalk 24. (See whiting.) China Clays 25. (See clays.) Chrome Green 2<>. A green mineral powder used for coloring rubber. 'I'be most satis factory gieen for ruliber work is the oxide Cty.O;, which is inert and non toxic. There are, however, so-called "chrome green--," which are not pure chromium oxide hut are mixtures ol blue and yellow pigments made up of compounds other than chromium. Such pigments might have toxic prop erties, especially if they contain lead salts. Such greens are usually un satisfactory for heat vulcanization of lubber, since they lose their color tinder high temperatures. Neverthe less, the purity of chrome green should be determined before giving it a clean "bill ol health." Chrome Yellow 27, A deep-yellow powder used for coloring rubber. This is a chro mate of lead, although there arc* also chromates of zinc and barium. The lead sail is the one usually used for rubber and is quite toxic because o! the lead it contains. It should be handled with the same precautions as other lead compounds. (See lead compounds.) Clays 25. There are innumerable clays, varying in colors and ranging from white to black. 1'hme used for rub ber compounding are uxuallv the white variety, ranging from white to cream nr buff. Most of the days are fine smooth powders, varying greatly in both chemical and physical properties. They are of natural origin and chemically a hydrous aluminum silicate. They are used as fillers and for reinforcing. The clays arc usual ly non-grit tv and non-toxic. A suit able exhaust system or respirator is usually required to protect the re-s pit atory organs. Crimson Antimony 29. Another name for red anti mony sulphide*. Diatomaceous Iiarth (Celite) 40. A soft earthy rock composed of the siliceous skeletons of small aquatic plants called diatoms It giinds to i fne powder, extremely light and Huffy, Used for filler in ruliber compounds. It is non-toxic, but care should be taken to keep down excessive d t M . A suitable ex haust system or respirator may be needed. Bmcrv 51. A fine abrasive powder used with rtil)1>oi for making eiusers and COMPOUNDING MATERIALS IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY- PART II l)(.rv wheels. Basically. it is an ",/uinlnunVoxide. It is non-toxic but sharp and dangerous to inhale. In u- use the same precautions as for silica 'are required. (Also called corundum.,) Fossil Flour 32. (See diatomaccous earth.) breach Chalk 33. (See talc.) Fuller's Earth 34. A clay relatively high in mag nesia. It is used as a filler in rubber goods and is non-gritty and non-toxic. (See also clays.) Golden Antimony 35. (See antimony sulphides.) Gtaphite 3(>. A grayish-black soft greasy powder. Used for lubricating rubber moulds and as a filling material for such compounds as gaskets, [jack ing'', etc. It is an impure form of native carbon and is also produced artificially. It is non-toxic, but res piratory protection is usually neces sary in its use. Ground Glass s7. A fine powdered glass used lor compounding rubber to make erasers and other rubber abrasive utensils The same precautions should he observed as lor silica, ll is non toxic but should not he handled with bare hands because it may cause minute skin lacerations that may be come infected. Gypsum 33. A grayish-while powder used for compounding rubber. It consists of a pulverized natural hvdrous cal cium sulphate. It is non-gritty and non-toxic, but respiratory protection is necessary in its Use. Hard Rubber Dust 30. A fine ground hard rubber, gravish to black in color, very light and fluffy, and sticks to whatever it touches. Ordinarily it consists most ly of vulcanized hard rubber, which is rubber and sulphur, hut 1 may al-o contain other mineral or organic substances used in compounding rub ber. Oust should be kept down, hut the material is not toxic. Finely ground rubber dust is explosive when mixed with air. Heavy Magnesia 40. Heavy calcined magnesia, or magnesium oxide. (See magnesium ox.de.) Hypo 41. Lead hypo-sulphite. (See lead compounds.) Iron Oxide 42. The red oxide of iron. (See red oxide.) Infusorial Earth 43. (See diatomaccous earth.) Kaolin 44. A white china clay. (See clays.) Kicselguhr 45. (See diaiomaceous earth.) Light Magnesia Oxide 46. The light calcined magnesium oxide. (See magnesium oxide.) Note: Magnesium carbonate is often spoken of incoriectly as light magnesia. Lamp Black 47. A black carbon pigment ob tained by burning oils and oily resi dues. Carbon black is often mis called "lamp-black." Its character istics are similar to carlum black (sec1 carbon black). It is not used to any great extent, ll is not toxic. Lead Compounds 48. Before the advent of organic accelerators, the lead compounds were the most widely used accelerators of vulcanization. Some are still used in large quantities. The usual lead compounds used in rubber compound ing arc: blue lead, lead thiosulphate, hyposulphite or hypo, lead oleate, lead oxide or litharge, sublimed white lead, and basic white lead. blue lead, lead thiosulphate, and hypo are no longer used to any great extent. There are active compounds of lead which react readily with sulphur at vulcanizing temperatures to speed up vulcanization. They are more or less active compounds and are readily as similated if taken into the system, either through breathing or through food contaminated by contact with dirty hands or clothing. 46. Lead oleatc h still used to a considerable extent bain a- an ;k celerntor and for extruded and moulded goods, ll gives a good fin ish and eliminates bloom in certain types of slocks. It is an active poi son and should he treated with care. It is a soft, waxy syostance, and so there is no danger of dust, the real danger being from sticking to hands and clothing. It c.m he handled with safety if cleanliness is carefully ob served. 50. Lead oxide, or litharge is prob ably the most extensively used lead compound and the one most to be eared. It is an orange-to-brouncolorcd powder. The dust is vci v tine, but being heavy, settles quickly. Those handling this material should wear suitable respiratory protective equipment if there is the slightest danger of inhaling any dust or get ting dust in the mouth or saliva, it is dangerous to handle tobacco, gum, fruit or any food until after the hands and lace have been thoroughly washed. Mixing mills should he hooded and every precaution taken to keep down dust. Lead oxide is toxic, hut there is no need to enlarge here on lead poisoning. Litharge can he safely handled if reasonable care is exercised in its me. The worker should he instructed as to its serious toxic properties, and pains should he taken to show him how to handle it safely. 51. Sublimed mhiic lead is largely lead sulphate with about 15 per cent of active lead oxide present. It is the fiee lead oxide which C the active accelerating ingredient and also the real toxic substance. While much less toxic than the litharge, it should he handled with the same care as the latter sub. tance. 52. Basic mhitc lead is a white powder consisting of a basic car bonate ol lead. It is not used now to any great extent for rubber com pounding; but ii is a very active tint! toxic substance and if used should be handled with as much care as lit hinge. 53. All persons using lead Com pounds to any extent should inform themselves nn iho svmpionis of Tad poisoning, its treatment, and avoid ance of trouble from poisoning, uVe also National Safety Council Health Practices Pamphlet No. 3, " Ltad."; COMPOUNDING .1/.177A7.1/..S' IN T H E RUDDER I N D U S T R Y P A R T II a brown or gra\ish. This is the ma terial which has been so widely dis cussed in cases of silicosis. It oc curs as an impurity in many dusts and powders and is usually present in common road dust. In rubber compounding, its use is confined to such special rubber articles as erasers and abrasive wheels. A very fine grade is also used as a filler for cer tain rubber goods. Wherever it is used, the workers weighing and mix ing should be protected by exhaust systems, or they should wear suitable respiratory protective e q u ip m e n t. There is an abundance of data avail able on silicosis which should he studied by anyone using or contem plating use of silicon dioxide. (See also National Safety Council Health Practices Pamphlet No. 20, "Sili cosis." ) Slate Flour 75, A fine bluish-gray powder consisting of ground slate. In compo sition it is a sedimentary rock. It is used as a cheap filler and for cer tain heat-resisting and acid-resisting rubber goods. It is non-toxic, but it nitty contain silica; therefore precau tions should be taken to prevent in halation of the dust. Soapstone 76 (See talc.) Sulphur 77. A pure natural deposit ground to an exceedingly fine powder. It is light yellow in color and Is the prin cipal vulcanizing ingredient used in rubber manufacture. With few ex ceptions. all rubber goods are cured or vulcanized with sulphur or with sulphur compounds. Sulphur dust is irritating to the eyes, respiratory or gans and skin. Cloves and shirts with sleeves may he necessary to pro tect the hands and arms. Doggies and respirators should be used if luere is much sulphur dust. Ade quate ventilation and exhaust equip ment should be provided to keep the dust at a minimum. There arc sev eral varieties of sulphur, such as flow ers of sulphur and precipitated sul phur, Inti chemically they are the same as the natural product. Talc 7S. \ line while-lo-gray powder that leels extremely soft and peculiar ly groa>y or soapy. It is used through bl( silicate oi sodium and aluminum, out the rubber industry as a lubri and sodium sulphide. It is a dark- cant or dusting powder. It is a blue powder, fast to heat and .-uiphttr. hvdrous magnesium silicate, very in It is non-toxic, but dust should be ert. It is non-toxic, and there, is no kept to a minimum. health danger in its handling other than that of dust. Tellurium Umber * 84. An iron oxide with varying amounts of clay and silicon com 79. Tellurium is used to a limited pounds. There are two common va extent as a vulcanizing agent and rieties. 'l'hc raw umber is the nat especially where very low-sulphur ural deposit ground and made smooth, stocks are desired. It. is a grayish- whereas the burnt umber is calcined black amorphous powder. Definite at low heal, 'l'hc former is a yellow records as to its toxicity arc lacking, ish-buff to brown color, anti the alter but some workers appear to be very tt reddish-brown color. They are low sensitive, lo the odor given off when cost colors, used cxlensivelv in rubber they come into intimate contact with Footings and mechanical goods. rubber stocks containing this chem There is no health hazard in their ical. Aside from the disagreeable, handling other than that of the dust. odor, there appear to be no records of cases where it has presented a serious health hazard when used in Venetian Red 85. (Sec red oxide.) rubber. It is advisable to protect workers from direct contact with the material as much as possible. Vermilion 86. A fine brilliant scarlet-toorangc-colored powder consisting of Titanium Dioxide mercuric sulphide. It is used in a 80. Titanium dioxide, either as the oxide or in combination with bari um or calcium sulphate, is used as a white coloring pigment for com pounding rubber. It is one of the limited way for coloring certain types of rubber but is too costly for gen eral use. It is a very inert com pound, and no health hazard is in volved in its use except that of dust. whitest and most stable of the few while pigments suitable, for rubber. These titanium whites are exceeding ly fine white powders, and the usual precautions for pigment dusts should be observed, ''here appear to be no records of their having caused any toxic, hazards as used for rubber com pounding. Whiting 87. A soft white or gray powder ' consisting of more than 98 per cent calcium carbonate, it is one of the most widely used filling compounds for rubber manufacture. The poorer grteles tr ty contain some traces of silica. It is non-toxic, and there is no health hazard connected with its Tripoli 81. Also called rotten stone. It is a porous, siliceous rock resulting use, unless it contains free silica, which can be determined by labora tory analysis. from the natural decomposition of sandstone. It is used as an inert filler and as a mild polishing com pound for rubber. It is non-toxic, White Lead 88. (See lead compounds.) Yellow Ochre but care should be exercised to pre vent excessive dust, and especially in halation of dust, sitin' it may contain a small amount of silica as an im purity. 89. A mineral deposit whten, when ground, produces a cheap pig ment used in coloring rubber guilds. Used principally for flooring and mechanical goods. It consists of hv- Tripolite 82. (See diatoinaceous earth.) drated ferric oxide mixed with clay and other siliceuu, materials in vary ing amounts. There is no health Ultramarine Blue hazard in it-- use except that of dust. 85. A powder used for coloring Zinc Oxide rubber goods. Its composition is vari able but consists essentially of a dou- 90. Next to sulphur, this is pmi) ably the must widely used ruober INDUSTRIAL SAFETY SERIES NO. RU-3 Lime 54. 'A fine dry white powder u.sed extensively in rubber compounding as a secondary accelerator and drying ingredient. This compound is the so-called hydrated calcium oxide or slaked lime. It is slightly caustic and irritating to mucous membranes, and suitable protection against its caustic action is required. (See In dustrial Data Sheet D-Ohein. 19, "Lime," tor details.) Litharge 5.5. Lead oxide. pounds.) (See lead com Lithopone 56. A fine white powder consist ing of barium sulphate and zinc sulphide of high coloring power. It is a widely u.sed pigment lor pro ducing white rubber goods, being rather inert, there is no hazard con nected with its use other than the general dust hazard. The zinc pres ent in the material might be dis solved if considerable quantities of dust were taken into the system, but zinc in such small quantities would not be considered as a toxic mate rial. Magnesium Carbonate 57. Also called magnesia carbo nate and light carbonate. This is a fluffy while powder; next to carbon black it is one of the lightest powders used, and it therefore causes consid erable dust. It is very soluble if taken internally, but it has no poi sonous effects. It is an ingredient often used for baby and toilet pow ders and also used in many medical reparations as an anti-acid and mild laxative. There is no health hazard connected with its use other than that of dust. Magnesium Oxide 58. Also called magnesia oxide and calcined magnesia. It is obtained by healing the magnesium carbonate. Two grades are used extensively in the ilibber industry, one called heavy calcined magnesia and the other light calcined magnesia. The heavy prod uct is more dense and slightly darker in color than the light calcined malerial. both are used as auxiliary accelerators and to neutralize acid reactions. The percentage used is relatively small in most cases. The dust is slightly irritating to mucous membranes hut non-toxic. Suitable respiratory 'protection is required in its use. Magnesia Usta 59. Same as magnesium oxide. Mica 60. A form of aluminum silicate which, when finely ground, is a soft glistening powder. The fiat particles slide over each other, giving the slip pery properties noted in graphite. The color runs from a cream white to gray. It is used for dusting raw rubber to keep the slabs from stick ing together, also for dusting finished goods to give a smooth, glistening finish. Mica is also used in packings and mechanical goods as a filler where, goods are to resist heat and acid. The material is non-toxic, and there is no hazard other than the dust hazard. Cheap grades, however, may contain traces of silica. Suitable respira tory protection is necessary. Mica in needle-like form is likely to be more irritating to the skin and nasal passages than mica in plate form. Oxide of Magnesia 61. (See magnesium oxide.) Oxide of Iron 62. (See red oxide.) Paris White 68. (See whiting.) Plaster of Paris 64. (See gypsum.) Plumbago 65. (See graphite.) Pumice 66. A grayish powder consisting of ground lava. It is a complex sili cate of aluminum, potassium and sodium. It is used as a sou abrasive, for producing a smooth polished sur face on rubber goods such as me chanicals and rolls. Also it i> used as a filler In acid and heat-resisting rub ber goods. It is non-toxic, but care should be exercised in keeping down dust. Prussian Dine 67. There are a number of socallcd prussian blues with varying shades and solubilities, all belonging to the iron blues. They are ferroferri-cyanide compositions and arc non-toxic. Tile blues used for rub ber arc the insoluble type and pre pared to withstand the temperatures of vulcanization. They are used in comparatively small quantities, and, there is no health hazard connected w.ith, their han dlin,gn,' aside from that ol dust. Red Oxide 68. A fine red pigment, very dense and heavy, and consisting of the red oxide of iron; also called iron red. ft is one of the most wide ly u.sed red pigments for coloring rub ber. It is non-toxic, and no serious health danger is involved in its han dling. However, ii is advisable to keep dust down, as the oxide dies readily. Red Ochre 69. A dull brownish-red powder u.-ed for coloring rubber goods. It consists of a ground natural impure form of iron oxide, more gritty as a rule than the regular red oxide. It is non-toxic, lnit it may contain silica, and so care should he exercised m keeping down dust. Rotten Stone 70. (Sec tnpoli.) Sand 71. (See silicon dioxide.) Selenium 72. Metallic selenium in the form of a fine heavy grayish-black powder is used to a limited extent in several branches of the rubber industry, no tably in the insulated wire industry and where a very low percentage of sulphur must he used. Information concerning its toxic properties is rather meagre. It is claimed to he non-toxic, ano we have no records to indicate that there are any health hazards in connection with its use in the rubber industry, it is ad visable to protect workers again-t in halation or swallowing of the dust. Silica 78. (See silicon dioxide.) Silicon Dioxide 74. Also called silica and quartz, sand, etc. A hard abrasive powder, varying in particle size from a very fine powder to large sharp parities known as sand. The color max \my from almost pure white to yellow or IP 1 l: t COMPOUNDING MATKRIAI.S IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY BART II C o t t o n s e e d Oil lb A ji;tk" yellow - to - retldishliiown oil ohlained from seeds oi the 'loiuui [hint. It is Used in rubber as ;i sol toner, for reclaiming old rub ber, and in conjunction with resins to produce tack. Cumar 111. A synthetic resin consisting of polymers of coumarone, indene. and homologous compounds, ll can be obtained in several states, varying from a liquid to hard, high-melting resins. The color varies from lightbuff to brown. It is usetl quite ex tensively in various rubber com pounds such as those for soles, floor ing, friction tapes and cements. Cumar is also usetl in acid-resisting ami alkali-resisting stocks. It is non toxic. Dcgras 112. Also known as sod oil and wool giease. ll is a dark-brown grease obtained from the washings of sheep's wool. H is used as a softener and for aiding in the processing of raw rubber, such as in calendering and extruding. It is non-toxic. l;uctice, Black lie. A black gummy cake re sembling rubber but easily disinte grated by crushing. It is made by vulcanizing vegetable oils with sul phur ami adding mineral rubber, lilack factice is added directly to the rubber on the mill and is used as a soft filler. It luts the property of absorbing other fillers and thus hulk ing up the rubber. It is also usetl lor producing a smooth finish on calendered and extruded gootls. There Is no health hazard in the use of factice. Intake, Brown 1l l Also called brown substitute. It is a vulcanized oil usually made fit1 t o*n nr Miini.ir oil by healing with sulphur chloride. Rapeseed in soya bean oils are often used for making white fadin'. The fac tice is added directly to the rubber batch on the mill. It is used in druggists' sundries, tubing, extruded articles, rolls, pads and moulded arti cles. It gives a smooth, velvety finish and facilitates calendeiing, tubing and other processing opera tions. There is no hazard aside from that of dust. Gilsonitc lid. A very pure natural bitumen found in the United Suites only. It is a black mass breaking with conchoidal fracture and showing bright lustre. It is used in floorings, me chanical gootls, coatings, varnishes, insulation, gaskets and cements. Glucose 117. A thick, viscous, syrupy li quid made from corn. It is usetl in a few rubber compounds a n <1 cements, and lor latex compounding. Glue and Gelatin 118. A nitrogenous colloidal sub stance of the protein class which is derived f r o m animal connective tissues and hones obtained from slaughter house and tannery waste. It conics in sheets, chips or ground granules, usually of a light-amber color, and always contains some witter, ll is added directly to the rubber on the mill or dispersed in water. Glue is used in rubber as a reinforcing ingredient of low gravity. It gives strength, stiffness and good processing qualities. It is used in tubing', rollers, coatings and latex compounding. Guayule 119. A resinous rubber native to Mexico anti southern United States, having about twenty-five per cent of resin. It is used largely for soft rubbers sutli as friction slocks, lleing ol a sol l it-sinmis nat un-, it (Inc Gum Trugnc.mth 121. Dull wlute | lanslut cut flakes or yellowish powder, ll is a veget.ible gum used lor cements and as a thickener lor latex solutions. It is non-toxic. Gutta Percha " ` 122. The coagulated milk juice of various tropical trees. It comes in yellowish or grayi-h hard leathery sticks. It is tt-ed with rubber to impart certain leathery properties find in golf ball manufacture and cements, (me iarge use has been in tlv entiling and impregnation of fabric for driving belts, clutch linings and wire coverings. It is non-toxic. Hardwood Pitch 12.i. A brown bituminous mate rial consisting of the residue from the distillation of hard wood. It is used its an accelerator activator, and for giving tackiness to rubber stock's. It is added directly to the rubber on the mill. Only comparatively small percentages are used, and no health hazard is involved except that of pos sible skin irritation-!. I lytlrolcne 12-1. A black bituminous mass resembling asphalt, obtained from the residue remaining after the de structive distillation of petroleum. Used as a filler ant. softener in much the same manner as asphalt. (See asphalt.) Tinseed Oil 125. An amber-colored drying oil oh Ilined from the seeds of the flax plant. ll is used in rollers and cements in preparing rubber substi tutes in the form of factice by vul canizing the oii with sulphur chlor ide. It is non-toxic. Mineral Oil;. 126. .Numerous grades of mineral oil, ranging from light paraffin `111- 1o I1' P 1. 11ll! 1 , ,1.1- U-Si! b r ,a- 'uocessci H- Uic prime; stage it - a dark-prow n cake. easily crumbled. to the robber on tt'.e n It is r.'cu as a son mhng material in moulded goods, druggists sundries, proofing and tubing. I'acticc, White 115. A white granular powder pre pared by vulcanizing vegetable oils a> smotti <t -in eb, arai Minili urn<Hi il> are often added to the harder rubher- to >pc(. ci up iho oroukinu down time. Gumkarnya 120. Ciiimkaraya is a bassora tvpc of gum similar to gum tragacanth. It is used for thickening latex solutions and is non-to.\ic. , ' .*.'1 "hi .1 A. . L'....... i tho.-'i' pro tr.j i.urr.'MTiiuin cu, ", l iuoil' are ar c -'.......... or. :r ; a ..... mitt and arc r..p;ti,v uu.-orne.i t..c rubber. There is no health nazarct. except possibly that of skin irriuuum. Minm.tl Rubber 127. A term applied to r,a;..-al asphaltic deposits such as giisnmte J X J ) l :STR/AL .S'. 1// ;/ }' S/iRI/iS N O . R U - 3 ingredient. It is Used both a.- an ac tivator of acceleration in vulcanizing die rubber anil as a white reinforcing ingredient It is a line white amor phous powder. Taken internally, il is slightly toxic, but with proper pre cautions for keeping down the dust there is no serious health hazard in its handlin';. However, many grades of zinc oxide contain lead salts which increase their toxicity. Zinc Sulphide 91. A tine while powder with yel lowish tinge used for coloring rubber. It has tiieat coloring power but is not as good a reinlorcing ingredient as zinc oxide. There is no especial haz ard involved in its use. (See also zinc oxide.) Gums, Oils, Resinous Materials and Waxes 92. The substances in this group are largely used as softeners and plasticizers. do This group contains materials which are either liquids or semi solids, and therefore there is no dust hazard. Also, all members of this group are practically non-volatile at temperatures encountered in rubber processing. Xonc of the substances mentioned is known to be toxic with the possible exception of some of the ttirs or pitches. They are not haz ardous as used in the rubber industry because of the relatively small amounts used and because they are neither in line particles nor sufficient ly hot to give off fumes. 94. The oils are usually added directly to the rubber on the mills and worked in. The solid resins and waxes are either melted or ground to coarse llakes before they are added to the rubber; with teasonable care and cleanliness there is ..o health hazard in their use. 9.i. Oils and resins known as or ganic acceleralors are not included with this group but are discussed in X. S. C. pamphlet Xo. RU-1. Asphalt 06. Also called bitumen and min eral pitch. It is a natural deposit of bituminous mixture, either solid or scmi->olid, readily softened by heat, and is used as a softener and cheap filler, especially for extruding and ber batch. Camauh.i wax is ob cowling stocks. The color of the tained as an exudation mom leave- natural materials is brown or brown oi the Iha/ihan wax palm. Us use ish-black. Many treated or blown does tioi present anv special hazards asphaltic compounds are also used in rubber compounding, and the lat Castor Oil ter may be obtained in almost any lO.S. A thicl. veliowish oil ob degree of hardness. They are usually tained from the castor bean. Used black anti have a bright fracture as a softener in rubber anti m the when broken. Asphalt handlers may production of certain rubbe. substi he troubled with irritation of the skin tutes or facticc. because of the mineral oil in the asphalt. Therefore handling of as Cert-sin phalt with the hare hands should be 106. A pm tied mineral earth wax avoided where possible. having a inching point id' approxi Balsam mately 74 degrees Centigrade. It comes in white cakes. Used in rub 97. (See Canada balsam.) ber to render it more impervious to Beeswax 9<S. A yellowish-lo-white colored wax obtained from the honey comb wttter and air, as a softener, and fu. extruded articles andcoverings, elec trical insulations and for acid-resist ing rubbers. Xo hazard L- involved of bees. It is tough and lias a fairly in its use. high melting point. It is used to render rubber impervious, as well as Coal-Tar Pitch ' a softener in extruding, and as a mild 107. A brown to-hlack amorphuu- preservative against the action of body consisting oi the residue re light. maining after the coal-tar ha- been Bitumen 99. (See asphalt.) distilled, it varies from a suit slickv to a hard brittle mass according to the degree to which distillation ha- Brown Substitute 100. (See facticc, brawn.) been carried out. Coal-tar pitta is u.-i-d as a softener and tack producer, and for extruded goods. It may con Black Substitute 101. (See facticc, black.) tain residue.- of coal-tar products which arc toxic, but the high temper atures of distillation should remove Burgundy Pitch 102. An opaque yellowish to reddish-brown resin obtained from Norway spruce. Softens under heat and is used in conjunction with other mo.-t of these, and the .-man aniounts u-ed for most rubber work preclude any serious health hazard in its use. provided a high standard of personal hygiene is maintained. oils, to give tack to rubber, especial ly unvulranizcd frictions, tape-, etc. Il is also used in tacky cements. Pilch is a skin irritant to many per sons, especially when a high standard of personal hygiene is not maintained. Colophony 10S. Common pine rc.-m which is obtained as a residue after the dis tillation of turpentine oil from crude turpentine. Varies in color from light-amber to dark reddi-h-mown. Canada Balsam li is u-ed in 'libber compound- :or 10.1. A resinous exudation from spruce, used to give tack in rubber frictions and cements. (See also bur gundy pilch.) Carnauba Wax producing tack and in r u b lie, cements, it u-uahy comes in iump.and is readily pulverized or melt down when added to the rubbe: batch on the mill. There no known hazard in its u-e. 104. Used quite extensively in rubber compounding to produce a Corn Oil dense, impervious product for uibber 109. A pale yellow oil obtained coatings, flooring, etc. Jt is a very from the germ of corn, it i- u-eb T. hard, ydlowish-to-buff-colorcd wax rubber as a softener, in ieei.de, ig of high melting point; it usually is old rubber, ar.i! in the namin'..i. we melted bet ore it is added to the rub of facticc or rubber substitute. ,s I N D E S T R I A L SAI' I'.TY S E M E S N O . R U - 3 anti "also to blown asphalts, blown asphalts may bo obtained in varving decrees of hardness ami are sokl accmiling to their respective meltin';; points. '1 hey are often called "AI. R." by rubber compounders. Mineral rubber is used in many lines of rubber manufacture both as a cheap bulking filler and to aid in processing raw rubber. It is used in irictions, spread goods, cements and many types of mechanical rubber goods. Mineral rubber comes as a solid mass in sheet metal drums or it may be obtained in a granular form. It is added directly to the rubber on tie' mlil There i- no health hazard ceresin which is prepared from ozok erite.) There is no health hazard. is usually addeci directly to the rub ber batch on the mill. Palm Oil 132. An orange-yellow fatty oil or grease of butter consistency. It is obtained from the fruit of a tropical palm. It consists chiefly of palmitic acid and the glycerides of palmitic, oleic and stearic acids. It is used in rubber to aid processing, espccia'lv for producing a smooth finish on calendered and extruded goods. Also used to reduce the tack in very stickv compounds. There is no health hazard in its use. Pine Tar Oil 137. A reddish-brown oily sub stance obtained troin the destructive distillation of pine wood. It is a lighter distillate "than pine tar. It 1ms a strong u.rrv odor and taste. I he material is somewhat toxic and should be handled carefully. It is Used tor the same purposes as pme tar in rubber, but the lighter oil is preferable tor certain compounds. Rape-seed Oil Paraffin Oils mb A u.irk-brown-ii.->bo-' chow crushing, and the lmenuion ot h\ dro gen sulphide which should be re moved bv adequate ventilation. Montan Wax 12S. A mineral wax extracted from lignite''. In the crude state it is dark brown. When refined, it is a white semi-soft wax. The crude wax is used for soling, flooring, special stocks, insulating compounds ami ex truded stocks. This wax imparts excellent processing qualities without the soltening effect resulting Irom the use of softer waxes such as paralnn. Xo hazard in its use. Naphthalene 12T White crystalline flaky com pound, used to a limited extent in certain rubber goods as an odorant and processing aid The material has a camphor odor characteristic of moth balls. It may contain, as im purities, coal-tar products which are slightly toxic. However, such small quantities are met! in rubber com pounding that the health hazard is slight. Oil Substitutes 130. (See facticc.) Ozokerite 131. A mineral fossil wax occur ring native, and yellowish-brown-tobktek or green in color. Used as a rubber filler ami softener, especially in stub goods as electrical insulations, frictions, extruded and mechanical stocks. Usually added directly to the rubber on the mill, cither as broken tumps or in molten state. (See also Paralltn Wax 134. A white, translucent, waxy, tasteless and odorless solid obtained from petroleum. ft consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons chiefly of the methane series. It varies in color from the light-yellow crude to a hard white refined wax. Wax is used in rubber as a softener, as an aid to processing, as an anti-scorch mate rial, and as an anti oxidant ami light resistor. U is also used for rendering rubber less permeable to water solu tions. Petrolatum 1.35. Also called vaseline and mineral fat. A light-yellow-to-ambcr colored, oily, semi-solid material con sisting chiefly of hydrocarbons of the methane and olefine series. It U ob tained by distillation of the still resi dues obtained in steam distillation ol paraffin base petroleum. It is Used in rubber as a softener, in reclaiming old rubber, as an antiscorch material for active accelerators, and to aid in smooth calendering and extruding' operations. There is no h r a i l h hazard. Pine Tar 1.36. A very viscid, blacki-hbrown liquid with a characteristic odor and taste. It is obtained from the destructive distillation oi pine wood. It is used in rubber goods n a softener, tack producer, dispersing agent, and auclerator lor synthetic rubber. It finds a large me in tread stocks, frictions, tape, reel,liming of rubber and cements. It contains phenolic bodies, but as med in rub ber it should not he hazardous. It making metile al' .ni-elili d ludlnd substitute, (bee factice.) Rosin 13l). (See colophony.) Rosin Oil 140. An amner-coloreS oily liq uid, with a pleasant odor bm a strong, peculiar taste, it is obtained by fractional ili-filiation of lo.-in. It is used for producing tack in rubber adhesives, tapes, mechanical-, and in reclaiming iubber. Tnerc .- no health hazard. Shellac 141. A re.-inous exudation from the twigs of a species of Ha-t Indian tree; if is taii-ed to exude by the bite of an insect. It is obtained Hs orangc-to-lighl-buff brittle flakes, or as a ground powder. It is used to a limited extent in rubber as a .-mu cel ami in hard rubber io give fnmaess and finish. It is non-toxic. Sod Oil 1 12. (See degras ) Stearic Acid 143. A colorless, odories- wax like mali-rial handhil in block- or flakes, It is obtained irmi, high grade beef ta.low- uv saponification or distillai .on anil pressine ano ai-o bv hydrogenation of oleic acu. It is u-ed in n 1 types of rublua gooiias a stabilizer of vulcanization, as,an aitivaior <u certain aicoieratoi-, ami as a dispersing agem ano -oMem' ll is i'.-efi up to -c-\ er.il per > aa the rubber ami added d:ur-i',:> u> b.e COMPOUNDING MATERIALS IN TUE RU1WER INDUSTRY- PART II 9 , abbcr. in which it readily disperses, ii is -non-toxic. Liquids and Gases 144. In this group are included the usual liquid solvents and liases u-cd in rubber manufacture with the cuoption of the liquid accelerators, which are listed under organic ac celerators in X.S.C. pamphlet Xo. KL-1, and softening oils, which are listed above. - 145. This group contains some of the most hazardous chemicals used in the industry and should he given careful study by the safety engineer to see that they are properly handled. Liquids Acetic A d d 14<>. Acetic acid is not used gen erally throughout the rubber indus try. only in special parts of it. It is. however, used in large quantities lor certain purposes. It is Used for coagulating rubber latex, in certain latex preparations, and in sponge rubber production. In coagulating and latex work, the temperatures are low or normal, comparatively small proportions on the batch are used, and handling is simple. When used tor sponge rubber, the temperatures are higher, and disagreeable fumes are given off which should be con ducted away by proper ventilation and exhaust equipment. 147, Acetic acid is a clear, color less liquid at ordinary temperatures. It comes in a number of different strengths, varying from the pure con centrated acid, known as glacial ace tic acid, down to dilutions as low as 25 per cent. L has a strong, pungent odor characteristic of vinegar and is very corrosive, especially' ill the high er concentrations. It is very irritating to hands and nasal passages. In small quantities it is not toxic, but care should be taken to keep it away iloin the bare skin, and any fumes snouhl he conducted away from the work els. Alcohol 145. A'eohol is usually used in t h e d e n a t u r e d state. Its Use is not extensive in the rubber industry, be ing' confined to certain types of (cmenls. as a means of introducing certain resinous compounds into rub ber, and as a cleaning solution for raw and finished rubber where it is necessary to avoid solvent action on the rubber. The characteristics of alcohol are well known; it is not necessary to dwell here upon its re lative toxicity. Various types of denatured alcohol are available, and all arc toxic if taken internally; but as used for rubber work there should he no hazard if not actually taken internally. All grades of alcohol are flammable. Aramoc ia 149, Ammonia is a colorless gas, but as usually used it is dissolved in water and known as ammonia water or ammonium hydroxide, ll is sold on its ammonia content designated by degrees Baume. The usual grade used is 2b llaume, or a saturated solution. It is a clear, water-like liquid with a strong, irritating odor. In the concentrated form it is strongly caus tic and should be kept auav from the skin. Rubber gloves and non-ventilated goggles should be used in handling it. It gives off powerful, pungent fumes when exposed to the air, causing bronchial disorders if in haled in considerable quantities. The fumes are toxic, but usually do not leave any serious lasting effects. Where used, a good ventilating or exhaust system should be installed. In the more dilute forms of ammonia liquid, the water retains the gas in solution, and only slight fumes air given off. Under certain conditions ammonia mixed with air is explosive. 150, Dilute ammonia is used verv generally to preserve raw latex, in manufacturing latex compounds, and throughout the liquid latex industry. The concentrations here seldom run higher than a few per cent, and there is practically no hazard other than where the ammonia solutions arc pre pared. Ammonia is also used in the spread-goods industry as a neutral izer for add released (hiring the vul canization operation where sulphur chloride cures are used. The hazard here is also small siiue most of (he cold curing chambers are of nc< ea sily equipped with adequate venting systems. (See also X.S.C'. pamphlet No. 25, "Acids and Caustics." ) Benzol 151, Benzol, or benzine, as it is chemically defined, is a clear, water- white liquid of characteristic odor, derived from the destructive distil lation of coal. 11 is very volatile at room temperatures and should never he allowed to stand in open contain ers. The vapors are very flammable and very toxic. Benzol is used largely for making cements and adhesives for assembling rubber parts during proc ess of manufacture. It was formerly used in large quantities as a wash for raw rubber, being applied by hand swabs, ft was here that many of the most severe poisoning cases were e.\picrenced. I he vapors spread rapid ly and should he removed by exhaust systems to decrease both the tire hazard and the health hazard. The workers should not be allowed to breathe any considerable quantity of benzol vapors, nor should they he permitted to get the solvent on their clothing, hands, or other tarts of their bodies. The solvent can ire absorbed through the skin as well as through inhalation, producing lasting serious complications. (Sec X.S.C. pamphlet X'o. ILIA 14, " Benzol.") Benzene 152. Same as benzol. Must not be confused with benzine, which L a petroleum product and not a coal-tar product. Benzine 154. A distillation product from petroleum, being a clear solvent simi lar in properties to ordinary cleanets' naphtha but very light and volatile. Also called petroleum ether. It iused as a cleaning s< lvent for swaobing raw rubber ant. is much safer to use than benzene, from the toxicity standpoint. However, it is verv flammable. it should he used m study dispensers to eliminate the lire hazard. Breathing benzine vapors will cause dizzim-ss. Carbon Bisulphide 154. A clear, colorin'.--, very flam mable liquid. When pure it is aiino-.t odorie-.-, hut the commercial grade usual!)- n-ed lias a strong, dis agreeable odor. It i- exceedingly volatile at room temperatures, having a flash point at minus 25 degrees Centigrade. It may ignite from a spark or flame many feet away. It is very poisonous to breathe. (Lor further detail-- a- to its toxinty. ,-ce X.5.C. Industrial Data' Sheet t>Chem. 1, "Carbon Bisulphide."; IXDl'STINAl. SAEITV SERIFS NO. RU-3 155. Carbon bisulphide R used not ignite readily. It is an ext client In). Gasoline is used as a clean ieinoving sulphur bloom on rub- solvent for rubber and is used for ing and swabbing solution in the lici goods, in rubber adhesives, and cements and cleansing solvent. How manufacture of many rubber articles, as a diluent for sulphur chloride in ever, it hits been almost entirely re in all types of rubber cements, in cold vulcanization and vapor cure. placed by carbon tetrachloride which preparing coating a n d spreading Departments using t h i s solvent has properties very similar to chloro doughs, and as a diluent for other should be adequately equipped with form where used in rubber manufac solvents. . tire extinguishers and exhaust sys tems. Keep solvent off the hands. turing. It should be handled with the same care as carbon tetrachloride. Glycerine 164. Also called glycerol. 1 is a 150. Within recent years the use Coal-Tar Naphtha clear, colorless or pale-yellow, heavy, of carbon bisulphide has been very limited as, in the majority of cases, less dangerous materials have been substituted. There are, however, a lew places where it finds a use in rubber manufacture, and the safety 160. Relined coal-tar naphtha is a dear, water-while liquid having a heavy, gassy odor. It is flammable and should be kept in approved dis pensers. There is also a crude mate rial which is straw colored, but this syrupy and odorlc-.- liquid having a sweet taste. It is non-flammable and non-toxic and presents no hazard Iconi the health standpoint. It is used in rubber manufacturing as a preservative coating or dressing on engineer should study each situation and see that the material is handled in a safe manner. grade is not used to the same extent as the refined grade. Coal-tar naph tha consists of a mixture of benzene, finished rubber good-, to prevent rub ber Irom sticking together while In lhe raw stale and in liquid latex Carbon Dioxide toluene, xylene and other higher homologs. It is loxie, but less vola preparation-. When used as a dress ing, it is either .wvabbed, sprayco or 157. Carbon dioxide is an inert tile than benzol. It is used to a con painted on, gas used in the rubber industry for inflating air bags and tubes and for vulcanizing purposes. It is non-toxic, hut .- highly suffocating since it is devoid of active oxygen and does not support life. Its danger lies in the siderable extent for rubber cements, rubber doughs, and as a cleaning solvent. The same precautions should be taken as lor benzol. Ethylene Dichloride Kerosene 165. A clear, wutei - white to straw-colored, oily liquid, li is ob tained as a distillate irom petroleum and refined to remove iow flash i,m- fact that it is a heavy gas and likely 16 l . A colorless liquid having a stituents. it is comparatively -me to collect in "dead pockets'' where strong chloroform-like odor. It is an to use, although the skin ol some ventilation is poor. Considerable excellent solvent for rubber and is workers is sensitive to kerosene oil C J quantities may be liberated through used for rubber cements and doughs Ir is used to a limited extent in rub leaks, or discharge from bags or vul- on account of its low fire hazard. It ber manufacture, but very extensive canizers at the conclusion of vulcan is toxic and in many respects acts ly as a wash for rubber machinery, ization operations. Adequate ventil like carbon tetrachloride. It should rubber rolls, etc In rubber manu ation will remove any danger. be handled in a similar manner to facturing it is used for softening and carbon tetrachloride. Its vapors are blowing sponge good.-. Kerosene Carbon Tetrachloride very heavy. presents a lire hazard, but it is not 158. A light, colorless liquid with as hazardous as gasoline a peculiar characteristic odor. It has a low boiling point and is very vola tile at room temperature, giving off heavy vapors. The vapors are not flammable but are toxic. They are heavy and sink to low parts of the room, often collecting in corners and poorly ventilated places, making a real hazard to workers unless re moved by proper ventilation or ex Gasoline 162. The name given to a series ol solvent distillates derived from petroleum and having a range in gravity from 50 degrees to 60 degrees Emmie. The range from 56 degrees to 70 degrees is the usual range of rubber solvents. They are clear, water-white, oily liquids of charac teristic not unpleasant odor. The Napluha 166. A name given to both petro leum and coal-tar solvents, ''he tvpc of naphtha should he speciiiui: otherwise it i; very misleading. ( for pel roleum naphtha, see benzine, petroleum ether, and gasoline, for coal-tar naphtha see coal-tar naph tha.) haust equipment. This solvent finds gasolines are the most universally Petroleum filler an extensive uw in rubber manufac turing on account of its freedom from used solvents in rubber manufacture, partly because of their low cost. They 167. (.See benzine.) lire hazard and its excellent solvent are all toxic and llammahle and Solvent Naphtha properties for rubber. It has re placed many other solvents. (See N.S.C. Industrial Data Sheet D- should he handled with care. Vapors should be removed. Gasoline dis solves tlie natural oils and fats of 168. (See eoai-tar naphtna.) Sulphur Chloride Chem. 75, " Carbon Tetrachloride.") the skin, causing dry and <happed 169. Tin sulichloiicie of -uiphur. Chloroform skin. This can be prevented to a Ir is an ambcr-to-yellowish-red. o;!\. i great extent by fust coaling the fuming liquid wall wry per.ctiv,mg ,T~ 150. A clear, colorless, highly hands with a neutral glycerine soap odor, used m vulcanizing mbm , volatile liquid with a peculiar charac preparation, which repels the gaso die so-called cull procei-- and wwor teristic odor. It is toxic, but it will line. process. Its use as -uch is confined COMPOL'Xd i m ; M A T E R I A L S /.V '1III-: R U U P E R I X DUST R Y P A R T II 11 lo shoot, spread and dipped Di)(i, . 11 is also used in the manu facture oi rubber substitutes and oil Iaet ice. When used for sheet and spread floods, the sulphur chloride may be applied in liquid form by dis tributor roll, or the goods may be hunt; m chambers where the sulphur i blonde is vapot i/ed by heal. The sulphur chloride is extremely active chemically and is usually diluted with Mime solvent such as carbon bisul phide or benzol. In vulcanizin' dipped roods, the latter are usually immersed for a very short time in a diluted solution of the sulphur chlor ide. 170. Sulphur chloride is readily decomposed in a damp atmosphere and should be kept well bottled when not in use. It Is extremely corrosive, due to liberation of hydrochloric acid in presence oi moisture. It is extremely iriitatinpr to the eyes, lungs. ;i n d mucous membranes. Workers should be protected from its mines ]>/ adequate ventilation and named to keep it away from their hands. Sulphuric Acid 171. A strongly corrosive, dense, odv liquid, colorless to dark brown, depending upon its purity. Used for removing cotton liher in reclaiming old rubber. In a diluted form it is used as a coagulant for latex mix tures It is also used in attaching rubber to metals and in producing suiphonated rubber resin products, it causes veiy severe burns and will char almost any organic matter. Workers using sulphuric acid should be protected I'rom having the mate rial fly into their eyes or onto their skin oi even their clothing. The acid will lapidly eat its way through clothing to the flesh. (Sec X.S.C. pamphlet No. 25, "Adds and Caus tics.'' for details.) I oiuol oi Toluene 172. A colorless flammable liquid obtained by iiacticmal distillation of coal-tar oil It resembles benzine in odot an_\ many of its proper lies, al though it is less volatile at room i>mpora iures. It is an excellent rub ber solvent, used for rubber cements, doughs and as a cleansing solution, tl is toxic and should be treated in the same manner as benzol. Poisoning eliecis can be very serious. Workers should be protected from its vapors and should keep it from their hands. Its vapors are heavy and ding to the tioor and In pootlv vent baled cor ners. (Sec benzol for handling.) Turpentine 175. Also called spirits of tur pentine. A clear, flammable, color less liquid with a characteristic rosin like odor, obtained by distillation from turpentine rosin. Turpentine, is a powerful solvent for rubber and was formerly used in making rubber cements. liut Its use in rubber work has become very limited, and it is no longer an important factor in rub ber manufacturing. It is toxic and irritating to the skin, eyes and respiratory organs. (See X.S.C. In dustrial Data Sheet D-Chem. 12, '`Turpentine'' for details.) Xylene or Xylol 174. Xylene is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid with a characteristic penetrating odor. It is one of the constituents of u>nl-tar naphtha and is obtained from the latter source by distillation. II is a good solvent for rubber and is Used in rubber cements, doughs for the spreading trade, and as a swabbing solution in the man ufacture of rubber goods. It is toxic, Inti not to so great an extent as ben zol and toluene, probably because it is less volatile. It is a fire hazard, and the same precautions should be taken both for fire and toxicity as those noted for benzol. Gases 175. Unmparalivcly few gases are Used In rubber manufacture, and in nearly ever)' case they are used for vulcanization in some form. Gases are handled in closed chambers. Con sequently, leakage or inadequate ex haust systems tire the usual causes of trouble or dlscoml'ott to the workers. Ammonia Cl.is 17(i. A colorless gas with a powerlul, penetialing and Irritating odor. It affects the eves and respira tory organs, it is used for neutraliz ing any arid after sulphur chloride sapor cures. It Is produced by heat ing concent itiled liquid ammonia water in the curing chamber and finally is exhausted by suction or forced air. (For full details see X.S.C. pamphlets Xu. 25, "Acids and Caustics," and Xo. 95, "Safe Han dling of Compressed Gases.") Chlorine Gas 177. A heavy, greenish-yellow gtis. highly irritating and toxic. It is used only in specialized industries; for instance, in producing chlorinated lubber. It must be rigidly confined in suitable chambers and kept awtty from workers. It is extremely corro sive, therefore hazardous, especial!) in the presence of moisture. ; For further data on chlorine see X S.C. pamphlet Xo. 71, "Safe Handling of Chlorine." ) Hydrogen Chloride 17H. Also known as hydrochloric acid gas; i-> colorless and exceedinglv pungent. It is high.v irritating and toxic. It has a strong affinity for water and should be kept in closed systems. It is used only in special-, zed industries where rubber is con verted into certain resinous products. It requires special handling. Hydrogen Sulphide 179. A colorless, flammable gas, with a very often.!vc odor and a sweetish taste. It is used only to a limited extent for specialized work in vulcanization of sheet or spread goods in conjunction with other re active gttse-. It is highly toxic anu Hummable and must be handled with great care. The goads are exposed in closed chambers and the gas blown in and hit r expelled. (For details on it health hazard see X.S.C in dustrial Data Sheet Xo 10. `Hydro gen Sulphide.") Sulphur Chloride ISO. (See sulphur chloride unde, liquids.) Where the gas is used it i merely the liquid sulphur chloride vaporized by heat ir. the hot curing chambers for vapor curing of sheet and spread good l --;ki11y lire gond.aie festooned in large room or chambers, and a quantity of liquid sulphur chloride i. evaporated on a hot plate, circulation being accom plished by fan it neces.arv. Con centration ai e usually small, and therefore sennits hazard is avoided with adequate ventilation. Sulphur Dioxide CSC A poisonous, coldness ga it ith a suffocating odor. !i C uc( u INDUSTRIAL SAFETY SERIES NO. RU-3 ,,oiiJv in special industries fur producfnp special types of vulcanized prod ucs. The vulcanization must be carried out in closed chambers, and workers should be adequately pro tected from the yas. ^ ACKNOWLEDGMENT This pamphlet is based on a paper presented bejore the Rubber Section of the. National Safety Cornu il by L. J. D. Ilealy, consulting chemist, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The National Sajcty Council is indebted to Mr. Ilealy and the. Executive. Committee of the Rubber Section, under whose direction Ilit pamphlet was published. ? f A