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FILE NAME Kent KNT DATE 1955 Feb DOC KNT141 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Consumer Reports - Laboratory Tests of 37 Brands Seay . a, cigarelles cigarelescigarel es cigarelles cigarelles ATC eas RRR SS Re rs BORO, retest RETA femete werd Sot SOLE rh. Sie 07 as) SNE Re Set Cor as ~ Here are the results of CU's recent laboratory tests W filter cigarettes give you less nicotine and tar than plain cigarettes - the What about the king cigarette which travels smoke further or king size plus a filter What about the cigarettes which use a nicotine tobacco or a denicotinized tobacco there really less nicotine in their smoke And the . vee , ae, oe clergy fe (ti ne wo 7 a Bee ae - es popular brands do they compare with the other brands on the market with . = regard to their nicotine and tar content ; These are some of the questions to which smokers would like to have answers But no answers at least no reliable ones are to be found in the hazy happy healthy world of cigarette advertising The purpose of this report is to provide some of the answers In February 1953 CU reported on laboratory tests of 27 widely sold brands of cigarettes and readers were informed of brand and type differences in terms of nicotine and tar content Since that time however many new king and filter cigarettes have appeared on the market _ and some of the older brands have changed their lengths and their filters CU's tests for nicotine and embrace the newcomers as well as the old standbys -.. The following report covers tests of 37 brands of cigarettes purchased in 28. i cities throughout the country They are of four broad types regular size filtered regular size unfiltered king filtandekriend g unfiltered Within these - types are cigarettes made of American blends and Turkish cigarettes low nicotine - denicotinized and mentholated smokes regular price and premium- price plain tipped - and . each mechanically Sixteen cigarettes of each brand each from a different pack were mechanically _ smoked in a laboratory apparatus in tests for nicotine and tar The test results - are summarized in the table on page 59. Apart from the obvious determinations of how the brands rank in nicotine and tar content there a number of interesting _ conclusions which can be drawn from the figures ._ ot - First of all the test results indicate that the use of tobacco which is low in nico- tine results in lower nicotine content in the smoke than regular tobacco even with a filter John Alden a regular cigarette without a filter had far less nicotine in its smoke than any other cigarette this brand is made a from special nicotine tobacco Additional information was provided by some check tests for the five largest selling brands not only the smoke but the tobacco itself analyzed for the nicotine content There was a direct correlation between nicotine content of the | smoke and of the tobacco in each case Because crops of any given variety of tobacco vary in nicotine content from year to year and from region to region ; depending on such things as climatic and soil conditions the nicotine in the smoke ~ of the cigarettes made from these tobaccos can also be expected to vary And in most cases it does ce Of the 20 brands included in both CU's previous tests and the current tests only John Alden and Sano regular were found to be unchanged in the nicotine content of their smoke John Alden was lowest in nicotine content in both series of tests it averaged only 0.4 milligram of nicotine per cigarette in the samples smoked by the laboratory apparatus Sano regular also remained at its previously found low nicotine level althougiht was not quite as low as the recently introduced Sano king size with filter tip Sanos are made of a denicotinized tobacco that is . | tobacco from which a large part of the nicotine has been extracted a . . . Continued on next page CONSUMER REPORTS 57 | 7 cigarettes LABORATORY Nearly all the other cigarettes tested for both this and the 1953 report were higher in nicotine this time The nico- tine content in the smoke from Camels increased from 1.9 milligrams to 3 milligrams per cigarette the regular Old Golds Lucky Strikes Philip Morris and Chesterfields also rose in nicotine content although not as sharply as Camels The range in nicotine content except for John Aldenand Sano was from about 1.5 milligrams for M regulars to 4 milligrams for Old Gold king size and the range among the five most popular regular brands was ' even less running from 2.3 milligrams to 3.3 milligrams There is no generally accepted definition of the tars so much talked about in connection with smoking and consequently no generally accepted method for their measurement In its new tests CU utilized a modification of its previous test method to obtain what is believed to be more precise determination of the tar content of the smoke with the results therefore are not strictly comparable those obtained in the previous tests The range in tar content among the 37 brands tested was not as great as the range in nicotine content By smoking John Alden you can TESTS | a : . _cut your nicotine intake down to 10 of that of the brand _ highest in nicotine But the cigarette lowest in tar content of M regular will still give you 40 of the tar content of the smoke the cigarettes highest in tar content 7 4 THE FILTER BRANDS Open up the filter tip of different cigarettes and you will find a variety of absorbent cotton paper con- taining activated carbon cellulose acetate fibers creped and uncreped paper asbestos fibers or combinations of several of these materials No laboratory tests were run to determine whether it was the filters or other factors - that were responsible for high or low nicotine content in each case The main concern was with the final productthe amount of nicotine and tar in the smoke The test results indicate however that for a cigarette of given size there was in most cases less tar in the smoke of the filter brands the average about a third less . Within a given size too the filter cigarettes were also generally lower in nicotine content although there were several exceptions The brands whose smoke yielded the > \. ae er "23S *. : . HOW CU TESTS CIGARETTES 58 FEBRUARY 1955 : fi . a, ; _ The testing of cigarette begins with the collection of its So - smoke The cigarette is first fitted into a glass holder and . thensmoked in the laboratory apparatus left The smoke drawn from the cigarette is collected in acidified ' | -- i. alcohol in the flask any smoke carried into the glass , train is trapped in the two vials Lowering the level of the water in the vertical glass tube at the end of the train by means of the bulb at the extreme righotf this picture draws air through the cigarette Each puff is made minute to last for two seconds and one puff is taken each : - Slightly more than two cubic inches 35 cubic centimeters is taken in with each puff and each cigarette smoked down to a butt of just undearn inch 23 CUI' n Cs U's | - , least tar were all tipped Three of them . regular Sano king size and the premium du Maurier also milligram regular below the 2 to 4 range of nicotine content into which 80 of all brands tested fell Kent while relatively low in tar did not fare so well in holding down the nicotine in its smoke In the 1953 survey Kent was noted as having less nicotine than any other brand with the single exception of John Alden The Kents which CU tested for this project had little edge in this respect over most of the other brands tested Regardless of the effectiveness of filter tips in keeping nicotine and tars out of your lungs they have some value in keeping bits of tobacco from getting into your month and they do afford a firmer butt a SIZE CIGARETTES The smoke of king cigarettes contained on the aver- age more nicotine and tar than the smoke of regular brands when both were smoked down to a butt of 23 millimeters just under an inch though here also . there were several exceptions King brands with filter , Continued on next page tests 16 samples of each brand were smoked in two runs of eight cigarettes each the results of each run were determined separately and then averaged After each run the washings from the apparatus are added to the smoke solution in the collecting flask One portion is steam distilled to isolate the nicotine amounts are measured with an ultraviolet spectrophotometer center Chloroform is added to another portion of the smoke solution which is then diluted with water The tar is then extracted by vigor ous shaking first from acid solution then from alkaline solu- tion and the chloroform is then drained from separatory - funnels After this the chloroform is boiled off and the tar residue weighed on a chemical balance above RESULTS OF TESTS FOR NICOTINE AND TAR IN THE SMOKE FROM 37 BRANDS OF CIGARETTES Brands are listed in order of increasing nicotine content of their smoke A difference of a few milligrams in tar content is of no significance BRAND AND TYPE . . NICOTINE CIGARETTE MILLIGRAMS AVERAGE LIGARETTE MILLIGRAMS John Alden Low nicotine tobacco 0.4 , 16 John Alden Tobacco SANO Denicotinized KF 1.0 12 * United States Tobacco . . SANO Denicotinized 1.2 ; 15 M F Liggett & Myers 1.5 11 DU MAURIER F Columbia Tobacco 1.7 12 YORKSHIRE Larus & Bro Murad P. Lorillard KENT F P. Lorillard . 1.7 1.8 20 15 21 12 YORKSHIRE K 2.0 18 Chesterfield Liggett & Myers 23 17 DU MAURIER KF . 23 16 REGENT KF Riggio Tobacco 2.4 19 PARLIAMENT F Philip Morris 2.4 14 M KF HERBERT TAREYTON KF . . American Tobacco -. 2.5 2.5 - _ an 18 19 . PARLIAMENT KF ; 2.6 .2221893222232 CHESTERFIELD K . 2.7 - 2221893222232 PHILIP MORRIS Philip Morris 27 222221889322222222322 LUCKY STRIKE American = 2.7 - 2 2 218 932 2 2 2 32 KENT KF a 28 2221893222232 OLD GOLD KF P. Lorillard . - 2.9 2 2 218 932 2 2 2 32 WINGS K Brown & Williamson 2.9 222221889322222222322 OLD GOLD : FATIMA K Liggett & Myers VICEROY KF Brown & Williamson 2.9 | 2.9 3.0 - ~ 2221893222232 2221893222232 _ 2 2 218 932 2 2 2 32 dunhill K Philip Morris 3.0 _ 222221889322222222322 WINSTON KF R. J. Reynolds HERBERT TAREYTON K R. CAMEL J. Reynolds KOOL Brown & Williamson 3.1 2 2 218 932 2 2 2 32 3.1 7 + 222221889322222222322 3.3 - 222221889322222222322 . 3.4 - 2221893222232 PHILIP MORRIS K - 3.4 PALL MALL K American Tobacco 2 3.5 EMBASSY K P. Lorillard 3.7 2 2 218 932 2 2 2 32 222221889322222222322 2 2 218 932 2 2 2 32 KOOL K 3.7 2 2 218 932 2 2 2 32 RALEIGH K Brown & Williamson 3.7 - 2221893222232 cavalier K R. J. Reynolds - 3.8 2 2 218 932 2 2 2 32 OLD GOLD K 4.0 2221893222232 filter K = king size F = filter tip KF king size with Lo tip Where no letter follows name brand is regular size CONSUMER REPORTS 59 7 . cigarettes | LABORATORY TESTS tips were also higher in nicotine and tar than regular- size filtered brands King cigarettes measure about | 85 millimeters compared with about 70 millimeters for regular cigarettes However if you smoke the same _ without reducing their cigarette consumption might be ; willing to bear with John Alden's initially pleasing flavor in the hope that they would get to like it . length of a king cigarette as you do of a cigarette of CIGARETTE PRICES Cigarette regular size that is you leave a longer butt the extra prices often vary from store to store The fol tobacco serves as an effective filter and the total nicotine lowing prices are representative of those paid by CU's from the king cigarette will under such conditions shoppers in New York City Murad at 37 was the most generally be lower than from a regular cigarette ; expensive brand tested with Parliament and du Maurier - Not all king cigarettes tested were high in nicotine both regular and king close behind at 334. Other and tar when smoked to usual butt size however The premium brands included Kent in both sizes at 31 king size relatively priced Yorkshire available only - and Sano king 304. At the low end of the scale were at Roebuck retail stores in larger cities yielded only Yorkshires they averaged 17 for the regular and 18 about as much nicotine as Kent regular and less than - an,, for the king in Sears retail stores throughout the of the regular popular brands : : country and Wingast 21 Nearly all other brands were or Also lower in nicotine than the popular brands was priced at 24 254 with some filter and king Murad a premium regular Turkish cigarette cigarettes at a penny or two more John Alden the brand Murad however had an average tar content ~ lowest in nicotine was 26 a pack - A NOTE ON FLAVOR sO WHAT ABOUT CIGARS me any 1. CU made no attempt to evaluate flavor in of the - Recent medical literature has dealt largely with the disputed subject little cigarettes tested but a note on this hotly hazards of cigarette smoking but has been said CU may be of some interest It is now pretty generally agreed : about cigars ran limited tests to give readers some -and CU has in the past verified this with mass tests : information on nicotine and tar in cigar smoke A random | the that in blindfold tests most smokers can't tell difference -:: selection of 24 cigars ones fat - ones long ones and another between one popular brand The situation ... short ones smoked in the same laboratory ap- paratus used the is a little different when it comes to Turkish blends special in the cigarette tests and collected smoke - tobaccos or specially treated or flavored tobaccos is of each cigar analyzed in the same manner widely conceded that a reasonably sensitive smoker car j: ..On the average these cigars which gave about six times as tell one from the other and can distinguish all of them as many puffs cigarettes had in their smoke only about as from the popular brands The preference for one or an- twice much nicotine and one and a half times as much the cigars other of the flavor types seems to be a mixture personal |. tar On a weight basis had on the only third as taste and habit A number of smokers who tried the low average much nicotine and fourth as nicotine John Alden commented adversely on its flavor . much tar in their smoke as cigarettes The relationship however those bent on reducing their nicotine intake ~ of cigars to cigarettes in this respect is shown below ' NICOTINE AND TAR CONTENT OF SMOKE PER CIGARETTE Othe , NICOTINE AVERAGES TARAVERAGESTARAVERAGES UMS, MILLIGRAMS = tee, oe 0 1 AER . REGULAR WITH FILTER REGULAR John Alden and Sano are not included 60 FEBRUARY 1955 Medical reports have upset the cigarette business regular _ brands decline as 19 new versions enter the retail arena ce - 9 ee this mean liveries cratintlin Ehai | cea meaa n h wraaa mery Pls Fomataal 3 Be F SHE FINEST FURNISH FURNISH 1C TOBACCOS SUPERBLY AKE FATIMA EXTRA aw eae Roo ae prices he tobacco industry today is undergoing one of the greatest periods of change and upheaval since Americans first started smoking cigarettes before the Civil War This was the sweeping judgment as the year 1954 ended of Lewis Gruber president in charge of sales for P. Lorillard one of the Big Six tobacco companies which together manufacture more than 98 of the cigarettes sold in America Upheaval is a startling word in the tobacco industry two years ago it would have been almost unthinkable The tobacco industry had its revolution 40 years ago the revolution which turned it into the cigarette industry The revolution consisted of two fundamental changes in American habits which began around the time of the first World War - first a great increase in smoking especially among women as the social pressures against it were relaxed and second a switch to cigarettes from the older forms of tobacco cigars snuff and chewing tobacco This expanding consumer demand shaped and standardized by a few companies hoisted cigarettes to a retail =. position which was simple secure and gigantic o Even by the massive standards of the American economy cigarettes are big business In 1952 date the year of greatest total some 395 billion ciga- rettes were bought in the United States an average of 187 packs a year every American over the age of 15. Almost 43 billion more cigarettes were sold free largely to the armed forces this one year American consumers spent 4,300,000,000 for cigarettes alone Ls ; ae . THE BIG SIX AND THE BIG THREE Since the 1920s the cigarette market has been increasingly dominated by a few big companies In the order of their total sales the Big Five have been the American Tobacco Company makers of Lucky Strike Pall Mall Herbert Tareyton R. J. Reynolds Camel Cavalier Winston Liggett & Myers Chesterfield M Fatima Philip Morris which besides its namesake also makes Dunhill and Parliament and P. Lorillard Old Gold Kent Embassy In 1954 Brown & Williamson Viceroy Kool Raleigh Wings rose to fourth position to make the Big Five the Big Six The first American Reynolds and Liggett & Myersare much the biggest they account for a whopping 75 of all cigarettes soldin soldin 1954 and are usually grouped in a super class as the Big Three Each of the big companies won its commanding share of the market with one Camels Lucky Strikes Chesterfields Philip Morris or Old Golds Each of these brands was picked as a leader by its manufacturer and the leader got top priority especially in the company's advertising budget Each company made a relentless effort to imprint one brand name on the consumer's mind to make Luckies or Camels his sole automatic response to the idea of cigarettes These insistent Johnny Note advertising campaigns have been going on for 40 years and on a very large scale The cigarette industry spends upwards of 65 million dollars a year on advertising Among the 20 largest American advertisers have been four tobacco companies along with such giants as Procter & Gamble General Motors General Foods and Ford And their advertising paid off by 1947 the five leading cigarettes held more than 92 of the market In this lose- with one race the Big Three Luckies Camel and Chesterfields in - - first with acombined total of 80 of the market So In effect each of the five big companies was selling the American smoker one Continued on next page CONSUMER REPORTS 67 62 FEBRUARY 1955 products product basically their five were the same In simplifying the cigarette market the big companies had also standardized it whatever its name the American cigarette was a plain cylinder of thin paper 70 milli- meters filled with a mixture of burley and cured tobaeco Among the five brands there were of course dif- in ferences in the proportion of burley to cured the small amounts of Turkish tobacco mixed with this basic filler in added flavorings and in processing The resulting differences in taste and quality of smoke were supposed to be the basis for the consumer's brand loyalty It - is true that many smokers believe in these differences and can describe them usually in vague terms though they may frequently contradict each other as to which brand is mild which is strong which hurts my throat etc. Blindfold tests indicate however that most - smokers cannot tell by taste alone whether they are smok- ing their favorite name brand or another Neverthe- . less the differences have been stressed vociferously in brand advertising So simple and standardized a product did not permit any other kind of competition perhaps in price NO PRICE COMPETITION '- Despite their almost frantic appeals for public acceptance however the big brands have never tried compete in price When one of the Big Three has moved its price up or down the other companies have promptly done the same In the depths of the depression smaller tobacco companies launched rate brands such as Wings Avalons and Marvels which sold at 10 a pack under the regular brands for a brief time in 1932 captured 22 of ' the market The big companies which had raised their prices in 1931 answered this challenge by a uniform price drop According to testimony in a successful federal " antitrust suit against them they also bought up the kind of tobacco used in the rate cigarettes and hoarded it This solidarity in pricing among the dominant Big Three was condemned by the courts in 1946 as collusion But prices remained identical Competition in price was left to the retailers By reducing their own margin of profit the small retailers can reduce the price of cigarettes a cent or two per pack Thus they can compete only against each other When supermarkets or drugstores cut the pre- vailing local priciet is almost always by the same amount on all regular brands - os What reason was there after all for the big companies to lower their price There was certainly no resistance by the consumer The market for cigarettes kept on expand ing despite a series of price hikes which in the last 20 years have raised the price per pack of the big selling brands from 13 to 25 In fact it was during this same period of inflation and higher federal cigarette taxes that the industry scored its most spectacciguarets glaianrs Between 1932 and 1952 the number of cigarettes almost quadrupled and industry spokesmen were confidently pre- ~ cs dicting sales rises of % to % a year ^ RT Assistant Direct (iver of Statistical Reser At the beginning of 1953 then the industry seemetdo be safe against any upset 1952 had been the peak year for sales cigarettes were an essential to a vast and ap- parently growing sector of American life the market was dominated by a few prosperous companies selling their product at a standard price and with dozen brands which bore a comforting resemblance to one another * What has happened in only two years to cause so much concern in the industry Briefly three developments of major importance to the consumer oo Cigarettes Found to Raise SE Death Rate in Men 50 to 70 1 A series of reports which according to the scientists and statisticians who prepared them imply that theries . asignificant association between the rising incidence of lung cancer and the smoking of cigarettes 2 For two years running a significant drop in the number of cigarettes sold first since 1932 in 1953 cigarette consumption fell by 2.9 and another drop of about 4.6 is expected to be shown for 1954 an 3 A big change by smokers from regular brands to king cigarettes 85 millimeters long and a marked shift to those with some kind of filter tip - Since these three developments all took place during . roughly the same period of time the big question is are they related The recent health attackosn cigarette smoking are evaluated in a special report on pages 67 to 73 The point here is what effect have they had on the industry antdhe consumer . THE CANCER SCARE The industry's first reaction came after the publication in December 1953 of the report by Dr. Ernest L. Wynder _ and Dr. Evarts A. Graham Experimental Production of Carcinoma cancer with Cigarette Tars This medical report was quickly translated for the public by an outburst of stories in newspapers and such circulation . 7 smokers and other pertinent subjects - .- Industry spokesmen have followed the not proven line is They imply that the current medical controversy only ' scares which the latest in a long series of health have blown over in the past But business and trad~ journals generally agree that during the last year and a half the cigarette business has received the most damaging publicity in its history And last November this was virtually con- _ firmed by one of the Big Three when E. A. Darr president of Reynolds accused the American Cancer Society of at- tempting to destroy the tobacco industry . INDUSTRY HEALTH CLAIMS __ magazines as Life and Time On January 4 1954 a full- page advertisement in 448 newspapers announced the for- mation of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee to investigate the relation of tobacco to health The Committee's members were 14 tobacco companies and associa- growers warehousers and manufacturers | included all the Big Six with the exception of Liggett & Myers The Committee followed up the ad by naming a scientific advisory council headed by Dr. Clarence Cook . Little founder and director of the Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory at Bar Harbor Maine Since then the TIRC has not been publicly active Dr. Little's occasional statements have followed the and- see line taken in the first ad namely that no single cause of lung cancer has been established and that there is no proof of a cause relationship between smoking and lung cancer In November of last year the TIRC made its first six grants totaling 82,000 for research projects . involving the composition of tobacco the physiology of The industry does not admit in public that health publicity may have caused the unprecedented drop in ciga- rette sales But critics close to the industry example in the advertising trade journals said flatly that it is fear which is causing Americans to turn away from cigarettes They also say that the companies themselves are largely to blame Long before the current medical attacks the companies were building up suspicion in the consumer by the discredited health claims in their ads For a generation the companies have been insisting in big red letters that their particular brand had less nicotine was less irritating guarded against throat scratch was safe in your zone and so on to the outer limits of the copywriter's imagination and the Federal Trade Commis- sion's patience Such medicine claims may have given the smoker temporary confidence in one brand but they also implied that cigarettes in general were distasteful probably harmful and certainly a problem When the ' Continued on next page CONSUMER REPORTS 63 cigarettes THE INDUSTRY scientists came along with their charges against cigarettes the smoker was ready to accept them SALES TUMBLE There is no way to determine what lasting effect the recent health attacks have had on the consumer But a there is pretty convincing evidence that the Graham Wyn- der report made strong first impression In January January and February 1954 the first two months after the report was published cigarette sales went down % and 17 below the figures for the same months in 1953. In May and June however sales moved up % and % respectively over 1953. After the American Cancer Society's expectancy survey reported by Drs Hammond and Horn in late June sales again turned down All in all sales were off nearly months % for the first nine That there is uneasiness among American smokers is confirmed by the heavy sale Smoking of Herbert Brean's book How to Stop pub- lished by Vanguard Press in 1951. By the end of last year about 500,000 copies had been sold 425,000 of them in the backed edition put out by Pocket Books This sale does not prove of course that Americans in large numbers are actually giving up smoking but it does show that a lot of them are interested in doing so THE NEW LOOK IN CIGARETTES The industry may appear sluggish or just cautious in its reaction to the medical attacks but it has a lot of merchandising fight left as shown by its quick response _ to the new consumer demand for king sizes and filter tips Last year at least 19 new brands or new versions of old brands came on the market All of these new cigarettes were either king size or filter tip and 11 them were both This is fast service indeed for the restless or discontented smoker It is also good business for the tobacco companies since the new look cigarettes are the growing sector of an otherwise shrinking market For the last seven years the tobacco industry has watched the demand for the Big Three Camels Luckies and Chesterfields contract In 1947 over 80 of all the cigarettes sold bore these familiar names By 1953 the Big Three regulars share of the mar- ket had gone down to 58 This 22 decline meant a loss in retail sales of about a billion dollars . The decline also made more striking the rise of Pall Mall a king cigarette which American Tobacco brought out in 1939 at a popular price and promoted heavily By 1947 Pall Malls had attracted a modest 3.4 of the mar- ket By 1953 the Pall Mall share had quadrupled to 12.4 and this king entry had passed both Old Golds and Philip Morris to become the nation's fourth largest seller In 1954 Pall Mall passed regular Chesterfields Chesterfields to be. come the third largest seller _ Although American Tobacco was losing business with its more old leader Lucky Strike it was than regaining it on Pall Mall and another king size the tipped Herbert _ Tareyton This new way to balance sales did not escape the notice of rival companies all of whom put out longer smokes of their Cavalier Reynolds Fatima ( Lig- gett & Myers Dunhill Philip Morris and Embassy Lorillard . MORE KINGS APPEAR Three years ago Liggett & Myers made another conces- sion to the king demand It offered Chesterfield smokers a choice between king size and regular size under the same brand name The king Chesterfields were marketed as merely a longer version of the old cigarette in the familiar white and gold package In 1953 three other old * favorites also appeared in the new look Philip Morris Old Gold and Raleigh Raleigh smokers were given no choice about going king size the regular Raleigh was taken off the market SO Clearly the number of smokers who want king size is whether it is because they feel they are getting more health protection a more distinguished look or just a longer smoke for their money In 1953 the year _ when total cigarette sales first fell length brands had grown to almost 26 of the market as against 18.5 in 1952. Last year the figure jumped again to an esti- mated 30 *. . the impact The king conversion has been gathering momentum for some time but with of cancer fears the change to filter tips was abrupt real rush In 1952 only 1.4 of the cigarettes sold were tipped in 1953 . number more than doubled to 3.4 when the returns - for 1954 are in experts estimate that the filter brands will ' have 10 and possibly % of the total market Lorillard's Lewis Gruber flatly predicts that within two more years 40 of every 100 smokers will be smoking filtered cigarettes most of them king size WHAT IS A FILTER TIP the butt What is this revolutionary product It is simply a cigarette in which about half inch of has been filled with a filtering substance instead of tobacco Most of the filters are made of finely creped crinkled paper absorbent cotton and cellulose fibers either alone or in combination Some have added purifying agents such as Herbert Tareyton's activated charcoal and Kent's patented Micronite an asbestos substance Filter cigarettes are not new they have been on the American market for some time in Parliament and Du Maurier which sold at a premium price 32 or more Continued on next page CHANGEISN THE CIGARETTE MARKET The tables on the facing page show how the cigarette areas market has changed in two years The halftone backing the tables show the trend not exact percentages the figures for 1954 include estimates for the last months of the year and not distinguish between regular- and king filter brands 64. FEBRUARY 1955 CIGARETTES Oo - SALES OF ^' : H Hi ' 2 ! & | 3 BILLIONS OF CIGARETTES xCHESTERFIELD ) Liggett & Myers a oe PHILIP MORRIS - _ Philip Morris Lorillard OLD GOLDGOLD P. Brown & Williamson ' : RALEIGH oo Brown & Williamson D_OMINO YORKSHIRE Larus Bro MARLBORO Philip Morris PIEDMONT SPUR 3 4 Liggett && Myers VIRGINIABensoRn OUNDS 2 Benson & . 9 8.3 a 2.6 EXPORT BRANDS Brown & Williamson , BILLIONS OF CIGARETTES 5 LUCKY STRIKE a | American Tobacco 27.06 KING SIZE ee ed OF THE MARKET _ CHESTERFIELD Liggett American Tobacco PHILIP MORRIS (Philip Morris KING SIZE17 OF THEMARKEMT ARKET , FATIMA Liggett & Myers * CAVALIER R. J. Reynolds - DUNHILLPhilip Morris EMBASSY Lorillard Statistics reprinted from Printers Ink December 31 1951. Copyright 1954 by Printers Ink Publishing Oo Inc. N. CONSUMER REPORTSREPORTS 65 . a pack in New York City where regular brands have been selling at 24 to 25 and which took a distinctly ritzy tone in their ads As long ago as 1936 Brown & Williamson introduced the regular filter Viceroys at only a cent or two above the price of regular brands Vice roys and Parliaments divided most of the insignificant filter market until 1952. Then Lorillard offered Kents a premium filter which was promoted and distributed with brand energy The Big Three made its first entry into the filter market in 1953 when Liggett & Myers launched Ms alsaot a premium price rather that Camels agree with more people than any other cigarette in their filter advertising they seem to be working both sides of the street lest the smoker feel that | in protecting his health he will not enjoy smoking Thus Tareyton's filter holds back elements that can detract from - the pleasure of smoking and Old Gold Filter Kings proffer a treat you can trust Winston the filter cigarette with flavor ... ... tastes good a cigarette should The Federal Trade Commission has been trying for years to temper the more blatant assertions of the cigarette ad. vertisers but if there has been any recent amelioration big THE FILTER BAND WAGON it has at been the result of the industry upheaval rather than of legislative or judicial action In late 1952 and early The other companies which had stood aloof from 1953 the courts rejected FTC's claim that cigarettes should this small market suddenly joined in the scramble come under the Federal Trade Commission Act In Septem- last year In March Philip Morris bought out Benson & ber 1954 the FTC tried a different tack and submitted to Hedges its successful filter brand Parliaments A ... ... the cigarette companies a draft code of advertising stand- . month later Reynolds started off with an exclusive king- . ards This code would be entirely voluntary and without size filter Winston which was described in ads | the force of law But though meetings have been held to made by the makers of Camels an appeal to old brand _ discuss it no cigarette manufacturer has yet indicated his . loyalties Finally in August American Tobacco took the field with a filter version of its king Tareyton in the same white package but distinguished by thin red and _ willingness to accept even this dilute regulation HOW TO SELL CIGARETTES | blue stripes across the lower left corner Both these new Such then is the upheaval where does it leave the filter tips sold at 26 the popular price for filter - ; huge cigarette industry at the beginning of 1955 - Filters have restored competition to the industry | Some . Cigarettes are still the major product of the industry of if only temporarily In March the price M was cut . Some of the medical reports which condemn cigarettes also and cigars by dropping both the regular and new king style tend to exonerate pipes but thus far there has out of the premium class and into the popular arena Kent ... been only a minor rise in the sale of these two forms of must which Lorillard says can never compete on the lower price __ tobacco In the near future the companies make up = level because of the high cost of its Micronite filter went + their losses on regular brands with increased sales of ' to king size Some observers thought this was indirect . tipped and king brands by price competition as well as an invitation to smokers of ., - The manufacturers must get their new products in front king brands Parliaments another premium product : of as many consumers as possible as quickly as possible . . showed its sensitivity to the price factor in September . Distribution of a number of brands can be costly and diffi- cutting the price on its king size by cult Retailers complain at the extra space for new brands _ ~ THE PRICE OF FILTERS which must be found on their crowded shelves and coun . ters at the extra bookkeeping at the extra dollars tied up Price competition thus far has not brought filter in their inventories of selling items Space is also a down to the price level of regulars and some king sizes major problem for the estimated 500,000 cigarette vending Popular price for filter brands still means around machines in the United States Heretofore most vending 26 a cent or two more than the popular price for plain .. machines had ten columns and could sell at most ten cigarettes Leaf tobacco accounts for about half the cost of different brands To offer their customers even a minimum a cigarette and it is doubtful that the material in the aver- sampling of the present array the vendors have to install ' age filter costs any more than the tobacco it replaces two machines in one location or else invest in the new Putting the two elements and together in one cigarette however is a more complicated process The trade magazine Sales Management reports that Lorillard column type - Differences in price are also a problem for the machine distributors since the machines can be , paid only in standard coins had to import machinery from Europe to produce the first The consumer's taste is changing fast and no manufac Kents Also the industry claims the production machinery _ turer can be sure what direction it will take In 1953 21 for filter cigarettes is slower and more subject to mishaps brands were listed as significant that is as selling over One company executive says that a regular machine can _ a billion cigarettes a year by July 1954 the number had turn out around 1200 cigarettes a minute but that he has gone up to 30. Each company will have to make hard deci- _ yet to hear of a filter machine doing better than 750 Though the cigarette companies have subdued the scare- head health advertising of the regular brands the ads no | its sions on which its brands to push which to modify and industry seems which perhaps to discard The to feel that already there are too many varieties on the market to sur- _ longer proclaim that more doctors smoke Camels but vive and that a weeding out is inevitable ; ' 66 FEBRUARY 1955 ~ Medical Aspects survey of current medical knowledge on the relationship etween the smoking of cigarettes and cancer of the lung peptic ulcer most very year for about 30 years the frequency of cancer of the lung as a cause of death has progressively increased Today many serious medical investigators are convinced that the increase in frequency of lung cancer is closely related to the smoking of cigarettes The concern with cigarettes as a medical problem has called forth other research to determine the relation between smoking and heart trouble ; smoking and the particular ingredients in tobacco which may be | harmful the extentto which cutting down on tobacco intake will diminish the . risk of disease and the psychological and physiological effects of the tobacco habit But it is the relation between cancer of the lung and smoking which has stirred up the controversy ; . an = as _ Regular cigarette smoking is believed by such leading American surgeons as Dr. Evarts Graham and Dr. Alton Ochsner by investigators and physicians in medical : schools and health departments and by the American Cancer Society to an important or major factor contributing to the development of cancer of the lung private practice Many physicians in are apparently convinced that the relation - between regular cigarette smoking and cancer of the lung is now proved They their own have discontinued cigarette smoking and also advise their patients to cut out orcut down smoking ' a a The tobacco industry has met the challenge in part by setting up a medical re- search program of its own headed by Dr. Cook Little of B. Clarence the Roscoe Jackson Memorial Laboratory Bar Harbor Maine This project is still too new to have yielded significant data and its formation has been criticized as resem- bling financed research toward the perfection of a crackproof safe How- ever several independent criticisms of the cigarette theory of lung cancer been advanced by outstanding investigators the foremost being Dr. W. C. Hueper Chief of the Environmental Cancer Section of the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda Maryland Dr. Hueper and some other experts regard the evidence linking lung can- ' cer and cigarette smoking as insufficient or contradictory and the theory generally as not proven . oo, mo No one has claimed that regular cigarette smoking is the cause of lung cancer - Many factors or causes can operate to produce cancer Many carcinogens producing pervade our environment Those who consider smoking an important or major factor contributing to the development of cancer of the lung say merely that tobacco smoke inhaled into the lungs is one of the carcinogens and possibly the most important Sr a Since World War I thoracic surgeons and physicians specializing in diseases of the lung have been impressed by the frequency with which they have encountered cancer of the lung among patients who gave a history heavy cigarette smoking When this association between smoking and lung cancer became so common that indicated it could no longer be ignored and when statistics that cancer of the lung - was becoming a leading cause of death in men groups of investigators in the United States England and other countries began study 1 whether the increase more in the frequency of lung cancer was real or apparent and 2 whether its association with regular cigarette smoking was than coincidence Prior to 1900 cancer of the lung was infrequently recorded in mortem studies and even more rarely diagnosed during life After 1900 with the increasing use of chest X rays and the bronchoscope cancer of the lung began to be diagnosed Continued on next page CONSUMER REPORTS 67 more frequently and to be observed more regularly in post- _ tobacco smoke All these materials are believed to have mortems Although the progressive increase in the incidence cancer of the lung has not been the same in differ- inducing properties ent countries the disease is now recognized as a leading THE SEARCH FOR CAUSES cause of death on all continents and in every country or at least wherever there are adequate diagnostic and patho- logical facilities and where vital statistics are gathered doctors argued at first that the increase in reported cases of cancer of the lung merely reflecteadn improve- ment in diagnostic techniques But the recorded increase in cancer of the lung is greater in males than in females from two men for every womainn 1933 to 1936 to an esti- - mated ten for one today and it is hard to believe that - physicians better able to diagnose lung cancer in men Up to this point there no disagreement among the . health experts The controversy starts when doctors esti- mate the relative importance of these environmental mate- rials in causing cancer of the lung The conflicting reports ~ . so far released have been based on animal experiments on - medical studies in human beings and on statistical analyses * The inducing effects of industrial and other air pollutants have been studied experimentally in laboratory . animals These experiments have yielded conflicting data _ particularly because of the difficulty of finding animals than women > THE INCREASE LUNG CANCER During 1951 nearly 20,000 deaths in the United States which develop lung tumors comparable to thosien man Experiments with the smoke of tobacco and cigarette paper have also yielded inconclusive data One group of experi- | ments showed that benzpyrene a chemical long known for were attributed to cancer of the lung of all deaths its carcinogenic effects is not only present in the smoke during that year and 9.2 all deaths charged to cancer _ cigarette paper but actually cause cancer of the ~ - According to Dr. Charles Cameron medical director of ' the American Cancer Society Cancer of the lung is show- in lung certain strains of mice This report has been highly publicized especially by those who would like to see the ing the most rapid increase ever ascribed to any non- cancer onus removed from tobacco itself doubtful infectious disease in medical history Since cancer of the lung usually starts in the surface lining of the bronchial - tubes of the lung the carcinogens must be those that are : inhaled into the bronchial tubes and lungs Among suspect of In general animal experiments have been doubtful value to investigators of human lung cancer Dr. Cameron says The problems of carcinogenesis origionf cancer ... are extremely complex and far from understood as yet inhaled materials are industrial fumes industrial and domestic soot derived from coal and fuel oil furnaces ex". hausts from internal combustion machines gasoline and : diesel asphalt or bituminous road surface dust and in What will cause cancer _ one species will not necessarily cause it in another What will cause cancer in one tissue of ^given animal will not necessarily cause it in another tissue - - of the same animal Thus it is conceivable that tobacco J+ DEATH RATES FOR SELECTED DISEASES ~ oe AMONG WHITE U. S. MALES smoke does contain an agent which is carcinogenic for the lungs of human beings It may not be so for the lungs or ' any other tissue of a mouse or a guinea pig or dog - Here it is appropriate to point out that no one has ever . * succeeded in producing cancer in an experimental animal any with chromium or containing compounds yet the statistical evidence that chromates can cause cancer of the lung in workers occupationally exposed to them is conceded by everyone .. oo, ; of Respiratory System Cancer of Stomach _. t . Cancer of Respiratory System except larynx Cancer of Prostate i Cancer Intestines Intestines - Cancer of Rectum | oe CanCc ancer e of Lir ver Cancer Cancer of Bladder p -. While man has held his own or bettered his position against many fatal diseases lung cancer deaths have risen sharply 68 FEBRUARY 1955 STATISTICAL EVIDENCE Since actual experimentation on living human beings is ruled oubty the nature of the disease researchers have fallen back on a technique known in public health as epidemiology Broadly speaking epidemiology deals with the mass behavior of all diseases not just acute epi- demic infectious diseases Statistical evidence is always a very important part of the study of epidemiology of a to disease According Dr. Leonid S. Snegireff Associate Professor of Cancer Control of the Harvard School of Pub- lic Health The epidemiologist often finds puzzling situa- . tions which he can solve by applying epidemiological prin ciples without first knowing all the detailed pieces of the puzzle For example experience with many diseases shows that exact knowledge of the specific agent which causes given disease process is not for essential the achievement of effective control over morbidity and mortality in a particular disease Thus to cite a few examples the last ma- jor cholera epidemic in Great Britain was brought under control in 1866 by appropriate measures of sanitation and purification of water supply years before Dr. Koch isolated the cholera vibrio germ The precise cause of rheumatic fever is not known yet there are effective meas- COMPARATIVE TRENDS ures for controlling the disease The precise cause of dental caries is not known yet there is no doubt that fluoridation of the water supply can help control the disorder It is not necessary to await the isolation and identification of all the IN RESPIRATORY CANCER MORTALITY 1924-1948 to carcinogenic agents in our environment point the way to halt the rapid increase in the mortality from cancer of " lung Of all possible environmental carcinogens tobacco smoke is one of the few that the individual can control According to Dr. Morton Levin Assistant Commissioner a for Medical Services of New York State and leading stuof dent of the epidemiology cancer of the lung There is already more than enough evidence incriminating cigarette smokintgo justify advising the public to stop smoking. cigarettes as a means of lowering the incidence of lung '. cancer Problems in the Study of Occupation and Smok- ing in Relation to Lung Cancer Drs Morton L. Levin et - al October 11 1954 This point of view is shared by '_ others here and abroad my a . What is the statistical evidence of a causal relationship . '. between smoking and cancer of the lung Since 1950 more than dozen independent studies have reported dispro- - portionately high percentage of heavy cigarette smokers - . among lung cancer patients Most of these studies are what .. is known as history or retrospective studies The Despite higher cigarette consumption in the U.S. death rate from cancer of the lung larynx and sinuses is higher in England " tobacco intake of patients in whom cancer of the lung has already been diagnosed is compared with that of control io groups cancer patients representative of the popula- ' ulation orfor female population However according to - Dr. Hueper renowned authority on environmental . tion from which the cancer patients were drawn All these studies have been interpreted as demonstrating a greater liability to cancer of the lung regular cigarette smokers to cancer of the lip in regular pipe smokers and to cancer of the mouth regular cigar smokers liability that | carcinogens the cigarette theory is almost entirely based - a on statistical data having at best circumstantial value and . in being part of questionable origin Address before | American Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association De, cember 10 1954. increases with the quantities smoked | Because of certain weaknesseisn the design of retro- spective or history studies the American Cancer So- ciety the British Research Council and individual investi- - In support of the cigarette smoke thesis it is stated that . both in England and in the United incarneinacrseaese of . per capita cigarette consumption particularly by men has generally paralleled the trend of mortality in cancer of the . gators have also undertaken statistical studies by the ~ prospective or population method Preliminary reports of the studies of the American Cancer Society and the British Medical Research Council are available they confirm in their broad features the results of the case- history studies From all these studies says Dr. Alexander G. Gilliam of the National Cancer Institute It may now ... ... be regarded as an establishfaecdt that white male.cig- male.cig_ arette smokers in England and United States suffer a . substantially greater cancer of the lung than non- - from other smokers The evidence countries is less con- vincing and complete and no substantial data bearing di- _ rectly on this question are yet available for white pop- lung This evidence is however disputed by Dr. Hueper | - . and others Dr. Hueper points out that the adjusted rate of increase in the frequency of lung cancer deaths was greater between 1914 and 1930 than betw 193e1 e andn. 1944. He believes that the rapid increase in cigarette smok- - - ing during the Thirties and Forties should have given the - ~- Later period a greater increase in lung cancer fatalities if a cigarette smoking signisfiginicfiacnantt factor ' -.*. cigarettes ' cigarettes Women as a group did not begin to smoke | My then there regularly until well after World War I. Since has ~- a been relatively greater increase in smoking by women ~ than by men but the relative increase lung cancer has . =. - Continued on next page - = CONSUMER REPORTS 69 | a cigarettes MEDICAL ASPECTS _ been far greater in the male This inconsistency in the cigarette hypothesis has been explained on the basis of sex differences in susceptibility to cancer of the lung How- gines from rubber tires and asphalted and oiled roads -in other words in the air breathed by residents and _ workers in industrial regions Thus the marked ever Dr. Hueper's studies of lung cancer in different coun- tries show different ratios of women to men subjects with lung cancer It seems most unlikely says Dr. Hueper that such differences be attributed to fluctuations in in- tensity of any one single factor as cigarette smoking It seems more plausible says Hueper to attribute the ' sex differences in cancer of lung to differences in ex- posure to carcinogens presenitn air polluted with indus- trial wastes gasoline fumes etc. with which men have more daily contact than women Dr. Hueper contends that a real and progressive increase . in lung cancer began to be noted in most industrial conn- tries at the turn of the century before cigarette smoking _ had become an important habit The progressive increase in lung cancer has continued in all industrialized countries but the rate has varieidn different countries states prov- . inces communities and population groups These differ- and growing predominance of males among lung cancer victims could be traced to the following factors 1 Males are more extensively employed than females in occupations where known or suspected atmospheric car- cinogens are produced and used and they work in such their jobs more consistently over longer periods of lives 2 Males predominate in outdoor occupations especially in urban areas where they are exposed to carcinogenic pollutants contained in the general atmosphere - 3 Males far more often than females perform heavy physical labor requiring deep and rapid breathing and consequent greater penetration of air pollutants into the 4 Males more often than females work through the entire span of their occupational lives within urban with proven carcinogenic atmospheric pollution while females | ences the incidence of the disease cannot Dr. Hueper says be explained by the degree and spread of the ciga-rette habit can be more reasonably explained he says by a study of the growth of industry and transportation in _ tend remain in the cleaner residential areas _ All studies have shown a remarkabdrloep in lung cancer incidence when the researchers turn from industri- alized areas to rural districts English studies as well as different countries and by an analysis of the multitude of _ those of Drs Hammond and Horn of the American Cancer * - + _carcinogenic agents released into the air Carcinogenic -* materials are believed be present in effuents of domestic | and industrial furnaces exhausotf gasoline and diesel en- Society explain these differences on the ground that cigarette smoking is more common among urban than among rural residents Dr. Hueper and others however believe - CONSUMPTION CONSUMPTION ' The possible sources of causing elements in the U. : show the same sort of increase as lung cancer mortality 70 FEBRUARY 1955 MILJON \ GREATER LONDON RATE W[ N DEATH AN UAL SMALLER CITIES aN RURAL DISTRICTS lyr 00! GREATER LONDON Death from lung cancer is greater among males solid lines than females dots and in the city than in the country 1950 that urban polluted with carcinogens derived from industry transportation etc. the greater villain LUNG CANCER IN INDUSTRIAL WORKERS Dr. Hueper has shown that the incidence of lung cancer is highest among certain industrial workers especially those in ferrous metals transportation rubber and plastics iron and steel Many industrial workers are ex- _ posed to fumes and chroof m chriomuiumm nickel arsenic coal tars petroleum oils furnace soot and mineral pig-. At this time one cannot take issue with the statement of the Board of Directors of the American Cancer Society that available evidence indicates an association between smok- ing particularly cigarette smoking and lung cancer " However it has not yet been established that this assoc^>a- tion is more significant than the parallel association of lung cancer with atmospheric pollution to atmos- Exposure pheric pollution can be controlled only by vigorous com- munity action howeveris a factor over which Smoking the individualcan exercise personal control " * ments all of which have known carcinogenic properties. The English lung cancer rate is considerably higher than of the United States although the English smoke 30 In February 1954in written reply to a question asked Minister in the British House of Commons the stated of Health . 0 fewer cigarettes per capita than Americans This obser- vation which appears to undermine the cigarette theory argued has been away on the assumption that Americans . do not smoke cigarettes to the very end while the English for economic reasons do A group of Austrian doctors Austria has pointedout that lung cancer mortalityis at different rates in Upper Kaernten Steirmark and Tirol al- though the four provinces show approximately the same per capita consumption of cigarettes..The cigarettes..The doctors suggest that the high lung cancer mortality among the people liv- ing along the northern slope of the Alps may related to . atmospheric conditions such as winds bringing the polluted industrially air of Vienna into the valleys of the northern alpine regions Similar observations have been re- ported on the possible role of prevailing windsin altering . the relative frequency of lung cancer in different areas of - doctors the English Midlands The Austrian moreover found that lung cancer mortality rates in communities Advisory Committee The Standing on Cancer and Radiotherapy preliminary had been considering the relationship between smoking and lung cancer for three years As a result of investigations chairmanship a panel under the of the Government Actuary was set up in 1953. The committee considered the report of - the panel and reviewed the other evidence available were now of opinion relationship established that It must be regarded as is a there between smoking and cancer of the lung the relationship . 2. Though thereis a strong presumption that is - - causal there is evidence that the is not a relationship simple one since tobacco support of a the evidencein of the presence in vO a carcinogenic agent causing the certain cancer of lung isis not yet b the statistical evidence indicatesthat itis unlikely that the is lung increase in the incidence of cancer of the to increases in smoking. is due entirely c the differencein incidence between urban and rural areas and between different towns suggests that other factors may be located along main highways where the atmosphere was polluted with exhaust fumes and dust from asphalted roads towns and - were double those of villages heavy traffic theory claim Few proponents of the cigarette smoke far away from will that all the differences between town and country can or need be explained on the basis differencesin cigarette smoking They agree that urban residenceimposes a more pollutants _ sustained and intense exposure to atmosphericthemslves and that some of these pollutants might of themselvesin- duce the disease Should the present population studiesin England and America demonstrate that the relative risk of cancer of the lungis substantially greater in rural smokers operating c.g atmospheric pollution occupational risks 3. Although no immediate dramatic fall in death rates could be . - expected if smoking ceased since the development of lung cancer may be the result of factors operating over many years and though no reliable quantitative estimates can be made of the effect of smoking on incidence of cancer of the lung it is de- sirable that young people should be warned of the risks apparent- ly attendant on excessive smokingIt would appear that the risk increases with the amount smoked particularly of cigarettes Although excessive smoking iis s usually defined as more than one pack a day susceptibility to the effects of tobacco excessive varies widely A half pack may be _ son and moderate for another for one per- thanin rural smokers and that the absolute riskin rural smokers of the two countriesis the same then the cigarette hypothesis would be very greatly strengthened According to Dr. Gilliam another that must be answered question by current studiesis why thereis so much varia- tion in the incidence of cancer of the lungin different large cities of 100,000 or more population " is difficult to be- lieve says Dr. Gilliam that smoking habitsin our large THE BRITISH ANSWER British companies Itis interesting to note in passinghow the to- bacco have met the challenge oflung cancer Instead of setting up their own study they have offered about 700,000 to the British Medical Research Council the leading medical body in the country to develop an objective researchprogram on the relation between lung cities are different to account for variations of sufficiently this magnitude that ; these and other It hoped questions will be an- population swered at least partly by presentlyin progress and other studies - smoking cancer and environmental carcinogens. If thereis doubt as to whether regular is is major major contributory cause of cancer of the lung there is none the about causal relation between smoking andchronic Continued on next page ' CONSUMER REPORTS I cigarettes MEDICAL ASPECTS cough one bronchitis or cigarette Thisis a cough which tends to be worst when one rises in the morning and often Some physicians believe that smoking has a harmful effect on the coronary arteries of the heart and can aggra- produces a considerable amount of thick sputum Such a vate coronary artery disease the greatest killer of cough of course is not necessarily due to smoking Persons with a chronic cough should have a physical examination _ and chest X ray Every adult should have a chest X ray at _ least once a year heavy smokers should have chest X rays Americans Their view received unexpected support from the population studies of the American Cancer Society ' Drs Hammond and Horn of the Society reported that in their study of 187,000 men between the ages of 50 and twice a year Other tests such as bronchoscopy and cyto- 69 heavy smokers hada death rate from coronary artery reports spitting logical smear studies of the sputum are often recom- . mended by physicians when the patient blood suffers repeated attacks of ; or experi- delayed healing pneumopnniaeumonia ences " of EFFECTS ONOTHER ORGANS At conference at Cornell Medical Center ( December 1953 i Dr. Graydon Boyd specialist in diseases of the nose and throat and Associate Professor of Surgery at New York University Medical School said apropos the effects ofsmoking on the nose and throat " think as prevalence far as of symptoms is concerned there are more in the nose and throat than from any other effect of tobacco Of 18 leading otolaryngologists interviewed prior to this _ meeting 100 believed tobacco smoking be irritating to nose and throat Smokingis also believed to have a disease twice as high as men who had never smoked cigarette Even light smokers were somewhat affected On the other hand cigar and pipe smoking seemed to have little or no influence on death ratesfrom the disease findings These if confirmed may mean that cigarette | smokingimposes an added burden on the coronary artery circulation and the work of the heart An alternative ex- planation is that nervous or psychological factors which existing predisposeto the use of tobacco aggravate nary artery disease coro- Some physicians believe that moderate smoking has no adverse effect on the normal heart or on coronary artery disease In December 1954 the Board of Directors of the American Heart Association cognizant of the importance of the problem and the paucity of reliable data approved relating the following statement to this subject The ~ close relation to chronic laryngitis and larynx tumors _ Smoke not only irritates the respiratory tract it con- tains chemicals that can affect other by toxic and organs possibly allergic effects The most important of these by chemicalsis nicotine which acts on the nervous system in a variety of ways One effect appears to be a tranquilizing action on the higher nervous centers Nicotine also has _ important effects on the blood vessels and the heart Patients with disease thrombo oblit- Buerger's . must give smoking of any cigarette erans cigar or pipe theyarae re to avoid gangrene Even a single . aggravation cigarette can produce a recurrence or an of - the disease Even if smokeis not inhaled and the nicotine therefore not absorbed from the lungs much of it is ab- American Heart Associationisseriously interestedin any available will forthcoming possible relationship committee is currently be clear evidenceis betwenbetween smoking and heart disease A curently studying the problem As soon as a statement DO FILTERS PROTECT | filter . Manufacturers of cigarettes have impliedin their advertising that such cigarettes add a safety factor protecting smokers from the effects of nicotine tar and other materials in smoke According to Dr. Irving S. Wright past president of the American Heart Association diseases and a leading authority on vascular and blood vesThereis absolutely no evidence that there is any protection in terms of vascular disease from these . sorbed from the mouth The effect of smoking on Buerger's - brands on the other hand thereis quite strong evidence ~ . disease may be due to the capacity of nicotine absorbed that such protection is completely lacking According to statement holds from smoke to cause spasm or constriction of the walls of types the blood vessels or to an allergic sensitivity of the per- the inhalation other son to some ingredient of tobacco Many doctors also pro- Dr. Wright this " cigarettes - Filters do reduce true for all of tars and of filter ma- hibit smoking of any kindin ordinary arteriosclerosis of terialsin smoke and conceivably may reduce the intake of the vessels of the extremities in eye disorders associated carcinogenic materials However Dr. Ernest L. Wynder of retina with spasm ofthe blood vessels of the and in Ray- naud's disease a disorderin which thereisintermittent Smoking impairment of circulationin the fingers or toes tends to cause a constriction of the blood vesselsin many people but it is not known how much of this effectis due to the toxic action of nicotine how much to allergy to the Memorial Hospital New York's leading cancer hospital points out that As long as we do not know what the car- cinogenic materialis we do not know whether the filter will remove any or all of this material The effect of smoking on intestinal function and on patients with ulcer of the stomach or duodenum has not tobacco products and how much to nerve reflexes induced ~ by smokein the mouth and the lungs Smoking has also been known to cause extra heart beats and rapid heart beat How harmful these toxic side effects are can be determined only by thephysician received the attention it deserves Drs Batterman and Ehrenfeld of New York University School of Medicine re- in ported smoking in 1949 that while tobacco iis s not factor in the cause of peptic ulcer smokingmay resultin func- tional disturbances whichmay simulate organoic rganic disease or 72 FEBRUARY 1955 aggravate functional or larly the person with organic disease It is particu- to be harmed by smokaen Haictsive peptic ulcer who is likely will be much less response to active treatment gives satisfactory than that of the patient who ty up smoking entirely These views are also shared leading specialists in intestinal diseases not been shown that nicotine It has reduce the or filter cigarettes damage of smoking in persons with active ach or duodenal ulcer stom- POSSIBLE Industrial CAUSES OF LUNG CANCER _ CHROMATES FROM tie CHROME ORE SMELTING SUMMING UP In summing up the evidence it seems established that sanmdoktihneg is haramnfdul in vascular disorders of the extremities iso eyes in active peptic ulcer Inhaling smoke is definitely irritating to the nose throat and sidence is inconclusive with larynx The ing on athletic respect to the effects of smok- ability and on heart disorders As for cancer of the lung the most at this time relates its phenomenal and reasonable view requency in industrial alarming rise in sta the air of countries partly to the diffusion ransportation pacrtalrycitnooguennussuadlerived from industry and many occupations and exposures to carcinogens partly to excessive cigarette moking The control of respiratory or lung cancer would ppear to require pronged effort by individuals immunities industries and voluntary uch as the American Cancer health agencies ation 2 Society against 1 air pol occupational exposure and 3 excessive oking How significant a factor cigarette is in regular cigarette smok- contributing to lung cancer remains to be de- mined Until more conclusive evidence is uld seem prudent to reduce reported it an a half cigarette smoking to less pack a day or to smoke a pipe or cigars in mod- ation There is no conclusive evidence that nicotine or filter or king cigarettes offers smoking al protection to those with disorders which are knsuobwsntatno aggravated by smoking PLATING PIGMENTS PAINTS INKS AND ABRASIVES - _ NICKEL CARBONYL FROM NICKEL ORE REFINING PLATING AND BUFFING ARSENIC FROM | 1 Loyd ARSENIC MINING Cre SMELTING PESTICIDES oe SO ASBESTOS FROM ASBESTOS MINING , PROCESSING AND WEAVING TAR FUMES FROM MANUFACTURING TAR COKE OVEN SERVICING ASPHALT DUST FROM ASPHALT PITCH SOOT ROADS g What can be said for the smoking habit gi RADIOACTIVE All living organisms are characterized by the property DUST FROM irwrt:itability When an organism receives a stimulus it ' URANIUM MINING by a discharge of energy Human beings are r: URANIUM REFINING an enormous number of stimuli in their exposed ng the most important of these are the esntvreisrsoens meanntd eta ee oe, is of modern society family occupation and munity tensions To contend with these tension And relief from them man has stimuli a its including smoking adopted Reaching for a number of it holding it in the a cigarette light- s of smoke mouth inhaling and blowing out are motor activities that relieve bacco also provides at least tensions nicotine ch appears to have a one chemical tranquillizing effect on the nervous son These effects may be so valuable to a that they will willingly risk whatever some individ- ated with the habit harm may be On the The tremendous growth of industry no less than creases in cigarette smoking has the in- my for whom these other hand there are risks are not worthwhile and who lung cancer mortality Many contain known carcinogens paralleled the rise in industrial waste products smoking d therefore cut out or cut down on their capable of polluting the air CONSUMER REPORTS 73 Vol 80 Jebrer Jebrer Jebrer ' aggravate functional or organic disease It is particularly the person with an active peptic ulcer who is likely to be harmed by smoke His response to active treatment will be much less satisfactory than that of the patient who gives up smoking entirely These views are also shared by leading specialistisn intestinal diseases It has not been shown that nicotine or filter cigarettes reduce the damage of smoking in persons with active stom- ach or duodenal ulcer SUMMING UP _ In summing up the evidence it seems established that smoking is harmful in vascular disorders of the extremities and the eyes and in active peptic ulcer Inhaling smoke is also definitely irritating to the nose throat and larynx The evidence is inconclusive with respect to the effects of smoking on athletic ability and on heart disorders =; As for cancer of the lung the most reasonable view at this time relates its phenomenal and alarming rise in frequency in industrial countries partly to the diffusion into the air of carcinogens derived from industry and transportation partly to unusual exposures to carcinogens in many occupations and partly to excessive cigarette smoking The control of respiratory or lung cancer would appear to require a pronged effort by individuals communities industries and voluntary health agencies such as the American Cancer Society against 1 air pol- lution 2 occupational exposure and 3 excessive cigarette smoking How significant a factor regular cigarette smok- ing is in contributing to lung cancer remains to be de- termined Until more conclusive evidence is reported it would seem prudent to reduce cigarette smoking to less than a half pack a day or to smoke a pipe or cigars in moderation Theries no conclusive evidence that smoking nicotine or filter or king cigarettes offers substan- tial protection to those with disorders which are known to be aggravated by smoking =. LO What can be said for the smoking habit All living organisms are characterized by the property | of irritability When an ororgganism anism receives a stimulus it reacts by a discharge of energy Human beings are exposed to an enormous number of stimuli in their environment Among the most important of these are the stresses and strains of modern society family occupation and * community tensions contend with these tension stimuli to find relief from them man has adopted a number of habits including smoking Reaching for a cigarette lighting it holding it in the mouth inhaling and blowing out clouds of smoke are motor activities that relieve tensions Tobacco also provides at least one chemical nicotine which appears to have a tranquillizing effect on the nervous - system These effects may be so valuable to some individuals that they will willingly risk whatever harm may be associated with the habit On the other hand there are many for whom these risks are not worthwhile and who should therefore cut out or cut down on their smoking POSSIBLE INDUSTRIAL CAUSES OF LUNG CANCER The tremendous growth of industry no less than the increases in cigarette smoking paralleled the rise in products lung cancer mortality Many industrial waste contain known carcinogens capable of polluting the air CONSUMER REPORTS 73